MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Journal of Microscopy' source. Tue, 07 Feb 2012 06:39:42 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657828&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03592.x SummaryCombined light microscopic (LM) and field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM) techniques with FluoroNanogold labelling allowed quantification and high resolution analysis of 3D distribution of the centromere‐specific histone H3 variant CENH3 in barley mitotic chromosomes. Chromosomes were investigated with fluorescence LM, conventional FESEM, low‐voltage FESEM and combined FIB/FESEM techniques for unprecedented comprehensive analysis to determine chromatin distribution patterns in the centromere. Using data from FIB/FESEM sectioning of centromeric regions of chromosomes, it was possible to render 3D reconstruction of the CENH3 distribution with highest resolution achieved to date. Complementary data derived from each approach show that CENH3 localizes not only to the ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657828 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5657828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5644979&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03591.x Summary4’‐6‐Diamidino‐2‐phenylindole is a fluorescent dye commonly used to visualize deoxyribonucleic acid or cell nuclei in fixed cell preparations, and is often used together with fluorescein or green fluorescent protein, which can be excited without exciting 4’‐6‐Diamidino‐2‐phenylindole. It is assumed that when using typical fluorescein or green fluorescent protein filter cubes, 4’‐6‐Diamidino‐2‐phenylindole will not be observed. In this paper, we show that following observation of 4’‐6‐Diamidino‐2‐phenylindole using UV or violet excitation, it may become sensitive to the blue/cyan excitation used in fluorescein/green fluorescent protein filter cubes. This has serious implications for the use of 4’‐6‐Diamidino‐2‐phenylindole together wi... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5644979 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5644979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626027&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03587.x We describe this new methodology, and demonstrate its applicability, by showing imaging data of three liquid material systems. We have studied carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersions in superacid. We also characterized a number of systems made of water/isooctane/nonionic and cationic surfactant that showed different microemulsion phases as function of the system composition and temperature. In all of the examples given, we demonstrate artefact‐ and contamination‐free specimens, which have preserved their native nanostructure. Our new system paves the way for a new methodology for the newly emerging field of cryo‐SEM. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626027 Wed, 25 Jan 2012 13:43:45 +0100 5626027 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5626028&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03588.x SummaryThe determination of grain boundary planes in multicrystalline material has only been restricted to transmission electron microscope investigations (Jang et al., 1992; Elgat et al., 1985) or to metallograpical investigations of the grain boundary (Randle et al., 1993). The first method is expensive, and both are complex and time consuming in grain boundary preparation. This paper proposes the determination of grain boundary planes in semiconductor wafer by a combined application of Electron Back Scatter Diffraction and Infrared Transmission Microscopy. In particular, the new method is demonstrated with directional solidificated multicrystalline silicon. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5626028 Mon, 23 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5626028 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5618108&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03589.x SummaryA focused ion beam–scanning electron microscope (FIB–SEM) technique for three‐dimensional reconstruction and representation of material microstructures was applied to a silica‐filled synthetic rubber for the first time. Backscattered electron imaging allowed differentiation between rubber matrix, silica filler and zinc oxide (used as an activator for the sulphur vulcanisation reaction). Subsequent image processing allowed three‐dimensional isosurface model generation of the particulate structure within the rubber composite and separation of zinc oxide from the silica filler. The potential for development and application of this technique using finite element analysis modelling is also highlighted. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5618108 Sun, 22 Jan 2012 12:36:41 +0100 5618108 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5618109&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03590.x SummaryMany fundamental biological processes, such as the search for food, immunological responses and wound healing, depend on cell migration. Video microscopy allows the magnitude and direction of cell migration to be documented. Here, we present a simple and inexpensive method for simultaneous tracking of hundreds of migrating cells over periods of several days. Low‐magnification dark‐field microscopy was used to visualize individual cells whereas time‐lapse video images were acquired by computer for future analysis. We employed an automated tracking algorithm to identify individual cells on each video image allowing migration paths to be tracked using a nearest neighbour algorithm. To test the method, we followed the time‐course of migration of 3T3 fibroblasts, endothelial cell... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5618109 Thu, 19 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5618109 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535197&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03582.x SummaryThe ever‐increasing interest in nanostructured materials and shrinking dimensions of state‐of‐the‐art devices pose new challenges both in synthesis and metrology. Although an extensive range of nanotubular materials of different compositions and for various applications are reported in the literature, often detailed structural characterisation of these materials is limited. This is due to the fact that techniques and characterisation protocols for structural analysis of ‘buried’ nano‐scale features, defects or inhomogenities that are difficult to obtain by conventional imaging methods, are still not fully developed. In the case of 1D nanoporous structures, the continuity of the nano‐tubular channels, their uniformity and orientation is of particular interest. Herein,... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535197 Sat, 24 Dec 2011 00:24:16 +0100 5535197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5535198&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03581.x SummaryThe purpose of this study is to investigate how to scale pixel intensity acquired from one exposure time to another. This is required when comparing grayscale images acquired at different exposure times and other image processing such as autofluorescence removal. Pixel intensity is linear to exposure time as long as images are acquired at the linear range of a camera, but importantly there exists an intercept, which is set by the camera. We termed this intercept as dark pixel intensity, as it is the pixel intensity under conditions of no light and zero exposure time. Dark pixel intensity is determined by camera's readout noise (electron/pixel), gain, and DC offset. Knowing dark pixel intensity, image acquired from one exposure time can be linearly scaled to an image at a different e... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5535198 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5535198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5521671&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03586.x This study examined quantitatively the effect of self‐ligating treatments on the surfaces of stainless steel (SS) archwires during tooth movement in vivo by atomic force microscopy. Orthodontic 0.019″ × 0.025″ SS archwires after clinical use with the first bicuspid‐extraction treatment were employed using the Damon 3MX® SS self‐ligating brackets, Clippy‐C® ceramic self‐ligating brackets, and Kosaka® SS brackets. Intact SS archwires were used as the control group. All SS archwires after clinical use showed severe scratches and significantly higher roughness caused by frictional interactions between the brackets and archwires (p < 0.0001 vs. control). The descending order of surface roughness was the SS archwires treated, with ceramic self‐ligating brackets, with c... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5521671 Tue, 20 Dec 2011 23:24:57 +0100 5521671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5513552&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03585.x In conclusion, nonperpendicular arrays demonstrate alternative ways of cell elongation that do not require hooped arrays of microtubules and cellulose microfibrils. Such nonperpendicular arrays may be required for optimal growth and strengthening of tissues. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5513552 Sat, 17 Dec 2011 23:48:46 +0100 5513552 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5513555&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03577.x SummaryIn this paper we report stimulated emission depletion (STED) and two‐photon excitation (2PE) fluorescence microscopy with continuous wave (CW) laser beam using a new generation laser scanning confocal microscope equipped for STED‐CW (TCS STED‐CW, Leica Microsystems, Mannheim, Germany). We show the possibility to achieve CW‐2PE with the very same beam used for STED‐CW. This feature extends the performance of the microscope allowing multimodal imaging (CW‐2PE, STED‐CW, confocal). (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5513555 Thu, 15 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5513555 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5513554&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03578.x SummaryEffect of aging on the morphology of bitumen was investigated. Two bitumens were aged according to the thin film oven test (TFOT), pressure aging vessel (PAV) test and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, respectively. The morphology of the binders before and after aging was characterized by atomic force microscopy. The physical properties and chemical compositions of the binders were also measured. The results showed that aging affected the bitumen morphology significantly. Aging increased the overall surface stiffness of the bitumen and made the bitumen surface more solid‐like. The extent of these changes was dependent on aging conditions. TFOT decreased the contrast between the dispersed domains and the matrix, which contributed to the single‐phase trend of the binders. The effect of ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5513554 Thu, 15 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5513554 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5513553&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03584.x SummaryPlant cells are directly connected by plasmodesmata that form channels through the cell wall and enable the intercellular movement of cytosolic solutes, membrane lipids and signalling molecules. Transport through plasmodesmata is regulated not only by a fixed size‐exclusion limit, but also by physiological and pathological adaptation. To understand plant cell communication, carbon allocation and pathogen attack, the capacities for a specific molecule to pass a specific cell–wall interface is an essential parameter. So far, the degree of cell coupling was derived from frequency and diameter of plasmodesmata in relevant tissues as assessed by electron microscopy of fixed material. However, plasmodesmata functionality and capacity can only be determined in live material, not from e... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5513553 Thu, 15 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5513553 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5502534&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03583.x SummaryNa‐CMC or sodium carboxylmethyl cellulose is a water soluble anionic polymer obtained by introducing carboxymethyl groups along the cellulose chain. Na‐CMC is usually synthesized by the alkali catalyzed reaction of cellulose with monochloroacetic acid. The functional properties of Na‐CMC depend on the degree of substitution of the cellulose structure (i.e. how many of the hydroxyl groups are substituted per monomer unit), and also on the chain length of the cellulose backbone. The degree of substitution of Na‐CMC is usually determined according to ASTM D1439 which evolves the conversion of the Na‐CMC to free acid then again forming Na‐CMC by adding excess alkali and finally titrating the excess alkali with standard hydrochloric acid (0.3 N). The used volume of the standa... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5502534 Thu, 15 Dec 2011 01:39:53 +0100 5502534 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5484660&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03580.x SummaryImage registration is a process of aligning two or more images taken at different times or using different sensors by transforming the same area into one coordinate system. Imaging conditions, image and area deteriorations from repeated sectioning, are serious impediments to successful image registration. The application of artificial neural networks for feature recognition is introduced to the field of metallurgy to assist in an automated approach to image registration of metallurgical microstructures. Low susceptibility to feature deterioration, often occurring during serial sectioning, is demonstrated and assessed. The process of image registration using an artificial neural network to aid in feature segmentation is performed using computer generated shapes and a metallurgical mi... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5484660 Fri, 09 Dec 2011 00:44:17 +0100 5484660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5474506&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03574.x (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5474506 Tue, 06 Dec 2011 00:44:07 +0100 5474506 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5474505&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03523.x SummaryResilin is a rubber‐like protein found in the exoskeleton of arthropods. It often contributes large proportions to the material of certain structures in movement systems. Accordingly, the knowledge of the presence and distribution of resilin is essential for the understanding of the functional morphology of these systems. Because of its specific autofluorescence, resilin can be effectively visualized using fluorescence microscopy. However, the respective excitation maximum is in the UV range, which is not covered by the lasers available in most of the modern commercial confocal laser scanning microscopes. The goal of this study was to test the potential of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in combination with a 405 nm laser to visualize and analyse the presence and distrib... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5474505 Tue, 06 Dec 2011 00:43:46 +0100 5474505 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455194&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03576.x SummaryTest systems for measuring cell viability in optical microscopy (based on colony formation ability or lysosomal integrity) were established and applied to native cells as well as to cells incubated with fluorescence markers or transfected with genes encoding for fluorescent proteins. Human glioblastoma and Chinese hamster ovary cells were irradiated by various light doses, and maximum doses where at least 90% of the cells survived were determined. These tolerable light doses were in the range between 25 J cm−2 and about 300 J cm−2 for native cells (corresponding to about 250−3000 s of solar irradiance and depending on the wavelength as well as on the mode of illumination, e.g. epi‐ or total internal reflection illumination) and decreased to values between 50 J cm−2 and les... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455194 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 00:15:02 +0100 5455194 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5455195&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03572.x SummaryThis work describes the characean internodal cell as a model system for the study of wound healing and compares wounds induced by certain chemicals and UV irradiation with wounds occurring in the natural environment. We review the existing literature and define three types of wound response: (1) cortical window formation characterised by disassembly of microtubules, transient inhibition of actin‐dependent cytoplasmic streaming and chloroplast detachment, (2) fibrillar wound walls characterised by exocytosis of vesicles carrying wall polysaccharides and membrane‐bound cellulose synthase complexes coupled with endocytosis of surplus membrane and (3) amorphous, callose‐ and membrane‐containing wound walls characterised by exocytosis of vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum cistern... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5455195 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5455195 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5438700&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03573.x SummaryCortical bone microstructure is an important parameter in the evaluation of bone strength. The aim of this study was to validate the characterization of human cortical bone microarchitecture using microcomputed tomography. In order to do this, microcomputed tomography structural measurements were compared with those obtained through histological examination (the gold standard). Moreover, to calculate structural parameters, microcomputed tomography images have to be binarized with the separation between bone and nonbone structures throughout a global thresholding. As the effect of the surrounding medium on the threshold value is not clear, an easy procedure to find the global uniform threshold for a given acquisition condition is applied. This work also compared the structural parame... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5438700 Wed, 23 Nov 2011 23:41:05 +0100 5438700 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5419550&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03570.x In this study, we sought to identify steps in the FIB preparation process that can cause changes in chemical composition and bonding in soft materials. The impact of various parameters in the FIB‐scanning electron microscope (SEM) sample preparation process, such as final milling voltage, temperature, ion beam overlap and mechanical stability of soft samples, was evaluated using two test‐case materials systems: polyacrylamide, a low melting‐point polymer, and Wyodak lignite coal, a refractory organic material. We evaluated changes in carbon bonding in the samples using X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) at the carbon K edge and compared these samples with thin sections that had been prepared mechanically using ultramicrotomy. Minor chemical changes were ind... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5419550 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 14:03:05 +0100 5419550 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5419556&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03557.x SummaryDigital image analysis is a fundamental component of quantitative microscopy. However, intravital microscopy presents many challenges for digital image analysis. In general, microscopy volumes are inherently anisotropic, suffer from decreasing contrast with tissue depth, lack object edge detail and characteristically have low signal levels. Intravital microscopy introduces the additional problem of motion artefacts, resulting from respiratory motion and heartbeat from specimens imaged in vivo. This paper describes an image registration technique for use with sequences of intravital microscopy images collected in time‐series or in 3D volumes. Our registration method involves both rigid and nonrigid components. The rigid registration component corrects global image translations, whe... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5419556 Thu, 17 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5419556 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5419555&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03564.x SummaryKillerRed, a bright red fluorescent protein, is a genetically encoded photosensitizer, which generates radicals and hydrogen peroxide upon green light illumination. The protein is a potentially powerful tool for selective light‐induced protein inactivation and cell killing, and can also be used to study downstream effects of locally increased levels of reactive oxygen species. The initial aim of this study was to investigate whether or not KillerRed‐mediated reactive oxygen species production inside peroxisomes could trigger the sequestration of these organelles into autophagosomes. Green fluorescent protein‐tagged microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 was used as autophagosome marker. We observed that KillerRed also emits weak green fluorescence upon excitation at ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5419555 Thu, 17 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5419555 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5419554&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03566.x SummaryThe spatial resolution of electron diffraction within the scanning electron microscope (SEM) has progressed from channelling methods capable of measuring crystallographic characteristics from 10 μm regions to electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) methods capable of measuring 120 nm particles. Here, we report a new form of low‐energy transmission Kikuchi diffraction, performed in the SEM. Transmission‐EBSD (t‐EBSD) makes use of an EBSD detector and software to capture and analyse the angular intensity variation in large‐angle forward scattering of electrons in transmission, without postspecimen coils. We collected t‐EBSD patterns from Fe–Co nanoparticles of diameter 10 nm and from 40 nm‐thick Ni films with in‐plane grain size 15 nm. The patterns exhibited contrast ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5419554 Thu, 17 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5419554 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5419553&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03568.x SummaryGene expression and other cellular processes are stochastic, thus their study requires observing multiple events in multiple cells. Therefore, confocal microscopy cell imaging has recently gained much interest. In time‐lapse imaging, adjustments are needed at short intervals to compensate for focus drift. There are several automated methods for this purpose. In general, before acquiring higher resolution images, software‐based autofocus algorithms require a set of low‐resolution images along the z‐axis to determine the plane for which a predefined focusing function is maximized. These algorithms require 10–100 z‐slices each time, and there is no fixed number or upper limit of required z‐slices that ensures optimal focusing. The higher is this number, the stronger is ph... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5419553 Thu, 17 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5419553 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5419552&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03567.x SummaryShape from focus is an elegant method that estimates the structure of a 3D object from a video of captured frames using the degree of focus as the principal cue. However, the quality of the estimated structure is vulnerable to scene texture. The effect is particularly pronounced for objects that are smooth relative to the magnification of the optical system. In this paper, the shape estimation process is cast as an inverse problem. We exploit spatial dependencies by modeling the shape of the object with a discontinuity‐adaptive Markov random field wherein the focus measure profile is used to judiciously control the degree of smoothness. The 3D information is obtained by minimizing a suitably derived energy function that preserves fine details of the underlying structure. We show b... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5419552 Thu, 17 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5419552 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5419551&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03563.x SummaryThis paper presents microelectromechanical system micromirrors with sidewall electrodes applied for use as a Confocal MACROscope for biomedical imaging. The MACROscope is a fluorescence and brightfield confocal laser scanning microscope with a very large field of view. In this paper, a microelectromechanical system mirror with sidewall electrodes replaces the galvo‐scanner and XYZ‐stage to improve the confocal MACROscope design and obtain an image. Two micromirror‐based optical configurations are developed and tested to optimize the optical design through scanning angle, field of view and numerical aperture improvement. Meanwhile, the scanning frequency and control waveform of the micromirror are tested. Analysing the scan frequency and waveform becomes a key factor to optimiz... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5419551 Thu, 17 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5419551 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5419557&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03571.x This study demonstrates the feasibility and usefulness of performing thin section image analysis within the GIS framework. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5419557 Wed, 16 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5419557 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5419559&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03569.x SummaryThirty years ago, in December 1981, The Journal of Microscopy published a very short paper entitled ‘Vitrification of pure water for electron microscopy’. It turned out to be important for the development of cryo‐electron microscopy and it contributed to reverse, from foe to friend, the status of water in electron microscopists’ minds. This change has brought obvious gains. The future will tell how many more are still to come. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5419559 Tue, 15 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5419559 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5419558&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03565.x SummaryThis paper presents a new high speed vision system using an asynchronous address‐event representation camera. Within this framework, an asynchronous event‐based real‐time Hough circle transform is developed to track microspheres. The technology presented in this paper allows for a robust real‐time event‐based multiobject position detection at a frequency of several kHz with a low computational cost. Brownian motion is also detected within this context with both high speed and precision. The carried‐out work is adapted to the automated or remote‐operated microrobotic systems fulfilling their need of an extremely fast vision feedback. It is also a very promising solution to the micro physical phenomena analysis and particularly for the micro/nanoscale force measurement. ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5419558 Tue, 15 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5419558 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5405156&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03575.x (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5405156 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 22:44:55 +0100 5405156 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5378090&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03561.x SummaryThe idea of the method is to analyse a crystal lattice by creating a grid of quadrilaterals corresponding to repeated cells that are visible in the image. This approach combines image processing elements with a continuum field theory, to create a distortion‐independent similarity measure that is used to select the most appropriate among possible lattice configurations. Subsequently, displacement and distortion fields are computed from individual cell positions. The method allows one to obtain these fields even for images where a periodic cell does not necessarily appear as a single dot of intensity in a high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) image, which results in a lower accuracy of commonly used approaches, namely geometric phase and peak finding. The result... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5378090 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5378090 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5378089&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03560.x SummaryBoehmite occurs in the form of nanoparticles. Upon drying, it can form the alumina that is common in catalyst support used in refining and petrochemicals. The topotactic transformation of boehmite alumina led to an interest in the precise shape and size of these nanoparticles which is highly linked to the catalyst activity. Boehmite nanoparticles can be observed by transmission electron microscopy. Although they are highly aggregated, the analysis of transmission electron microscopy images with a specific random model approach, here a dilution model, can give an accurate estimate of their size. To use this approach, electronic noise and diffraction artefacts on the edges of the nanoparticles have to be removed. Covariance measurements on micrographs can be performed. They can be use... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5378089 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5378089 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5378088&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03559.x SummaryAn examination of the backscattered electron imaging status in environmental scanning electron microscopy is presented with particular attention to the testing and use of cerium doped yttrium aluminium garnet and yttrium aluminium perovskite scintillation detectors. A comparison is made with plastic scintillating backscattered electron detectors used previously (Nuclear Enterprises type NE102A scintillator). Semi‐disk, strip and wedge shapes of these materials have been tested in conjunction with various light‐guide geometries. These systems have been combined with two different types of photomultipliers, which also play a critical role in the total detector efficiency. The advantage of increased light output from the monocrystal materials is gained only if matched with suitable... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5378088 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5378088 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5356737&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03562.x (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5356737 Fri, 28 Oct 2011 17:49:25 +0100 5356737 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332689&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03549.x SummaryIn this short review, we present a self‐contained discussion of the image formation properties of the fluorescent confocal microscope. The optical sectioning or depth discrimination property is discussed in detail and new analytic formulae are presented, which relate the optical sectioning strength to the wavelength, numerical aperture and pinhole aperture size in a particularly simple fashion. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332689 Fri, 21 Oct 2011 02:36:41 +0100 5332689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332686&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03558.x We present a novel image‐processing method based on refined level‐set segmentation for accurate extraction of cell outlines from high‐resolution phase‐contrast images. The algorithm is validated on synthetic images of defined noise levels and applied to real image sequences of polarizing and persistently migrating keratocyte cells. We demonstrate that the algorithm is able to reliably reveal fine features in the cell edge dynamics. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332686 Fri, 21 Oct 2011 02:35:57 +0100 5332686 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332688&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03545.x SummaryRecent advances in microscopy and cytolabelling methods enable the real time imaging of cells as they move and interact in their real physiological environment. Scenarios in which multiple cells move autonomously in all directions are not uncommon in biology. A remarkable example is the swimming of marine spermatozoa in search of the conspecific oocyte. Imaging cells in these scenarios, particularly when they move fast and are poorly labelled or even unlabelled requires very fast three‐dimensional time‐lapse (3D+t) imaging. This 3D+t imaging poses challenges not only to the acquisition systems but also to the image analysis algorithms. It is in this context that this work describes an original automated multiparticle segmentation method to analyse motile translucent cells in 3D ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332688 Mon, 17 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5332688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5332687&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03516.x This study examined the action of anisosmotic media on the volume of nucleated erythrocytes isolated from Rana temporaria. Elevation of medium osmolarity from 100 to 345 mOsm resulted in attenuation of mean cell volume by more than 3‐fold, estimated by hematocrit measurement. By contrast to this ‘classic’ erythrocyte volume evaluation technique, we did not observe any significant cell volume modulation by examining the 3D reconstruction of erythrocyte interference images obtained by laser interference microscopy. Comparative analysis of mean cell volume, phase height and cell area appraised by laser interference microscopy showed that the lack of visible alterations of phase image geometry was caused by sharp elevation of the average refractive index of the cytoplasm in shrunken cell... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5332687 Mon, 17 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5332687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5302417&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03539.x SummaryPlaned frozen‐hydrated (FH) bulk biological samples of chicken retina were analysed by X‐ray elemental imaging in a scanning electron microscope and reanalysed after freeze‐drying in the microscope column. Sequential elemental imaging of the same bulk sample in this way provides improved information on element distributions. There was no evidence of element redistribution during the freeze‐drying process. Quantitative elemental images were obtained and interpreted to deduce relative and absolute element concentrations in different regions of the retina. Water concentrations were determined from the difference in oxygen concentrations at 15 kV and 5 kV in FH and freeze‐dried (FD) samples, respectively. Two accelerating voltages were used to maintain similar X‐ray excitati... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5302417 Mon, 10 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5302417 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282781&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03535.x SummaryAn algorithm for the automated segmentation of epithelial tissue in digital images of histologic tissue sections of odontogenic cysts (cysts originating from residual odontogenic epithelium) is presented. The algorithm features an image standardization process that greatly reduces variation in luminance and chrominance between images due to variations in sample preparation. Segmentation of the epithelial regions of images uses an algorithm based on binary graph cuts where graph weights depend on probabilities obtained from colour histogram models of epithelium and stroma image regions. Algorithm training used a data set of 38 images of four types of odontogenic cyst and was tested using a separate data set of 35 images of the same four cyst types. The best parameters for the segment... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282781 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5282781 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282780&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03555.x SummaryDuring fluorescent live cell imaging it is critical to keep excitation light dose as low as possible, especially in the presence of photosensitizer drugs, which generate free radicals upon photobleaching. During fluorescent imaging, stress by excitation and free radicals induces serious cell damages that may arrest the cell cycle. This limits the usefulness of the technique for drug discovery, when prolonged live cell imaging is necessary. This paper presents a strategy to provide gentle experimental conditions for dynamic monitoring of the proliferation of human lung epithelial carcinoma cells (A549) in the presence of the photosensitizer Polyvinylpyrrolidone‐Hypericin. The distinctive strategy of this paper is based on the stringent environmental control and optimizing the excit... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282780 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5282780 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282785&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03530.x SummaryWe have investigated the freezing of specimens in a confined volume for preparation of vitreous samples for cryosectioning. With 15% dextran as a cryoprotectant, a sample sealed in a copper tube begins to freeze into crystalline ice when plunged into liquid ethane. Crystallization rapidly causes an increase in the pressure to the point that much of the sample freezes in a vitreous state. We used synchrotron X‐ray diffraction of samples frozen with various amounts of dextran to characterize the ice phases and crystal orientation, providing insights on the freezing process. We have characterized cryosections obtained from these samples to explore the optimum amount of cryoprotectant. Images of cryosectioned bacteria frozen with various levels of cryoprotectant illustrate effects of ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282785 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5282785 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282784&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03537.x SummaryA medium carbon martensitic steel containing nanometer scale secondary hardening carbides and intermetallic particles is investigated by field ion microscopy and atom probe tomography. The interaction between the concomitant precipitations of both types of particles is investigated. It is shown that the presence of the intermetallic phase affects the nucleation mechanism and the spatial distribution of the secondary hardening carbides, which shifts from heterogeneous on dislocations to heterogeneous on the intermetallic particles. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282784 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5282784 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282783&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03551.x SummaryUltra‐fast pattern acquisition of electron backscatter diffraction and offline indexing could become a dominant technique over online electron backscatter diffraction to investigate the microstructures of a wide range of materials, especially for in situ experiments or very large scans. However, less attention has been paid to optimize the parameters related to ultra‐fast electron backscatter diffraction. The present results show that contamination on a clean and unmounted specimen is not a problem even at step sizes as small as 1 nm at a vacuum degree of 6.1 × 10−5 Pa. There exists an optimum step size at about 50 data acquisition board units. A new and easy method to calculate the effective spatial resolution is proposed. Effective spatial resolution tends to increase sligh... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282783 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5282783 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282782&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03552.x SummaryAtomic Force Microscopy was employed in order to relate the features observed on the surface of a 50/70 asphalt binder according to its local stiffness and elastic recovery. Indentations were performed in different points of the surface and a significant variation of elasticity was observed between the points on the so‐called bee structure and the matrix. Also, indentations varying the maximum force were performed on similar white spots in the bee structure and the recovery was followed up to 1 h after indentation. It was observed that the elastic recovery is very much dependent on the colloidal structure of the bee. The final surface state of the binder, close to the bee for usual bees is not the same as the initial one indicating severe plastic deformation. Also, permanent phase... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282782 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5282782 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5312131&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03550.x SummaryOver the past few years automated electron diffraction tomography has become an established technique for structure solution of nano‐crystalline material. The intentional choice of an arbitrary tilt axis and thus, the use of nonoriented diffraction patterns (off‐zone acquisition) together with fine equidistant sampling of the reciprocal space result in high quality intensity data sets. Coupling automated electron diffraction tomography with electron beam precession (Vincent & Midgley, 1994) enables sampling of intensities between the static slices of reciprocal space and therefore enhances the quality of intensity data further; relatively complex structures have been solved using 3D electron diffraction intensities extracted from automated electron diffraction tomography dat... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5312131 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5312131 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5302405&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03548.x SummaryThis paper describes an application of both multispectral imaging system and multivariate analysis for the discrimination between healthy and prior malaria‐infected human erythrocytes contents. The multispectral microscope is based on LEDs illumination sources ranging from 375 nm to 940 nm and running with three geometries. Principal component and hierarchical clustering analysis have been applied effectively to differentiate the cells constituents. The trophozoite stage of plasmodium falciparum and its food vacuole, as well as ‘haem’ derivatives have been mapped. Our results reveal the potential of this technique, for malaria drug‐target study, and earlier marker‐free blood smear diagnosis. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5302405 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5302405 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5282779&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03556.x SummaryIn this paper, we present an automatic segmentation method that detects virus particles of various shapes in transmission electron microscopy images. The method is based on a statistical analysis of local neighbourhoods of all the pixels in the image followed by an object width discrimination and finally, for elongated objects, a border refinement step. It requires only one input parameter, the approximate width of the virus particles searched for. The proposed method is evaluated on a large number of viruses. It successfully segments viruses regardless of shape, from polyhedral to highly pleomorphic. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5282779 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5282779 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5258163&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03546.x SummaryCorrection of vignetting on images obtained by a digital camera mounted on a microscope is essential before applying image analysis. The aim of this study is to evaluate three methods for retrospective correction of vignetting on medical microscopy images and compare them with a prospective correction method. One digital image from four different tissues was used and a vignetting effect was applied on each of these images. The resulted vignetted image was replicated four times and in each replica a different method for vignetting correction was applied with fiji and gimp software tools. The highest peak signal‐to‐noise ratio from the comparison of each method to the original image was obtained from the prospective method in all tissues. The morphological filtering method provide... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5258163 Tue, 27 Sep 2011 17:54:00 +0100 5258163 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5258164&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03553.x SummaryBlack carbon (BC) is one of the most stable forms of soil organic matter. Its surface functional groups and structure have been well characterized by a range of analytical methods. However, little is known about the mechanisms of interactions between the BC particles and the surrounding mineral matter. In this paper a range of microscopy techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy, were used to investigate the possible reactions of BC particles within microaggregates (<2 mm) found in Amazonian dark Earth. Attention is given to the interactions that occur at the interfacial regions between the organic and inorganic phases. Examination of Amazonian dark Earth showed that the carbon‐rich phase detected within the BC particles ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5258164 Mon, 26 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5258164 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5235315&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03533.x SummaryFluorescence lifetime imaging is a versatile tool that permits mapping the biochemical environment in the cell. Among various fluorescence lifetime imaging techniques, time‐correlated single photon counting and time‐gating methods have been demonstrated to be very efficient and robust for the imaging of biological specimens.Recently, the phasor representation of lifetime images became popular because it provides an intuitive graphical view of the fluorescence lifetime content of the images and, when used for global analysis, significantly improves the overall S/N of lifetime analysis. Compared to time‐correlated single photon counting, time gating methods can provide higher count rates (∼10 MHz) but at the cost of truncating and under sampling the decay curve due to the limi... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5235315 Tue, 20 Sep 2011 19:23:28 +0100 5235315 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220513&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03541.x SummaryFixation of metallic implants to bone through osseointegration is important in orthopaedics and dentistry. Model systems for studying this phenomenon would benefit from a non‐destructive imaging modality so that mechanical and morphological endpoints can more readily be examined in the same specimens. The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of an automated microcomputed tomography (μCT) program for predicting bone–implant contact (BIC) and mechanical fixation strength in a rat model. Femurs in which 1.5‐mm‐diameter titanium implants had been in place for 4 weeks were either embedded in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) for preparation of 1‐mm‐thick cross‐sectional slabs (16 femurs: 32 slabs) or were used for mechanical implant pull‐out testing (n= 18 femurs)... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220513 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 15:14:59 +0100 5220513 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220517&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03536.x SummaryResearch on better methods to digitally represent microscopic specimens has increased over recent decades. Opaque specimens, such as microfossils and metallurgic specimens, are often viewed using reflected light microscopy. Existing 3D surface estimation techniques for reflected light microscopy do not model reflectance, restricting the representation to only one illumination condition and making them an imperfect recreation of the experience of using an actual microscope. This paper introduces a virtual reflected‐light microscopy (VRLM) system that estimates both shape and reflectance from a set of specimen images. When coupled with anaglyph creation, the system can depict both depth information and illumination cues under any desired lighting configuration. Digital representatio... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220517 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5220517 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220516&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03540.x SummaryIt was the purpose of this pilot study to investigate resin infiltration into various types of initial subsurface caries lesions using a combined microscopic technique with polarized light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy and subsequent scanning microscopy with EDX‐element analysis. Six extracted premolars with initial caries lesions were used. Five were infiltrated with resin after imbibition of the subsurface carious pore volume of enamel with sodium fluorescein solution. After light curing the unbound dye was removed by washing out in water. Serial sections were cut through the lesions and investigated with polarized light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and simultaneously with both microscopic techniques. The same sections were then studied with scanning electron mic... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220516 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5220516 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220515&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03544.x SummarySpecimen‐induced aberrations cause a reduction in signal levels and resolution in fluorescence microscopy. Aberrations also affect the image contrast achieved by these microscopes. We model the effects of aberrations on the fluorescence signals acquired from different specimen structures, such as point‐like, linear, planar and volume structures, when imaged by conventional, confocal and two‐photon microscopes. From this we derive the image contrast obtained when observing combinations of such structures. We show that the effect of aberrations on the visibility of fine features depends upon the specimen morphology and that the contrast is less significantly affected in microscopes exhibiting optical sectioning. For example, we show that point objects become indistinguishable fr... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220515 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5220515 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220514&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03547.x SummaryHistopathological evaluations of fibrotic processes require the characterization of collagen morphology in terms of geometrical features such as bundle orientation thickness and spacing. However, there are currently no reliable and valid techniques of measuring bundle thickness and spacing. Hence, two objective methods quantifying the collagen bundle thickness and spacing were tested for their reliability and validity: Fourier first‐order maximum analysis and Distance Mapping, with the latter constituting a newly developed morphometric technique. Histological slides were constructed and imaged from 50 scar and 50 healthy human skin biopsies and subsequently analyzed by two observers to determine the interobserver reliability via the intraclass correlation coefficient. An intraclas... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220514 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5220514 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220518&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03543.x SummaryIn this work, we demonstrate single‐shot, simultaneous recording and subsequent retrieval of one incoherent and two holographic (intensity and phase) images from the same camera frame. Demultiplexing of incoherent and holographic signals in the spatial frequency domain is made possible by carrier frequency modulation and spatial oversampling intrinsic to the off‐axis digital holographic configuration. In particular, we show applications to combined fluorescence and digital holographic microscopy, as well as combined bright field and holographic second harmonic generation microscopy. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220518 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5220518 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220519&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03519.x SummaryOrientational behaviours under the action of linearly polarized light and circularly polarized light of a side‐chain azobenzene containing polymer were studied by conoscopic polarized microscopy. The results suggest that the linearly polarized light (473 nm, 20 mW cm−2) results in an in‐plane orientation of the azobenzene groups. The irradiation with circularly polarized light (473 nm, 20 mW cm−2) leads to a tilt orientation (out‐of‐plane) of the azobenzene groups with the long axis of mesogens aligned along the propagation direction of the actinic light. Characteristic features of the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane orientated films were obtained from their interference figures. The in‐plane orientated film shows an interference cross consisting of a broad fuzzy bar, ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220519 Tue, 13 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5220519 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205456&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03542.x We present what to our knowledge the first method of determination of spatial correlation functions of refractive index fluctuations of living tissues by Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT). Based on the second‐order statistical description of the random characteristic of living tissue, a formula which clearly relates the spectral electrical power from the detector to the Fourier spectrum of the refractive index correlation function is given. The method is characterized by its capability of noninvasive measurements in vivo. It has the potential of allowing quantitative discrimination between different tissue types or the same tissue at different pathological states by determining their Fourier components of spatial correlation functions of refractive index. (Source: Journ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205456 Sun, 11 Sep 2011 07:52:08 +0100 5205456 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205458&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03521.x SummaryA recently introduced figure of merit for environmental and low vacuum scanning electron microscopes has now been computed in the full operational pressure range for one commercial instrument. The direct simulation Monte Carlo method has been used in lieu of experimental measurements. The theory of this figure of merit is further consolidated. It is shown that a thin pressure limiting aperture can indeed be used as an optimum reference system for all instruments employing differential pumping in the transfer of an electron beam from high vacuum to high pressure. The implications of the results obtained are discussed both in relation to existing commercial instruments and associated literature to pave the way for future progress in the field. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205458 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205458 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5205457&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03529.x SummaryCell tracking is a key task in the high‐throughput quantitative study of important biological processes, such as immune system regulation and neurogenesis. Variability in cell density and dynamics in different videos, hampers portability of existing trackers across videos. We address these potability challenges in order to develop a portable cell tracking algorithm. Our algorithm can handle noise in cell segmentation as well as divisions and deaths of cells. We also propose a parameter‐free variation of our tracker. In the tracker, we employ a novel method for recovering the distribution of cell displacements. Further, we present a mathematically justified procedure for determining the gating distance in relation to tracking performance. For the range of real videos tested, our ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5205457 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5205457 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5174440&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03534.x SummaryHere we present a set of methods for documenting (exo‐)morphology by applying autofluorescence imaging. For arthropods, but also for other taxa, autofluorescence imaging combined with composite imaging is a fast documentation method with high‐resolution capacities. Compared to conventional micro‐ and macrophotography, the illumination is much more homogenous, and structures are often better contrasted. Applying different wavelengths to the same object can additionally be used to enhance distinct structures. Autofluorescence imaging can be applied to dried and embedded specimens, but also directly on specimens within their storage liquid. This has an enormous potential for the documentation of rare specimens and especially type specimens without the need of preparation. Also fo... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5174440 Tue, 30 Aug 2011 04:55:26 +0100 5174440 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5158066&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03538.x This study validates electron channelling contrast imaging as a nondestructive and widely accessible method for spatially mapping and identifying dislocations in GaN with wider applicability for other single‐crystal materials. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5158066 Fri, 26 Aug 2011 12:50:28 +0100 5158066 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5107150&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03526.x SummaryFreeze substitution is a process for low temperature dehydration and fixation of rapidly frozen cells that usually takes days to complete. New methods for freeze substitution have been developed that require only basic laboratory tools: a platform shaker, liquid nitrogen, a metal block with holes for cryotubes and an insulated container such as an ice bucket. With this equipment, excellent freeze substitution results can be obtained in as little as 90 min for cells of small volume such as bacteria and tissue culture cells. For cells of greater volume or that have significant diffusion barriers such as cuticles or thick cell walls, one can extend the time to 3 h or more with dry ice. The 3‐h method works well for all manner of specimens, including plants and Caenorhabditis elegans ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5107150 Tue, 09 Aug 2011 14:17:54 +0100 5107150 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5095356&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03506.x SummaryMycelial morphology is a critically important process property in industrial fermentations of filamentous microorganisms, as particular phenotypes are associated with maximum productivity. The morphological form that develops in a given process results from the combination of various environmental factors, together with the genotype of the organism itself. The design of systems capable of rapidly and accurately characterising morphology within a given process represents a significant challenge to biotechnologists, as the complex phenotypes that are manifested are often not easily quantified.Over the last two decades, the proliferation of high‐power personal computers and high‐resolution digital cameras has enabled scientists to apply digital image analysis to this challenge. Alt... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5095356 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5095356 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5095358&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03524.x SummaryRecent software and hardware advances in the field of electron backscatter diffraction have led to an increase in the rate of data acquisition. Combining automated stage movements with conventional beam control have allowed researchers to collect data from significantly larger areas of samples than was previously possible. This paper describes a LabVIEW™ and AutoIT© code which allows for increased flexibility compared to commercially available software. The source code for this software has been made available in the online version of this paper. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5095358 Mon, 01 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5095358 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5095357&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03531.x SummaryHow to sample three‐dimensional microstructure and effectively reduce experimental error is a challenging problem. Taking seven single‐phase polycrystalline structures generated by 400×400×400 Potts Monte Carlo simulation as the study object, effects of sampling strategy on the determination of various characteristic parameters of the grain size distribution and grain topology distribution are studied. The mean voxel value (or volume) of individual grains in the three‐dimensional simulated microstructure varies from 4.56×104 to 1.0×103, and the number of grains contained in the structure varies from 63 901 to 1403. The results show that, a minimum of 200 sampled grains can ensure the relative error to be less than 5% for determination of the mean grain volume, the mean gra... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5095357 Mon, 01 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5095357 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5095355&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03522.x SummaryAtom probe tomography is an accurate analytical and imaging technique which can reconstruct the complex structure and composition of a specimen in three dimensions. Despite providing locally high spatial resolution, atom probe tomography suffers from global distortions due to a complex projection function between the specimen and detector which is different for each experiment and can change during a single run. To aid characterization of this projection function, this work demonstrates a method for the reverse projection of ions from an arbitrary projection surface in 3D space back to an atom probe tomography specimen surface. Experimental data from transmission electron microscopy tilt tomography are combined with point cloud surface reconstruction algorithms and finite element mo... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5095355 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5095355 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5085768&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03527.x SummaryCapillary rise on a tapered cylindrical rod creates a static axisymmetric meniscus that quantitatively attracts buoyant particles into a single microscopic field of view, providing a new method for small particle microscopy. This approach simplifies the visualization of micrometre‐sized particles, such as pollen and parasite eggs, and has potential utility in remote location monitoring and clinical diagnosis. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5085768 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5085768 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5085767&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03528.x SummaryGold nanoparticles are rapidly emerging for use in biomedical applications. Characterization of the interaction and delivery of nanoparticles to cells through microscopy is important. Scanning electron microscopes have the intrinsic resolution to visualize gold nanoparticles on cells. A novel sample preparation protocol was developed to enable imaging of cells and gold nanoparticles with a conventional below lens scanning electron microscopes. The negative influence of ‘charging’ on the quality of scanning electron microscopes’ images could be limited by deposition of biological cells on a conductive (gold) surface. The novel protocol enabled high‐resolution scanning electron microscopes’ imaging of small clusters and individual gold nanoparticles on uncoated cell surfaces... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5085767 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5085767 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5085766&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03488.x SummaryA spectrograph with continuous wavelength resolution has been integrated into a frequency‐domain fluorescence lifetime‐resolved imaging microscope (FLIM). The spectral information assists in the separation of multiple lifetime components, and helps resolve signal cross‐talking that can interfere with an accurate analysis of multiple lifetime processes. This extends the number of different dyes that can be measured simultaneously in a FLIM measurement. Spectrally resolved FLIM (spectral‐FLIM) also provides a means to measure more accurately the lifetime of a dim fluorescence component (as low as 2% of the total intensity) in the presence of another fluorescence component with a much higher intensity. A more reliable separation of the donor and acceptor fluorescence signals ar... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5085766 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5085766 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5085765&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03518.x We present a simple and versatile scheme for characterising amplitude and phase modulation by an active element, such as a deformable mirror, in the pupil plane of a high NA microscope. By placing a mirror in the vicinity of the focal plane of the objective and recording images of the reflected focal spot on a camera, we show that reliable measurements of the influence function of the mirror actuators in the pupil plane of the objective can be obtained using an iterative electric field retrieval algorithm. Compared to direct wavefront sensors, the proposed method allows characterisation for a variety of objectives with different NA and pupil sizes without modification of the setup, requires minimal space inside the microscope, and can be used with pulsed sources such as used for multiphoto... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5085765 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5085765 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5049693&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03525.x (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5049693 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 04:35:34 +0100 5049693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5049692&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03513.x SummaryIn this paper, the field of quantitative microcomputed tomography arising from the combination of microcomputed tomography and quantitative 3D image analysis, is summarized with focus on materials science applications. Opportunities and limitations as well as typical application scenarios are discussed. Selected examples provide an insight into commonly used as well as recent methods from mathematical morphology and stochastic geometry. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5049692 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 04:35:28 +0100 5049692 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5049690&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03532.x SummaryMultiphoton microscopy is a powerful technique based on complex quantum mechanical effects. Thanks to the development of turnkey mode‐locked laser systems, multiphoton microscopy is now available for everyone to use without extreme complexity. In this short introduction, we describe qualitatively the important concepts underlying the most commonly used type of multiphoton microscopy (two‐photon excitation). We elucidate how those properties lead to the powerful results that have been achieved using this technique. As with any technique, two‐photon excitation microscopy has limitations that we describe, and we provide examples of particular classes of experiments where two‐photon excitation microscopy is advantageous over other approaches. Finally, we briefly describe other u... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5049690 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 04:35:16 +0100 5049690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5049691&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03501.x SummarySilicon microchips with thin, electron transparent silicon nitride windows provide a sample support that accommodates both light‐, and electron microscopy of whole eukaryotic cells in vacuum or liquid, with minimum sample preparation steps. The windows are robust enough that cellular samples can be cultured directly onto them, with no addition of a supporting film, and there is no need to embed or section the sample, as is typically required in electron microscopy. By combining two microchips, a microfluidic chamber can be constructed for the imaging of samples in liquid in the electron microscope. We provide microchip design specifications, a fabrication outline, instructions on how to prepare the microchips for biological samples, and examples of images obtained using different ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5049691 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5049691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5027559&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03500.x SummarySemiconducting silver selenide telluride (Ag2SeTe) thin films were prepared with different thicknesses onto glass substrates at room temperature using thermal evaporation technique. The structural properties were determined as a function of thickness by X‐ray diffraction exhibiting no preferential orientation along any plane; however, the films are found to have peaks corresponding to mixed phase. The morphology of these films was studied using scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscopy respectively, and is reported. The morphological properties are found to be very sensitive to the thin film thickness. The composition of the films is also estimated using energy dispersive analysis using X‐rays and are also reported. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5027559 Wed, 13 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5027559 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5027558&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03514.x SummaryConfocal microscopy is based on measurement of intensity of fluorescence originating from a limited volume in the imaged specimen. The intensity is quantized in absolute (albeit arbitrary) units, producing a digital 3D micrograph. Thus, one may obtain quantitative information on local concentration of biomolecules in cells and tissues. This approach requires estimation of precision of light measurement (limited by noise) and conversion of the digital intensity units to absolute values of concentration (or number) of molecules of interest. To meet the first prerequisite we propose a technique for measurement of signal and noise. This method involves registration of a time series of images of any stationary microscope specimen. The analysis is a multistep process, which separates mono... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5027558 Wed, 13 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5027558 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5027557&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03517.x SummaryIn this paper, we experimentally demonstrated a two‐channel frequency division multiplexing confocal fluorescence microscopy system using a UV laser as the excitation source. In our two‐channel frequency division multiplexing confocal fluorescence system, the incoming laser beam was divided into two beams and each beam was modulated with an individual carrier frequency. These two laser beams were then spatially combined with a small angle and focused into two diffraction‐limited spots on the targeted cell (rat neural cell) surface to generate fluorescent signal. As a result, the fluorescent signals from two spots of the rat neural cell surface can be demodulated and distinguished during data processing. Furthermore, a quantitative analysis on the cross‐talk among different f... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5027557 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5027557 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4984136&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03520.x SummaryExperimental atomic resolution bright and high angle dark field transmission electron microscopy images of mono‐ and few‐layer graphene and boron nitride, as well as of turbostratic arrangements in both materials, are compared to their simulated counterparts. Changes in the images according to defocus, layer number and accelerating voltage are discussed. It emerges that simulations with realistic microscope parameters accurately depict experimental graphene and boron nitride images and present a reliable tool for their interpretation. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4984136 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 16:06:08 +0100 4984136 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4984138&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03509.x We report here that the mixing of cyanobacteria with immature barley pollen grains succeeded in greatly reducing the volume of liquid present between the large pollen grains, and so improved the loading of the sample into a nitrocellulose capillary. The use of yeast or cyanobacteria paste to surround the filled capillaries was beneficial in speeding the transfer of heat during the freezing process. This modification of the HPF method resulted in a greatly improved level of ultrastructure preservation. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4984138 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4984138 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4984137&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03512.x SummarySintering of green samples of alumina produced by ice‐templating was followed in situ in an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) up to temperatures as high as 1375°C. These alumina samples with well‐defined architectures are of great interest in the field of materials science due to their high specific strength (especially in compression), low density and adaptable porosity. For the present study, they also have the advantage to exhibit an important topography, inducing interesting contrast when imaged in an ESEM. Improvements of the imaging conditions in the ESEM were essential to really follow the sintering process involving formation of necks between grains or shift of the centre of grains. This paper describes the improvements made and the results observed ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4984137 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4984137 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4975486&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03507.x SummaryIn recent years, tomographic three‐dimensional reconstruction approaches using electrons rather than X‐rays have become popular. Such images produced with a transmission electron microscope make it possible to image nanometre‐scale materials in three‐dimensional. However, they are also noisy, limited in contrast and most often have a very poor resolution along the axis of the electron beam. The analysis of images stemming from such modalities, whether fully or semiautomated, is therefore more complicated. In particular, segmentation of objects is difficult. In this paper, we propose to use the continuous maximum flow segmentation method based on a globally optimal minimal surface model. The use of this fully automated segmentation and filtering procedure is illustrated on tw... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4975486 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 22:26:31 +0100 4975486 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4959783&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03515.x SummaryThe combination of noninvasive compositional analysis by Raman microspectrometry with high‐resolution imaging in the scanning electron microscope greatly expands the analytical capabilities of the electron microscope. However, the chemical preparation of scanning electron microscope (SEM) specimens, although adequate for low‐resolution imaging of superficial detail, is not the true representation of the chemistry and composition of the sample, as extraction and aggregation artefacts as a result of dehydrating and cross‐linking agents are abundant. The original chemical composition and ultrastructure is only preserved using cryo preparation methods.Therefore, a complete cryo transfer flange was designed and built to add cryogenic control of specimens to the configuration of the... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4959783 Thu, 23 Jun 2011 10:30:20 +0100 4959783 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4959784&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03510.x The objective of this study is to assess the possibilities of combining FIB‐SEM tomography with cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging. The intensity of CL emission is related to variations in defect or impurity concentrations. A potential problem with FIB‐SEM CL tomography is that ion milling may change the defect state of the material and the CL emission. In addition the conventional tilted sample geometry used in FIB‐SEM tomography is not compatible with conventional CL detectors. Here we examine the influence of the FIB on CL emission in natural diamond and the feasibility of FIB‐SEM CL tomography. A systematic investigation establishes that the ion beam influences CL emission of diamond, with a dependency on both the ion beam and electron beam acceleration voltage. CL emission in ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4959784 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4959784 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4952504&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03511.x SummaryThe effect of montmorillonite (MMT) organic modification on microstructures and ultraviolet (UV) aging properties of bitumen was investigated. The microstructures of MMT modified bitumen were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The binders were aged by UV radiation. The UV aging properties of MMT modified bitumen was studied by determining physical properties and AFM analysis. XRD and FTIR analyses show that the sodium montmorillonite (Na+‐MMT) modified bitumen forms a phase‐separated structure, whereas the organo‐montmorillonite (OMMT) modified bitumen forms an intercalated structure. After Na+‐MMT modification, the contrast between the matrix and the dispersed domains is... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4952504 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 20:07:51 +0100 4952504 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4892309&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03497.x We present a new approach to simulate electron cryo‐microscope images of biological specimens. The framework for simulation consists of two parts; the first is a phantom generator that generates a model of a specimen suitable for simulation, the second is a transmission electron microscope simulator. The phantom generator calculates the scattering potential of an atomic structure in aqueous buffer and allows the user to define the distribution of molecules in the simulated image. The simulator includes a well defined electron–specimen interaction model based on the scalar Schrödinger equation, the contrast transfer function for optics, and a noise model that includes shot noise as well as detector noise including detector blurring. To enable optimal performance, the simulation framewo... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4892309 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4892309 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4892308&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03504.x We present several general methods for quantitative characterization of network structures without prior assumptions of shape or application. The characterization is performed by extracting distributions of values rather than single value descriptions, thus allowing more detailed comparisons between samples to be made. The methods characterize tortuosity, path diameters, the novel dead ends property and a particle shape independent alternative to a particle size distribution. The parameters are calculated by the computation of arrival time maps by the fast marching method. The methods are applied to the analysis of each of the three phases in a solid oxide fuel cell sample. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4892308 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4892308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4883186&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03505.x SummaryThe development of super‐resolution microscopy techniques using molecular localization, such as photoactivated localization microscopy, fluorescence photoactivated localization microscopy, stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, photoactivated localization microscopy with independent running acquisition and many others, has heightened interest in molecules that will be grouped here into a category referred to as ‘optical highlighter’ fluorescent proteins. This review will survey many of the advances in development of fluorescent proteins for optically highlighting sub‐populations of fluorescently labelled molecules. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4883186 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4883186 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4871684&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03508.x SummaryCategorizing biologic signals by analysis of symbolic sequences was employed in the study of prostate microvessels. The estimates of the volume fraction of the vessels immunostained to Factor‐VIII was mapped to binary sequences. The distance between sequences was estimated by comparing the rank and frequency of repetitive elements. These measurements were applied to detect whether there are unique microvascular patterns for each individual, and to search for patterns describing prostate microvessels of different conditions. Normal prostate, benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma groups were studied. All the specimens were immunostained to F‐VIII and strips formed by adjacent quadrats were explored. At each point of the long axis of the strip, the VV F‐VIII was calc... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4871684 Sat, 28 May 2011 01:45:53 +0100 4871684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4871685&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03499.x In this study, several cleaning solutions were tested on a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) object whose surface was characterized before and after cleaning by optical microscopy and noncontact profilometry. In addition, different methods to quantify the cleaning efficiency based on spectrocolorimetric and microscopic techniques were provided. The results showed that noncontact profilometry supported by optical microscopy and spectrocolorimetry was very useful for the characterization of the plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) surface before and after the cleaning and also for the determination of the cleaners’ efficiency. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4871685 Wed, 25 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4871685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4852628&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03502.x In this report we show that some of the previously reported experimental results using automatic microscopy image analysis might be biased, and discuss practices and methods that can be used to obtain objective and reliable automatic analysis of microscopy images. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4852628 Mon, 23 May 2011 18:34:26 +0100 4852628 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4852629&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03503.x In this study, algorithms based on Richardson–Lucy deconvolution algorithm are tested. The ability of these algorithms to improve axial resolution of three‐dimensional data sets is evaluated on model synthetic data. Finally, unregularized Richardson–Lucy algorithm is selected for the evaluation and reconstruction of three‐dimensional chromosomal data sets of Drosophila melanogaster. Problems concerning the reconstruction process are discussed and further improvements are proposed. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4852629 Sun, 22 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4852629 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4780120&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03496.x SummaryRecent advances in electron backscatter diffraction equipment and software have permitted increased data acquisition rates on the order of hundreds of points per second with additional increases in the foreseeable future likely. This increase in speed allows users to collect data from statistically significant areas of samples by combining beam‐control scans and automated stage movements. To facilitate data analysis, however, the individual tiles must be combined, or stitched, into a single data set. In this paper, we describe a matlab® (The Mathworks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) program to facilitate stitching of electron backscatter diffraction data. The method offers users a wide range of controls for tile placement including independent overlaps for horizontal and vertical tiles a... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4780120 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4780120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4762626&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03480.x SummaryRecent progress in single DNA manipulation with atomic force microscope has proved its potential in analysing genetic information at the molecular level instead of macro ensemble approach. However, current manipulation of DNA is mainly carried out by manual operations, which is labour‐intensive and time‐consuming, thus limits the further applications in other fields. In this paper, an optimized DNA manipulation method is successfully established. An image correlation technique is introduced to realize automatic thermal drift compensation. Combined with elaborately designed tip movement control for different manipulation purposes, accurate and efficient DNA manipulations such as dissection, folding and picking are realized. The efficiency has been improved for an order of magnitu... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4762626 Fri, 29 Apr 2011 01:49:46 +0100 4762626 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4762627&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03498.x SummaryIt is generally assumed that vitrification of both cells and the surrounding medium provides the best preservation of ultrastructure of biological material for study by electron microscopy. At the same time it is known that the cell cytoplasm may provide substantial cryoprotection for internal cell structure even when the medium crystallizes. Thus, vitrification of the medium is not essential for good structural preservation. By contrast, a high cooling rate is an essential factor for good cryopreservation because it limits phase separation and movement of cellular components during freezing, thus preserving the native‐like state. Here we present calculations of freezing rates that incorporate the effect of medium crystallization, using finite difference methods. We demonstrate th... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4762627 Wed, 27 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4762627 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4709019&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03494.x SummaryA low‐hazard approach is presented to prepare metallographic cross‐sections of moisture‐sensitive battery components. The approach is tailored for evaluation of thermal (molten salt) batteries composed of thin pressed‐powder pellets, but has general applicability to other battery electrochemistries. Solution‐cast polystyrene is used to encapsulate cells before embedding in epoxy. Nonaqueous grinding and polishing are performed in an industrial dry room to increase throughput. Lapping oil is used as a lubricant throughout grinding. Hexane is used as the solvent throughout processing; occupational exposure levels are well below the limits. Light optical and scanning electron microscopy on cross‐sections are used to analyse a thermal battery cell. Spatially resolved X‐ray... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4709019 Thu, 14 Apr 2011 09:20:51 +0100 4709019 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4709020&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03493.x SummaryFor wool, superior staining of a wide range of ultrastructural components is achieved by en bloc treatment of fibres with a chemical reductant followed by osmium tetroxide. For human scalp hair, although staining quality is similar, the penetration of reagents is poor, resulting in large parts of the fibre cortex remaining unstained. Here we describe a modification to the reduction–osmication method in which reagents penetrate through a cut fibre end, allowing visualization of a wide range of features across the cortex. We compare the staining quality, artefacts and range of structure rendered visible using transmission electron microscopy for en bloc reduction–osmication to other staining alternatives including en bloc silver nitrate and section stains based on uranyl acetate a... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4709020 Sun, 10 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4709020 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4642264&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03485.x SummaryRecently, a new decomposition has been found for the motion invariant density of straight lines in , with applications in stereology. The new principle, called the invariator, leads to new rotational formulae which express the surface area and the volume of a bounded subset (called a ‘particle’) in terms of an observable functional defined in an isotropically oriented section (called a pivotal section) through a fixed point (called the pivotal point). The results have been extended to intrinsic volumes of manifolds in general space forms. The purpose of this paper is to present new results and computational formulae for three‐dimensional particles. Explicit estimators are obtained for a convex polyhedral particle with a pivotal point in its interior, in terms of the coordina... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4642264 Mon, 28 Mar 2011 20:25:06 +0100 4642264 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4642265&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03495.x SummaryPreparation of specimens for electron backscatter diffraction has to be done with great care to ensure a high indexing fraction from high‐quality patterns. Despite the amount of published and recommended preparation methods for different materials, detailed information about the preparation parameters are either missing, or different preparation methods are recommended for one material. The aim of this contribution is to compare the application of several preparation techniques on different metallic samples to determine a suitable preparation method for high‐quality electron backscatter diffraction measurements for a variety of alloys. From the results obtained, polishing with an oxide polishing suspension is the most appropriate preparation method for the materials and preparat... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4642265 Sun, 27 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4642265 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4559934&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03491.x SummaryThe forward scattering of light in a conventional inverted optical microscope by nanoparticles ranging in diameter from 10 to 50 nm has been used to automatically and quantitatively identify and track their location in three‐dimensions with a temporal resolution of 200 ms. The standard deviation of the location of nominally stationary 50‐nm‐diameter nanoparticles was found to be about 50 nm along the light path and about 5 nm in the plane perpendicular to the light path. The method is based on oscillating the microscope objective along the light path using a piezo actuator and acquiring images with the condenser aperture closed to a minimum to enhance the effects of diffraction. Data processing in the time and spatial domains allowed the location of particles to be obt... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4559934 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4559934 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4565720&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03492.x SummaryWe experimentally demonstrate, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, two‐photon fluorescence imaging with a femtosecond optical parametric amplifier. In particular, we systematically compare the imaging depths of two‐photon fluorescence microscopes based on three different excitation sources, including a femtosecond oscillator, a femtosecond regenerative amplifier and the optical parametric amplifier. The results show that the optical parametric amplifier can greatly extend the penetration depth by approximately 227% as compared with that obtained with the femtosecond oscillator due to effective suppression of scattering at longer wavelength and enhanced excitation efficiency enabled by higher pulse energy. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4565720 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4565720 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4559933&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03481.x SummarySTEPanizer is an easy‐to‐use computer‐based software tool for the stereological assessment of digitally captured images from all kinds of microscopical (LM, TEM, LSM) and macroscopical (radiology, tomography) imaging modalities. The program design focuses on providing the user a defined workflow adapted to most basic stereological tasks. The software is compact, that is user friendly without being bulky. STEPanizer comprises the creation of test systems, the appropriate display of digital images with superimposed test systems, a scaling facility, a counting module and an export function for the transfer of results to spreadsheet programs. Here we describe the major workflow of the tool illustrating the application on two examples from transmission electron microscopy and light... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4559933 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4559933 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4535925&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03489.x We present a method that advances this approach in multiple ways. Our method (1) produces a globally consistent joint registration of an unorganized collection of three‐dimensional (3‐D) multi‐channel images with or without stage micrometer data; (2) produces accurate registrations withstanding changes in scale, rotation, translation and shear by using a 3‐D affine transformation model; (3) achieves complete automation, and does not require any parameter settings; (4) handles low and variable overlaps (5–15%) between adjacent images, minimizing the number of images required to cover a tissue region; (5) has the self‐diagnostic ability to recognize registration failures instead of delivering incorrect results; (6) can handle a broad range of biological images by exploiting gener... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4535925 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4535925 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4512180&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03490.x SummaryMicrometer‐scale three‐dimensional data from fluorescence microscopes offer unique insight into cellular morphology and function by resolving subcellular locations of fluorescent dyes and proteins. To increase field‐of‐view size while using a high‐resolution multiphoton microscope, we have created an automated system of rapidly acquiring overlapping image stacks from multiple fields‐of‐view along a nonplanar tissue surface. Each image stack is acquired only between the surface and the maximal penetrating depth, as determined by the image signal‐to‐background ratio. This results in the acquisition of the volume containing visible tissue along the tissue surface, excluding the empty volume above the tissue and the volume beyond the maximum imaging depth within the ti... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4512180 Thu, 24 Feb 2011 02:31:55 +0100 4512180 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4477476&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03468.x (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4477476 Tue, 15 Feb 2011 14:33:38 +0100 4477476 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4477475&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03469.x (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4477475 Tue, 15 Feb 2011 14:33:37 +0100 4477475 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4477470&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2011.03486.x SummaryAlthough confocal microscopes have considerably smaller contribution of out‐of‐focus light than widefield microscopes, the confocal images can still be enhanced mathematically if the optical and data acquisition effects are accounted for. For that, several deconvolution algorithms have been proposed. As a practical solution, maximum‐likelihood algorithms with regularization have been used. However, the choice of regularization parameters is often unknown although it has considerable effect on the result of deconvolution process. The aims of this work were: to find good estimates of deconvolution parameters; and to develop an open source software package that would allow testing different deconvolution algorithms and that would be easy to use in practice. Here, Richardson–Luc... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4477470 Tue, 15 Feb 2011 14:32:40 +0100 4477470 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4428775&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03482.x SummaryWith the rapid advance of three‐dimensional (3D) confocal imaging technology, more and more 3D cellular images will be available. Segmentation of intact cells is a critical task in automated image analysis and quantification of cellular microscopic images. One of the major complications in the automatic segmentation of cellular images arises due to the fact that cells are often closely clustered. Several algorithms are proposed for segmenting cell clusters but most of them are 2D based. In other words, these algorithms are designed to segment 2D cell clusters from a single image. Given 2D segmentation methods developed, they can certainly be applied to each image slice with the 3D cellular volume to obtain the segmented cell clusters. Apparently, in such case, the 3D depth informa... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4428775 Wed, 02 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4428775 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4428774&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03487.x SummaryMineral image is one type of crucial data for mineral research and analysis. However, some mineral images are not clear in some cases. To efficiently enhance mineral images and therefore benefit the applications of these images, a multiscale toggle contrast operator based algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, the toggle contrast operator is discussed. Secondly, the multiscale toggle contrast operator using structuring elements with different sizes is given. Thirdly, the multiscale toggle contrast operator is used to enhance the original image at different scales. Finally, the final enhanced image is constructed from the multiscale enhanced results. Because multiscale structuring elements are used, the algorithm performs efficiently and produces few noises. Experimental results... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4428774 Wed, 02 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4428774 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4428773&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03483.x SummaryProperties of composite materials are directly affected by the spatial arrangement of reinforcement and matrix. In this research, partially hydrolysed cellulose microcrystals were used to fabricate polycaprolactone microcomposites. The spatial distribution of cellulose microcrystals was characterized by a newly developed technique of X‐ray ultra microscopy and microtomography. The phase and absorption contrast imaging of X‐ray ultra microscopy revealed two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional information on CMC distribution in polymer matrices. The highest contrast and flux (signal‐to‐noise ratio) were obtained using vanadium foil targets with the accelerating voltage of 30 keV and beam current of >200 nA. The spatial distribution of cellulose microcrystals was correlate... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4428773 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4428773 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4377338&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03477.x SummaryIn this work, an automated microscopic observation drug susceptibility (MODS) plate reader has been developed. The reader automatically handles MODS plates and after autofocussing digital images are acquired of the characteristic microscopic cording structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which are the identification method utilized in the MODS technique to detect tuberculosis and multidrug resistant tuberculosis. In conventional MODS, trained technicians manually move the MODS plate on the stage of an inverted microscope while trying to locate and focus upon the characteristic microscopic cording colonies. In centres with high tuberculosis diagnostic demand, sufficient time may not be available to adequately examine all cultures. An automated reader would reduce labour time and... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4377338 Fri, 21 Jan 2011 01:27:24 +0100 4377338 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4377339&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03484.x SummaryThe imaging of microscopic structures at nanometre‐scale spatial resolution in a liquid environment is of interest for a wide range of studies. Recently, a liquid flow transmission electron microscopy (TEM) holder equipped with a microfluidic cell has been developed and shown to exhibit flow of nanoparticles through an electron transparent viewing window. Here we demonstrate the application of the flow cell system for both scanning and conventional transmission electron microscopy imaging of immobilized nanoparticles with a resolution of a few nanometres in liquid water of micrometre thickness. The spatial resolution of conventional TEM bright field imaging is shown to be limited by chromatic aberration due to multiple inelastic scattering in the water, and we demonstrate that the... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4377339 Thu, 20 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4377339 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4330801&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03470.x SummaryAre modern science and clinicians forgetting or ignoring the importance of morphology and microscopy in studying disease and disease patterns? Here we ponder that current science research over‐emphasizes the value of molecules and disease modelling, or rather under‐estimate the usefulness of microscopy and morphology. We debate the usefulness of morphology in contemporary research and wonder whether our techniques are too old‐fashioned or whether our field is seen as redundant. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4330801 Tue, 11 Jan 2011 15:01:06 +0100 4330801 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4330800&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03479.x SummaryMorphological changes of normal human keratinocyte cells have been monitored by means of atomic force microscopy after the exposure at a mercury solution containing HgCl2 at 10−7 M. The measurements have been carried out in contact mode in a thermostated liquid cell, to reproduce a cellular environment similar to the physiologic one. Remarkable alterations of the cellular morphology and volume have been revealed after few minutes from starting the exposure experiment, although the HgCl2 concentration is several orders of magnitudes lower than the cytotoxic value (10−4 M). The atomic force microscopy technique results to be a powerful mean to investigate modifications induced in the cell morphology by external chemical agents. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4330800 Tue, 11 Jan 2011 15:00:38 +0100 4330800 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4285039&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03478.x SummaryCryo‐electron tomography allows three‐dimensional visualization of frozen‐hydrated, vitrified biological material at molecular resolution. Here, we summarize the most important sample preparation methods and technical aspects relevant for cryo‐electron tomography, as well as its recent biological applications from isolated macromolecular complexes to entire cells and tissues. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4285039 Fri, 24 Dec 2010 05:03:11 +0100 4285039 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4265177&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03460.x SummaryThe nucleator is a well‐established manual stereological method of estimating mean cell volume from observations on random cell transects through reference points of the cells. In this paper, we present an automated version of the nucleator that uses automatic segmentation of the boundaries of the cell transects. An expert supervises the process. If the segmentation is judged to be satisfactory, an estimate of the cell volume is calculated automatically on the basis of the whole cell transect. In the remaining cases, the expert intervenes and uses the classical nucleator. The resulting estimator is called the semi‐automatic nucleator. In this paper, we study the statistical properties of the semi‐automatic nucleator. Formulae for the bias and mean square error are derived. The... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4265177 Sat, 18 Dec 2010 17:13:29 +0100 4265177 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4252850&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03474.x SummaryStandard atom probe tomography spatial reconstruction techniques have been reasonably successful in reproducing single crystal datasets. However, artefacts persist in the reconstructions that can be attributed to the incorrect assumption of a spherical evaporation surface. Using simulated and experimental field evaporation, we examine the expected shape of the evaporating surface and propose the use of a variable point projection position to mitigate to some degree these reconstruction artefacts. We show initial results from an implementation of a variable projection position, illustrating the effect on simulated and experimental data, while still maintaining a spherical projection surface. Specimen shapes during evaporation of model structures with interfaces between regions of low... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4252850 Mon, 13 Dec 2010 16:57:08 +0100 4252850 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4252854&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03475.x SummaryHigh‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF STEM) at low energies (≤30 keV) was used to study quantitatively electron scattering in amorphous carbon and carbon‐based materials. Experimental HAADF STEM intensities from samples with well‐known composition and thickness are compared with results of Monte Carlo simulations and semiempirical equations describing multiple electron scattering. A well‐defined relationship is found between the maximum HAADF STEM intensity and sample thickness which is exploited (a) to derive a quantitative description for the mean quadratic scattering angle and (b) to calculate the transmitted HAADF STEM intensity as a function of the relevant materials parameters and electron energy. The formalism can be also a... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4252854 Mon, 13 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4252854 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4252853&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03471.x SummaryNaturally deformed ice contains subgrains with characteristic geometries that have recently been identified in etched surfaces using high‐resolution light microscopy (LM). The probable slip systems responsible for these subgrain boundary types can be determined using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), providing the etch features imaged with reflected LM can be retained during EBSD data acquisition in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Retention of the etch features requires that the ice surface is stable. Depending on the pressure and temperature, sublimation of ice can occur. The equilibrium temperature for a low pressure SEM operating at 1 × 10−6 hPa is about −112°C and operating at higher temperatures causes sublimation. Although charging of uncoated ice sample... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4252853 Mon, 13 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4252853 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4252852&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03476.x We present a fibre‐top probe fabricated by carving a tipped cantilever on an optical fibre, with the tip machined in correspondence of the fibre core. When approached to an optical prism illuminated under total internal reflection conditions, the tip of the cantilever detects the optical tunnelling signal, while the light coupled from the opposite end of the fibre measures the deflection of the cantilever. Our results suggest that fibre‐top technology can be used for the development of a new generation of hybrid probes that can combine atomic force microscopy with scanning near field optical microscopy. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4252852 Mon, 13 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4252852 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4252851&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03472.x SummaryBy example of a Permalloy particle (40 × 40 μm2 size, 30 nm thickness) we demonstrate a procedure to quantitatively investigate the dynamics of magnetic stray fields during ultrafast magnetization reversal. The measurements have been performed in a time‐resolving photoemission electron microscope using the X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism. In the particle under investigation, we have observed a flux‐closure‐dominated magnetic ground structure, minimizing the magnetic stray field outside the sample. A fast magnetic field pulse introduced changes in the micromagnetic structure accompanied with an incomplete flux closure. As a result, stray fields arise along the edges of domains, which cause a change of contrast and an image deformation of the particles geometry (curvature ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4252851 Mon, 13 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4252851 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4237590&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03440.x SummaryThe conventional approach for microscopic 3D cellular imaging is based on axial through‐stack image series which has some significant limitations such as anisotropic resolution and axial aberration. To overcome these drawbacks, we have recently introduced an alternative approach based on micro‐rotation image series. Unfortunately, this new technique suffers from a huge burden of computation that makes its use quite difficult for current applications. To address these problems we propose a new imaging strategy called bi‐protocol, which consists of coupling micro‐rotation acquisition and conventional z‐stack acquisition. We experimentally prove bi‐protocol 3D reconstruction produces similar quality to that of pure micro‐rotation, but offers the advantage of reduced compu... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4237590 Mon, 06 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4237590 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224855&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03466.x SummaryA combined scanning electron microscope and focussed ion beam instrument is suitable for micro‐ and nanopatterning, cross‐sectioning and subsequent imaging, of specimens at room temperature as well as under cryo conditions. In order to reveal internal details, samples are conventionally milled with the ion beam positioned perpendicular to the sample surface. Using this approach certain limitations are frequently encountered, e.g. accumulation of redeposited material, shadowing effects, image distortion and a limited imaging area. Here we show an approach in which samples are pre‐trimmed using a microtome to obtain a sample block face that is parallel to the ion beam. This new grazing incidence geometry eliminates the need for removal of bulk material with the ion beam and enab... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224855 Fri, 03 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224855 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224858&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03459.x SummaryA better understanding of paper properties requires a detailed knowledge about the spatial arrangement of its constituent materials in its structure. This paper presents a novel approach for the analysis of the three‐dimensional paper structure at the fibre level. A technique combining a rotary microtome and an optical microscopy was developed allowing serial sectioning of hundreds of cuts. The microscope is fixed on a moveable stage and mounted in front of a microtome. Repeatedly, thin slices are cut off an embedded paper sample and the cut block surface is scanned in a fully automated process. The prototype built is able to digitize paper samples with a size of more than 1 cm2 at a possible three‐dimensional resolution below 1 μm. Advanced computer vision methods are appl... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224858 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224858 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224857&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03447.x SummaryThe 3D spatial arrangement of particles or cells, for example glial cells, with respect to other particles or cells, for example neurons, can be characterized by the radial number density function, which expresses the number density of so‐called ‘secondary’ particles as a function of their distance to a ‘primary’ particle. The present paper introduces a new stereological method, the saucor, for estimating the radial number density using thick isotropic uniform random or vertical uniform random sections. In the first estimation step, primary particles are registered in a disector. Subsequently, smaller counting windows are drawn with random orientation around every primary particle, and the positions of all secondary particles within the windows are recorded. The shape of t... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224857 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224857 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4224856&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03463.x SummaryCybr/Reduced On‐random Motile (ROM) is a scaffold protein, containing a postsynaptic density protein‐95/discs‐large/ZO‐1 (PDZ) domain, a LEU region and a PDZ domain binding region at the C‐terminus. In the immune system, Cybr/ROM was found to localize in vesicles and at the plasma membrane, through interactions with cytohesin‐1. In this investigation, we reported Cybr/ROM as occurring in vesicles, the cytoplasm and at membrane ruffles of H1299 lung cancer cells. Its localization at the ruffles was dependent on intact actin structures as indicated by latrunculin A treatment, which abrogated ruffle formation and staining of Cybr/ROM at the cells’ periphery. Transfection of truncation mutants consisting of either the PDZ or LEU domain showed that the LEU domain of ROM was... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4224856 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4224856 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4213572&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03461.x SummaryThe logarithmic image processing (LIP) model is a mathematical framework which provides algebraic and functional operations for the processing of intensity images valued in a bounded range. The LIP model has been proved to be physically consistent, most notably with some image formation models and several laws and characteristics of human brightness perception. This paper addresses the image focus measurement problem using the LIP model. The three most classical image focus measurements: the sum‐modified‐Laplacian, the tenengrad and the variance, which aim at estimating the degree of focus of an acquired image by emphasizing and quantifying its sharpness information, are considered and reinterpreted using the LIP framework. These reinterpretations notably make attempts at evalua... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4213572 Mon, 29 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4213572 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4196777&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03467.x SummaryDue to its low beam current and charge compensation mechanism He‐Ion scanning microscopy is a very promising tool for imaging biological cells. However, to obtain relevant information, the method used for sample preparation is also critical. In this work, we have used a Carl Zeiss Orion Plus helium‐ion microscope to study the effect of sample gold coating on the morphology of human colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco2 cells. The fixative glutaraldehyde was used and the selective gold coating of the samples was investigated. A comparative study with standard scanning electron microscopy is presented. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4196777 Wed, 24 Nov 2010 17:40:43 +0100 4196777 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4189932&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03462.x SummaryFormulae of stereology are used to estimate 3D geometrical parameters of cocontinuous structures measured from 2D micrographs of polymer blends. 3D images of symmetric and nonsymmetric polymer blends made of fluorescently labelled polystyrene and styrene‐ran‐acrylonitrile copolymer were obtained with laser scanning confocal microscopy. Geometrical parameters of the blend interface, specifically volume fraction, surface area per unit volume (SV) and average of local mean curvature were measured directly from the 3D images and compared to the values estimated from analysis of a number of 2D slices combined with stereological relations. When the total length of phase boundary considered in the analysis of the 2D slices (LTot) was at least 6000 times bigger than the characteristic l... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4189932 Tue, 23 Nov 2010 06:50:59 +0100 4189932 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4189935&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03457.x SummaryWe review the origins of optical sectioning in fluorescence microscopy in terms of the structure of the illumination used to generate the fluorescence within the specimen. We note that the conventional microscope using essentially uniform illumination does not exhibit optical sectioning whereas the confocal microscope using point (many spatial frequencies) illumination does. We show that the optical sectioning strength of a confocal microscope is not optimal and discuss the advantages of using a single spatial frequency for the structure of the illumination and the detection. In this case the optical sectioning strength is shown to be up to 25% narrower than in the ideal confocal case. (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4189935 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4189935 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4189934&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03465.x This article presents a method that allows for reliable automated image acquisition of specimens with high information content in light microscopy with emphasis on fluorescence microscopy applications. Automated microscopy typically relies on autofocusing used for the analysis of information content behaviour along the z‐axis within each field of view. However, in the case of a field of view containing more objects that do not lie precisely in one z‐plane, traditional autofocusing methods fail due to their principle of operation. We avoid this issue by reducing the original problem to a set of simple and performable tasks: we divide the field of view into a small number of tiles and process each of them individually. The obtained results enable discovering z‐planes with rich informat... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4189934 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4189934 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4189933&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03458.x SummaryThere are generally two problems associated with cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo‐SEM) observations of large wet powder compacts. First, because water cannot be vitrified in such samples, formation of artefacts is unavoidable. Second, large frozen samples are difficult to fracture but also to machine into regular pieces which fit in standard holders, especially if made of hard materials like ceramics. In this article, we first describe a simple method for planning hard cryo‐samples and a low‐cost technique for cryo‐fracture and transfer of large specimens. Subsequently, after applying the entire procedure to green pellets of iron ore produced by balling, we compare the influence of plunge‐ and unidirectional freezing on large entrapped bubbles throughout the sa... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4189933 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4189933 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4179074&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03446.x SummaryFor a deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms within cells and for the realization of predictive biology for intracellular processes at subcellular level, quantitative biology is required. Therefore, novel optical and spectroscopic technologies with quantitative and dynamic output are needed in cell biology. Here, we present a combined approach of novel one‐chromophore fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to probe the local environment of fluorescent fusion proteins and fluorescence intensity decay shape analysis microscopy to suppress interfering autofluorescence. By applying these techniques, we are able to analyse the subcellular localization and partitioning of a green fluorescence protein fusion of the salt stress‐induced protein low temperature induced (LTI)6b in ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4179074 Thu, 18 Nov 2010 21:46:14 +0100 4179074 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4179076&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03464.x SummaryA fully automatic segmentation and morphological analysis algorithm for the analysis of microvessels from CD31 immunostained histological tumour sections is presented. Development of the algorithm exploited the distinctive hues of stained vascular endothelial cells, cell nuclei and background, to provide the seeds for a ‘region‐growing’ method for object segmentation in the 3D hue, saturation, value (HSV) colour model. The segmented objects, identified as microvessels by CD31 immunostaining, were post‐processed with three morphological tasks: joining separate objects that were likely to belong to a single vessel, closing objects that had a narrow gap around their periphery, and splitting objects with multiple lumina into individual vessels. The automatic segmentation was val... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4179076 Thu, 18 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4179076 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4179075&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03452.x SummaryComputer‐intensive methods may be defined as data analytical procedures involving a huge number of highly repetitive computations. We mention resampling methods with replacement (bootstrap methods), resampling methods without replacement (randomization tests) and simulation methods. The resampling methods are based on simple and robust principles and are largely free from distributional assumptions. Bootstrap methods may be used to compute confidence intervals for a scalar model parameter and for summary statistics from replicated planar point patterns, and for significance tests. For some simple models of planar point processes, point patterns can be simulated by elementary Monte Carlo methods. The simulation of models with more complex interaction properties usually requires mor... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4179075 Thu, 18 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4179075 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4175461&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03456.x SummaryTwo in situ plane‐strain deformation experiments on norcamphor and natural ice using synchronous recording of crystal c‐axis orientations have been performed with an automated fabric analyser and a newly developed sample press and deformation stage. Without interrupting the deformation experiment, c‐axis orientations are determined for each pixel in a 5 × 5 mm sample area at a spatial resolution of 5 μm/pixel. In the case of norcamphor, changes in microstructures and associated crystallographic information, at a strain rate of ∼2 × 10−5 s−1, were recorded for the first time during a complete in situ deformation‐cycle experiment that consisted of an annealing, deformation and post‐deformation annealing path. In the case of natural ice, slower external strain rates ... Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4175461 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 23:56:45 +0100 4175461 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4073663&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03455.x Summary (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4073663 Sat, 16 Oct 2010 17:45:26 +0100 4073663 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4065082&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03428.x Summary (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4065082 Thu, 14 Oct 2010 10:57:47 +0100 4065082 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4065083&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03438.x Summary (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4065083 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4065083 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4055615&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03449.x Summary (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4055615 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4055615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4017927&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03450.x Summary (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4017927 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4017927 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4012647&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03451.x Abstract (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4012647 Wed, 29 Sep 2010 22:31:45 +0100 4012647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3976343&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03454.x Summary (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3976343 Fri, 17 Sep 2010 09:34:53 +0100 3976343 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4017928&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03432.x Summary (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4017928 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4017928 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4012651&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03437.x Summary (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4012651 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4012651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4012650&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03453.x Summary (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4012650 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4012650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4012649&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03448.x Summary (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4012649 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4012649 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4012648&cid=s_37693_166_f&fid=37693&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2818.2010.03445.x Summary (Source: Journal of Microscopy) Journal of Microscopy journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4012648 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4012648