MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Journal of Neuroendocrinology' source. Wed, 08 Feb 2012 15:08:59 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5667654&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02290.x AbstractAs feeding and mating are mutually‐exclusive goal‐orientated behaviours, we investigated whether brief food deprivation would impair the display of sexual behaviour of male rats. Analysis of performance in a sexual incentive motivation test revealed that, like fed males, food‐deprived males preferred spending time in the vicinity of receptive females rather than non‐receptive females. Despite this, food‐deprived males were more likely to be slow to mate than normally‐fed males, and a low dose of the satiety peptide α‐melanocyte‐stimulating‐hormone attenuated the effect of hunger. Using Fos immunocytochemistry, we compared neuronal activity in the vomeronasal projection pathway in response to oestrous cues from receptive females between food‐deprived and fed mal... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5667654 Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5667654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5667653&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02291.x AbstractThe cycle of chronic cocaine (CC) use and withdrawal results in increased anxiety, depression and disrupted stress‐responsiveness. Oxytocin and corticosterone (CORT) interact to mediate hormonal stress responses and can be altered by cocaine use. These neuroendocrine signals play important regulatory roles in a variety of social behaviours, specifically during the postpartum period, and are sensitive to disruption by CC exposure in both clinical settings and preclinical models. To determine whether CC exposure during pregnancy affected behavioural and hormonal stress response in the early postpartum period in a rodent model, Sprague‐Dawley rats were administered cocaine daily (30 mg/kg) throughout gestation (days 1‐20). Open field test (OFT) and forced swim test (FST) behavio... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5667653 Mon, 06 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5667653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5667652&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02287.x AbstractShort‐term oestradiol treatment modulates hippocampus‐dependent memory and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Long‐term oestradiol treatment can also enhance hippocampus‐ dependent memory, but the effects of long‐term oestradiol treatment on synaptic plasticity are unknown. We investigated the effects of long‐term oestradiol treatment on synaptic plasticity at the Schaeffer Collateral/CA1 synapse in 8 month old female rats. In addition, we determined the role of endogenous activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in synaptic transmission and plasticity using scopolamine (1μM), an antagonist of mAChRs. Hippocampus slices from ovariectomised rats that were treated with oestradiol‐containing capsules for 5months were compared to slices from ovariec... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5667652 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5667652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5648744&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02286.x AbstractInterleukin‐6 (IL‐6) deficient mice develop mature‐onset obesity. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular administration of IL‐6 increases energy expenditure suggesting that IL‐6 centrally regulates energy homeostasis. To investigate whether it would be possible for IL‐6 to directly influence the energy homeostasis via hypothalamic regulation in humans and rodents, we mapped the distribution of the ligand binding IL‐6 receptor α (IL‐6Rα) in this brain region.In the human hypothalamus, the IL‐6Rα‐immunoreactivity was detected in perikarya and first order dendrites of neurones. The IL‐6Rα‐immunoreactive (IR) neurones were observed posterior to the level of the interventricular foramen. There, IL‐6Rα‐IR neurones were located in the lateral hypothalamic, p... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5648744 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5648744 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5648743&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02288.x In conclusion, we have identified potential candidates that could be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity. Further studies addressed to investigating the precise role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of obesity and their potential therapeutic implications are needed. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5648743 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5648743 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5648742&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02289.x AbstractThe inhibin/activin family of proteins is known to have a broad distribution of synthesis and expression in many species, and a variety of functions in reproductive and other physiological systems. Yet, our knowledge regarding the production and function of inhibin and activin in the central nervous system is relatively limited, especially in humans. Our objective was to explore the distribution of inhibin/activin protein subunits and receptors in the adult human brain.The human hypothalamus and surrounding basal forebrain was examined using post‐mortem tissues from 29 adults. Immunocytochemical studies were conducted with antibodies directed against the inhibin/activin α, βA, and βB subunits, betaglycan and the activin type IIA and IIB receptors. Immunoassay was also utilised... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5648742 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5648742 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5638897&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02285.x AbstractThe HPA responses to bacterial infection are mediated, in part, by actions of LPS on pituitary folliculostellate (FS) cells which release pro‐inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL‐6) and thereby facilitate ACTH release from neighbouring corticotrophs. Here we used two murine pituitary cell lines [TtT/GF (FS cells) and AtT20 D16:16 (corticotrophs)], alone and in co‐culture, and an in vivo model of endotoxaemia to examine the potential role of NFκB in mediating LPS‐induced ACTH secretion. Both cell lines expressed mRNAs for the key components of the LPS signalling system. LPS stimulated IL‐6 release from TtT/GF cells via a glucocorticoid‐sensitive, NFκB‐dependent mechanism; it also activated NFκB in AtT20 cells, as too did CRH. IL‐6 potentiated but LPS reduced the stimul... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5638897 Sun, 29 Jan 2012 19:41:12 +0100 5638897 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5638899&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02283.x AbstractGPR147 and its endogenous ligands, RFRPs, are emerging as important actors in hypothalamo‐pituitary axis control. The role of this system would be to inhibit gonadotrophins secretion. However, data on the subject are contradictory. The discovery of RF9 (adamantanecarbonyl‐RF‐2‐NH2), a GPR147 antagonist, prompted us to use this new tool to further investigate this system in the ewe. To this aim we tested the effect of intracereboventricular (icv) administration of RF9 on gonadotrophin secretion in the ewe during both anestrous and breeding season. Icv injections of RF9 (from 50 to 450 nmoles) caused a clear elevation in peripheral blood plasma LH concentration. RF9 effect on LH was more pronounced during the anoestrous season. Also peripheral administration of RF9 as a bolus... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5638899 Fri, 27 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5638899 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5638898&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02284.x AbstractObservations so far obtained in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have shown promising neuroprotective effects exerted by progesterone (PROG). These findings suggest that this neuroactive steroid may potentially represent a therapeutic tool for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, up to now the efficacy of PROG has been only tested in the acute phase of the disease, while it is well known that MS express different features depending on the phase of the disease. To this aim we have evaluated the effect of PROG treatment in EAE induced in Dark Agouti rats (i.e., an experimental model showing a protracted relapsing EAE). Data obtained 45 days after EAE induction show that PROG treatment exerts a beneficial effect on clinical score confirming by surrogate parameters of spina... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5638898 Fri, 27 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5638898 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5609506&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02280.x AbstractCentral oxytocin mediates the acquisition of a filial preference for maternal odour in rat pups, manifested by their huddling preferences. The present study was designed to examine whether maternal care modulates oxytocin concentrations in rat pups and, if so, how different types of maternal contact are associated with the pups’ oxytocin concentrations. Pairs of 14‐day‐old littermates were removed from their home cage for 1 h and then placed with a lactating foster mother for 2 h, or they remained isolated at room temperature. Enzyme immunoassays revealed that maternal care and maternal separation can differentially modulate pups’ oxytocin concentrations. Both hypothalamic and serum oxytocin increased during the 1‐h separation. Pups placed with a foster mother after the s... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5609506 Fri, 20 Jan 2012 19:35:13 +0100 5609506 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5598358&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02254.x SummaryIt is an inescapable fact that obesity results from consuming more energy than you burn. The interesting question, however, is why some people eat more than others? Recent genetic analyses have revealed that variations in the fat mass and obesity‐associated (FTO) gene are robustly associated with obesity and increased food intake. This association is replicable across different age groups in multiple populations and attention is now turned to studying the complex biology of FTO. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5598358 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 20:29:26 +0100 5598358 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5598357&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02246.x Nesfatin‐1 is a novel anorectic peptide encoded in the precursor protein nucleobindin‐2 (NUCB2). We recently reported the presence and appetite suppressing effects of nesfatin‐1 in goldfish. Nesfatin‐1 has been co‐localised with ghrelin in the stomach of rats. Whether nesfatin‐1 influences other appetite regulatory peptides in goldfish remains unclear. The main objectives of the present study were to investigate whether nesfatin‐1 co‐localises ghrelin in goldfish, and to test whether exogenous nesfatin‐1 influences endogenous ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and orexin A (OXA). We found co‐localisation of nesfatin‐1‐like and ghrelin‐like immunoreactivity in the enteroendocrine cells of the goldfish anterior intestine (J‐loop). Furthermore, co‐localisation of ghr... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5598357 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 20:29:22 +0100 5598357 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5598356&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02247.x The mechanism for the inhibition of growth hormone (GH) expression by the epidermal growth factor (EGF) was examined in two clonal cell lines, MtT/E and MtT/S. The former has a negligible basal level of GH, whereas the latter has a high basal GH. The treatment of MtT/E cells with retinoic acid resulted in a significant increase in GH mRNA and subsequently GH. This stimulatory response to retinoic acid was strongly suppressed by EGF. This suppression was associated with an increase in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 (Erk1/2). The MEK [mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases that activate ERK1 and ERK2] inhibitor, PD98059, clearly inhibited the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and restored the stimulatory effects of retinoic acid. These results sugge... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5598356 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 20:29:20 +0100 5598356 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5598355&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02238.x Despite the well established central pathophysiology of Huntington’s disease (HD), less is known about systemic impairments that are emerging as significant contributors to the morbidity of this neurodegenerative condition. Given the evidence of neuroendocrine dysfunction in HD patients and the pro‐neural properties of sex‐hormones, we explored the therapeutic potential of hormone therapy in the HD R6/1 mouse model (HD mice). HD mice over‐express exon‐1 of the defective human HD gene and replicate many of the clinical behavioural, biochemical and physiological impairments. Seven‐week‐old HD and wild‐type littermate mice had either saline (control) or testosterone (treatment; 160 μg/day over 90 days) pellets implanted s.c. and were subsequently subjected to behavioural,... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5598355 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 20:29:19 +0100 5598355 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5598354&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02242.x To determine the involvement of physiological doses of oestradiol on brain lipid composition, we have analysed the lipid class and fatty acid composition of phospholipids in the brain from pregnant and 17β‐oestradiol‐treated rats. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: ovariectomised control (OVX + VEH), ovariectomised oestradiol‐treated (OVX + E2) and pregnant (PREG) rats. Rats from the OVX + E2 group were injected daily with different doses of 17β‐oestradiol mimicking the plasma levels observed during pregnancy. Analyses of brain lipid class composition showed that physiological doses of oestradiol increased cholesterol levels of the OVX + E2 group compared to the OVX + VEH group. It was also found that cholesterol levels in the PREG group were signif... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5598354 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 20:29:12 +0100 5598354 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5598353&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02232.x Steroid hormones largely exert their actions by activating nuclear receptors, which, as transcription factors, powerfully influence fundamental processes of neural development. Often, steroid receptor action demonstrates remarkable specificity under different developmental, anatomical or hormonal conditions. Yet, the mechanisms underlying such specificity are poorly understood. The present study examined the anatomically‐specific regulation of progestin receptor (PR) expression by oestrogen receptor (ER) activation in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of the hypothalamus and the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) of the neonatal female rat brain, using the selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), tamoxifen and ICI 182 780 (ICI), in the presence or absence of oestradiol benzoate (EB) tr... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5598353 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 20:29:10 +0100 5598353 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5598352&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02240.x Oestradiol plays crucial roles in the mammalian brain by modulating reproductive behaviour, neural plasticity and pain perception. The cephalopod Octopus vulgaris is considered, along with its relatives, to be the most behaviourally advanced invertebrate, although the neurophysiological basis of its behaviours, including pain perception, remain largely unknown. In the present study, using a combination of molecular and imaging techniques, we found that oestradiol up‐regulated O. vulgaris gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (Oct‐GnRH) and O. vulgaris oestrogen receptor (Oct‐ER) mRNA levels in the olfactory lobes; in turn, Oct‐ER mRNA was regulated by NMDA in lobes involved in learning and motor coordination. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer analysis revealed that oestradiol bi... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5598352 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 20:29:09 +0100 5598352 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5598351&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02245.x In many seasonally reproducing animals, the experience of prolonged exposure to constant photoperiods results in the induction of a state of photorefractoriness, which is defined as a lack of responsiveness to a previously stimulatory photoperiod. The physiological and genetic processes that control photorefractoriness are not well understood; however, the hallmark of photorefractoriness is an endogenous change in the physiological response to a constant photoperiod. It is already known that preoptic area (POA) gnrh1 gene expression declines during the development of refractoriness to long‐day stimulation in European starlings. We employed in situ hybridisation histochemistry to characterise changes in POA gnrh1 mRNA expression during the reinstatement of photosensitivity in female starl... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5598351 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 20:29:07 +0100 5598351 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5598350&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02250.x Most mammals living at temperate latitudes exhibit marked seasonal variations in reproduction. In long‐lived species, it is assumed that timely physiological alternations between a breeding season and a period of sexual rest depend upon the ability of day length (photoperiod) to synchronise an endogenous timing mechanism called the circannual clock. The sheep has been extensively used to characterise the time‐measurement mechanisms of seasonal reproduction. Melatonin, secreted only during the night, acts as the endocrine transducer of the photoperiodic message. The present review is concerned with the endocrine mechanisms of seasonal reproduction in sheep and the evidence that long day length and thyroid hormones are mandatory to their proper timing. Recent evidence for a circadian‐b... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5598350 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 20:29:05 +0100 5598350 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5609508&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02281.x We examined the effect of feeding status on NPY‐like immunoreactivity and the expression level of the NPY transcript in the brain. The number of neuronal cells showing NPY‐like immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic regions, including the the periventricular nucleus of posterior tuberculum and the posterior tuberal nucleus, was significantly increased in fish fasted for 7 days. NPY mRNA levels in the hypothalamus, but not the telencephalon, obtained from fish fasted for 7 days were higher than those in fish that had been fed normally. We then investigated the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of NPY on food intake. Cumulative food intake was significantly increased by ICV administration of NPY (at 1 and 10 pmol/g body weight, BW) during a 60‐min observation period.... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5609508 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5609508 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5609507&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02282.x AbstractThe mRNA expression of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and the hormone receptors CRH‐receptor/CRH‐R, glucocorticoid receptor 1/2 (GR1/2) and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) were studied in the brain, pituitary and gill of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambibus) during salinity and handling stress by quantitative real‐time (Q‐PCR) analysis. The results indicated that the transcripts of CRH and CRH‐R were increased in the forebrain, midbrain and gill, whereas elevated hypothalamic CRH suppressed the CRH‐R mRNA in the pituitary in seawater (SW) fish. The levels of plasma osmolality and cortisol were significantly increased in SW when compared to freshwater (FW) fish. The up‐regulation of GR1, GR2, MR and α‐NKA (Na+/K+‐ATPase) transcripts in SW fish provided eviden... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5609507 Tue, 17 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5609507 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5582785&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02274.x AbstractGPR50, formerly known as melatonin‐related receptor, is one of the three subtypes of the melatonin receptor subfamily together with MT1 and MT2 receptors. In contrast to these two high affinity receptor subtypes and despite its high identity with the melatonin receptor family, GPR50 does not bind melatonin or any other known ligand. Specific and reliable immunological tools are therefore needed to be able to elucidate the physiological functions of this orphan receptor that are still largely unknown. We have generated and validated a new specific GPR50 antibody against the ovine GPR50 and used it to analyse the neuroanatomical distribution of the GPR50 in sheep, rat and mouse whole brain. We demonstrated that GPR50‐positive cells are widely distributed in various regions includ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5582785 Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5582785 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5582784&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02279.x AbstractIt is clear that the prenatal and early neonatal environments are important for determining metabolic equilibrium in the adult animal, with prenatal/neonatal leptin levels being at least one of the factors involved. Leptin modulates hypothalamic development and in particular, neuronal circuits involved in metabolic control. We have recently reported that maternal deprivation (MD) for 24 hours on postnatal day (PND) 9 modifies trophic factors and markers of cell turnover and neuronal maturation in the hypothalamus, as well as body weight and circulating leptin levels at PND13, with long‐ term effects on weight gain and circulating metabolic hormones in the adult. Moreover, these responses are sexually dimorphic. During MD a dramatic decline in leptin levels is observed; thus, we a... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5582784 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5582784 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5560721&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2012.02277.x AbstractSex steroid hormones and neurotrophic factors are involved in pruning and shaping the adolescent brain and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders including mental illness. We aimed to determine the association between altered levels of sex steroid hormones during adolescent development and neurotrophic signalling in the C57Bl/6 mouse.We firstly performed a week by week analysis from pre‐pubescence to adulthood in male and female C57Bl/6 mice, measuring serum levels of testosterone and oestradiol in conjunction with Western Blot analysis of neurotrophin expression in forebrain and hippocampal regions. Secondly, we manipulated adolescent sex steroid hormone levels by gonadectomy and hormone replacement at the pre‐pubescent age of 5 weeks. Young�... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5560721 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5560721 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5538421&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02274.x AbstractGPR50, formerly known as melatonin‐related receptor, is one of the three subtypes of the melatonin receptor subfamily together with MT1 and MT2 receptors. In contrast to these two high affinity receptor subtypes and despite its high identity with the melatonin receptor family, GPR50 does not bind melatonin or any other known ligand. Specific and reliable immunological tools are therefore needed to be able to elucidate the physiological functions of this orphan receptor that are still largely unknown. We have generated and validated a new specific GPR50 antibody against the ovine GPR50 and used it to analyse the neuroanatomical distribution of the GPR50 in sheep, rat and mouse whole brain. We demonstrated that GPR50‐positive cells are widely distributed in various regions includ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5538421 Sun, 25 Dec 2011 07:59:04 +0100 5538421 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525494&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02256.x Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) is synthesised from dehydroepiandrosterone by the enzyme sulphotransferase. DHEAS is one of the most important neurosteroids in the brain. The concentration of DHEAS in the brain is sometimes higher than peripheral system. At the cellular level, DHEAS has been shown to modulate a variety of synaptic transmission, including cholinergic, GABAergic dopaminergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission. In addition to the effect on the release of a number of neurotransmitters, DHEAS could also modulate the activity of postsynaptic receptors. DHEAS has been found to have multiple important effects on brain functions, such as memory enhancing, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, and may have relationships with many brain diseases. (Source: Journal of Neu... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525494 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:02:16 +0100 5525494 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525493&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02258.x Cell morphology and its interaction with the extracellular environment are integrated processes involving a number of intracellular controllers orchestrating cytoskeletal proteins and their interaction with the cell membrane and anchorage proteins. Sex steroids are effective regulators of cell morphology and tissue organisation, and recent evidence indicates that this is obtained through the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Intriguingly, many of these regulatory actions related to cell morphology are achieved through the rapid, nonclassical signalling of sex steroid receptors to kinase cascades, independently from nuclear alteration of gene expression or protein synthesis. The identification of the mechanistic basis for these rapid actions on cell cytoskeleton has special relevance fo... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525493 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:02:13 +0100 5525493 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525492&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02206.x Oestradiol exerts a profound influence upon multiple brain circuits. For the most part, these effects are mediated by oestrogen receptor (ER)α. We review here the roles of ERβ, the other ER isoform, in mediating rodent oestradiol‐regulated anxiety, aggressive and sexual behaviours, the control of gonadotrophin secretion, and adult neurogenesis. Evidence exists for: (i) ERβ located in the paraventricular nucleus underpinning the suppressive influence of oestradiol on the stress axis and anxiety‐like behaviour; (ii) ERβ expressed in gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone neurones contributing to oestrogen negative‐feedback control of gonadotrophin secretion; (iii) ERβ controlling the offset of lordosis behaviour; (iv) ERβ suppressing aggressive behaviour in males; (v) ERβ modulating ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525492 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:02:06 +0100 5525492 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525491&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02229.x Some environmental contaminants interact with hormones and may exert adverse consequences as a result of their actions as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Exposure in people is typically a result of contamination of the food chain, inhalation of contaminated house dust or occupational exposure. EDCs include pesticides and herbicides (such as dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane or its metabolites), methoxychlor, biocides, heat stabilisers and chemical catalysts (such as tributyltin), plastic contaminants (e.g. bisphenol A), pharmaceuticals (i.e. diethylstilbestrol; 17α‐ethinylestradiol) or dietary components (such as phytoestrogens). The goal of this review is to address the sources, effects and actions of EDCs, with an emphasis on topics discussed at the International Congress on Ste... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525491 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:02:04 +0100 5525491 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525490&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02162.x Many aspects of female reproduction often require intricate timing, ranging from the temporal regulation of reproductive hormone secretion to the precise timing of sexual behaviour. In particular, in rodents and other species, ovulation is triggered by a surge in pituitary luteinising hormone (LH) secretion that is governed by a complex interaction between circadian signals arising in the hypothalamus and ovarian‐derived oestradiol signals acting on multiple brain circuitries. These circadian and hormonal pathways converge to stimulate a precisely‐timed surge in gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) release (i.e. positive‐feedback), thereby triggering the preovulatory LH surge. Reflecting its control by afferent circadian signals, the preovulatory LH surge occurs at a specific time... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525490 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:02:03 +0100 5525490 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525489&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02160.x 17β‐Oestradiol (E2) is essential for cyclical gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal activity and secretion. In particular, E2 increases the excitability of GnRH neurones during the afternoon of pro‐oestrus in the rodent, which is associated with increased synthesis and secretion of GnRH. It is well established that E2 regulates the activity of GnRH neurones through both presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms. E2 significantly modulates the mRNA expression of numerous ion channels in GnRH neurones and alters the associated endogenous conductances, including potassium (KATP, A‐type) currents and low‐voltage T‐type and high‐voltage L‐type calcium currents. Notably, KATP channels are critical for maintaining GnRH neurones in a hyperpolarised state for recruiting the... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525489 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:02:01 +0100 5525489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525488&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02135.x That oestradiol can have both negative‐ and positive‐feedback actions upon the release of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) has been understood for decades. The vast majority of studies have investigated the effects of in vivo oestrogen administration. In the past decade, evidence has accumulated in many neuronal and non‐neuronal systems indicating that, in addition to traditional genomic action via transcription factor receptors, steroids can also initiate effects rapidly via signalling cascades typically associated with the cell membrane. Here, we review work examining the rapid actions of oestradiol on GnRH neurones, addressing the questions of dose dependence, receptor subtypes, signalling cascades and intrinsic and synaptic properties that are rapidly modulated by this st... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525488 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:01:59 +0100 5525488 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525487&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02234.x Benzodiazepines remain the most frequently used psychotropic drugs for the treatment of anxiety spectrum disorders; however, their use is associated with the development of tolerance and dependence. Another major hindrance is represented by their lack of efficacy in many patients, including patients with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For these nonresponders, the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been the therapy of choice. In the past decade, clinical studies have suggested that the pharmacological action of SSRIs may include the ability of these drugs to normalise decreased brain levels of neurosteroids in patients with depression and PTSD; in particular, the progesterone derivative allopregnanolone, which potently, positively and allosterically modulat... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525487 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:01:58 +0100 5525487 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525486&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02166.x Anxiety disorders are frequent and highly disabling diseases with considerable socio‐economic impact. In the treatment of anxiety disorders, benzodiazepines (BZDs) as direct modulators of the GABAA receptor are used as emergency medication because of their rapid onset of action. However, BZDs act also as sedatives and rather quickly induce tolerance and abuse liability associated with withdrawal symptoms. Antidepressants with anxiolytic properties are also applied as first line long‐term treatment of anxiety disorders. However, the onset of action of antidepressants takes several weeks. Obviously, novel pharmacological approaches are needed that combine a rapid anxiolytic efficacy with the lack of tolerance induction, abuse liability and withdrawal symptoms. Neurosteroids are potent al... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525486 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:01:54 +0100 5525486 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525485&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02215.x After a traumatic injury of the nervous system or in the course of a neurodegenerative disease, the speed of axonal regeneration and the control of the inflammatory response are fundamental parameters of functional recovery. Spontaneous regeneration takes place in the peripheral nervous system, although the process is slow and often incomplete. There is currently no efficient treatment for enhancing axonal regeneration, including elongation speed and functional reinnervation. Ligands of the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) are currently under investigation as therapeutic means for promoting neuroprotection, accelerating axonal regeneration and modulating inflammation. The mechanisms of action of TSPO ligands involve the regulation of mitochondrial activity and the stimulation of steroi... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525485 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:01:52 +0100 5525485 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525484&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02163.x Sex steroids have been demonstrated as powerful compounds to protect neurones and neural tissue from neurotoxic challenges and during neurodegeneration. A multitude of cellular actions have been attributed to female gonadal steroid hormones, including the regulation of pro‐survival and anti‐apoptotic factors, bioenergetic demands and radical elimination, growth factor allocation and counteracting against excitotoxicity. In recent years, immune‐modulatory and anti‐inflammatory characteristics of oestrogen and progesterone have also come under scrutiny. To date, each of these physiological responses has been considered to be partially and selectively integrated in the mediation of steroid‐mediated cell protection and tested in suitable animal models and in vitro systems. To what ex... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525484 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:01:51 +0100 5525484 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525483&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02185.x 17β‐Oestradiol (E2) is an important hormone signal that regulates multiple tissues and functions in the body. This review focuses on the neuroprotective actions of E2 in the brain against cerebral ischaemia and the potential underlying mechanisms. A particular focus of the review will be on the role of E2 to attenuate NADPH oxidase activation, superoxide and reactive oxygen species generation and reduce oxidative stress in the ischaemic brain as a potentially key neuroprotective mechanism. Evidence of a potential novel role of extranuclear oestrogen receptors in mediating E2 signalling and neuroprotective actions is also discussed. An additional subject is the growing evidence indicating that periods of long‐term oestrogen deprivation, such as those occurring after menopause or surgic... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525483 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:01:48 +0100 5525483 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525482&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02265.x During the last 10 years, the conference on ‘Steroids and Nervous System’ held in Torino (Italy) has been an important international point of discussion for scientists involved in this exciting and expanding research field. The present review aims to recapitulate the main topics that have been presented through the various meetings. Two broad areas have been explored: the impact of gonadal hormones on brain circuits and behaviour, as well as the mechanism of action of neuroactive steroids. Relationships among steroids, brain and behaviour, the sexual differentiation of the brain and the impact of gonadal hormones, the interactions of exogenous steroidal molecules (endocrine disrupters) with neural circuits and behaviour, and how gonadal steroids modulate the behaviour of gonadotrophi... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525482 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:01:43 +0100 5525482 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525477&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02273.x This study tested the hypothesis that changes in TRPV channel expression may be related to inappropriate AVP release in BDL rats. To test our hypothesis, we utilized laser capture microdissection of AVP neurons in the PVN and SON and Western blot analysis from brain punches. Laser capture microdissection and qRT‐PCR demonstrated elevated TRPV2 mRNA in the PVN and SON of BDL as compared to sham ligated controls. AVP transcription was also increased as determined using intron specific primers to measure heteronuclear RNA. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated increased AVP and TRPV2 positive cells in both the PVN and SON after BDL. Also, there was an increased co‐expression of TRPV2 and AVP cells after BDL. However, there was no change in the colocalization counts of TRPV2 and OXY in both th... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525477 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 08:00:40 +0100 5525477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5538423&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02276.x Conclusion:  DIO rats have an inherently reduced reproductive capacity and exposure to a HF diet decreases it further. A reduction in oestradiol and LH surge levels could contribute to this effect, however the underlying mechanisms need to be studied further. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5538423 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5538423 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5538422&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02275.x Conclusion:  Maternal subclinical hypothyroidism impaired spatial learning in the offspring; L‐T4 treatment in early pregnancy recovered this adverse effect, and the optimal time of treatment should start from early pregnancy (GD10 and GD13). (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5538422 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5538422 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5525478&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02269.x AbstractThe perinatal environment can be crucial for programming long‐term physiology, including the mechanisms regulating body weight and postnatal overfeeding can lead to obesity throughout life. Inflammation‐related complications are of particular concern in the obese. However, little is known about how postnatal overfeeding contributes to changes in the ability to respond to inflammation. Here we investigate changes in the febrile and neurochemical response to immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in juvenile and adult, male, and female Wistar rats made obese by overfeeding during the postnatal period. We demonstrate that febrile responses to LPS are exacerbated in these rats, with peak core temperatures reaching 0.5 °C higher than in controls, and this is associated wit... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5525478 Mon, 19 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5525478 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5505734&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02270.x AbstractStress exerts profound inhibitory effects on reproductive function by suppressing the pulsatile release of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH), and therefore luteinising hormone (LH). This effect is mediated in part via the corticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF) system, but another potential mechanism is via GABAergic signalling within the medial preoptic area (mPOA) as this has known inhibitory influences on the GnRH pulse generator and shows increased activity during stress. In the present study, we investigated the role of the preoptic endogenous GABAergic system in stress‐induced suppression of the GnRH pulse generator. Ovariectomised oestradiol‐replaced rats were implanted with bilateral and unilateral cannulae targeting toward the mPOA and lateral cerebral ventricle... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5505734 Thu, 15 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5505734 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5487620&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02266.x AbstractPhysical activity has an impact on several endocrine functions. During exercise certain endocrine adjustments are required to maintain the homeostasis. It is well known that depending on the intensity and duration, exercise stimulates the release of the hormone prolactin (PRL). After the cessation of acute exercise this effect persist and continues during the recovery period. Chronic exercise can affect the PRL basal concentration and/or the PRL response to acute exercise. The main functions of PRL are associated with the maintenance of the homeostasis and with processes of reproduction. A role also of PRL has been recognized as important regulator of cellular proliferation. The present review examines the exercise‐induced acute or adaptive responses of PRL secretion. It is also ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5487620 Wed, 07 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5487620 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5487619&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02267.x This study examined the relationship between stress‐induced PTSD‐like behavioral response patterns and levels of CRH, CRH‐R1, and phosphorylated extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (pERK1/2) in the rat hippocampus subregions. The effects of pharmacological manipulations on behavioral, physiological, and response patterns of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and p‐ERK1/2 expression using a CRH‐R1‐antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (CRH‐R1‐ASODN) were evaluated.CRH and CRH‐R1 mRNA and p‐ERK1/2 protein levels were assessed in the hippocampus subregions 7 days after exposure to predator scent stress (PSS). The effects of CRH‐ASODN vs. CRH‐Scrambled‐ODN microinfusion to the dorsal hippocampus either 1 h or 48 h post‐exposure on behavioral tests (elevated... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5487619 Wed, 07 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5487619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5515779&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02272.x In this study we investigated the expression of P2X3 receptors and the effect of 17β‐estradiol (E2) on ATP‐induced [Ca2+]i increase in DRG neurons collected from C57Bl/6J, ERαKO and ERβKO mice. Our data showed a significant decrease for P2X3 in ERαKO (all levels) and ERβKO (mostly observed in L1, L2, L4, and L6). Furthermore, 17β‐estradiol (100 nM) significantly attenuated the ATP (10 μM)‐induced [Ca2+]i in C57Bl/6J mice. ERs antagonist ICI 182,780 (1μM) blocked this attenuation. Homomeric P2X3 receptors are plentifully expressed in DRG neurons and contribute to nociceptive signals. α,β‐me ATP which is a specific agonist of P2X2/3 receptors showed similar responses to the ATP‐induced calcium increase in knock‐out mice. A membrane‐impermeable E‐6‐BSA (1μM) had... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5515779 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5515779 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5505733&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02271.x AbstractGnRH agonists are used to treat gonadal steroid‐dependent disorders in humans and contracept animals. These agonists are thought to work by desensitizing gonadotropes to GnRH, thereby suppressing FSH and LH secretion. It is not known whether changes occur in the cellular composition of the pituitary gland following chronic GnRH agonist exposure.Adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated with a sham, deslorelin, or deslorelin plus testosterone implant for 41.0±0.6 days. In a second experiment, rats were castrated and treated with deslorelin and/or testosterone. Pituitary sections were labeled immunocytochemically for FSHβ and LHβ, or αGSU.Deslorelin suppressed testis weight by two thirds and reduced plasma FSH and LH in intact rats. Deslorelin decreased the percentage of go... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5505733 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5505733 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5487618&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02268.x AbstractThe magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic nucleus project to the neural lobe and release vasopressin and oxytocin into the peripheral circulation where they act on the kidney to promote fluid retention or stimulate smooth muscles in the vasculature, uterus and mammary glands to support blood pressure, promote parturition, or induce milk let‐down respectively. Hormone release is regulated by complex afferent pathways carrying information about plasma osmolality, blood pressure and volume, cervical stretch, and suckling. These afferent pathways utilize a broad array of neurotransmitters and peptides that activate both ligand‐gated ion channels and G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). The ligand‐gated ion channels induce rapid changes in membrane potential resulting in gener... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5487618 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5487618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5477032&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02256.x AbstractDehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) is synthesized from DHEA by the enzyme sulfotransferase. DHEAS is one of the most important neurosteroids in the brain. The concentration of DHEAS in the brain is sometimes higher than peripheral system. At cellular level, DHEAS has been showed to modulate a variety of synaptic transmission, including cholinergic, GABAergic dopaminergic and glutamatergic synaptic transmission. In addition to the effect on the release of a number of neurotransmitters, DHEAS also could modulate the activity of postsynaptic receptors. DHEAS has been found to have multiple important effects on brain functions such as memory enhancing, antidepressant, anxiolytic effects and may have relationships with many brain diseases. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5477032 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5477032 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5458394&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02263.x AbstractIn the female rat, a complex interplay of both stimulatory and inhibitory hypothalamic factors controls the secretion of prolactin. Prolactin regulates a large number of physiological processes from immunity to stress. In the following review, we have chosen to focus on the control of prolactin secretion in the female rat in response to suckling, mating and ovarian steroids. In all three of these states, dopamine, released from neurones in the mediobasal hypothalamus, is a potent inhibitory signal regulating prolactin secretion. Early research has determined that the relief of dopaminergic tone is not enough to account for the full surge of prolactin secretion observed in response to the suckling stimulus, launching a search for possible prolactin‐releasing factors. This research... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5458394 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5458394 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5458399&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02264.x AbstractIn utero exposure of the female fetus to androgens during development disrupts the reproductive axis and results in hyper‐secretion of luteinising hormone (but not follicle stimulating hormone) in postnatal life. Abnormalities in the neural circuits controlling hypothalamic gonadotrophin releasing hormone have been documented, however, androgens could also programme abnormalities in the pituitary gland. Ovine fetuses were exposed to either testosterone propionate or the non aromatisable androgen dihydro‐testosterone from day 30‐90 of gestation (term 147 days) and effects on the functional morphology of the pituitary determined. Exogenous testosterone propionate exposure resulted in pituitary glands in adult male and female sheep that were 40% heavier than controls. As this ef... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5458399 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5458399 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5458398&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02260.x AbstractThe intraneuronal conversion of testosterone to estradiol constitutes a critical step in the development and sexual differentiation of the brain of many short gestation mammalian species and has been inferred to play a similar role in long gestation sheep. This conversion is catalyzed by cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP 19), which is expressed in specific brain structures during fetal development. The present study was undertaken to examine the specific neuroanatomical distribution and relative expression of aromatase mRNA expression in the developing sheep hypothalamus. The fetal sheep is a highly tractable model system for localizing the region‐specific expression of aromatase in the brain during prenatal development that can help predict regions where estrogen acts to shape neur... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5458398 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5458398 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5458397&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02259.x AbstractClassically, glia have been regarded as non‐excitable cells that provide nourishment and physical scaffolding for neurons. However, it is now generally accepted that glia are active participants in brain function that can modulate neuronal communication via several mechanisms. Investigations of anatomical plasticity in the magnocellular neuroendocrine system of the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei led the way in the development of much of our understanding of glial regulation of neuronal activity. In this review, we provide an overview of glial regulation of magnocellular neuron activity from a historical perspective of the development of our knowledge of the morphological changes in evident in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and focus on recent data f... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5458397 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5458397 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5458396&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02261.x AbstractSomatostatin and cortistatin have been shown to act directly on pituitary somatotropes to inhibit growth hormone (GH) release. However, previous results from non‐primate species indicate that these peptides can also directly stimulate GH secretion, at low concentrations. The relevance of this phenomenon in a non‐human primate model was investigated here by testing the impact of somatostatin/cortistatin on GH release in primary pituitary cell cultures from baboons. High doses (>10−10M) of somatostatin/cortistatin did not alter basal GH secretion but blocked GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH)‐ and ghrelin‐induced GH release. However, at low concentrations (10−17‐10−13M), somatostatin/cortistatin dramatically stimulated GH release to levels comparable to those evoked by ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5458396 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5458396 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5458395&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02262.x AbstractThe gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) secreting neurones, which form the final common pathway for the central regulation of reproduction, are directly targeted by kisspeptin (KP) via the G protein‐coupled receptor, GPR54. In these multiple labelling studies we used ovariectomised mice treated with 17β‐oestradiol (OVX+E2) or vehicle (OVX+oil) to elucidate (i) the ultrastructural characteristics of KP‐immunoreactive (IR) afferents to GnRH neurones, (ii) their galanin or neurokinin B (NKB) content and (iii) the co‐expression of galanin or NKB with KP in the two major subpopulations of KP neurones located in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle (RP3V) and the arcuate nucleus (Arc). Electron microscopic investigation of the neuronal juxtapositions reve... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5458395 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5458395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5432170&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02258.x AbstractCell morphology and its interaction with the extracellular environment are integrated processes involving a number of intracellular controllers orchestrating cytoskeletal proteins and their interaction with the cell membrane and anchorage proteins. Sex steroids are effective regulators of cell morphology and tissue organization, and recent evidence indicates that this is obtained through the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Intriguingly, many of these regulatory actions related to cell morphology are achieved through rapid, non‐classical signaling of sex steroid receptors to kinase cascades, independently from nuclear alteration of gene expression or protein synthesis. The identification of the mechanistic basis for these rapid actions on cell cytoskeleton has special releva... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5432170 Tue, 22 Nov 2011 07:55:52 +0100 5432170 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5432171&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02257.x AbstractThe subfornical organ (SFO), a sensory circumventricular organ lacking the normal blood brain barrier with well documented roles in cardiovascular regulation, has recently been identified as a potential site at which the adipokine, leptin, may act to influence central autonomic pathways. Systemic and central leptin administration has been shown to increase blood pressure and it has been suggested that selective leptin resistance contributes to obesity related hypertension. Given the relationship between obesity and hypertension, the present study was undertaken to investigate the cardiovascular consequences of direct administration of leptin into the SFO of young lean rats and in the diet induced obesity (DIO) rat model which has been shown to be leptin resistant. Leptin administra... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5432171 Mon, 21 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5432171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5422693&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02176.x SummaryThe inflammatory response provides a powerful means for the body to fight an infection. The neuroendocrine system plays an important role in controlling the magnitude and duration of this response and maintaining homeostasis in the inflamed state. Glucocorticoids released following activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis limit the synthesis of pro‐inflammatory molecules, whereas the neurohypophysial hormones vasopressin and oxytocin act both within the brain and in the periphery to maintain cardiovascular and metabolic homeostasis and to limit the rise in body temperature. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5422693 Sat, 19 Nov 2011 08:18:11 +0100 5422693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5422692&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02226.x The hepatic parasympathetic system is one of the major contributors for preserving insulin sensitivity in the postprandial state. Postprandial hepatic vagal control of whole‐body glucose clearance and its effect on specific organs remains unknown. Our hypothesis is that, in the postprandial state, the hepatic parasympathetic nerves (HPN) are responsible for a considerable part of extra‐hepatic tissue glucose clearance. Two groups of 9‐week‐old Sprague–Dawley rats were studied, comparing sham‐operated versus hepatic parasympathetic denervated animals. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated in the postprandial state by the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST). [3H]2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose was administered during the RIST. Plasma glucose rate of the disappearance and clearance by skele... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5422692 Sat, 19 Nov 2011 08:18:08 +0100 5422692 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5422691&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02221.x Ghrelin (GRLN) and its receptor have been identified and characterised in goldfish brain and the pituitary, and recent evidence shows that goldfish (g)GRLN19 induces both growth hormone (GH) and maturational gonadotrophin (LH) release through an extracellular Ca2+‐dependent mechanism in goldfish. To further understand the role of GRLN in hormone release, the present study examined the involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase A (PKA) in gGRLN19‐induced GH and LH release and corresponding Ca2+ signals in primary cultures of goldfish pituitary cells. Treatments with PKC inhibitors, Bis‐II and Gö 6976, significantly reduced gGRLN19‐induced GH and LH release and their corresponding intracellular Ca2+ signals in identified somatotrophs and gonadotrophs, respectively. gGR... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5422691 Sat, 19 Nov 2011 08:18:05 +0100 5422691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5422690&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02222.x Abrupt alterations in the 24‐h light : dark cycle, such as those resulting from transmeridian air travel, disrupt circadian biological rhythms in humans with detrimental consequences on cognitive and physical performance. In the present study, a jetlag‐simulated phase shift in photoperiod temporally impaired circadian peaks of peripheral clock gene expression in racehorses but acutely enhanced athletic performance without causing stress. Indices of aerobic and anaerobic capacities were significantly increased by a phase‐advance, enabling prolonged physical activity before fatigue occurred. This was accompanied by rapid re‐entrainment of the molecular clockwork and the circadian pattern of melatonin, with no disturbance of the adrenal cortical axis, but a timely rise in prolacti... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5422690 Sat, 19 Nov 2011 08:18:02 +0100 5422690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5422689&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02220.x The negative‐feedback actions of corticosterone (CORT) depend on both phasic and tonic CORT secretion patterns to regulate hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis activity. How these two different CORT secretion pattens influence specific intracellular signal transduction pathway activity within the cellular elements of the HPA axis has not been determined. For example, it is unknown whether CORT has suppressive actions over signal transduction events within medial parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN) corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) neurones, nor whether these suppressive actions are responsible for alterations in PVN transcriptional processes and neurohormone secretion associated with stress. The extracellular‐regulated kinase (ERK) is a stress activated intracel... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5422689 Sat, 19 Nov 2011 08:17:58 +0100 5422689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5422688&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02217.x Endogenous glucocorticoid negative‐feedback influence on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis depends on glucocorticoid actions exerted on multiple glucocorticoid‐sensitive tissues and differential glucocorticoid effects that are expressed within several distinct temporal domains. The relative contribution and underlying molecular mechanisms of action for the effects of location and timing of glucocorticoid exposure on HPA axis activity remain to be determined. In the present study, we examined the effects of acute exposure to corticosterone (CORT) at the level of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on the HPA axis response to a subsequent stressor in a short‐term (1 h) timeframe. Intra‐PVN CORT microinjection 1 h before restraint suppressed the adrenocorticotrophic ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5422688 Sat, 19 Nov 2011 08:17:55 +0100 5422688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5422687&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02214.x HPC‐1/syntaxin1A (STX1A) is considered to regulate exocytosis in neurones and endocrine cells. Previously, we reported that STX1A null mutant (STX1A KO) mice unexpectedly showed normal glutamatergic and GABAergic fast synaptic transmission but exhibited disturbances in monoaminergic transmission, such as serotonin, 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), which may induce attenuation of latent inhibition. These results suggest that STX1A may contribute to dense‐core vesicle exocytosis in vivo. Thus, we hypothesised that the lack of STX1A might affect the secretion of several hormones, as also mediated by dense‐core vesicles exocytosis. In the present study, we focused on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, which is a neuroendocrine system that regulates responses to stress stim... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5422687 Sat, 19 Nov 2011 08:17:52 +0100 5422687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5422686&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02213.x In conclusion, the present study of a large series of human ACTH‐secreting pituitary tumours in vitro revealed a considerable variability in the responses to CRH and dexamethasone. This finding indicates the existence of multiple corticotroph tumoural phenotypes and may account for the different responses to physiological and pharmacological modulators in vivo. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5422686 Sat, 19 Nov 2011 08:17:49 +0100 5422686 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5422685&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02244.x No other event in the Christian calendar has such a deep impact on our behaviour as the annual event called Christmas. Christmas is not just ‘Christmas Day’; indeed, it is a long developmental rhythm with a period of almost exactly 365 days. Here, I describe the neuronal and hormonal changes and their effects on our behaviour during the preparation and the execution of the event1. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5422685 Sat, 19 Nov 2011 08:17:44 +0100 5422685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5387992&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02250.x AbstractMost mammals living at temperate latitudes exhibit marked seasonal variations in reproduction. In long‐lived species, it is assumed that timely physiological alternations between a breeding season and a period of sexual rest depend upon the ability of day length (photoperiod) to synchronise an endogenous timing mechanism called the circannual clock. The sheep has been extensively used to characterise the time‐measurement mechanisms of seasonal reproduction. Melatonin, secreted only during the night, acts as the endocrine transducer of the photoperiodic message. Here, endocrine mechanisms of seasonal reproduction in sheep and evidence that long day length and thyroid hormones are mandatory to its proper timing are reviewed. Recent evidence for a circadian‐based molecular mecha... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5387992 Wed, 09 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5387992 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5387991&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02251.x This study aimed to determine the role of oestrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in regulating mitochondrial function using selective agonists for ERα (PPT) and ERβ (DPN). Ovariectomised female rats were treated with 17β‐oestradiol (E2), PPT, DPN or vehicle control. Both ER selective agonists significantly increased the mitochondrial respiratory control ratio and cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity relative to vehicle. Western blots of purified whole brain mitochondria detected ERα and to a greater extent, ERβ localization. Pre‐treatment with DPN, an ERβ agonist, significantly increased ERβ association with mitochondria. In hippocampus, DPN activated mitochondrial DNA‐encoded COXI expression whereas PPT was ineffective indicating that mechanistically ERβ, not ERα, activated mitochon... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5387991 Wed, 09 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5387991 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5387990&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02252.x AbstractPregnancy and lactation produce a plethora of hormonal changes in females that promote maternal care of offspring. Males in the biparental marmoset species, (Callithrix jacchus), demonstrate high levels of parenting behaviour and express enhanced circulating reproductive hormones. Furthermore, these hormonal changes are influenced by paternal experience. In order to determine if the paternally experienced male marmoset has altered neurocrine hypothalamic release, as the maternal females does, we examined the release of several reproductive neurocrines, dopamine (DA), oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) and prolactin (PRL), in cultured explants of the hypothalamus of paternally experienced male marmosets compared with naïve, paternally inexperienced males. DA levels secreted from t... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5387990 Wed, 09 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5387990 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5387993&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02249.x In this study, we combined immunohistochemistry and patch‐clamp electrophysiology to study the cellular distribution of the CO‐synthase enzyme heme oxygenase type 1 (HO‐1), as well as CO actions on oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) in euhydrated (EU) and 48h water‐deprived rats (48WD). Our results show expression of HO‐1 immunoreactivity both in OT and VP neurones, as well as in a small proportion of astrocytes, both in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. HO‐1 expression, and its colocalization with OT and VP neurones within SON and PVN were significantly enhanced in 48WD rats. Inhibition of HO activity (CrMP 20μM) resulted in a slight membrane hyperpolarization in SON neurones from EU rats, without significantly af... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5387993 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5387993 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5387994&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02248.x AbstractThe effect of oestrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on stroke incidence and severity has been extensively debated. Clinical trials of ERT demonstrated an increased risk of stroke in treated women, but study participants were well past menopause when therapy was initiated. It has been suggested that detrimental effects of ERT may be unmasked after prolonged periods of hypoestrogenicity. To date, very few studies have examined the effect of ERT in aged animals although the timing of replacement may be critical to the neuroprotective effects of ERT. We hypothesized that chronic ERT initiated in late middle age would decrease infarct size after an induced stroke whereas acute ERT would have no beneficial effects in the aged female brain. To test this hypothesis, two paradigms of ERT were... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5387994 Fri, 04 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5387994 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5387989&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02253.x Conclusion:  The present study provides in vivo evidence for the action of propylthiouracil leading to impaired synaptic plasticity which might explain deficit in spatial memory tasks in adult hypothyroid rats. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5387989 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5387989 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5348377&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02247.x The mechanism for the inhibition of growth hormone (GH) expression by the epidermal growth factor (EGF) was examined in two clonal cell lines, MtT/E and MtT/S. The former has a negligible basal level of GH and the latter has a high basal GH. The treatment of MtT/E cells with retinoic acid resulted in a significant increase in GH mRNA and subsequently GH. This stimulatory response to retinoic acid was strongly suppressed by EGF. This suppression was associated with the increase in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 (Erk1/2). The MEK (MAP kinase Kinases that activate ERK1 and ERK2) inhibitor, PD98059, clearly inhibited the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and restored the stimulatory effects of retinoic acid. These results suggest that the inhibitory effects of E... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5348377 Wed, 26 Oct 2011 19:08:54 +0100 5348377 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5348379&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02245.x AbstractIn many seasonally reproducing animals, the experience of prolonged exposure to constant photoperiods results in the induction of a state of photorefractoriness, defined as a lack of responsiveness to a previously stimulatory photoperiod. The physiological and genetic processes that control photorefractoriness are not well understood, however, the hallmark of photorefractoriness is an endogenous change in the physiological response to a constant photoperiod. It is already known that preoptic area gnrh1 gene expression declines during development of refractoriness to long‐day stimulation in European starlings. We employed in situ hybridization histochemistry to characterize changes in preoptic area gnrh1 mRNA expression during the reinstatement of photosensitivity in female starli... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5348379 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5348379 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5348378&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02246.x AbstractNesfatin‐1 is a novel anorectic peptide encoded in the precursor protein nucleobindin‐2 (NUCB2). We recently reported the presence and appetite suppressing effects of nesfatin‐1 in goldfish. Nesfatin‐1 has been co‐localized with ghrelin in the stomach of rats. Whether nesfatin‐1 influences other appetite regulatory peptides in goldfish remains unclear. The main objectives of this study were to investigate whether nesfatin‐1 colocalises ghrelin in goldfish, and to test whether exogenous nesfatin‐1 influences endogenous ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and orexin A (OXA). We found colocalisation of nesfatin‐1‐like and ghrelin‐like immunoreactivity in the enteroendocrine cells of the goldfish anterior intestine (J‐loop). Furthermore, co‐localization of ghrelin ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5348378 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5348378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5336708&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02244.x AbstractNo other event in the Christian calendar has such a deep impact on our behaviour as the annual event called Christmas. Christmas is not just ‘Christmas Day’; indeed it is a long developmental rhythm with a period of almost exactly 365 days. Here we describe the neuronal and hormonal changes and their effects on our behaviour during the preparation and the execution of the event*. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5336708 Sat, 22 Oct 2011 07:06:25 +0100 5336708 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5324393&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02175.x SummaryProlactin is a pregnancy hormone that is essential for development of the mammary gland for milk production. In addition, prolactin exerts important actions in the maternal brain, resulting in changes in maternal physiology and behaviour that help the mother cope with the new demands of pregnancy, childbirth and lactation. Hence, the same hormonal signal is used both by brain and body to recognise and adapt to these new physiological states. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5324393 Tue, 18 Oct 2011 09:06:09 +0100 5324393 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5324392&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02225.x The hormones and experiences of pregnancy, parturition and lactation have been shown to dramatically remodel the female rat’s hippocampus, potentially enhancing behaviours critical for meeting the increased demands of motherhood. Previous work in our laboratory has also suggested that pup exposure, apart from pregnancy and lactation, constitutes an important influence on ancillary maternal behaviour (e.g. foraging behaviour). In the present study, we press the parental model further by examining the effect of pup exposure on the hippocampus of males from a biparental mouse species, the California mice (Peromyscus californicus). Males were either Fathers (i.e. first‐time fathers housed with a female from mating until 7 days after parturition), pup‐exposed virgins (PEV; i.e. sexually... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5324392 Tue, 18 Oct 2011 09:06:08 +0100 5324392 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5324391&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02208.x Although the critical role of maternal care on the development of brain and behaviour of the offspring has been extensively studied, knowledge about the importance of paternal care is comparatively scarce. In biparental species, paternal care significantly contributes to a stimulating socio‐emotional family environment, which most likely also includes protection from stressful events. In the biparental caviomorph rodent Octodon degus, we analysed the impact of paternal care on the development of neurones in prefrontal‐limbic brain regions, which express corticotrophin‐releasing factor (CRF). CRF is a polypeptidergic hormone that is expressed and released by a neuronal subpopulation in the brain, and which not only is essential for regulating stress and emotionality, but also is criti... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5324391 Tue, 18 Oct 2011 09:06:06 +0100 5324391 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5324390&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02169.x Postpartum depression affects 15% of new mothers and previous depressive episodes increase the risk for postpartum depression. Chronic administration of corticosterone (CORT) to dams during the postpartum period causes depressive‐like behaviour and has been used as a model of postpartum depression. To better understand the subsequent progress of this model, we examined whether there were persistent effects of CORT treatment during the dam’s first postpartum period on maternal care and mood following a subsequent pregnancy. Sprague‐Dawley female rats received either sesame oil (control) or CORT (40 mg/kg) injections for 22 days during their first postpartum period. Subsequently, all females were re‐mated for a second time and neither group received treatment during the second po... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5324390 Tue, 18 Oct 2011 09:06:04 +0100 5324390 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5324389&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02139.x Most women experience time‐limited and specific mood changes in the days after birth known as the maternity blues (Blues). The maternal hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis undergoes gradual changes during pregnancy because of an increasing production of placental corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH). The abrupt withdrawal of placental CRH at birth results in a re‐equilibration of the maternal HPA axis in the days post‐delivery. These changes may be involved in the aetiology of the Blues given the central role of the HPA axis in the aetiology of mood disorders in general, and in perinatal depression in particular. We aimed to test the novel hypothesis that the experience of the Blues may be related to increased secretion of hypothalamic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5324389 Tue, 18 Oct 2011 09:06:02 +0100 5324389 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5324388&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02204.x Stress can cause pregnancy failure but it is unclear how the mother’s neuroendocrine system responds to stress to impair mechanisms establishing implantation. We analysed stress‐evoked hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis responses in early pregnant mice. HPA axis secretory responses to immune stress in early‐mid pregnancy were strong and similar to that in virgins, although activation of hypothalamic vasopressin neurones, rather than corticotrophin‐releasing hormone neurones, may be more important in the stress response in pregnancy. The site and mode of detrimental glucocorticoid action in pregnancy is not established. Because circulating prolactin is important for progesterone secretion and pregnancy establishment, we also hypothesised that stress negatively impacts on ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5324388 Tue, 18 Oct 2011 09:05:47 +0100 5324388 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5324387&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02205.x The onset of maternal responsiveness and the development of mother–young attachment in sheep are under the combined influence of hormonal and sensory stimulations. In the mother, the prepartum rise in oestrogen and vaginocervical stimulation caused by expulsion of the foetus act on the main olfactory system and on hypothalamic regions. This induces maternal care through the central release of oxytocin, modulated by opiates and corticotrophin‐releasing hormone. In parallel, activation of the main olfactory network enables the learning of individual lamb odour and maternal attachment. In the neonate, the first suckling episodes and the concomitant activation of the cholecystokinin, opioids and oxytocin systems facilitate the development of a preference for the mother. Gastrointestinal si... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5324387 Tue, 18 Oct 2011 09:05:44 +0100 5324387 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5324386&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02184.x Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been used to investigate the responsiveness of the maternal rat brain to pup‐suckling under various experimental paradigms. Our research employing the lactating rat model has explored the cortical sensory processing of pup stimuli and the effect of suckling on the brain’s reward system. Suckling was observed to increase blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signal intensity in the midbrain, striatum and prefrontal cortex, which are areas that receive prominent dopaminergic inputs. The BOLD activation of the reward system occurs in parallel with the activation of extensive cortical sensory areas. The observed regions include the olfactory cortex, auditory cortex and gustatory cortex, and could correspond to cortical representations of... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5324386 Tue, 18 Oct 2011 09:05:38 +0100 5324386 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5336710&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02242.x SummaryIn order to ascertain the involvement of physiological doses of oestradiol on brain lipid composition, we have analyzed the lipid class and fatty acid composition of phospholipids in the brain from pregnant and 17β‐oestradiol‐treated rats. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: ovariectomized control (OVX+VEH), ovariectomized oestradiol‐treated (OVX+E2) and pregnant rats (PREG). Rats from the OVX+E2 group were injected daily with different doses of 17β‐oestradiol mimicking the plasma levels observed during pregnancy. Analyses of brain lipid class composition showed that physiological doses of oestradiol increased cholesterol levels of OVX+E2 group respect to the OVX+VEH group. It was also found that cholesterol levels in the PREG group were significantly lower than ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5336710 Tue, 18 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5336710 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5336709&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02243.x AbstractIn addition to their peripheral vasoactive effects, accumulating evidence supports an important role for endothelins (ETs) in the regulation of the hypothalamic magnocellular neurosecretory system, which produces and releases the neurohormones vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT). Still, the precise cellular substrates, loci and mechanisms underlying ETs actions on the magnocellular system are poorly understood. In the present study, we combined patch‐clamp electrophysiology, confocal Ca2+ imaging and immunohistochemistry to study ETs actions on supraoptic nucleus (SON) magnocellular neurosecretory neurons and astrocytes. Our studies show that ET‐1 evoked rises in [Ca2+]i levels in SON astrocytes (but not neurons), an effect largely mediated by activation of ETB receptors and mob... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5336709 Tue, 18 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5336709 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5304962&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02236.x AbstractThe supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a particularly good model for the study of cell‐specific gene expression since it contains two distinct neuronal phenotypes, the oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin (AVP) synthesizing magnocellular neurons (MCNs). The MCNs are found in approximately equal numbers and selectively express either the OXT or the AVP gene in about 97% of the MCN population in the SON. An unresolved issue has been to determine what mechanisms are responsible for the highly selective regulation of the cell‐type specific expression of OXT and AVP genes in the MCNs. Previous attempts to address this question used various bioinformatic and molecular approaches, which included using heterologous cell lines to study the putative cis‐elements in the OXT and AVP genes, and the us... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5304962 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5304962 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5304961&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02237.x AbstractIn magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (SON), the neuropeptides vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized and packaged into large dense‐cored vesicles (LDCVs). These vesicles undergo regulated exocytosis from nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary gland and from somata/dendrites in the SON. Regulated exocytosis of LDCVs is thought to involve the SNARE complex (comprising VAMP‐2, syntaxin‐1 and SNAP‐25) and regulatory proteins (such as synaptotagmin 1, munc‐18 and CAPS 1). Using fluorescent immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy, in both oxytocin and vasopressin neurons, we observed VAMP‐2, SNAP‐25 and syntaxin‐1‐immunoreactivity in axon terminals. The somata and dendrites contained syntaxin‐1 and other regulatory exocytosis proteins including... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5304961 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5304961 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5304960&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02238.x AbstractDespite the well established central pathophysiology of Huntington’s disease (HD), less is known about systemic impairments that are emerging as significant contributors to the morbidity of this neurodegenerative condition. Given the evidence of neuroendocrine dysfunction in HD patients and the pro‐neural properties of sex‐hormones we explored the therapeutic potential of hormone therapy in the HD R6/1 mouse model (HD mice). HD mice over‐express exon‐1 of the defective human HD gene and replicate many of the clinical behavioural, biochemical and physiological impairments. Seven‐week‐old HD and wildtype littermate mice had either saline (control) or testosterone (treatment; 160μg/day over 90 days) pellets implanted subcutaneously and were subsequently subjected to beh... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5304960 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5304960 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5304959&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02239.x AbstractSynaptic activity in magnocellular neurosecretory neurones is influenced by the retrograde (i.e., somatodendritic) release of vasopressin, oxytocin and cannabinoids (CBs). For oxytocin neurones, oxytocin exerts constitutive effects on presynaptic activity through its ability to release CBs postsynaptically. In the present study we examined evoked and spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in identified vasopressin (VP) neurones in coronal slices from virgin rats to determine: 1) the extent to which CBs may also tonically modulate VP synaptic activity; and 2) to determine if depolarization induced suppression of inhibition was present in VP neurones, and if so, whether it was mediated by VP or CBs. The CB1 antagonists AM251 (1 μM) and SR14171 (1 μM) consistently incr... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5304959 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5304959 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5304963&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02235.x Traditionally associated with female reproduction, oxytocin (OT) was revisited recently and revealed several new roles in the cardiovascular system. Functional OT receptors have been discovered in the rat and human heart as well as in vascular beds. OT’s cardiovascular activities include: i) lowering blood pressure, ii) negative cardiac inotropy and chronotropy, iii) parasympathetic neuromodulation, iv) vasodilatation, v) anti‐inflammatory, vi) antioxidative, and vii) metabolic effects. These outcomes are mediated, at least in part, by stimulating cardio‐protective mediators, such as nitric oxide and atrial natriuretic peptide. OT and its extended form OT‐Gly‐Lys‐Arg have been shown to be abundant in the fetal mouse heart. OT has the capacity to generate cardiomyocytes from var... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5304963 Mon, 10 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5304963 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297434&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02231.x AbstractOestrogen plays important roles not only in the regulation of reproductive function but also in other functions such as cognition, emotion and cardiovascular regulation. Oestrogen acts mainly via its receptor (ER), ER‐α and ER‐β, in target tissues including the brain. During ageing, oestrogenic actions are altered in both females and males, raising the possibility that the expression level of ER may be altered with age. Age‐related changes in ER expression in female rat brain have been well demonstrated with regard to reproductive ageing, while very little is known about the effects of age on the expression of ERs, especially ER‐β, in males. In the present study, to elucidate the effects of ageing on ER‐β expression in the male brain at the transcriptional level, we p... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297434 Fri, 07 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297434 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297433&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02232.x AbstractSteroid hormones largely exert their actions by activating nuclear receptors, which as transcription factors, powerfully influence fundamental processes of neural development. Often, steroid receptor action demonstrates remarkable specificity under different developmental, anatomical or hormonal conditions. Yet, the mechanisms underlying such specificity are poorly understood. The present study examined the anatomically‐specific regulation of progestin receptor (PR) expression by estrogen receptor (ER) activation in the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of the hypothalamus and the medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) of the neonatal female rat brain, using the selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), tamoxifen and ICI 182, 780 (ICI), in the presence or absence of estradiol benzoate (EB)... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297433 Fri, 07 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297433 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297432&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02233.x AbstractMaternal care is an important environmental factor for rats early in life. Adult offspring from dams exhibiting extremely high versus low maternal care differ remarkably in dendritic complexity and long‐term synaptic potentiation in the CA1 area. However, >70% of the pups do not belong to these extreme categories of maternal care, questioning the general relevance of these observations. Therefore we here investigated if the influence of maternal care is discernable over its entire range and can serve as an index predicting later CA1 structure and function. The amount of licking and grooming (%LG) received was determined for each pup during the first postnatal week. In males, both total apical branch length and dendritic complexity correlated significantly and positively with %... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297432 Fri, 07 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297432 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5304958&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02240.x AbstractOestradiol plays in the mammalian brain crucial roles by modulating reproductive behaviour, neural plasticity and pain perception. The cephalopod Octopus vulgaris is considered, along with its relatives, the most behaviourally advanced invertebrate, although the neurophysiological basis of its behaviours including pain perception remain largely unknown. In the present study, using a combination of molecular and imaging techniques, we found that oestradiol up‐regulated the Octopus vulgaris GnRH (Oct‐GnRH) and Octopus vulgaris oestrogen receptor (Oct‐ER) mRNA levels in the olfactory lobes, in turn Oct‐ER mRNA was regulated by N‐methyl‐D‐asparate (NMDA) in lobes involved in learning and motor coordination. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) analysis revealed t... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5304958 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5304958 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5297431&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02234.x AbstractBenzodiazepines remain the most frequently used psychotropic drugs for the treatment of anxiety spectrum disorders; however their use is associated with development of tolerance and dependence. Another major hindrance is represented by their lack of efficacy in many patients, including patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For these non‐responders, the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been the therapy of choice.In the past decade, clinical studies have suggested that the pharmacological action of SSRIs may include the ability of these drugs to normalize decreased brain levels of neurosteroids in patients with depression and PTSD, in particular the progesterone derivative allopregnanolone, which potently and allosterically modulates the acti... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5297431 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5297431 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5261397&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02230.x AbstractKisspeptins, encoded by the Kiss1 gene, and their canonical receptor, GPR54 (also termed Kiss1R), are unanimously recognized as essential regulators of puberty onset and gonadotropin secretion. These key reproductive functions stem from the capacity of kisspeptins to stimulate GnRH secretion in the hypothalamus, where discrete populations of Kiss1 neurons have been identified. In rodents, two major groups of hypothalamic Kiss1 neurons exist: one present in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and the other located in the anteroventral periventricular area (AVPV/RP3V). In recent years, numerous signals have been identified as putative modulators of the hypothalamic Kiss1 system. Among them, the prominent role of sex steroids as important regulators of Kiss1 neurons has been documented in diffe... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5261397 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 06:48:37 +0100 5261397 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5261398&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02229.x AbstractSome environmental contaminants interact with hormones and may exert adverse consequences due to their actions as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Exposure in people is typically due to contamination of the food chain, inhalation of contaminated house dust, or occupational exposure. EDCs include pesticides and herbicides (such as diphenyl‐dichloro‐trichloroethane, DDT, or its metabolites), methoxychlor, biocides, heat stabilizers and chemical catalysts (such as tributyltin, TBT), plastic contaminants (e.g. bisphenol A, BPA), pharmaceuticals (i.e. diethylstilbestrol, DES; 17alpha‐ethynilestradiol, EE2), or dietary components (such as phytoestrogens). The goal of this review is to address sources, effects and actions of EDCs, with an emphasis on topics discussed at the In... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5261398 Tue, 27 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5261398 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5251203&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02202.x External and internal stimuli that threaten homeostasis trigger coordinated stress responses through activation of specialised neuroendocrine circuits. In mammals, the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis mediates responses to stressors such as restraint, ultimately enhancing adrenocortical hormone secretion. Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been implicated in central control of the HPA axis, and we have recently shown PACAP‐dependent expression of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and secretion of corticosterone in response to restraint. We now provide a more detailed analysis of PACAP‐dependent HPA axis stimulation in the mouse, indicating that the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is the primary site of action. We demonstrate b... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5251203 Sun, 25 Sep 2011 19:56:00 +0100 5251203 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5251202&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02198.x We reported recently that a pituitary‐specific transcription factor PROP1 is present in SOX2‐positive cells and disappears at the early stage of the transition from progenitor cell to committed cell during the embryonic development of the rat pituitary. In the present study, we examined the localisation and identification of SOX2‐positive and PROP1/SOX2‐positive cells in the neonatal and postnatal rat pituitaries by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative analysis of immunoreactive cells demonstrated that SOX2‐positive pituitary stem/progenitor cells are not only predominantly localised in the marginal cell layer, but also are scattered in the parenchyma of the adult anterior lobe. In the marginal cell layer, the number of PROP1/SOX2‐positive cells significantly decreased after post... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5251202 Sun, 25 Sep 2011 19:55:58 +0100 5251202 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5251201&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02210.x Oestrogen receptor (ER) α plays an important role in a variety of cognitive and behavioural functions. It has been shown that ERα expression in the brain is sexually dimorphic and is influenced by circulating oestrogen. In the present study, we mapped ERα‐immunoreactive (‐ir) cells in the forebrain of Brandt’s voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) to examine differences in ERα‐ir expression between males and females and to reveal variations of ERα‐ir expression during ovarian cycles in females. ERα‐ir cells were found in many forebrain regions, including the lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial preoptic area (MPOA), anterior, arcuate and ventral medial (VMH) nuclei of the hypothalamus, as well as medial (MeA) and anterior cortical nuclei of the amygdala. Fe... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5251201 Sun, 25 Sep 2011 19:55:57 +0100 5251201 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5251200&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02196.x Recent findings demonstrate that epigenetic modifications are required for the sexual differentiation of the brain. For example, neonatal administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, valproic acid, blocks masculinisation of cell number in the principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). In the present study, we examined the effects of valproic acid on neurochemistry and behaviour, focusing on traits that are sexually dimorphic and linked to the BNST. Newborn mice were treated with saline or valproic acid and the effect on vasopressin immunoreactivity and olfactory preference behaviour was examined in adulthood. As expected, males had more vasopressin immunoreactive fibres than females in the lateral septum and medial dorsal thalamus, which are two projection... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5251200 Sun, 25 Sep 2011 19:55:53 +0100 5251200 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5251199&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02209.x We studied the effects of water deprivation (WD) on the phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) and NMDA receptor subunits in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the rat. Laser capture microdissection and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to demonstrate brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and TrkB gene expression in vasopressin SON neurones. Immunohistochemistry confirmed BDNF staining in vasopressin neurones, whereas staining for phosphorylated TrkB was increased following WD. Western blot analysis of brain punches containing the SON revealed that tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkB (pTrkBY515), serine phosphorylation of NR1 (pNR1S866 or pNR1) and tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2B subunits (pNR2BY1472 or pNR2B) were significantly increased in WD anim... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5251199 Sun, 25 Sep 2011 19:55:52 +0100 5251199 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5251198&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02207.x We report that prolactin elicited a hyperpolarising current in 37% of the neurones in this nucleus, of which the majority (67%) were identified as putative magnocellular oxytocin neurones and the reminder (33%) were regarded as oxytocin‐negative, parvicellular neuroendocrine neurones. Our results suggest that, in addition to the well‐established negative feedback loop between prolactin‐secreting lactotrophs and dopaminergic neurones in the arcuate nucleus, an inhibitory feedback loop also exists between lactotrophs and oxytocinergic paraventricular neurones. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5251198 Sun, 25 Sep 2011 19:55:50 +0100 5251198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5251197&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02199.x The present study was conducted to determine the morphological and functional interaction between kisspeptin and gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal elements at the median eminence in female rats to clarify a possibility that kisspeptin directly stimulates GnRH release at the nerve end. A dual immunoelectron microscopic study of kisspeptin and GnRH showed that the kisspeptin‐immunoreactive nerve element directly abutted the GnRH‐immunoreactive nerve element, although no obvious synaptic structure was found between kisspeptin and GnRH neurones in the median eminence. The current retrograde tracing study with FluoroGold (FG) indicates that kisspeptin neurones are not in contact with fenestrated capillaries because no FG signal was found in kisspeptin neurones when the FG wa... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5251197 Sun, 25 Sep 2011 19:55:47 +0100 5251197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5251194&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02228.x AbstractMaternal neglect, including physical and emotional neglect, is a pervasive public health challenge with serious long‐term effects on child health and development. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the neurobiological basis of maternal caregiving, in order to better understand how to prevent and respond to maternal neglect. Drawing from both animal and human studies, key biological systems are identified which contribute to maternal caregiving behavior, focusing on the oxytocinergic and dopaminergic systems. Mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine pathways contribute to the processing of infant‐related sensory cues leading to a behavioral response. Oxytocin may activate the dopaminergic reward pathways in response to social cues. Human neuroimaging stud... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5251194 Sun, 25 Sep 2011 19:54:17 +0100 5251194 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5251195&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02215.x AbstractAfter a traumatic injury of the nervous system or in the course of a neurodegenerative disease, the speed of axonal regeneration and the control of the inflammatory response are fundamental parameters of functional recovery. Spontaneous regeneration takes place in the peripheral nervous system, but the process is slow and often incomplete. There is currently no efficient treatment for enhancing axonal regeneration, including elongation speed and functional reinnervation.Ligands of the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) are currently under investigation as therapeutic means for promoting neuroprotection, accelerating axonal regeneration and modulating inflammation. The mechanisms of action of TSPO ligands involve the regulation of mitochondrial activity and the stimulation of steroi... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5251195 Fri, 23 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5251195 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5238529&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02225.x In this study we press the parental model further by examining the effect of pup exposure on the hippocampus of males from a biparental mouse species, the California mice (Peromyscus californicus). Males were either Fathers (first‐time fathers housed with a female from mating until 7 days following parturition), Pup‐Exposed Virgins (PEV; sexually naïve males briefly exposed to pups daily for 7 days), or Virgins (never exposed to females or pups). A Dry‐Land Maze (DLM), used for assessing spatial learning, was employed to determine the foraging abilities of the males. Results indicated that, on the most challenging day of testing, acquisition day, California mouse Fathers demonstrated superior memory for the task compared to PEVs and Virgins. In addition to the behavioral data, signi... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5238529 Tue, 20 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5238529 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5238531&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02220.x AbstractThe negative feedback actions of corticosterone (CORT) depend on both phasic and tonic CORT secretion patterns to regulate hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity. How these two different CORT secretion pattens influence specific intracellular signal transduction pathway activity within the cellular elements of the HPA axis has not been determined. For example, it is unknown whether CORT has suppressive actions over signal transduction events within medial parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN) corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) neurons and if these suppressive actions are responsible for alterations in PVN transcriptional processes and neurohormone secretion associated with stress. The extracellular‐regulated kinase (ERK) is a stress activated intracellular ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5238531 Mon, 19 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5238531 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5238530&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02224.x In this study we quantified the intensity of maternal aggression using a resident‐intruder test at key time points throughout pregnancy, parturition and lactation. Furthermore, we quantified changes in central OXT and arginine AVP V1a receptor (V1a‐R) binding in brain regions known to be important in regulating maternal aggression, to investigate if central changes coincide with the intensity of this behaviour.The intensity of aggression was found to dramatically change over the peripartum period, with its first appearance on the day before parturition. Aggression intensity fell immediately following parturition, but increased during days 4 to 7 of lactation before almost disappearing at weaning. OXT receptor (OTR) and V1a‐R binding also showed changes through the peripartum period. ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5238530 Mon, 19 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5238530 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5226749&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02221.x AbstractGhrelin (GRLN) and its receptor have been identified and characterised in goldfish brain and pituitary and recent evidence shows goldfish (g)GRLN19 induces both growth hormone (GH) and maturational gonadotrophin (LH) release through an extracellular Ca2+‐dependent mechanism in goldfish. To further understand GRLN’s role in hormone release, this study examined the involvement of protein kinase (PK)C and PKA in gGRLN19‐induced GH and LH release and corresponding Ca2+ signals in primary cultures of goldfish pituitary cells. Treatments with PKC inhibitors, Bis‐II and Gö 6976, significantly reduced gGRLN19‐induced GH and LH release and their corresponding intracellular Ca2+ signals in identified somatotrophs and gonadotrophs, respectively. gGRLN19 was unable to further stimul... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5226749 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5226749 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5226748&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02222.x AbstractAbrupt alterations in the 24‐h light:dark cycle, such as those resulting from transmeridian air travel, disrupt circadian biological rhythms in humans with detrimental consequences on cognitive and physical performance. In the current study, a jetlag‐simulated phase shift in photoperiod temporally impaired circadian peaks of peripheral clock gene expression in racehorses, but acutely enhanced athletic performance without causing stress. Indices of aerobic and anaerobic capacities were significantly increased by a phase‐advance, enabling prolonged physical activity before fatigue occurred. This was accompanied by rapid re‐entrainment of the molecular clockwork and the circadian pattern of melatonin, with no disturbance of the adrenal cortical axis, but a timely rise in prola... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5226748 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5226748 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5251196&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02219.x AbstractPsychological, physical, and/or immune stressors during pregnancy are associated with negative birth outcomes, such as preterm birth and developmental abnormalities. In rodents, prenatal stressors can alter the expression of 5α‐reductase enzymes in the brain and may influence cognitive function and anxiety‐type behaviour in the offspring. Progesterone plays a critical role in maintaining gestation. Here it was hypothesised that 5α‐reduced progesterone metabolites influence birth outcomes and/or the cognitive and neuroendocrine function of the offspring. 5α‐reduced steroids were manipulated in pregnant Long‐Evans rats via administration of vehicle, the 5α‐reduced, neuroactive metabolite of progesterone, 5α‐pregnan‐3α‐ol‐20‐one (3α,5α‐THP, allopregnano... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5251196 Tue, 13 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5251196 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5226750&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02218.x (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5226750 Tue, 13 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5226750 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5209580&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02214.x In this study, we focused on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, a neuroendocrine system that regulates responses to stress stimuli and is thought to be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Specifically, we examined whether the HPA‐axis is impaired in STX1A KO mice. Interestingly, plasma concentrations of both corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) during the resting condition decreased in STX1A KO mice, compared with WT mice. Additionally, elevated plasma CORT, ACTH and corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) which were usually observed after acute restraint stress, were also reduced in STX1A KO mice. We also observed the suppression of 5‐HT‐induced CRH release in STX1A KO mice in vitro. Furthermore, an in vivo microdialysis study revealed... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5209580 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5209580 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5209579&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02216.x In conclusion, by generating Slco1c1‐Cre transgenic mice, we demonstrated that SLCO1C1 is expressed in the neuronal cell lineage during brain development. Expression of SLCO1C1 may underlie the extraordinary sensitivity of specific neuronal populations to hypothyroxinemia. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5209579 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5209579 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5238528&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02226.x AbstractThe hepatic parasympathetic system is one of the major contributors for preserving insulin sensitivity in the postprandial state. Postprandial hepatic vagal control of whole‐body glucose clearance and it effect on specific organs remains unknown. Our hypothesis is that in the postprandial state the hepatic parasympathetic nerves (HPN) are responsible for a considerable part of extra‐hepatic tissues glucose clearance.Two groups of nine weeks Sprague‐Dawley rats were studied, comparing sham operated vs hepatic parasympathetic denervated animals. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated in the postprandial state by the rapid insulin sensitivity test (RIST). [3H]2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose was administered during the RIST. Plasma glucose rate of disappearance and clearance by skeletal muscl... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5238528 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5238528 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5226747&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02223.x In this study, we demonstrated that type I and III Nrg1 isoforms were expressed in the rat anterior pituitary. We observed that Nrg1 positive gonadotrophs can form contacts with lactotrophs, which are positive for ErbB‐3 receptor. In addition, we show that gonadotroph cell‐derived Nrg1 regulates the secretion of an 18 kDa form of PRL from pituitary lactosomatotroph GH3 cells in vitro. Our results strongly argue that gonadotrophs are the major source of Nrg1 in the normal anterior pituitary and that Nrg1 may function as a paracrine/juxtacrine regulator of PRL secretion. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5226747 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5226747 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5209578&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02217.x In this study, we examined the effects of acute exposure to corticosterone (CORT) at the level of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on the HPAA response to a subsequent stressor in a short‐term (1hr) timeframe. Intra‐PVN CORT microinjection one hour prior to restraint suppressed the adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) response and blunted restraint‐induced corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) hnRNA expression in the PVN and pro‐opiomelanocortin hnRNA expression in the anterior pituitary (AP), however it had no effect on restraint‐induced plasma prolactin levels and c‐fos mRNA expression (PVN and AP). This pattern of results suggests that CORT acts locally at the level of the PVN within a short‐term timeframe to suppress stress‐induced excitation‐exocytosis coupling wit... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5209578 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5209578 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5170724&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02213.x In conclusion, our study of a large series of human ACTH‐secreting pituitary tumours in vitro revealed a considerable variability in the responses to CRH and dexamethasone. This finding indicates the existence of multiple corticotroph tumoural phenotypes and may account for the different responses to physiological and pharmacological modulators in vivo. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5170724 Mon, 29 Aug 2011 14:35:23 +0100 5170724 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5144522&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02207.x We report that prolactin elicited a hyperpolarizating current in 37% of the neurons in this nucleus, of which the majority (67%) were identified as putative magnocellular oxytocin neurons and the reminder (33%) were regarded as oxytocin‐negative, parvicellular neuroendocrine neurons. Our results suggest that, in addition to the well‐established negative feedback loop between prolactin‐secreting lactotrophs and dopaminergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus, an inhibitory feedback loop also exists between lactotrophs and oxytocinergic paraventricular neurons. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5144522 Sat, 20 Aug 2011 16:13:07 +0100 5144522 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5144523&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02206.x AbstractEstradiol exerts a profound influence upon multiple brain circuits. For the most part, these effects are mediated by estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). We review here roles of ERβ, the other ER isoform, in mediating rodent estradiol‐regulated anxiety, aggressive and sexual behaviors, the control of gonadotropin secretion, and adult neurogenesis. Evidence exists for (i) ERβ located in the paraventricular nucleus underpinning the suppressive influence of estradiol on the stress axis and anxiety‐like behavior, (ii) ERβ expressed in gonadotropin‐releasing hormone neurons contributing to estrogen negative feedback control of gonadotropin secretion, (iii) ERβ controlling the offset of lordosis behavior, (iv) ERβ suppressing aggressive behavior in males, (v) ERβ modulating respon... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5144523 Wed, 17 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5144523 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5144527&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02209.x ABSTRACTWe studied the effects of water deprivation on the phosphorylation of TrkB and NMDA receptor subunits in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the rat. Laser capture microdissection and qRT‐PCR was used to demonstrate BDNF and TrkB gene expression in vasopressin SON neurones. Immunohistochemistry confirmed BDNF staining in vasopressin neurones, while staining for phosphorylated TrkB was increased following water deprivation. Western Blot analysis of brain punches containing the SON revealed that tyrosine phosphorylation of TrkB (pTrkBY515), serine phosphorylation of NR1 (pNR1S866 or pNR1) and tyrosine phosphorylation of NR2B subunits (pNR2BY1472 or pNR2B) were significantly increased in WD animals compared to control. Access to water for 2 h reduced pTrkBY515 content to control levels ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5144527 Tue, 16 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5144527 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5144526&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02210.x AbstractThe estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) plays an important role in a variety of cognitive and behavioral functions. It has been shown that ERα expression in the brain is sexually dimorphic and is influenced by circulating estrogen. In the present study, we mapped ERα immunoreactive (ERα‐ir) cells in the forebrain of Brandt’s voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii) to examine differences in ERα‐ir expression between males and females and to reveal variations of ERα‐ir expression during ovarian cycles in females. ERα‐ir cells were found in many forebrain regions including the lateral septum (LS), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), medial preoptic area (MPOA), anterior (AH), arcuate (ARC), and ventral medial (VMH) nuclei of the hypothalamus, and medial (MeA) and anterior cort... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5144526 Tue, 16 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5144526 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5144525&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02211.x AbstractThe neurohypophysial hormones, vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT), are synthesized by magnocellular cells (MNCs) in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. The release of VP into the general circulation from the neurohypophysis increases during hyperosmolality, hypotension, and hypovolemia. VP neurones increase hormone release by increasing their firing rate by adopting a phasic bursting. Depolarizing after potentials (DAPs) following a series of action potentials are thought to be involved in the generation of the phasic bursts by summating to plateau potentials. We recently discovered a fast DAP (fDAP) in addition to the slower DAP characterised previously. Virtually all VP neurones expressed the fDAP, while only 16% of OT neurones ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5144525 Tue, 16 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5144525 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5144524&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02212.x AbstractThis overview attempts to synthesize current understandings of the neuroendocrine basis of parenting. The parent‐infant bond is central to the human condition, contributes to risks for mood and anxiety disorders, and provides the potential for resiliency and protection against the development of psychopathology. Animal models of parenting provide compelling evidence that biological mechanisms may be studied in humans. This has led to brain imaging and endocrine system studies of human parents using baby stimuli and concerted psychological and behavioral measures. Certain brain circuits and related hormonal systems, including subcortical regions for motivation (striatum, amygdala, hypothalamus and hippocampus) and cortical regions for social cognition (anterior cingulate, insula, ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5144524 Tue, 16 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5144524 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5144528&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02208.x ABSTRACTWhile the critical role of maternal care on the development of brain and behavior of the offspring has been extensively studied, the knowledge about the importance of paternal care is comparatively scarce. In biparental species paternal care significantly contributes to a stimulating socio‐emotional family environment, which most likely also includes the protection from stressful events. In the biparental caviomorph rodent Octodon degus we analyzed the impact of paternal care on the development of neurons in prefrontal‐limbic brain regions, which express corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF). CRF is a polypeptidergic hormone, which is expressed and released by a neuronal subpopulation in the brain and which is essential not only for regulating stress and emotionality, but also... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5144528 Mon, 15 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5144528 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5120173&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02189.x To better understand the role of the non‐canonical Notch ligand delta‐like protein 1 (DLK1), in hormone‐producing cells, we studied the cell distribution and subcellular localisation of DLK1 in the pituitary of male adult 129/SvJ mice, and analysed the variations in the hormone‐producing cells associated with the lack of this gene in Dlk1 knockout mice. The results obtained showed the presence of DLK1‐immunoreactive (ir) cells in all hormone‐producing cells of the anterior pituitary. Immunoelectron microscopy showed DLK1‐ir in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and inside secretory vesicles, suggesting that DLK1 is released together with pituitary hormones. Moreover, we found that prolactin (PRL)‐DLK1‐ir cells are in intimate contact with follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH)... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5120173 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 17:38:57 +0100 5120173 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5120172&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02192.x Motoneurones located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord conciliate cholinergic innervation of skeletal muscles. These neurones appear to be exceedingly affected in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The dysfunction of motoneurones is typically accompanied by alterations of cholinergic metabolism and signalling, as demonstrated by a decrease in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression. 17β‐Oestradiol (E2) is generally accepted as neuroprotective factor in the brain under acute toxic and neurodegenerative conditions and also appears to exert a protective role for motoneurones. In the present study, we attempted to analyse the role of E2 signalling on ChAT expression in the motoneurone‐like cell line NSC‐34 and in vivo. In a first step, we demonstr... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5120172 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 17:38:56 +0100 5120172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5120171&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02187.x There is a male bias in the size of the cerebellum, with males, on average, having more Purkinje cells than females. The critical periods in cerebellum development occur when the immature testes secrete Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS; synonym anti‐Müllerian hormone) but only trace levels of testosterone. This suggests that the male bias in the cerebellum is generated by a different mechanism to the testosterone‐sensitive reproductive nuclei. Consistent with this, in the present study, we report that Purkinje cells and other cerebella neurones express receptors for MIS, and that MIS−/− male mice have female‐like numbers of Purkinje cells and a female‐like size to other parts of their cerebellum. The size of the cell bodies of Purkinje cells was also dimorphic, although on... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5120171 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 17:38:54 +0100 5120171 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5120170&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02188.x Oestrogen‐stimulated preovulatory gonadotrophin surges are temporally regulated in a way that remains not fully understood. Mammalian ovulation requires surges of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH), released from specialised neurones in the hypothalamus. Surge regulation is mediated by ovarian oestrogen (17β‐oestradiol; E2) feedback‐acting as a negative signal until the early afternoon of the pro‐oestrous phase, at which point it stimulates robust increases in GnRH release. Multiple lines of evidence suggest a role for the circadian clock in surge generation, although the presence of endogenous oscillators in several neuronal populations throughout the mediobasal hypothalamus complicates an elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of circadian regulation. In the present stud... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5120170 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 17:38:53 +0100 5120170 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5120169&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02177.x Onset of puberty is characterised by a marked increase in the frequency of release of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinising hormone (LH). The Kiss1 gene plays a critical role in pubertal development, and its product, kisspeptin, stimulates GnRH and LH release. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that Kiss1 gene expression in the preoptic area (POA) and hypothalamus increases during maturation of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis in association with increased LH pulsatility. Ovariectomised, oestradiol‐replaced lambs were euthanised at 25, 30 and 35 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected before euthanasia to characterise the pattern of LH release. Kiss1 mRNA was detected in coronal sections of the POA and hypothalamus and Kiss1‐expressing cells were... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5120169 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 17:38:51 +0100 5120169 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5120168&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02179.x Several neuropeptides with the C‐terminal Arg‐Phe‐NH2 (RFa) sequence have been identified in the hypothalamus of a variety of vertebrates. The present study was conducted to isolate novel RFa peptides from the zebra finch brain. Peptides were isolated by immunoaffinity purification using an antibody that recognises avian RFa peptides. The isolated peptide consisted of 25 amino acids with RFa at its C‐terminus. The sequence was SGTLGNLAEEINGYNRRKGGFTFRFa. Alignment of the peptide with vertebrate 26RFa has revealed that the identified peptide is the zebra finch 26RFa. We also cloned the precursor cDNA encoding this peptide. Synteny analysis of the gene showed a high conservation of this gene among vertebrates. In addition, we cloned the cDNA encoding a putative 26RFa receptor, G prot... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5120168 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 17:38:48 +0100 5120168 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5120167&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02181.x We report that short protocols of triiodothyronine treatment shifts the demyelination/remyelination balance toward remyelination, as assessed by morphology, immunohistochemistry and molecular biology, and improves the clinical course of the disease. We also found that severely ill animals display hypothyroidism and severe alteration of deiodinase and thyroid hormone receptor mRNAs expression in the spinal cord, which was completely corrected by thyroid hormone treatment. We therefore suggest that thyroid hormone treatment improves myelin sheath morphology in marmoset EAE, by correcting the dysfunction of thyroid hormone cellular effectors. (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5120167 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 17:38:47 +0100 5120167 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5120166&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02190.x Motilin, an important endocrine regulator of gastrointestinal motility, was once considered to be produced in the gastrointestinal tract and brain. In recent years, however, motilin has been found in the human thyroid, as well as in that of the guinea pig. The physiological function and central modulation of thyroidal motilin remain poorly understood. To determine the functional role of thyroidal motilin, we observed the concentration of motilin in the plasma and also gastric motility before and after thyroidectomy. Our studies show that both the concentration of plasma motilin and gastric motility were decreased after thyroidectomy. To explore modulation‐related nuclei, a c‐Fos immune response experiment was carried out. The PVN of the hypothalamus was the main area of reactivity afte... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5120166 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 17:38:46 +0100 5120166 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5110206&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02201.x (Source: Journal of Neuroendocrinology) Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5110206 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5110206 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5110205&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02202.x AbstractExternal and internal stimuli that threaten homeostasis trigger coordinated stress responses through activation of specialised neuroendocrine circuits. In mammals, the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis mediates responses to stressors such as restraint, ultimately enhancing adrenocortical hormone secretion. Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been implicated in central control of the HPA axis, and we have recently shown PACAP‐dependent expression of corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and secretion of corticosterone in response to restraint. We now provide a more detailed analysis of PACAP‐dependent HPA axis stimulation in the mouse, indicating that the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is the primary site of action. We demon... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5110205 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5110205 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5110204&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02203.x AbstractProfound behavioural changes occur in the mother at parturition together with extensive remodelling of neural circuits. These changes include neurochemical, morphological and functional plasticity. The continuous generation of new neurons in the hippocampus and the olfactory system is an additional form of neuroplasticity that contributes to motherhood. This review describes reciprocal relationships between hippocampal and olfactory neurogenesis and parental behaviour. Studies demonstrate in rodents that parturition and interactions with the young affect both cell proliferation and survival in a different manner across neurogenic zones. Species in which an individual recognition of the offspring is formed, like sheep, show a down‐regulation of neurogenesis during the perinatal pe... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5110204 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5110204 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5110203&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02204.x AbstractStress can cause pregnancy failure but it is unclear how the mother’s neuroendocrine system responds to stress to impair mechanisms establishing implantation. We analysed stress‐evoked hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis responses in early pregnant mice. HPA axis secretory responses to immune stress in early‐mid pregnancy were strong and similar to that in virgins, but activation of hypothalamic vasopressin neurones, rather than CRH neurones, may be more important in the stress response in pregnancy. The site and mode of detrimental glucocorticoid action in pregnancy is not established. Since circulating prolactin is important for progesterone secretion and pregnancy establishment, we also hypothesised that stress negatively impacts on prolactin and its neuroendocrin... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5110203 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5110203 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5098384&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02197.x AbstractThe classical progesterone receptors (PRs) are expressed in some hypothalamic dopaminergic and brainstem noradrenergic neurons. Progesterone influences prolactin and luteinising hormone release from the anterior pituitary gland, in part by regulating the activity of these catecholaminergic neurons. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of PRs on tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter activity. When CAD, SK‐N‐SH and CV‐1 cells were transfected with TH promoter constructs and PR‐A or PR‐B expression vectors, progesterone treatment caused 3‐ to 6‐fold increases in TH‐9.0kb promoter activity in PR‐B expressing cells, but a modest increase or no change in PR‐A expressing cells. Using CAD cells, deletional analysis mapped the site of PR action to the ‐1403 ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5098384 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5098384 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5098383&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02198.x In this study, we examined the localization and identification of SOX2‐positive and PROP1/SOX2‐positive cells in the neonatal and postnatal rat pituitaries by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative analysis of immunoreactive cells demonstrated that SOX2‐positive pituitary stem/progenitor cells are predominantly localized in the marginal cell layer but are also scattered in the parenchyma of the adult anterior lobe. In the marginal cell layer, the number of PROP1/SOX2‐positive cells significantly decreased after postnatal day 15, indicating that a significant quantitative transition is triggered in the marginal cell layer during the first postnatal growth wave of the anterior pituitary. In contrast, other phenotypes of SOX2‐positive stem/progenitor cells which express S100β appeared ... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5098383 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5098383 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5098382&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02199.x AbstractThe present study was conducted to determine the morphological and functional interaction between kisspeptin and GnRH neuronal elements at the median eminence in female rats to clarify a possibility that kisspeptin directly stimulates GnRH release at the nerve end. A dual immunoelectron microscopic study of kisspeptin and GnRH showed that the kisspeptin‐immunoreactive nerve element directly abutted the GnRH‐immunoreactive nerve element, but no obvious synaptic structure was found between kisspeptin and GnRH neurones in the median eminence. The current retrograde tracing study with FluoroGold (FG) indicates that kisspeptin neurones are not in contact with fenestrated capillaries because no FG signal was found in kisspeptin neurones when the FG was injected peripherally. This per... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5098382 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5098382 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5110202&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02205.x AbstractThe onset of maternal responsiveness and the development of mother‐young attachment in sheep are under the combined influence of hormonal and sensory stimulations. In the mother, the prepartum rise in estrogen and vaginocervical stimulation caused by expulsion of the fetus act on the main olfactory system and on hypothalamic regions. This induces maternal care through central release of oxytocin, modulated by opiates and corticotrophin‐releasing. In parallel, activation of the main olfactory network enables the learning of individual lamb odor and maternal attachment. In the neonate the first suckling episodes and the concomitant activation of the cholecystokinin, opioids and oxytocin systems facilitate the development of a preference for the mother. Gastro‐intestinal signals... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5110202 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5110202 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5098381&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02200.x AbstractThe present review focuses on recent studies from our laboratory examining the neural circuitry subserving rat maternal motivation across postpartum. We employed a site‐specific neural inactivation method by infusion of bupivacaine to map the maternal motivation circuitry using two complementary behavioral approaches: unconditioned maternal responsiveness and choice of pup‐ over cocaine‐conditioned incentives in a concurrent pup/cocaine choice conditioned place preference task. Our findings revealed that during the early postpartum period, distinct brain structures, including the medial preoptic area, ventral tegmental area and medial prefrontal cortex infralimbic and anterior cingulate subregions, contribute a pup‐specific bias to the motivational circuitry. As the postpar... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5098381 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5098381 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5070452&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02196.x ABSTRACTRecent findings demonstrate that epigenetic modifications are required for sexual differentiation of the brain. For example, neonatal administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, valproic acid, blocks masculinisation of cell number in the principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Here we examined effects of valproic acid on neurochemistry and behaviour, focusing on traits that are sexually dimorphic and linked to the BNST. Newborn mice were treated with saline or valproic acid and the effect on vasopressin immunoreactivity and olfactory preference behavior examined in adulthood. As expected, males had more vasopressin immunoreactive fibers than females in the lateral septum and medial dorsal thalamus, two projection sites of BNST vasopressin neuro... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5070452 Thu, 28 Jul 2011 03:44:50 +0100 5070452 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5070453&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02195.x AbstractMelatonin is secreted at night by the pineal gland and governs the reproductive system in seasonal breeders, such as sheep. The mechanism by which melatonin regulates reproduction is not known. The circannual rhythmicity of other factors including prolactin, is also regulated by photoperiod through changes in melatonin secretion. In sheep, plasma prolactin levels are higher in the non‐breeding season than the breeding season. Kisspeptin, synthesised by neurons in the ovine arcuate nucleus (ARC) and preoptic area, is a key regulator of reproduction through stimulation of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion and its expression in the ARC is reduced during the non‐breeding season. We hypothesised that kisspeptin expression is directly, or indirectly, regulated by melato... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5070453 Tue, 26 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5070453 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5064050&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02194.x AbstractIn the rat, the change from virgin/nulliparous (NULL) female to maternal animal takes place at many levels. A subtle developmental wave washes over the female nervous system and transforms her from largely self‐centered to offspring‐directed, from personal care and protection to care of genetically‐related offspring, from indifference to ardor. Such change is preceded by substantial and apparently permanent neural alterations, the depth of which results in the maternal brain, and is the basis of the current review. The neuroplasticity of pregnancy, inherent to the female brain and, we believe, representative of the full expression of the female nervous system’s capacity, is a result of significant hormonal and other neurochemical actions. It results in the striking brain ch... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5064050 Tue, 26 Jul 2011 17:59:03 +0100 5064050 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5064052&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02192.x AbstractMotoneurones located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord conciliate cholinergic innervation of skeletal muscles. These neurones appear to be exceedingly affected in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The dysfunction of motoneurones is typically accompanied by alterations of cholinergic metabolism and signalling documented by a decrease in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) expression. 17‐beta‐oestradiol (E) is generally accepted as neuroprotective factor in the brain under acute toxic and neurodegenerative conditions and also appears to exert a protective role for motoneurones. In the present study, we attempted to analyze the role of E signalling on ChAT expression in the motoneuron‐like cell line NSC‐34 and in vivo. In a first step, w... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5064052 Sun, 24 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5064052 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5064051&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02193.x We report that oestrogen receptors alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ) distinctly contribute to neuroprotection against MPTP toxicity as revealed by examining the membrane DA transporter (DAT), the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and tyrosine hyroxylase (TH) in ER wild type (WT) and knock out (ERKO) C57Bl/6 male mice. Intact ERKOβ mice had lower levels of striatal DAT and VMAT2, while ERKOα mice were the most sensitive to MPTP toxicity when compared to WT and ERKOβ mice and had the highest levels of plasma androgens. In both ERKO mice groups treatment with 17β‐oestradiol did not provide neuroprotection against MPTP in spite of elevated plasma 17β‐oestradiol levels. Next, the recently described membrane G‐protein coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER1) was examined in female maca... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5064051 Sun, 24 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5064051 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5040481&cid=s_33009_15_f&fid=33009&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2826.2011.02191.x AbstractDuring pregnancy, food intake and fat mass are increased to meet the energy demands of the growing conceptus and to prepare for the subsequent demands of lactation. A state of leptin resistance develops during pregnancy in the rat, which can facilitate the increase in food intake despite pregnancy‐induced increases in leptin concentrations. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a satiety factor that is released from the gut during feeding and acts to terminate short‐term food intake. Circulating leptin concentrations can modulate the anorexic response to CCK; low leptin concentrations decrease the potency of CCK to reduce food intake. As rats are leptin resistant by day 14 of pregnancy, it was hypothesized that the feeding response to CCK would be attenuated at that time. Nonpregnant and da... Journal of Neuroendocrinology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5040481 Wed, 20 Jul 2011 17:21:35 +0100 5040481