MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Journal of Personality and Social Psychology' source. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 02:32:09 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5614021&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22250663%26dopt%3DAbstract Discussion section, the authors state "So far, only two studies have directly examined the predictive validity of Stability and Plasticity, finding that Stability and Plasticity predicted externalizing behavior (DeYoung, Peterson, Se´guin, & Tremblay, 2008) and the constraint and engagement of behaviors (Hirsh et al., 2009). However, these models did not test whether Stability and Plasticity predict above and beyond the Big Five traits (and beyond Emotional Stability and Extraversion especially)." However, in listing behaviors significantly predicted by Stability and Plasticity, Hirsh, DeYoung and Peterson (2009) omitted any behaviors from this list for which the path from Stability/Plasticity became insignificant after individually controlling for each Big Five trait. Thus, analyses ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5614021 Sat, 21 Jan 2012 09:12:11 +0100 5614021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5614022&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22250662%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shallcross SL, Simpson JA Abstract In this behavioral observation study, the authors tested predictions derived from various trust models concerning how individuals who are high vs. low in chronic trust perceive and behave during strain-test discussions with their romantic partners. Partners in 92 married/cohabitating couples identified and discussed 2 major strain-test issues in their relationship. Each partner (when in the role of asker) identified something she or he really wanted to do or accomplish that required the greatest sacrifice by his or her partner (in the responding role). Each videotaped discussion was then rated by trained coders. The results revealed that (a) high trust responders were more accommodating during the strain-test discussions than low trust re... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5614022 Mon, 16 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5614022 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5590568&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22229456%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Blader SL, Chen YR Abstract Few empirical efforts have been devoted to differentiating status and power, and thus significant questions remain about differences in how status and power impact social encounters. We conducted 5 studies to address this gap. In particular, these studies tested the prediction that status and power would have opposing effects on justice enacted toward others. In the first 3 studies, we directly compared the effects of status and power on people's enactment of distributive (Study 1) and procedural (Studies 2 and 3) justice. In the last 2 studies, we orthogonally manipulated status and power and examined their main and interactive effects on people's enactment of distributive (Study 4) and procedural (Study 5) justice. As predicted, all 5 studies ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5590568 Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5590568 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5590567&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22229457%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sullivan D, Landau MJ, Branscombe NR, Rothschild ZK Abstract Accusations of unjust harm doing by the ingroup threaten the group's moral identity. One strategy for restoring ingroup moral identity after such a threat is competitive victimhood: claiming the ingroup has suffered compared with the harmed outgroup. Men accused of harming women were more likely to claim that men are discriminated against compared with women (Study 1), and women showed the same effect when accused of discriminating against men (Study 3). Undergraduates engaged in competitive victimhood with university staff after their group was accused of harming staff (Study 2). Study 4 showed that the effect of accusations on competitive victimhood among high-status group members is mediated by perceived stigm... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5590567 Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5590567 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5590532&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22229458%26dopt%3DAbstract We present a model of prosocial gossip and the results of 4 studies testing the model's claims. Results of Studies 1 through 3 demonstrate that (a) individuals who observe an antisocial act experience negative affect and are compelled to share information about the antisocial actor with a potentially vulnerable person, (b) sharing such information reduces negative affect created by observing the antisocial behavior, and (c) individuals possessing more prosocial orientations are the most motivated to engage in such gossip, even at a personal cost, and exhibit the greatest reduction in negative affect as a result. Study 4 demonstrates that prosocial gossip can effectively deter selfishness and promote cooperation. Taken together these results highlight the roles of prosocial motivations and ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5590532 Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5590532 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5590519&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22229459%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Perkins AM, Inchley-Mort SL, Pickering AD, Corr PJ, Burgess AP Abstract Anxiety and fear are often confounded in discussions of human emotions. However, studies of rodent defensive reactions under naturalistic conditions suggest anxiety is functionally distinct from fear. Unambiguous threats, such as predators, elicit flight from rodents (if an escape-route is available), whereas ambiguous threats (e.g., the odor of a predator) elicit risk assessment behavior, which is associated with anxiety as it is preferentially modulated by anti-anxiety drugs. However, without human evidence, it would be premature to assume that rodent-based psychological models are valid for humans. We tested the human validity of the risk assessment explanation for anxiety by presenting 8 volunteers... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5590519 Mon, 09 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5590519 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542817&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22180998%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wacker J, Mueller EM, Hennig J, Stemmler G Abstract The evidence for associations between genetic polymorphisms and complex behavioral/psychological phenotypes (traits) has thus far been weak and inconsistent. Using the well-studied Val158Met polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene as an example, we demonstrate that using theoretical models to guide phenotype definition and measuring the phenotypes of interest with a high degree of specificity reveals strong gene-behavior associations that are consistent with prior work and that would have otherwise gone unnoticed. Only after statistically controlling for irrelevant portions of phenotype variance did we observe strong (Cohen's d = 0.33-0.70) and significant associations between COMT Val158Met and both ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542817 Mon, 19 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5542817 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542816&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22180999%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: London B, Downey G, Romero-Canyas R, Rattan A, Tyson D Abstract Building on prior work on rejection sensitivity, we propose a social-cognitive model of gender-based rejection sensitivity (Gender RS) to account for individual differences in how women perceive and cope with gender-based evaluative threats in competitive, historically male institutions. Study 1 develops a measure of Gender RS, defined as anxious expectations of gender-based rejection. Studies 2-5 support the central predictions of the model: Gender RS is associated with increased perceptions of gender-based threats and increased coping by self-silencing-responses that reinforce feelings of alienation and diminished motivation. Study 2 shows that Gender RS is distinct from overall sensitivity to rejection or p... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542816 Mon, 19 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5542816 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542815&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22181000%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gino F, Desai SD Abstract Although research has established that autobiographical memory affects one's self-concept, little is known about how it affects moral behavior. We focus on a specific type of autobiographical memory: childhood memories. Drawing on research on memory and moral psychology, we propose that childhood memories elicit moral purity, which we define as a psychological state of feeling morally clean and innocent. In turn, heightened moral purity leads to greater prosocial behavior. In Experiment 1, participants instructed to recall childhood memories were more likely to help the experimenter with a supplementary task than were participants in a control condition, and this effect was mediated by moral purity. In Experiment 2, the same manipulation increased... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542815 Mon, 19 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5542815 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5502580&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22149456%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hofmann W, Baumeister RF, Förster G, Vohs KD Abstract How often and how strongly do people experience desires, to what extent do their desires conflict with other goals, and how often and successfully do people exercise self-control to resist their desires? To investigate desire and attempts to control desire in everyday life, we conducted a large-scale experience sampling study based on a conceptual framework integrating desire strength, conflict, resistance (use of self-control), and behavior enactment. A sample of 205 adults wore beepers for a week. They furnished 7,827 reports of desire episodes and completed personality measures of behavioral inhibition system/behavior activation system (BIS/BAS) sensitivity, trait self-control, perfectionism, and narcissistic entitl... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5502580 Mon, 12 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5502580 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5502579&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22149457%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Savani K, Morris MW, Naidu NV Abstract We examine the claim that Indians are more likely than Americans to act deferentially in the presence of authority figures and explore 2 possible psychological mechanisms for this cultural difference: introjected goals and injunctive norms. Studies 1 and 2 showed that after reflecting upon an authority's expectations, Indians were more likely than Americans to make clothing and course choices consistent with the authority's expectations, but there was no such cultural difference for peers' expectations. Study 3 showed that merely activating the concept of authority figures, without highlighting specific expectations, was sufficient to influence Indians' choices but not their evaluations. Examining a more basic distinction underlying i... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5502579 Mon, 12 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5502579 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5502582&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22141392%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abstract Reports an error in "On the perpetuation of ignorance: System dependence, system justification, and the motivated avoidance of sociopolitical information" by Steven Shepherd and Aaron C. Kay (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Advanced Online Publication, Nov 7, 2011, np). The images were omitted from Appendix A. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-25736-001.) How do people cope when they feel uninformed or unable to understand important social issues, such as the environment, energy concerns, or the economy? Do they seek out information, or do they simply ignore the threatening issue at hand? One would intuitively expect that a lack of knowledge would motivate an increased, unbiased search for information, thereby f... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5502582 Mon, 05 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5502582 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5502581&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22141393%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Craig MA, Richeson JA Abstract Five studies explored how perceived societal discrimination against one's own racial group influences racial minority group members' attitudes toward other racial minorities. Examining Black-Latino relations, Studies 1a and 1b showed that perceived discrimination toward oneself and one's own racial group may be positively associated with expressed closeness and common fate with another racial minority group, especially if individuals attribute past experiences of discrimination to their racial identity rather than to other social identities (Study 1b). In Studies 2-5, Asian American (Studies 2, 3, and 4) and Latino (Study 5) participants were primed with discrimination against their respective racial groups (or not) and completed measures of ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5502581 Mon, 05 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5502581 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5468098&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22103578%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nash K, McGregor I, Prentice M Abstract Four studies investigated a goal regulation view of anxious uncertainty threat (Gray & McNaughton, 2000) and ideological defense. Participants (N = 444) were randomly assigned to have achievement or relationship goals implicitly primed. The implicit goal primes were followed by randomly assigned achievement or relationship threats that have reliably caused generalized, reactive approach motivation and ideological defense in past research. The threats caused anxious uncertainty (Study 1), reactive approach motivation (Studies 2 and 3), and reactive ideological conviction (Study 4) only when threat-relevant goals had first been primed, but not when threat-irrelevant goals had first been primed. Reactive ideological conviction (Stud... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5468098 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5468098 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5468097&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22103579%26dopt%3DAbstract Discussion considered implications of these findings to task environments that may instill the tendencies toward locomotion or assessment and to task requirements where timeliness and punctuality are (or are not) prioritized. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 22103579 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5468097 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5468097 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5468096&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22121888%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gino F, Ariely D Abstract Creativity is a common aspiration for individuals, organizations, and societies. Here, however, we test whether creativity increases dishonesty. We propose that a creative personality and a creative mindset promote individuals' ability to justify their behavior, which, in turn, leads to unethical behavior. In 5 studies, we show that participants with creative personalities tended to cheat more than less creative individuals and that dispositional creativity is a better predictor of unethical behavior than intelligence (Experiment 1). In addition, we find that participants who were primed to think creatively were more likely to behave dishonestly than those in a control condition (Experiment 2) and that greater ability to justify their dishonest be... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5468096 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5468096 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5468095&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22121889%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Judge TA, Livingston BA, Hurst C Abstract Sex and agreeableness were hypothesized to affect income, such that women and agreeable individuals were hypothesized to earn less than men and less agreeable individuals. Because agreeable men disconfirm (and disagreeable men confirm) conventional gender roles, agreeableness was expected to be more negatively related to income for men (i.e., the pay gap between agreeable men and agreeable women would be smaller than the gap between disagreeable men and disagreeable women). The hypotheses were supported across 4 studies. Study 1 confirmed the effects of sex and agreeableness on income and that the agreeableness-income relationship was significantly more negative for men than for women. Study 2 replicated these results, controlling ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5468095 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5468095 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5468094&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22121890%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gino F, Brooks AW, Schweitzer ME Abstract Across 8 experiments, the influence of anxiety on advice seeking and advice taking is described. Anxious individuals are found to be more likely to seek and rely on advice than are those in a neutral emotional state (Experiment 1), but this pattern of results does not generalize to other negatively valenced emotions (Experiment 2). The relationships between anxiety and advice seeking and anxiety and advice taking are mediated by self-confidence; anxiety lowers self-confidence, which increases advice seeking and reliance upon advice (Experiment 3). Although anxiety also impairs information processing, impaired information processing does not mediate the relationship between anxiety and advice taking (Experiment 4). Finally, anxious ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5468094 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5468094 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5468099&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22103577%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schoebi D, Karney BR, Bradbury TN Abstract Although commitment is theoretically distinct from relationship satisfaction, empirical associations between the concepts are high. After drawing from classic definitions of commitment to distinguish between commitment as the desire for a relationship to persist versus the behavioral inclination to maintain the relationship, we predicted that the former component would function much like satisfaction, whereas the latter component would operate independently of satisfaction to stabilize couple relationships. Using satisfaction and commitment data collected over the first 4 years of marriage (N = 172 couples), we demonstrate that only behavioral inclinations to maintain the marriage are related to observed marital interaction behavi... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5468099 Mon, 21 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5468099 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5430902&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22082057%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pryor JB, Reeder GD, Monroe AE Abstract Stigma by association represents the process through which the companions of stigmatized persons are discredited. Conduits for stigma by association range from the strong and enduring bonds of kinship to the arbitrary occasions of being seen in the company of someone who is stigmatized. A theoretical model is proposed in which both deliberative and spontaneous processes result in the spread of stigma to the companions of stigmatized persons. Support for this model was found across 3 studies that examined how explicit and implicit stigma-relevant attitudes moderate stigma-by-association effects. When social relationships were meaningful (e.g., kinship), both explicit and implicit attitudes moderated the devaluation of stigmatized pers... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5430902 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5430902 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5430901&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22082058%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cook JE, Purdie-Vaughns V, Garcia J, Cohen GL Abstract Two longitudinal field experiments in a middle school examined how a brief "values affirmation" affects students' psychological experience and the relationship between psychological experience and environmental threat over 2 years. Together these studies suggest that values affirmations insulate individuals' sense of belonging from environmental threat during a key developmental transition. Study 1 provided an analysis of new data from a previously reported study. African American students in the control condition felt a decreasing sense of belonging during middle school, with low-performing students dropping more in 7th grade and high-performing students dropping more in 8th grade. The affirmation reduced this decline... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5430901 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5430901 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5430900&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22082059%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zhou X, He L, Yang Q, Lao J, Baumeister RF Abstract Westerners habitually think in analytical ways, whereas East Asians tend to favor holistic styles of thinking. We replicated this difference but showed that it disappeared after control deprivation (Experiment 1). Brief experiences of control deprivation, which stimulate increased desire for control, caused Chinese participants to shift toward Western-style analytical thinking in multiple ways (Experiments 2-5). Western Caucasian participants also increased their use of analytical thinking after control deprivation (Experiment 6). Manipulations that required Chinese participants to think in Western, analytical ways caused their sense of personal control to increase (Experiments 7-9). Prolonged experiences of control depri... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5430900 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5430900 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5430899&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22082060%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Li YJ, Johnson KA, Cohen AB, Williams MJ, Knowles ED, Chen Z Abstract Attribution theory has long enjoyed a prominent role in social psychological research, yet religious influences on attribution have not been well studied. We theorized and tested the hypothesis that Protestants would endorse internal attributions to a greater extent than would Catholics, because Protestantism focuses on the inward condition of the soul. In Study 1, Protestants made more internal, but not external, attributions than did Catholics. This effect survived controlling for Protestant work ethic, need for structure, and intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity. Study 2 showed that the Protestant-Catholic difference in internal attributions was significantly mediated by Protestants' greater belief in ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5430899 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5430899 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5430898&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22082061%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Peters JH, Hock M, Krohne HW Abstract Dispositional styles of coping with threat influence memory for threatening information. In particular, sensitizers excel over repressors in their memory for threatening information after long retention intervals, but not after short ones. We therefore suggested that sensitizers, but not repressors, employ active maintenance processes during the retention interval to selectively retain threatening material. Sensitive maintenance was studied in 2 experiments in which participants were briefly exposed to threatening and nonthreatening pictures (Experiment 1, N = 128) or words (Experiment 2, N = 145). Following, we administered unannounced recognition tests before and after an intervening task that generated either high or low cognitive l... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5430898 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5430898 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5430897&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22082062%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McFarland C, Buehler R Abstract This research program explored how the positivity of people's memories of their past personal attributes is influenced by their desire to cope with negative mood states. The studies tested the hypothesis that beliefs and motives regarding the stability of personality will determine whether people idealize or derogate their earlier attributes in an attempt to repair distressing feelings. When knowledge structures or motives implying personal change are activated, people should derogate their past selves in response to negative moods; in contrast, when these factors imply personal stability, people should idealize their past selves in response to negative moods. Studies 1-3, which assessed the impact of mood negativity (neutral vs. negative) a... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5430897 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5430897 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5386788&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22059840%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hawk ST, Fischer AH, Van Kleef GA Abstract Extensive prior research has shown that the perception of an emotional facial expression automatically elicits a corresponding facial expression in the observer. Theories of embodied emotion, however, suggest that such reactions might also occur across expressive channels, because simulation is based on integrated motoric and affective representations of that emotion. In the present studies, we examined this idea by focusing on facial and experiential reactions to nonverbal emotion vocalizations. In Studies 1 and 2, we showed that both hearing and reproducing vocalizations of anger, disgust, happiness, and sadness resulted in specific facial behaviors, as well as congruent self-reported emotions (Study 2). In Studies 3 and 4, we s... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5386788 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5386788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5386787&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22059841%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gervais WM, Shariff AF, Norenzayan A Abstract Recent polls indicate that atheists are among the least liked people in areas with religious majorities (i.e., in most of the world). The sociofunctional approach to prejudice, combined with a cultural evolutionary theory of religion's effects on cooperation, suggest that anti-atheist prejudice is particularly motivated by distrust. Consistent with this theoretical framework, a broad sample of American adults revealed that distrust characterized anti-atheist prejudice but not anti-gay prejudice (Study 1). In subsequent studies, distrust of atheists generalized even to participants from more liberal, secular populations. A description of a criminally untrustworthy individual was seen as comparably representative of atheists and ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5386787 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5386787 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5386786&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22059842%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Deeb I, Segall G, Birnbaum D, Ben-Eliyahu A, Diesendruck G Abstract Adults and children seem to essentialize certain social categories. Three studies investigated whether, and how, exposure to ethnic diversity affects this bias. Participants were 516 kindergarten, 2nd grade, and 6th grade Israeli Jewish and Arab children attending regular (mono-cultural) or integrated schools. Study 1 revealed that exposure increased the salience of ethnicity, especially for Jewish children. Study 2 showed no differences among groups at kindergarten regarding the relevance of recalling a story character's ethnicity, but by 2nd grade, Jewish children attending integrated schools were the most likely to mention such information. Finally, Study 3 revealed that while all kindergarteners starte... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5386786 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5386786 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5386785&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22059843%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Luhmann M, Hofmann W, Eid M, Lucas RE Abstract Previous research has shown that major life events can have short- and long-term effects on subjective well-being (SWB). The present meta-analysis examines (a) whether life events have different effects on affective and cognitive well-being and (b) how the rate of adaptation varies across different life events. Longitudinal data from 188 publications (313 samples, N = 65,911) were integrated to describe the reaction and adaptation to 4 family events (marriage, divorce, bereavement, childbirth) and 4 work events (unemployment, reemployment, retirement, relocation/migration). The findings show that life events have very different effects on affective and cognitive well-being and that for most events the effects of life events on... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5386785 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5386785 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5386784&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22059844%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Libby LK, Valenti G, Pfent A, Eibach RP Abstract The present research reveals that when it comes to recalling and imagining failure in one's life, changing how one looks at the event can change its impact on well-being; however, the nature of the effect depends on an aspect of one's self-concept, namely, self-esteem. Five studies measured or manipulated the visual perspective (internal first-person vs. external third-person) individuals used to mentally image recalled or imagined personal failures. It has been proposed that imagery perspective determines whether people's reactions to an event are shaped bottom-up by concrete features of the event (first-person) or top-down by their self-concept (third-person; L. K. Libby & R. P. Eibach, 2011b). Evidence suggests that d... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5386784 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5386784 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5386783&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22059845%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McCrea SM, Wieber F, Myers AL Abstract Construal level theory suggests that events and objects can be represented at either a higher, more abstract level involving consideration of superordinate goals, desirability, global processing, and broad categorizations or a lower, more concrete level involving consideration of subordinate goals, feasibility, local processing, and narrow categorizations. Analogously, social targets (including the self) can be represented more broadly, as members of a group, or more narrowly, as individuals. Because abstract construals induce a similarity focus, they were predicted to increase the perceived fit between social targets and a salient social category. Accordingly, placing individuals into a more abstract construal mind-set via an unrelat... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5386783 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5386783 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5386782&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22059846%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shepherd S, Kay AC Abstract How do people cope when they feel uniformed or unable to understand important social issues, such as the environment, energy concerns, or the economy? Do they seek out information, or do they simply ignore the threatening issue at hand? One would intuitively expect that a lack of knowledge would motivate an increased, unbiased search for information, thereby facilitating participation and engagement in these issues-especially when they are consequential, pressing, and self-relevant. However, there appears to be a discrepancy between the importance/self-relevance of social issues and people's willingness to engage with and learn about them. Leveraging the literature on system justification theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994), the authors hypothesize... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5386782 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5386782 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5386781&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22059847%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kawakami K, Phills CE, Greenwald AG, Simard D, Pontiero J, Brnjas A, Khan B, Mills J, Dovidio JF Abstract The self-concept is one of the main organizing constructs in the behavioral sciences because it influences how people interpret their environment, the choices they make, whether and how they initiate action, and the pursuit of specific goals. Because belonging to social groups and feeling interconnected is critical to human survival, the authors propose that people spontaneously change their working self-concept so that they are more similar to salient social categories. Specifically, 4 studies investigated whether activating a variety of social categories (i.e., jocks, hippies, the overweight, Blacks, and Asians) increased associations between the self and the target ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5386781 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5386781 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5386780&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22059848%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gray K, Knobe J, Sheskin M, Bloom P, Barrett LF Abstract According to models of objectification, viewing someone as a body induces de-mentalization, stripping away their psychological traits. Here evidence is presented for an alternative account, where a body focus does not diminish the attribution of all mental capacities but, instead, leads perceivers to infer a different kind of mind. Drawing on the distinction in mind perception between agency and experience, it is found that focusing on someone's body reduces perceptions of agency (self-control and action) but increases perceptions of experience (emotion and sensation). These effects were found when comparing targets represented by both revealing versus nonrevealing pictures (Experiments 1, 3, and 4) or by simply dire... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5386780 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5386780 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5386779&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22059849%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Johnson CS, Smeesters D, Wheeler SC Abstract Four studies test the proposition that when people look back to past selves as a means of gauging current status, the visual perspective they assume determines the kind of information that they consider in making their judgments of change. In this way, visual perspective, coupled with the kind of change for which people are looking, determines how much change is perceived. The studies demonstrate that in the first-person perspective, experiential information is weighted more heavily than content information, whereas in the third-person perspective, the converse is true. In addition, the effects of perceived change on behavior are revealed, such that greater perceived positive change is associated with behaviors that are congruen... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5386779 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5386779 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5365097&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22023710%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cox CR, Arndt J Abstract Drawing from terror management theory, the present research examined whether people turn to close relationships to manage the awareness of mortality because they serve as a source of perceived regard. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that mortality salience (MS) leads people to exaggerate how positively their romantic partners see them and demonstrated that people are more committed to their partners to the extent that their romantic partners serve as a source of perceived regard after MS (Study 3). Study 4 revealed that activating thoughts of perceived regard from a partner in response to MS reduced death-thought accessibility. Studies 5 and 6 demonstrated that MS led high relationship contingent self-esteem individuals to exaggerate perceived regard ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5365097 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5365097 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5365096&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22023711%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Walton GM, Cohen GL, Cwir D, Spencer SJ Abstract Four experiments examined the effect on achievement motivation of mere belonging, a minimal social connection to another person or group in a performance domain. Mere belonging was expected to increase motivation by creating socially shared goals around a performance task. Participants were led to believe that an endeavor provided opportunities for positive social interactions (Experiment 1), that they shared a birthday with a student majoring in an academic field (Experiment 2), that they belonged to a minimal group arbitrarily identified with a performance domain (Experiment 3), or that they had task-irrelevant preferences similar to a peer who pursued a series of goals (Experiment 4). Relative to control conditions that h... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5365096 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5365096 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5365095&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22023712%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Laurin K, Kay AC, Fitzsimons GM Abstract Despite the cultural ubiquity of ideas and images related to God, relatively little is known about the effects of exposure to God representations on behavior. Specific depictions of God differ across religions, but common to most is that God is (a) an omnipotent, controlling force and (b) an omniscient, all-knowing being. Given these 2 characteristic features, how might exposure to the concept of God influence behavior? Leveraging classic and recent theorizing on self-regulation and social cognition, we predict and test for 2 divergent effects of exposure to notions of God on self-regulatory processes. Specifically, we show that participants reminded of God (vs. neutral or positive concepts) demonstrate both decreased active goal pu... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5365095 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5365095 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5365098&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22003837%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Li YJ, Kenrick DT, Griskevicius V, Neuberg SL Abstract Much research shows that people are loss averse, meaning that they weigh losses more heavily than gains. Drawing on an evolutionary perspective, we propose that although loss aversion might have been adaptive for solving challenges in the domain of self-protection, this may not be true for men in the domain of mating. Three experiments examine how loss aversion is influenced by mating and self-protection motives. Findings reveal that mating motives selectively erased loss aversion in men. In contrast, self-protective motives led both men and women to become more loss averse. Overall, loss aversion appears to be sensitive to evolutionarily important motives, suggesting that it may be a domain-specific bias operating acc... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5365098 Mon, 17 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5365098 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5365100&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21988276%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mead NL, Maner JK Abstract Throughout history, humans have had to detect and deflect myriad threats from their social and physical environment in order to survive and flourish. When people detect a threat, the most common response is avoidance. In the present research, the authors provide evidence that ingroup power threats elicit a very different response. Three experiments supported the hypothesis that dominant leaders seek proximity to ingroup members who pose a threat to their power, as a way to control and downregulate the threat that those members pose. In each experiment, leaders high (but not low) in dominance motivation sought proximity to an ingroup member who threatened their power. Consistent with the hypothesis that increased proximity was designed to help lea... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5365100 Mon, 10 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5365100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5365099&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21988277%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, we used an extended twin family design to investigate the influences of genetic and cultural transmission as well as different sources of nonrandom mating on 2 core aspects of political orientation: acceptance of inequality and rejecting system change. In addition, we studied the sources of phenotypic links between Big Five personality traits and political beliefs using self- and other reports. Data of 1,992 individuals (224 monozygotic and 166 dizygotic twin pairs, 92 unmatched twins, 530 spouses of twins, 268 fathers, and 322 mothers) were analyzed. Genetically informative analyses showed that political attitudes are genetically but not environmentally transmitted from parents to offspring and that a substantial proportion of this genetic variance can be accounted for by g... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5365099 Mon, 10 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5365099 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5288932&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21967005%26dopt%3DAbstract Discussion emphasizes the importance of incorporating instigating, impelling, and inhibiting processes into theoretical and empirical analyses of IPV perpetration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 21967005 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5288932 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5288932 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5288931&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21967006%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dewall CN, Lambert NM, Slotter EB, Pond RS, Deckman T, Finkel EJ, Luchies LB, Fincham FD Abstract Temptation pervades modern social life, including the temptation to engage in infidelity. The present investigation examines one factor that may put individuals at a greater risk of being unfaithful to their partner: dispositional avoidant attachment style. The authors hypothesize that avoidantly attached people may be less resistant to temptations for infidelity due to lower levels of commitment in romantic relationships. This hypothesis was confirmed in 8 studies. People with high, vs. low, levels of dispositional avoidant attachment had more permissive attitudes toward infidelity (Study 1), showed attentional bias toward attractive alternative partners (Study 2), expressed ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5288931 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5288931 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5288930&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21967007%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chang L, Connelly BS, Geeza AA Abstract Though most personality researchers now recognize that ratings of the Big Five are not orthogonal, the field has been divided about whether these trait intercorrelations are substantive (i.e., driven by higher order factors) or artifactual (i.e., driven by correlated measurement error). We used a meta-analytic multitrait-multirater study to estimate trait correlations after common method variance was controlled. Our results indicated that common method variance substantially inflates trait correlations, and, once controlled, correlations among the Big Five became relatively modest. We then evaluated whether two different theories of higher order factors could account for the pattern of Big Five trait correlations. Our results did not... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5288930 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5288930 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5288929&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21967008%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bonner BL, Baumann MR Abstract Group success is dependent on both the knowledge of group members and the extent to which the group can access this knowledge. This research focuses on promoting effective knowledge transfer in group members by facilitating their use of extant knowledge when solving novel problems and examines how this affects subsequent discussion, decision making, and performance. Participants (N = 540) answered a series of estimation items individually or in a group. Sessions were recorded to provide insight into the group interactions. Facilitating knowledge transfer promoted (a) a more effective dialogue in which members were able to share more of their knowledge and discuss member expertise, (b) groups giving greater weight to better member preferences ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5288929 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5288929 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5288928&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21967009%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wright AG, Pincus AL, Lenzenweger MF Abstract The current study used the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders data set (Lenzenweger, 1999) to examine the development of personality traits in the context of the remission and onset of personality disorder (PD) symptoms. Despite high levels of stability, past research on the development of basic personality traits has also found a mean trend toward increased maturity and that individuals vary in their trajectories of trait development. Research on PD change has shown a similar pattern. We employed individual growth curve modeling to examine the relationship between personality trait development and PD symptom course. We found that both are indeed related and that remission in PD symptoms is associated with patterns of ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5288928 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5288928 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5236966&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21928916%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bem DJ, Utts J, Johnson WO Abstract Wagenmakers, Wetzels, Borsboom, and van der Maas (2011) argued that psychologists should replace the familiar "frequentist" statistical analyses of their data with Bayesian analyses. To illustrate their argument, they reanalyzed a set of psi experiments published recently in this journal by Bem (2011), maintaining that, contrary to his conclusion, his data do not yield evidence in favor of the psi hypothesis. We argue that they have incorrectly selected an unrealistic prior distribution for their analysis and that a Bayesian analysis using a more reasonable distribution yields strong evidence in favor of the psi hypothesis. More generally, we argue that there are advantages to Bayesian analyses that merit their increased use in the futur... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5236966 Wed, 21 Sep 2011 18:20:12 +0100 5236966 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5236968&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21928914%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Halevy N, Chou EY, Cohen TR, Livingston RW Abstract Bridging the literatures on social dilemmas, intergroup conflict, and social hierarchy, the authors systematically varied the intergroup context in which social dilemmas were embedded to investigate how costly contributions to public goods influence status conferral. They predicted that contribution behavior would have opposite effects on 2 forms of status-prestige and dominance-depending on its consequences for the self, in-group and out-group members. When the only way to benefit in-group members was by harming out-group members (Study 1), contributions increased prestige and decreased dominance, compared with free-riding. Adding the option of benefitting in-group members without harming out-group members (Study 2) decr... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5236968 Mon, 19 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5236968 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5236967&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21928915%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Feinberg M, Willer R, Keltner D Abstract Although individuals experience embarrassment as an unpleasant, negative emotion, the authors argue that expressions of embarrassment serve vital social functions, signaling the embarrassed individual's prosociality and fostering trust. Extending past research on embarrassment as a nonverbal apology and appeasement gesture, the authors demonstrate that observers recognize the expression of embarrassment as a signal of prosociality and commitment to social relationships. In turn, observers respond with affiliative behaviors toward the signaler, including greater trust and desire to affiliate with the embarrassed individual. Five studies tested these hypotheses and ruled out alternative explanations. Study 1 demonstrated that individu... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5236967 Mon, 19 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5236967 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5223919&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21910551%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Halevy N, Chou EY, Murnighan JK Abstract Perception and misperception play a pivotal role in conflict and negotiation. We introduce a framework that explains how people think about their outcome interdependence in conflict and negotiation and how their views shape their behavior. Seven studies show that people's mental representations of conflict are predictably constrained to a small set of possibilities with important behavioral and social consequences. Studies 1 and 2 found that, when prompted to represent a conflict in matrix form, more than 70% of the people created 1 of 4 archetypal mixed-motive games (out of 576 possibilities): Maximizing Difference, Assurance, Chicken, and Prisoner's Dilemma. Study 3 demonstrated that these mental representations relate in predicta... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5223919 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5223919 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5223918&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21910552%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Church AT, Alvarez JM, Mai NT, French BF, Katigbak MS, Ortiz FA Abstract Measurement invariance is a prerequisite for confident cross-cultural comparisons of personality profiles. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was used to detect differential item functioning (DIF) in factor loadings and intercepts for the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (P. T. Costa, Jr., & R. R. McCrae, 1992) in comparisons of college students in the United States (N = 261), Philippines (N = 268), and Mexico (N = 775). About 40%-50% of the items exhibited some form of DIF and item-level noninvariance often carried forward to the facet level at which scores are compared. After excluding DIF items, some facet scales were too short or unreliable for cross-cultural comparisons, and for some ot... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5223918 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5223918 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5223917&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21910553%26dopt%3DAbstract This study also showed that when social relationships are difficult to learn, people's preference for hierarchy increases. Taken together, these results suggest one reason people might like hierarchies-hierarchies are easy to process. This fluency for social hierarchies might contribute to the construction and maintenance of hierarchies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 21910553 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5223917 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5223917 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5223916&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21910554%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Adler JM Abstract Narrative identity is the internalized, evolving story of the self that each person crafts to provide his or her life with a sense of purpose and unity. A proliferation of empirical research studies focused on narrative identity have explored its relationship with psychological well-being. The present study is the first prospective, multiwave longitudinal investigation to examine short-term personality change via an emphasis on narrative identity as it relates to mental health. Forty-seven adults wrote rich personal narratives prior to beginning psychotherapy and after every session over 12 assessment points while concurrently completing a measure of mental health. Narratives were coded for the themes of agency and coherence, which capture the dual aims o... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5223916 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5223916 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5208737&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21895381%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Côté S, Moskowitz DS, Zuroff DC Abstract Personality constructs are typically conceptualized as central tendencies of the individual. We explore whether dynamic personality constructs that quantify the within-individual variability of behavior across situations and over time predict the closeness of social relationships. We focused on interpersonal spin, defined as the degree of dispersion in a person's interpersonal behaviors around the interpersonal circumplex across situations and over time. We predicted that individuals with high spin would have social relationships that are less close than individuals with low spin. In 3 studies with different measures of relationship closeness, we found that (a) higher spinners reported that a larger proportion of their contacts in... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5208737 Mon, 05 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5208737 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5208736&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21895382%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Radel R, Pelletier LG, Sarrazin P, Milyavskaya M Abstract Autonomy is described by self-determination theory as a basic psychological need, essential for individuals' well-being. While basic needs are generally thought to induce a restorative response when thwarted, evidence for such a process is lacking for autonomy. To date, most evidence indicates that autonomy deprivation leads to disaffection of this need in favor of other motives. A temporal model based on the general adaptation syndrome was adapted to reconcile this seeming contradiction. Specifically, it is hypothesized that an early alarm response aimed at restoring the satisfaction of the need for autonomy should precede the later relinquishment and compensation of this need that would result from a prolonged dep... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5208736 Mon, 05 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5208736 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5169771&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21859227%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Norton MI, Frost JH, Ariely D Abstract Reis, Maniaci, Caprariello, Eastwick, and Finkel (see record 2011-04644-001) conducted 2 studies that demonstrate that in certain cases, familiarity can lead to liking-in seeming contrast to the results of our earlier article (see record 2006-23056-008). We believe that Reis et al. (a) utilized paradigms far removed from spontaneous, everyday social interactions that were particularly likely to demonstrate a positive link between familiarity and liking and (b) failed to include and incorporate other sources of data-both academic and real-world-showing that familiarity breeds contempt. We call for further research exploring when and why familiarity is likely to lead to contempt or liking, and we suggest several factors that are likely ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5169771 Sun, 28 Aug 2011 08:24:10 +0100 5169771 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5169770&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21859228%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reis HT, Maniaci MR, Caprariello PA, Eastwick PW, Finkel EJ Abstract In this reply, we address and refute each of Norton, Frost, and Ariely's (see record 2011-18560-001) specific objections to the conclusion that, ceteris paribus, familiarity breeds liking in live interaction. In particular, we reiterate the importance of studying live interaction rather than decontextualized processes. These rebuttals notwithstanding, we concur with Norton et al.'s call for an integrative model that encompasses both Norton, Frost, and Ariely's (see record 2006-23056-008) results and ours (see record 2011-04644-001), and we point readers toward a description of a possible model presented in our original article. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 218592... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5169770 Sun, 28 Aug 2011 08:24:06 +0100 5169770 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5169774&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21859224%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Diekman AB, Clark EK, Johnston AM, Brown ER, Steinberg M Abstract The goal congruity perspective posits that 2 distinct social cognitions predict attraction to science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) fields. First, individuals may particularly value communal goals (e.g., working with or helping others), due to either chronic individual differences or the salience of these goals in particular contexts. Second, individuals hold beliefs about the activities that facilitate or impede these goals, or goal affordance stereotypes. Women's tendency to endorse communal goals more highly than do men, along with consensual stereotypes that STEM careers impede communal goals, intersect to produce disinterest in STEM careers. We provide evidence for the foundational pre... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5169774 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5169774 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5169773&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21859225%26dopt%3DAbstract The "CEO" of women's work lives: How big five conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness predict 50 years of work experiences in a changing sociocultural context. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011 Aug 22; Authors: George LG, Helson R, John OP Abstract Few long-term longitudinal studies have examined how dimensions of personality are related to work lives, especially in women. We propose a life-course framework for studying work over time, from preparatory activities (in the 20s) to descending work involvement (after age 60), using 50 years of life data from the women in the Mills Longitudinal Study. We hypothesized differential work effects for Extraversion (work as pursuit of rewards), Openness (work as self-actualization), and Conscientiousness (work as duty) and measured these... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5169773 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5169773 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5169772&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21859226%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Specht J, Egloff B, Schmukle SC Abstract Does personality change across the entire life course, and are those changes due to intrinsic maturation or major life experiences? This longitudinal study investigated changes in the mean levels and rank order of the Big Five personality traits in a heterogeneous sample of 14,718 Germans across all of adulthood. Latent change and latent moderated regression models provided 4 main findings: First, age had a complex curvilinear influence on mean levels of personality. Second, the rank-order stability of Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness, and Agreeableness all followed an inverted ∪-shaped function, reaching a peak between the ages of 40 and 60 and decreasing afterward, whereas Conscientiousness showed a continuously incre... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5169772 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5169772 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5146480&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21843012%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Harmon-Jones E, Harmon-Jones C, Amodio DM, Gable PA Abstract The present work outlines a theory of attitudes toward emotions, provides a measure of attitudes toward emotions, and then tests several predictions concerning relationships between attitudes toward specific emotions and emotional situation selection, emotional traits, emotional reactivity, and emotion regulation. The present conceptualization of individual differences in attitudes toward emotions focuses on specific emotions and presents data indicating that 5 emotions (anger, sadness, joy, fear, and disgust) load on 5 separate attitude factors (Study 1). Attitudes toward emotions predicted emotional situation selection (Study 2). Moreover, attitudes toward approach emotions (e.g., anger, joy) correlated directl... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5146480 Sun, 14 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5146480 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5146479&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21843013%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rosenzweig E, Gilovich T Abstract Previous research has established that experiential purchases tend to yield greater enduring satisfaction than material purchases. The present work suggests that this difference in satisfaction is paralleled by a tendency for material and experiential purchases to differ in the types of regrets they elicit. In 5 studies, we find that people's material purchase decisions are more likely to generate regrets of action (buyer's remorse) and their experiential purchase decisions are more likely to lead to regrets of inaction (missed opportunities). These results were not attributable to differences in the desirability of or satisfaction provided by the two purchase types. Demonstrating the robustness of this effect, we found that focusing parti... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5146479 Sun, 14 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5146479 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5146478&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21843014%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Winterheld HA, Simpson JA Abstract Using a multimethod approach, we examined how regulatory focus shapes people's perceptual, behavioral, and emotional responses in different situations in romantic relationships. We first examined how chronic regulatory focus affects romantic partners' support perceptions and problem-solving behaviors while they were engaged in a conflict resolution discussion (Study 1). Next, we experimentally manipulated regulatory focus and tested its effects on partner perceptions when individuals recalled a prior conflict resolution discussion (Study 2). We then examined how chronic regulatory focus influences individuals' emotional responses to hypothetical relationship events (Study 3) and identified specific partner behaviors to which people should... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5146478 Sun, 14 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5146478 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5146477&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21843015%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Oishi S, Miao FF, Koo M, Kisling J, Ratliff KA Abstract Why are American landscapes (e.g., housing developments, shopping malls) so uniform, despite the well-known American penchant for independence and uniqueness? We propose that this paradox can be explained by American mobility: Residential mobility fosters familiarity-seeking and familiarity-liking, while allowing individuals to pursue their personal goals and desires. We reason that people are drawn to familiar objects (e.g., familiar, national chain stores) when they move. We conducted 5 studies to test this idea at the levels of society, individuals, and situations. We found that (a) national chain stores do better in residentially mobile places than in residentially stable places (controlling for other economic and... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5146477 Sun, 14 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5146477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5127134&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21823802%26dopt%3DAbstract Discussion emphasizes the importance of understanding instigating, impelling, and inhibiting processes in the perpetration of aggression toward intimate partners. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 21823802 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5127134 Sun, 07 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5127134 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5127133&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21823803%26dopt%3DAbstract This article finds that, when faced with racial inequity framed as White advantage, Whites' desire to think well of their racial group increases their support for policies perceived to harm Whites. Across 4 studies, the article provides evidence that (a) relative to minority disadvantage, White advantage increases Whites' support for policies perceived to reduce their group's economic opportunities, but does not increase support for policies perceived to increase minority opportunities; and (b) the effect of White advantage on Whites' esteem for their ingroup drives the effect of inequity frame on support for policies perceived to reduce Whites' opportunities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 21823803 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5127133 Sun, 07 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5127133 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5127137&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21806304%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Diener E, Tay L, Myers DG As we estimate here, 68% of human beings-4.6 billion people-would say that religion is important in their daily lives. Past studies have found that the religious, on average, have higher subjective well-being (SWB). Yet, people are rapidly leaving organized religion in economically developed nations where religious freedom is high. Why would people leave religion if it enhances their happiness? After controlling for circumstances in both the United States and world samples, we found that religiosity is associated with slightly higher SWB, and similarly so across four major world religions. The associations of religiosity and SWB were mediated by social support, feeling respected, and purpose or meaning in life. However, there was an interaction underl... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5127137 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5127137 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5127136&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21806305%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ledgerwood A, Shrout PE Social psychologists place high importance on understanding mechanisms and frequently employ mediation analyses to shed light on the process underlying an effect. Such analyses can be conducted with observed variables (e.g., a typical regression approach) or latent variables (e.g., a structural equation modeling approach), and choosing between these methods can be a more complex and consequential decision than researchers often realize. The present article adds to the literature on mediation by examining the relative trade-off between accuracy and precision in latent versus observed variable modeling. Whereas past work has shown that latent variable models tend to produce more accurate estimates, we demonstrate that this increase in accuracy comes at th... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5127136 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5127136 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5127135&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21806306%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wohl MJ, Hornsey MJ, Bennett SH It is widely assumed that official apologies for historical transgressions can lay the groundwork for intergroup forgiveness, but evidence for a causal relationship between intergroup apologies and forgiveness is limited. Drawing on the infrahumanization literature, we argue that a possible reason for the muted effectiveness of apologies is that people diminish the extent to which they see outgroup members as able to experience complex, uniquely human emotions (e.g., remorse). In Study 1, Canadians forgave Afghanis for a friendly-fire incident to the extent that they perceived Afghanis as capable of experiencing uniquely human emotions (i.e., secondary emotions such as anguish) but not nonuniquely human emotions (i.e., primary emotions such as f... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5127135 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5127135 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5078991&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21787093%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Son Hing LS, Bobocel DR, Zanna MP, Garcia DM, Gee SS, Orazietti K We argue that the preference for the merit principle is a separate construct from hierarchy-legitimizing ideologies (i.e., system justification beliefs, prejudice, social dominance orientation), including descriptive beliefs that meritocracy currently exists in society. Moreover, we hypothesized that prescriptive beliefs about merit should have a stronger influence on reactions to the status quo when hierarchy-legitimizing ideologies are weak (vs. strong). In 4 studies, participants' preference for the merit principle and hierarchy-legitimizing ideologies were assessed; later, the participants evaluated organizational selection practices that support or challenge the status quo. Participants' prescriptive and de... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5078991 Sun, 24 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5078991 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5078981&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21787094%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Routledge C, Arndt J, Wildschut T, Sedikides C, Hart CM, Juhl J, Vingerhoets AJ, Schlotz W The present research tested the proposition that nostalgia serves an existential function by bolstering a sense of meaning in life. Study 1found that nostalgia was positively associated with a sense of meaning in life. Study 2 experimentally demonstrated that nostalgia increases a sense of meaning in life. In both studies, the link between nostalgia and increased meaning in life was mediated by feelings of social connectedness. Study 3 evidenced that threatened meaning increases nostalgia. Study 4 illustrated that nostalgia, in turn, reduces defensiveness following a meaning threat. Finally, Studies 5 and 6 showed that nostalgia disrupts the link between meaning deficits and compromised ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5078981 Sun, 24 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5078981 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5079030&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21767031%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Griskevicius V, Tybur JM, Ackerman JM, Delton AW, Robertson TE, White AE The ratio of males to females in a population is an important factor in determining behavior in animals. We propose that sex ratio also has pervasive effects in humans, such as by influencing economic decisions. Using both historical data and experiments, we examined how sex ratio influences saving, borrowing, and spending in the United States. Findings show that male-biased sex ratios (an abundance of men) lead men to discount the future and desire immediate rewards. Male-biased sex ratios decreased men's desire to save for the future and increased their willingness to incur debt for immediate expenditures. Sex ratio appears to influence behavior by increasing the intensity of same-sex competition for ma... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5079030 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5079030 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5079008&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21767032%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eastwick PW, Eagly AH, Finkel EJ, Johnson SE Five studies develop and examine the predictive validity of an implicit measure of the preference for physical attractiveness in a romantic partner. Three hypotheses were generally supported. First, 2 variants of the go/no-go association task revealed that participants, on average, demonstrate an implicit preference (i.e., a positive spontaneous affective reaction) for physical attractiveness in a romantic partner. Second, these implicit measures were not redundant with a traditional explicit measure: The correlation between these constructs was .00 on average, and the implicit measures revealed no reliable sex differences, unlike the explicit measure. Third, explicit and implicit measures exhibited a double dissociation in predicti... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5079008 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5079008 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5078996&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21767033%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Choshen-Hillel S, Yaniv I The term social preference refers to decision makers' satisfaction with their own outcomes and those attained by comparable others. The present research was inspired by what appears to be a discrepancy in the literature on social preferences-specifically, between a class of studies demonstrating people's concern with inequality and others documenting their motivation to increase social welfare. The authors propose a theoretical framework to account for this puzzling difference. In particular, they argue that a characteristic of the decision setting-an individual's role in creating the outcomes, referred to as agency-critically affects decision makers' weighting of opposing social motives. Namely, in settings in which people can merely judge the outcom... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5078996 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5078996 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5031553&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21744973%26dopt%3DAbstract This article investigates the effect of others' prior nonprejudiced behavior on an individual's subsequent behavior. Five studies supported the hypothesis that people are more willing to express prejudiced attitudes when their group members' past behavior has established nonprejudiced credentials. Study 1a showed that participants who were told that their group was more moral than similar other groups were more willing to describe a job as better suited for Whites than for African Americans. In Study 1b, when given information on group members' prior nondiscriminatory behavior (selecting a Hispanic applicant in a prior task), participants subsequently gave more discriminatory ratings to the Hispanic applicant for a position stereotypically suited for majority members (Whites). In Study 2, ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5031553 Sun, 10 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5031553 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5031552&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21744974%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, the authors use data from a large (N = 1,988) longitudinal study that spanned more than 50 years to examine how personality traits are associated with multiple measures of adiposity and with fluctuations in body mass index (BMI). Using 14,531 anthropometric assessments, the authors modeled the trajectory of BMI across adulthood and tested whether personality predicted its rate of change. Measured concurrently, participants higher on Neuroticism or Extraversion or lower on Conscientiousness had higher BMI; these associations replicated across body fat, waist, and hip circumference. The strongest association was found for the impulsivity facet: Participants who scored in the top 10% of impulsivity weighed, on average, 11Kg more than those in the bottom 10%. Longitudinally, hig... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5031552 Sun, 10 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5031552 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5031551&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21744975%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined 3 questions surrounding the undercontrolled, overcontrolled, and resilient-or Asendorpf-Robins-Caspi (ARC)-personality types originally identified by Block (1971). In analyses of the teacher personality assessments of over 2,000 children in 1st through 6th grade in 1959-1967 and follow-up data on general and cardiovascular health outcomes in over 1,100 adults recontacted 40 years later, we found bootstrapped internal replication clustering suggesting that Big Five scores were best characterized by a tripartite cluster structure corresponding to the ARC types. This cluster structure was fuzzy rather than discrete, indicating that ARC constructs are best represented as gradients of similarity to 3 prototype Big Five profiles; ARC types and degrees of ARC prototypicality showed as... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5031551 Sun, 10 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5031551 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5031550&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21744976%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mayer J, Mussweiler T Intuitively, as well as in light of prior research, distrust and creativity appear incompatible. The social consequences of distrust include reluctance to share information, a quality detrimental to creativity in social settings. At the same time, the cognitive concomitants of distrust bear resemblance to creative cognition: Distrust seems to foster thinking about nonobvious alternatives to potentially deceptive appearances. These cognitive underpinnings of distrust hold the provocative implication that distrust may foster creativity. Mirroring these contradictory findings, we suggest that the social versus cognitive consequences of distrust have diverging implications for creativity. We address this question in Study 1 by introducing private/public as a ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5031550 Sun, 10 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5031550 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5031549&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21744977%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lüdtke O, Roberts BW, Trautwein U, Nagy G This longitudinal study examined the relation between continuity and change in the Big Five personality traits and life events. Approximately 2,000 German students were tracked from high school to university or to vocational training or work, with 3 assessments over 4 years. Life events were reported retrospectively at the 2nd and 3rd assessment. Latent curve analyses were used to assess change in personality traits, revealing 3 main findings. First, mean-level changes in the Big Five factors over the 4 years were in line with the maturity principle, indicating increasing psychological maturity from adolescence to young adulthood. Second, personality development was characterized by substantive individual differences relating to the l... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5031549 Sun, 10 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5031549 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5031558&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21728447%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Trötschel R, Hüffmeier J, Loschelder DD, Schwartz K, Gollwitzer PM Previous negotiation research predominantly focused on psychological factors that lead to suboptimal compromises as opposed to integrative agreements. Few studies systematically analyzed factors that impact the emergence of hurtful partial impasses (i.e., nonagreements on part of the issues). The present research investigates negotiators' egoistic motivation as a determinant for the emergence of partial impasses. In addition, the authors seek to demonstrate that perspective taking serves as a powerful tool to avoid impasses and to overcome egoistic impediments. Specifically, it was predicted that within an integrative context perspective-takers succeed to exchange concessions on low- versus high-preference is... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5031558 Sun, 03 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5031558 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5031557&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21728448%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined the development of self-esteem in adolescence and young adulthood. Data came from the Young Adults section of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which includes 8 assessments across a 14-year period of a national probability sample of 7,100 individuals age 14 to 30 years. Latent growth curve analyses indicated that self-esteem increases during adolescence and continues to increase more slowly in young adulthood. Women and men did not differ in their self-esteem trajectories. In adolescence, Hispanics had lower self-esteem than Blacks and Whites, but the self-esteem of Hispanics subsequently increased more strongly, so that at age 30 Blacks and Hispanics had higher self-esteem than Whites. At each age, emotionally stable, extraverted, and conscientious individuals experie... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5031557 Sun, 03 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5031557 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5031556&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21728449%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McConnell AR, Brown CM, Shoda TM, Stayton LE, Martin CE Social support is critical for psychological and physical well-being, reflecting the centrality of belongingness in our lives. Human interactions often provide people with considerable social support, but can pets also fulfill one's social needs? Although there is correlational evidence that pets may help individuals facing significant life stressors, little is known about the well-being benefits of pets for everyday people. Study 1 found in a community sample that pet owners fared better on several well-being (e.g., greater self-esteem, more exercise) and individual-difference (e.g., greater conscientiousness, less fearful attachment) measures. Study 2 assessed a different community sample and found that owners enjoyed b... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5031556 Sun, 03 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5031556 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5031555&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21728450%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Swart H, Hewstone M, Christ O, Voci A Intergroup contact (especially cross-group friendship) is firmly established as a powerful strategy for combating group-based prejudice (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006). Great advances have been made in understanding how contact reduces prejudice (Brown & Hewstone, 2005), highlighting the importance of affective mediators (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2008). The present study, a 3-wave longitudinal study undertaken among minority-status Colored high school children in South Africa (N = 465), explored the full mediation of the effects of cross-group friendships on positive outgroup attitudes, perceived outgroup variability, and negative action tendencies via positive (affective empathy) and negative (intergroup anxiety) affective mediators simul... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5031555 Sun, 03 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5031555 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5031554&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21728451%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Linardatos L, Lydon JE Attractive alternative partners pose a relational threat to people in romantic relationships. Given that people are often limited in their time and energy, having the capacity to effortlessly respond to such relational threats is extremely useful. In 4 studies, we explored how people's identity in terms of their romantic relationship-their relationship-specific identity-affects their relationship-protective behaviors. We predicted that once a relationship becomes a part of one's sense of self, relationship maintenance responses are exhibited in a relatively fluid, spontaneous manner. In Study 1, we assessed the convergent and divergent validity of relationship-specific identification, demonstrating how it is associated with other relationship constructs.... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5031554 Sun, 03 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5031554 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985138&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21688926%26dopt%3DAbstract This article addresses Simonsohn's (2011) critique of field studies of implicit egotism. We argue that Simonsohn provides no compelling theoretical reason to believe that implicit egotism should be valid only in the laboratory. In addition, we argue that a careful analysis of most of Simonsohn's studies of implicit egotism shows that they provide little or no power to reveal real effects of implicit egotism. We conclude that it is more constructive to try to identify theoretically derived moderators of implicit egotism than to try to document that it is always spurious in the field. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 21688926 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985138 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985138 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985137&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21688927%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Simonsohn U In Simonsohn (2011) I reported the results from 14 studies that suggest all existing evidence of implicit egotism in marriage, job, and location decisions is spurious. Lack of diligence by Pelham and colleagues explains in great part why the confounds behind their findings were not addressed in time. They almost never included controls, were dismissive of blatant alternative explanations, and on occasion misreported factual information that made confounds appear less important. Their rebuttal is similarly lacking in diligence. The specific empirical concerns it raised are contradicted by evidence, logic, or both. It reported misleading examples and inaccurate facts (some regarding the authors' own data). In this rejoinder I address all specific issues they raised a... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985137 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985137 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985136&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21707194%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pond RS, Dewall CN, Lambert NM, Deckman T, Bonser IM, Fincham FD Many models of aggression include negatively valenced emotions as common elicitors of aggressive behavior. Yet, the motivational direction of these emotions is not taken into account. The current work explored whether sensitivity to a negative emotion associated with behavioral avoidance-disgust-will predict lower levels of aggression. Five studies tested the hypothesis that disgust sensitivity predicts less aggression. In Study 1 (N = 92), disgust sensitivity predicted less trait physical and verbal aggression. In Study 2 (N = 268), participants high in disgust sensitivity were less likely to behave aggressively towards a stranger on a reaction-time task. In Study 3 (N = 51), disgust sensitivity was associated w... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985136 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985136 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985135&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21707195%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Melwani S, Barsade SG Guided by a social function of emotions perspective, the authors examined a model of the psychological, interpersonal, and performance consequences of contempt in a series of 3 experiments that tested the outcomes of being a recipient of contempt in the work domain. In these experiments, participants engaged in a business strategy simulation with a virtual partner-a computer programmed to give contemptuous and other types of feedback. In Study 1, which examined the task performance and interpersonal outcomes of contempt, recipients of contempt had significantly better task performance but also significantly more interpersonal aggressiveness toward their virtual partners compared with recipients of failure, angry, or neutral feedback. Study 2 examined 3 ps... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985135 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985135 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985134&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21707196%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reinhard MA, Sporer SL, Scharmach M, Marksteiner T In 4 experiments, the authors investigated the influence of situational familiarity with the judgmental context on the process of lie detection. They predicted that high familiarity with a situation leads to a more pronounced use of content cues when making judgments of veracity. Therefore, they expected higher classification accuracy of truths and lies under high familiarity. Under low situational familiarity, they expected that people achieve lower accuracy rates because they use more nonverbal cues for their veracity judgments. In all 4 experiments, participants with high situational familiarity achieved higher accuracy rates in classifying both truthful and deceptive messages than participants with low situational familiar... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985134 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985134 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985133&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21707197%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lucas RE, Donnellan MB Longitudinal data from a national sample of Germans (N = 20,434) were used to evaluate stability and change in the Big Five personality traits. Participants completed a brief measure of personality twice, 4 years apart. Structural equation modeling techniques were used to establish measurement invariance over time and across age groups. Substantive questions about differential (or rank-order) and mean-level stability and change were then evaluated. Results showed that differential stability was relatively strong among all age groups but that it increased among young adults, peaked in later life, and then declined among the oldest old. Patterns of mean-level change showed that Extraversion and Openness declined over the life span, whereas Agreeableness in... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985133 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985133 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985132&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21707198%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Eastwick PW, Finkel EJ, Eagly AH Three studies explored how the traits that people ideally desire in a romantic partner, or ideal partner preferences, intersect with the process of romantic relationship initiation and maintenance. Two attraction experiments in the laboratory found that, when participants evaluated a potential romantic partner's written profile, they expressed more romantic interest in a partner whose traits were manipulated to match (vs. mismatch) their idiosyncratic ideals. However, after a live interaction with the partner, the match vs. mismatch manipulation was no longer associated with romantic interest. This pattern appeared to have emerged because participants reinterpreted the meaning of the traits as they applied to the partner, a context effect predi... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985132 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985132 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985131&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21707199%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective of the present research was to evaluate alternative models of stability by studying adults in 2 intensive longitudinal investigations. Specifically, we assessed attachment representations in 1 sample (N = 203) daily over a 30-day period and in the other sample (N = 388) weekly over a year. Analyses show that the patterns of stability that exist in adult attachment are most consistent with a prototype model-a model assuming that there is a stable factor underlying temporary variations in attachment. Moreover, although the Big Five personality traits exhibited a pattern of stability that was similar to that of attachment, they did not account for the stability observed in attachment. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 21707199 [PubMed - as s... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985131 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985131 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985145&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21688919%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Neff LA, Broady EF As all couples experience stressful life events, addressing how couples adapt to stress is imperative for understanding marital development. Drawing from theories of stress inoculation, which suggest that the successful adaptation to moderately stressful events may help individuals develop a resilience to future stress, the current studies examined whether experiences with manageable stressors early in the marriage may serve to make the relationship more resilient to future stress. In Study 1, 61 newlywed couples provided data regarding their stressful life events, relationship resources (i.e., observed problem-solving behaviors), and marital satisfaction at multiple points over 2½ years. Results revealed that among spouses displaying more effective problem... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985145 Sun, 19 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985145 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985144&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21688920%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined whether people make this distinction, or whether people possess what we call meta-insight. In 3 studies, we assessed meta-insight for a broad range of traits (e.g., Big Five, intelligent, funny) across several naturalistic social contexts (e.g., first impression, friends). Our findings suggest that people can make valid distinctions between how they see themselves and how others see them. Thus, people seem to have some genuine insight into their reputation and do not achieve meta-accuracy only by capitalizing on the fact that others see them similarly to how they see themselves. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 21688920 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985144 Sun, 19 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985144 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985143&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21688921%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kammrath LK People's knowledge about others includes not only person schemas about the typical traits of others but also behavior schemas about the likely interpersonal consequences of different behaviors. In this article, it is argued that perceiver effects can be interactive at the level of behavior schemas. A person's own personality configuration of if-then responses in social interactions (Mischel & Shoda, 1995) may contribute to that person's beliefs about the meaning and impact of relational behaviors more generally. In consequence, people who experience strong (or weak) responses to behaviors that vary along a particular trait dimension, such as warmth-coldness, may expect others to experience similarly strong (or weak) responses to those same kinds of behaviors. I... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985143 Sun, 19 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985143 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985142&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21688922%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tay L, Diener E Across a sample of 123 countries, we examined the association between the fulfillment of needs and subjective well-being (SWB), including life evaluation, positive feelings, and negative feelings. Need fulfillment was consistently associated with SWB across world regions. Life evaluation was most associated with fulfilling basic needs; positive feelings were most associated with social and respect needs; and negative feelings were most associated with basic, respect, and autonomy needs. Societal need fulfillment predicted SWB, particularly for life evaluation, beyond individuals' fulfillment of their own needs, indicating the desirability of living in a flourishing society. In addition, the associations of SWB with the fulfillment of specific needs were largely... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985142 Sun, 19 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985142 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985141&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21688923%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leary MR, Allen AB Most research on self-presentation has examined how people convey images of themselves on only 1 or 2 dimensions at a time. In everyday interactions, however, people often manage their impressions on several image-relevant dimensions simultaneously. By examining people's self-presentations to several targets across multiple dimensions, these 2 studies offer new insights into the nature of self-presentation and provide a novel paradigm for studying impression management. Results showed that most people rely on a relatively small number of basic self-presentational personas in which they convey particular profiles of impressions as a set and that these personas reflect both normative influences to project images that are appropriate to a particular target and ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985141 Sun, 19 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985141 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985140&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21688924%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Masicampo EJ, Baumeister RF Unfulfilled goals persist in the mind, as asserted by ample theory and evidence (e.g., the Zeigarnik effect). The standard assumption has been that such cognitive activation persists until the goal is fulfilled. However, we predicted that contributing to goal pursuit through plan making could satisfy the various cognitive processes that usually promote goal pursuit. In several studies, we activated unfulfilled goals and demonstrated persistent goal activation over time. Unfinished goals caused intrusive thoughts during an unrelated reading task (Studies 1 and 5B), high mental accessibility of goal-related words (Studies 2 and 3), and poor performance on an unrelated anagram task (Study 4). Allowing participants to formulate specific plans for their ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985140 Sun, 19 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985140 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4985139&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21688925%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Savani K, Kumar S, Naidu NV, Dweck CS Drawing upon the literatures on beliefs about magical contagion and property transmission, we examined people's belief in a novel mechanism of human-to-human contagion, emotional residue. This is the lay belief that people's emotions leave traces in the physical environment, which can later influence others or be sensed by others. Studies 1-4 demonstrated that Indians are more likely than Americans to endorse a lay theory of emotions as substances that move in and out of the body, and to claim that they can sense emotional residue. However, when the belief in emotional residue is measured implicitly, both Indians and American believe to a similar extent that emotional residue influences the moods and behaviors of those who come into contac... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4985139 Sun, 19 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4985139 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4934788&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21644809%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Holbrook C, Sousa P, Hahn-Holbrook J Individuals subtly reminded of death, coalitional challenges, or feelings of uncertainty display exaggerated preferences for affirmations and against criticisms of their cultural in-groups. Terror management, coalitional psychology, and uncertainty management theories postulate this "worldview defense" effect as the output of mechanisms evolved either to allay the fear of death, foster social support, or reduce anxiety by increasing adherence to cultural values. In 4 studies, we report evidence for an alternative perspective. We argue that worldview defense owes to unconscious vigilance, a state of accentuated reactivity to affective targets (which need not relate to cultural worldviews) that follows detection of subtle alarm cues (which ne... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4934788 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4934788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4934789&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21639651%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Albarracín D, Handley IM Implicit in many informal and formal principles of psychological change is the understudied assumption that change requires either an active approach or an inactive approach. This issue was systematically investigated by comparing the effects of general action goals and general inaction goals on attitude change. As prior attitudes facilitate preparation for an upcoming persuasive message, general action goals were hypothesized to facilitate conscious retrieval of prior attitudes and therefore hinder attitude change to a greater extent than general inaction goals. Experiment 1 demonstrated that action primes (e.g., "go," "energy") yielded faster attitude report than inaction primes (e.g., "rest," "still") among participants who were forewarned of an up... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4934789 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4934789 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4934792&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21639648%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cehajić-Clancy S, Effron DA, Halperin E, Liberman V, Ross LD Three studies, 2 conducted in Israel and 1 conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, demonstrated that affirming a positive aspect of the self can increase one's willingness to acknowledge in-group responsibility for wrongdoing against others, express feelings of group-based guilt, and consequently provide greater support for reparation policies. By contrast, affirming one's group, although similarly boosting feelings of pride, failed to increase willingness to acknowledge and redress in-group wrongdoing. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated the mediating role of group-based guilt. That is, increased acknowledgment of in-group responsibility for out-group victimization produced increased feelings of guilt, which in turn increase... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4934792 Sun, 29 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4934792 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4934791&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21639649%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Filipowicz A, Barsade S, Melwani S Research on the interpersonal functions of emotions has focused primarily on steady-state emotion rather than on emotional transitions, the movement between emotion states. The authors examined the influence of emotional transitions on social interactions and found that emotional transitions led to consistently different outcomes than their corresponding steady-state emotions. Across 2 computer-mediated negotiations and a face-to-face negotiation, participants negotiating with partners who displayed a "becoming angry" (happy to angry) emotional transition accepted worse negotiation outcomes yet formed better relational impressions of their partners than participants negotiating with partners who displayed steady-state anger. This relationship... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4934791 Sun, 29 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4934791 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4934790&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21639650%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hill SE, Delpriore DJ, Vaughan PW In a series of 4 experiments, we provide evidence that-in addition to having an affective component-envy may also have important consequences for cognitive processing. Our first experiment (N = 69) demonstrated that individuals primed with envy better attended to and more accurately recalled information about fictitious peers than did a control group. Studies 2 (N = 187) and 3 (N = 65) conceptually replicated these results, demonstrating that envy elicited by targets predicts attention and later memory for information about them. We demonstrate that these effects cannot be accounted for by admiration or changes in negative affect or arousal elicited by the targets. Study 4 (N = 152) provides evidence that greater memory for envied-but not neut... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4934790 Sun, 29 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4934790 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4887179&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21604892%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Human LJ, Biesanz JC Are well-adjusted individuals good targets or accurate self-judges? Across two round-robin studies, the current research first demonstrates that well-adjusted individuals' personalities are viewed with greater distinctive self-other agreement by new acquaintances. Is this enhanced self-other agreement a function of greater judgeability, improving others' ability to form an accurate impression? Or is it a function of greater self-knowledge, having a more accurate impression about oneself? By examining the relationship between psychological adjustment and self-other agreement as a function of trait observability, it becomes clear that psychological adjustment fosters self-other agreement through judgeability more so than through self-knowledge. Specifically,... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4887179 Sun, 22 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4887179 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4887175&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21604893%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Peets K, Hodges EV, Salmivalli C The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the relationship specificity of aggressogenic thought-behavior processes and to investigate the role of self-esteem in translating or inhibiting aggressogenic thought into aggression toward personally liked and disliked targets. Participants (186 Finnish boys and girls; 11-12 years old at Time 1) completed measures twice over a 1-year interval. We assessed children's attributions of hostility, relational goals, expectations of anger, and self-efficacy at Time 1 as well as aggression, at both time points, toward their previously identified liked and disliked peers. Our results mostly supported our hypothesis that cognitions guide behavior mainly within the relationship context. Moreover, high... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4887175 Sun, 22 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4887175 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4887172&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21604894%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fischer R, Boer D What is more important: to provide citizens with more money or with more autonomy for their subjective well-being? In the current meta-analysis, the authors examined national levels of well-being on the basis of lack of psychological health, anxiety, and stress measures. Data are available for 63 countries, with a total sample of 420,599 individuals. Using a 3-level variance-known model, the authors found that individualism was a consistently better predictor than wealth, after controlling for measurement, sample, and temporal variations. Despite some emerging nonlinear trends and interactions between wealth and individualism, the overall pattern strongly suggests that greater individualism is consistently associated with more well-being. Wealth may influence... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4887172 Sun, 22 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4887172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4887161&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21604895%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carlson EN, Vazire S, Oltmanns TF Do narcissists have insight into the negative aspects of their personality and reputation? Using both clinical and subclinical measures of narcissism, the authors examined others' perceptions, self-perceptions, and meta-perceptions of narcissists across a wide range of traits for a new acquaintance and close other (Study 1), longitudinally with a group of new acquaintances (Study 2), and among coworkers (Study 3). Results bring 3 surprising conclusions about narcissists: (a) they understand that others see them less positively than they see themselves (i.e., their meta-perceptions are less biased than are their self-perceptions), (b) they have some insight into the fact that they make positive first impressions that deteriorate over time, and ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4887161 Sun, 22 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4887161 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4838811&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21574723%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chun WY, Kruglanski AW, Sleeth-Keppler D, Friedman RS This research examines the possibility that people's choices in the service of an explicit focal goal may also reflect their tendency to fulfill implicit background goals and in that sense are multifinal. We carried out 5 experimental studies to investigate this notion. In Experiment 1, a primed implicit goal affected individuals' choices even when those avowedly served an explicit "focal" goal. Experiment 2 replicated this finding with a different type of implicit goals. Experiment 3 found that primed implicit goals had no effect on choices where the options that served them undermined the explicit goal. Experiment 4 found that a primed implicit goal served by a multifinal option does not privilege it over a unifinal optio... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4838811 Sun, 15 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4838811 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4838785&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21574724%26dopt%3DAbstract This study examines the notion that moral exemplars overcome this tension and adaptively integrate these 2 motives within their personality. Participants were 25 moral exemplars-recipients of a national award for extraordinary volunteerism-and 25 demographically matched comparison participants. Each participant responded to a life review interview and provided a list of personal strivings, which were coded for themes of agency and communion; interviews were also coded for the relationship between agency and communion. Results consistently indicated that exemplars not only had both more agency and communion than did comparison participants but were also more likely to integrate these themes within their personality. Consistent with our claim that enlightened self-interest is driving this ph... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4838785 Sun, 15 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4838785 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4838757&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21574725%26dopt%3DAbstract This article focuses on social situations in which people are surprised about what is happening and inhibited about how to respond to the situation at hand. We study these situations by examining a classic topic in social psychology: how people respond to receiving better outcomes than are deserved. In these situations, the actions of an authority or a coworker push in the direction of accepting and enjoying the unfair outcome, whereas personal values for most people push in the direction of rejecting or being displeased with the outcome. This conflict may inhibit people's response to the advantageous but unfair outcomes. If people are indeed inhibited about how to respond to these kinds of outcomes, then lowering behavioral inhibition by reminding people of having acted in the past withou... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4838757 Sun, 15 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4838757 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781470&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21534699%26dopt%3DAbstract This article examines cohort changes on the Big Five personality factors Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience, among first-year psychology students in the Netherlands, ages 18 to 25 years, between 1982 and 2007. Because measurement invariance of a personality test is essential for a sound interpretation of cohort differences in personality, we first assessed measurement invariance with respect to cohort for males and females separately on the Big Five personality factors, as measured by the Dutch instrument Five Personality Factors Test. Results identified 11 (females) and 2 (males) biased items with respect to cohort, out of a total of 70 items. Analyzing the unbiased items, results indicated small linear increases over time in Extraversi... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781470 Sun, 01 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781470 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781469&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21534700%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Righetti F, Finkenauer C, Rusbult C The present work examines whether individual goal pursuit is influenced by advice and suggestions from interaction partners whose regulatory orientation is perceived to fit (vs. not fit) the individual's orientation. We sought to investigate whether such interpersonal regulatory fit yields motivational consequences for goal pursuit that parallel those of intrapersonal regulatory fit. Furthermore, we investigated whether these effects occur in a symmetrical fashion for promotion- and prevention-oriented individuals. The results of 6 experiments revealed that promotion-oriented individuals profit from interpersonal regulatory fit, experiencing motivational benefits when receiving goal-relevant advice from promotion-oriented interaction partner... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781469 Sun, 01 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781469 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781468&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21534701%26dopt%3DAbstract This study tested whether men's and women's hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism (BS) were associated with resistance to influence in couples' conflict interactions. Ninety-one heterosexual couples were recorded while trying to produce desired changes in each other. Participants reviewed their discussions and rated how open they were to their partner's perspective. Objective coders also rated the extent to which each partner exhibited hostile communication. We tested key principles arising from ambivalent sexism theory (Glick & Fiske, 1996). First, BS is necessary because mutual interdependence reduces the power of HS to influence women within intimate relationships. We found that the more men endorsed HS, the less open and more hostile both partners were, and the less successful ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781468 Sun, 01 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781468 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781467&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21534702%26dopt%3DAbstract "What about me?" Perceptions of exclusion and whites' reactions to multiculturalism. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011 May 2; Authors: Plaut VC, Garnett FG, Buffardi LE, Sanchez-Burks J A 5-study investigation of reactions of dominant group members (i.e., White Americans) to diversity (relative to racial minority reactions) provides evidence of implicit and explicit associations between multiculturalism and exclusion and of a relationship between perceived exclusion and reactions to diversity. In Study 1, Whites but not racial minorities were faster in an implicit association task at pairing multiculturalism with exclusion than with inclusion. This association diminished in Study 2 through a subtle framing of diversity efforts as targeted toward all groups, including European Americans.... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781467 Sun, 01 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781467 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781466&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21534703%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schoel C, Bluemke M, Mueller P, Stahlberg D We investigated the impact of uncertainty on leadership preferences and propose that the conjunction of self-esteem level and stability is an important moderator in this regard. Self-threatening uncertainty is aversive and activates the motivation to regain control. People with high and stable self-esteem should be confident of achieving this goal by self-determined amelioration of the situation and should therefore show a stronger preference for democratic leadership under conditions of uncertainty. By contrast, people with low and unstable self-esteem should place their trust and hope in the abilities of powerful others, resulting in a preference for autocratic leadership. Studies 1a and 1b validate explicit and implicit leadership... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781466 Sun, 01 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781466 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781471&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21517196%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cohen TR, Wolf ST, Panter AT, Insko CA Although scholars agree that moral emotions are critical for deterring unethical and antisocial behavior, there is disagreement about how 2 prototypical moral emotions-guilt and shame-should be defined, differentiated, and measured. We addressed these issues by developing a new assessment-the Guilt and Shame Proneness scale (GASP)-that measures individual differences in the propensity to experience guilt and shame across a range of personal transgressions. The GASP contains 2 guilt subscales that assess negative behavior-evaluations and repair action tendencies following private transgressions and 2 shame subscales that assess negative self-evaluations (NSEs) and withdrawal action tendencies following publically exposed transgressions. Bo... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781471 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781471 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781474&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21500924%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maaravi Y, Ganzach Y, Pazy A In this article we examined aspects of negotiation within a persuasion framework. Specifically, we investigated how the provision of arguments that justified the first offer in a negotiation affected the behavior of the parties, namely, how it influenced counteroffers and settlement prices. In a series of 4 experiments and 2 pilot studies, we demonstrated that when the generation of counterarguments was easy, negotiators who did not add arguments to their first offers achieved superior results compared with negotiators who used arguments to justify their first offer. We hypothesized and provided evidence that adding arguments to a first offer was likely to cause the responding party to search for counterarguments, and this, in turn, led him or her ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781474 Sun, 17 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781474 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781473&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21500925%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tausch N, Becker JC, Spears R, Christ O, Saab R, Singh P, Siddiqui RN A recent model of collective action distinguishes 2 distinct pathways: an emotional pathway whereby anger in response to injustice motivates action and an efficacy pathway where the belief that issues can be solved collectively increases the likelihood that group members take action (van Zomeren, Spears, Fischer, & Leach, 2004). Research supporting this model has, however, focused entirely on relatively normative actions such as participating in demonstrations. We argue that the relations between emotions, efficacy, and action differ for more extreme, nonnormative actions and propose (a) that nonnormative actions are often driven by a sense of low efficacy and (b) that contempt, which, unlike anger, enta... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781473 Sun, 17 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781473 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781472&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21500926%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: O'Mara EM, McNulty JK, Karney BR To promote optimal mental health, is it best to evaluate negative experiences accurately or in a positively biased manner? In an attempt to reconcile inconsistent prior research addressing this question, we predicted that the tendency to form positively biased appraisals of negative experiences may reduce the motive to address those experiences and thereby lead to poorer mental health in the context of negative experiences that are controllable and severe but lead to better mental health in the context of controllable negative experiences that are less severe by promoting positive feelings without invoking serious consequences from unaddressed problems. In 2 longitudinal studies, individuals in new marriages were interviewed separately about th... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781472 Sun, 17 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781472 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781476&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21480735%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Miller JG, Das R, Chakravarthy S Three cross-cultural studies conducted among U.S. and Indian adults compared perceptions of helping friends in strongly versus weakly expected cases, views of helping family versus strangers, and responses to a self-determination motivation scale. Expectations to help family and friends were positively correlated with satisfaction and choice only among Indians and not among Americans. Also, whereas U.S. respondents associated lesser satisfaction and choice with strongly versus weakly socially expected helping, Indian respondents associated equal satisfaction and choice with the 2 types of cases. Providing evidence of the importance of choice in collectivist cultures, the results indicate that social expectations to meet the needs of family and ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781476 Sun, 10 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781476 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781475&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21480736%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Day MV, Kay AC, Holmes JG, Napier JL A consequential ideology in Western society is the uncontested belief that a committed relationship is the most important adult relationship and that almost all people want to marry or seriously couple (DePaulo & Morris, 2005). In the present article, we investigated the extent to which the system justification motive may contribute to the adoption of this ideology. In Studies 1 and 2, we examined whether a heightened motive to maintain the status quo would increase defense of committed relationship values. In Study 3, we examined the reverse association, that is, whether a threat to committed relationship ideology would also affect sociopolitical system endorsement. As past research has found that the justification of political systems... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781475 Sun, 10 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781475 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781480&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21463075%26dopt%3DAbstract Discussion concentrates upon the implications of these findings for studies of prosociality, power, and social behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 21463075 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781480 Sun, 03 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781480 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781479&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21463076%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Binning KR, Sherman DK In the face of prejudice against an ingroup, common ground for communication exists when people use similar social categories to understand the situation. Three studies tested the hypothesis that describing perceptions of prejudice can fundamentally change those perceptions because communicators account for the common ground in line with conversational norms. When women (Study 1), African Americans (Study 2), and Caucasian Americans (Study 3) simply thought about suspected prejudice against their ingroup, categorization guided their perceptions: Participants assimilated their views of the prejudiced event toward the perceptions of ingroup members but contrasted away from the perceptions of outgroup members. Conversely, when participants described their p... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781479 Sun, 03 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781479 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781478&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21463077%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Preston JL, Ritter RS, Wegner DM Naïve theories of behavior hold that actions are caused by an agent's intentions, and the subsequent success of an action is measured by the satisfaction of those intentions. However, when an action is not as successful as intended, the expected causal link between intention and action may distort perception of the action itself. Four studies found evidence of an intention bias in perceptions of action. Actors perceived actions to be more successful when given a prior choice (e.g., choose between 2 words to type) and also when they felt greater motivation for the action (e.g., hitting pictures of disliked people). When the intent was to fail (e.g., singing poorly), choice led to worse estimates of performance. A final experiment suggested that... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781478 Sun, 03 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781478 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4781477&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21463078%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stapel DA, van der Linde LA In a series of studies, it is demonstrated that different types of self-affirmation procedures produce different effects. Affirming personally important values (value affirmation) increases self-clarity but not self-esteem. Affirming positive qualities of the self (attribute affirmation) increases self-esteem but not self-clarity (Study 1). As a consequence, attribute affirmation (which increases self-esteem) is more effective than value affirmation as a buffer against self-depreciating social comparison information. Attribute-affirmed participants more readily accept the self-evaluative consequences of threatening upward social comparisons than do value-affirmed participants (Study 2). However, value affirmation (which increases self-clarity) is a ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4781477 Sun, 03 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4781477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4678123&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443372%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rholes WS, Simpson JA, Kohn JL, Wilson CL, Martin AM, Tran S, Kashy DA In this longitudinal study, we followed a large sample of first-time parents (both partners) across the first 2 years of the transition to parenthood. Guided by attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969), we tested several predictions about how attachment anxiety and avoidance are related to the incidence, maintenance, increase, and decline of depressive symptoms in both sexes across the first 2 years of the transition. We found that (a) the association between attachment anxiety and depressive symptoms was moderated by factors related to the marital and/or romantic relationship; (b) the association between avoidance and depressive symptoms was moderated by factors related to family responsibilities; (c) styles of ca... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4678123 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4678123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4678115&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443373%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rydell RJ, Rydell MT, Boucher KL Reports an error in "The effect of negative performance stereotypes on learning" by Robert J. Rydell, Michael T. Rydell and Kathryn L. Boucher (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2010[Dec], Vol 99[6], 883-896). There is an error in the first paragraph of the Results section on page 886. The third sentence in this paragraph reads "As predicted, the stereotype threat manipulation did not affect women's learning of mathematical rules presented before the instructions, F (1, 57) = 0.68, p = .41, ηp² = .01; however, women in the stereotype threat condition learned fewer mathematical rules presented after the instructions than did women in the control condition, F (1, 57) = 3.96, p = .05, ηp² = .07." Given the data, the second part of ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4678115 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4678115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4678103&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443374%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: O'Brien DT, Wilson DS When entering an unfamiliar neighborhood, adaptive social decisions are dependent on an accurate assessment of the local safety. Studies of cities have shown that the maintenance of physical structures is correlated with the strength of ties between neighbors, which in turn is responsible for the crime level. Thus it should be theoretically possible to intuit neighborhood safety through the physical structures alone. Here we test whether people have this capacity for judging urban neighborhoods with 3 studies in which individuals observed photographs of unfamiliar neighborhoods in Binghamton, New York. Each study was facilitated by data collected during previous studies performed by the Binghamton Neighborhood Project studies. In the 1st study, observer r... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4678103 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4678103 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4678093&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443375%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Aquino K, McFerran B, Laven M Four studies using survey and experimental designs examined whether people whose moral identity is highly self-defining are more susceptible to experiencing a state of moral elevation after being exposed to acts of uncommon moral goodness. Moral elevation consists of a suite of responses that motivate prosocial action tendencies. Study 1 showed that people higher (vs. lower) in moral identity centrality reported experiencing more intense elevating emotions, had more positive views of humanity, and were more desirous of becoming a better person after reading about an act of uncommon goodness than about a merely positive situation or an act of common benevolence. Study 2 showed that those high in moral identity centrality were more likely to recall ... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4678093 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4678093 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4678065&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443376%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Frazier P, Keenan N, Anders S, Perera S, Shallcross S, Hintz S Reports an error in "Perceived past, present, and future control and adjustment to stressful life events" by Patricia Frazier, Nora Keenan, Samantha Anders, Sulani Perera, Sandra Shallcross and Samuel Hintz (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 100[4], 749-765). There is an error on page 758. In the sentence "Present control predicted later event-specific distress in Sample 1(β = .17, p < .01) but did not predict later general distress (β = .00) in Sample 2, controlling for earlier distress" the value .17 should have been -.17. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-02001-001.) Perceived control is a central construct in psychology and is key to understanding indiv... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4678065 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4678065 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4678195&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443368%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dotsch R, Wigboldus DH, van Knippenberg A Three studies show that social categorization is biased at the level of category allocation. In all studies, participants categorized faces. In Studies 1 and 2, participants overallocated faces with criminal features-a stereotypical negative trait-to the stigmatized Moroccan category, especially if they were prejudiced. On the contrary, the stereotype-irrelevant negative trait stupid did not lead to overallocation to the Moroccan category. In Study 3, using the stigmatized category homosexual, the previously used negative trait criminal-irrelevant to the homosexual stereotype-did not lead to overallocation, but the stereotype-relevant positive trait femininity did. These results demonstrate that normative fit is higher for faces with s... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4678195 Sun, 27 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4678195 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4678190&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443369%26dopt%3DAbstract We examined the influences of attachment orientations on within-person changes in affect as a function of perceptions of the interaction partner's agreeable behavior in interactions involving a romantic partner and other kinds of partners. Working adults reported affect, perceptions of the other person's behavior, and the relationship with the other in interpersonal events during 20 days. As expected, the within-person association between perceived partner's agreeable behavior and negative affect was stronger for individuals higher on attachment anxiety and was weaker for individuals higher on attachment avoidance. These effects were more pronounced in interactions with a romantic partner than with other persons. Findings demonstrate that attachment orientations are associated with differi... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4678190 Sun, 27 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4678190 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4678185&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443370%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Murray SL, Pinkus RT, Holmes JG, Harris B, Gomillion S, Aloni M, Derrick JL, Leder S A dual process model is proposed to explain how automatic evaluative associations to the partner (i.e., impulsive trust) and deliberative expectations of partner caring (i.e., reflective trust) interact to govern self-protection in romantic relationships. Experimental and correlational studies of dating and marital relationships supported the model. Subliminally conditioning more positive evaluative associations to the partner increased confidence in the partner's caring, suggesting that trust has an impulsive basis. Being high on impulsive trust (i.e., more positive evaluative associations to the partner on the Implicit Association Test; Zayas & Shoda, 2005) also reduced the automatic inc... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4678185 Sun, 27 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4678185 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4678180&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21443371%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Collins EC, Percy EJ, Smith ER, Kruschke JK When making decisions, people typically gather information from both social and nonsocial sources, such as advice from others and direct experience. This research adapted a cognitive learning paradigm to examine the process by which people learn what sources of information are credible. When participants relied on advice alone to make decisions, their learning of source reliability proceeded in a manner analogous to traditional cue learning processes and replicated the established learning phenomena. However, when advice and nonsocial cues were encountered together as an established phenomenon, blocking (ignoring redundant information) did not occur. Our results suggest that extant cognitive learning models can accommodate either adv... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4678180 Sun, 27 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4678180 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4616099&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21381850%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reis HT, Maniaci MR, Caprariello PA, Eastwick PW, Finkel EJ Does familiarity promote attraction? Prior research has generally suggested that it does, but a recent set of studies by Norton, Frost, and Ariely (2007) challenged that assumption. Instead, they found that more information about another person, when that information was randomly selected from lists of trait adjectives, using a trait evaluation paradigm, promoted perceptions of dissimilarity and, hence, disliking. The present research began with the assumption that natural social interaction involves contexts and processes not present in Norton et al.'s research or in the typical familiarity experiment. We theorized that these processes imply a favorable impact of familiarity on attraction. Two experiments are reporte... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4616099 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4616099 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4616098&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21381851%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gaucher D, Friesen J, Kay AC Social dominance theory (Sidanius & Pratto, 1999) contends that institutional-level mechanisms exist that reinforce and perpetuate existing group-based inequalities, but very few such mechanisms have been empirically demonstrated. We propose that gendered wording (i.e., masculine- and feminine-themed words, such as those associated with gender stereotypes) may be a heretofore unacknowledged, institutional-level mechanism of inequality maintenance. Employing both archival and experimental analyses, the present research demonstrates that gendered wording commonly employed in job recruitment materials can maintain gender inequality in traditionally male-dominated occupations. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated the existence of subtle but systematic word... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4616098 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4616098 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4616097&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21381852%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Todd AR, Bodenhausen GV, Richeson JA, Galinsky AD Five experiments investigated the hypothesis that perspective taking-actively contemplating others' psychological experiences-attenuates automatic expressions of racial bias. Across the first 3 experiments, participants who adopted the perspective of a Black target in an initial context subsequently exhibited more positive automatic interracial evaluations, with changes in automatic evaluations mediating the effect of perspective taking on more deliberate interracial evaluations. Furthermore, unlike other bias-reduction strategies, the interracial positivity resulting from perspective taking was accompanied by increased salience of racial inequalities (Experiment 3). Perspective taking also produced stronger approach-oriented a... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4616097 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4616097 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4616096&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21381853%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vorauer JD, Sasaki SJ Three studies demonstrated that a salient multicultural ideology increases hostile treatment of threatening outgroup interaction partners. The effect of multiculturalism on hostile behavior was evident regardless of whether threat was operationalized in terms of disagreement with an outgroup partner on important social issues (Studies 1 and 3) or rejection by the partner (Study 2). Moreover, the results clearly point to the learning orientation fostered by multiculturalism-as opposed to other factors such as enhanced other-focus, group-level attributions, or focus on differences-as the critical mediator of its effect on hostile behavior under threat. Thus, it appears that multiculturalism enhances the expression of hostility because it prompts individuals... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4616096 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4616096 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4616095&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21381854%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Köpetz C, Faber T, Fishbach A, Kruglanski AW In the presence of several objectives, goal conflict may be avoided via multifinal means, which advance all of the active goals at once. Because such means observe multiple constraints, they are fewer in number than the unconstrained means to a single goal. Five experimental studies investigated the process of choosing or generating such means for multiple goals. We found that the simultaneous activation of multiple goals restricted the set of acceptable means to ones that benefitted (or at least, did not harm) the entire set of active goals. Two moderators of this phenomenon were identified: (a) the feasibility of identifying multifinal means, which was dependent on the relations between the different active goals, and (b) the enh... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4616095 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4616095 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4616094&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21381855%26dopt%3DAbstract This study examined the associations between goal adjustment capacities, coping, and indicators of subjective well-being in 2 waves of data from individuals who provide care for a family member with mental illness. We hypothesized that goal adjustment capacities would predict higher levels of subjective well-being by facilitating coping with caregiving stress. Results showed that goal disengagement was associated with effective care-specific coping (e.g., less self-blame and substance use). Goal reengagement was also associated with effective care-specific coping (e.g., positive reframing), but at the same time it predicted the use of less effective strategies (e.g., venting and self-distraction). Moreover, goal disengagement predicted lower levels of caregiver burden and depressive sympto... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4616094 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4616094 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4616093&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21381856%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Weinstein N, Hodgins HS, Ostvik-White E In 4 studies, the authors examined the hypothesis that relative to primed autonomy motivation, primed control would increase enjoyment of hostile (compared with nonhostile) humor as assessed by self-reported enjoyment and aversiveness and by nonverbal behavior. Results confirmed the hypothesis. Furthermore, initial state hostility moderated the effect such that high-hostility participants who were primed with control motivation especially enjoyed hostile humor. The 2 final studies showed that the effect was mediated by implicit aggression such that the combination of high initial state hostility and control priming led to implicit aggression, which in turn resulted in hostile humor enjoyment. Results are interpreted in terms of the effec... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4616093 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4616093 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4616092&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21381857%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Baas M, De Dreu CK, Nijstad BA Promotion-focused states generally boost creativity because they associate with enhanced activation and cognitive flexibility. With regard to prevention-focused states, research evidence is less consistent, with some findings suggesting prevention-focused states promote creativity and other findings pointing to no or even negative effects. We proposed and tested the hypothesis that whether prevention-focused states boost creativity depends on regulatory closure (whether a goal is fulfilled or not). We predicted that prevention-focused states that activate the individual (unfulfilled prevention goals, fear) would lead to similar levels of creativity as promotion-focused states but that prevention-focused states that deactivate (closed prevention g... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4616092 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4616092 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4502030&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21319910%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ackerman JM, Griskevicius V, Li NP Are men or women more likely to confess love first in romantic relationships? And how do men and women feel when their partners say "I love you"? An evolutionary-economics perspective contends that women and men incur different potential costs and gain different potential benefits from confessing love. Across 6 studies testing current and former romantic relationships, we found that although people think that women are the first to confess love and feel happier when they receive such confessions, it is actually men who confess love first and feel happier when receiving confessions. Consistent with predictions from our model, additional studies have shown that men's and women's reactions to love confessions differ in important ways depending o... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4502030 Mon, 14 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4502030 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4502029&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21319911%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rangel U, Keller J Individuals tend to explain the characteristics of others with reference to an underlying essence, a tendency that has been termed psychological essentialism. Drawing on current conceptualizations of essentialism as a fundamental mode of social thinking, and on prior studies investigating belief in genetic determinism (BGD) as a component of essentialism, we argue that BGD cannot constitute the sole basis of individuals' essentialist reasoning. Accordingly, we propose belief in social determinism (BSD) as a complementary component of essentialism, which relies on the belief that a person's essential character is shaped by social factors (e.g., upbringing, social background). We developed a scale to measure this social component of essentialism. Results of fi... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4502029 Mon, 14 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4502029 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4502028&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21319912%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Righetti F, Finkenauer C The present research tested the hypothesis that perception of others' self-control is an indicator of their trustworthiness. The authors investigated whether, in interactions between strangers as well as in established relationships, people detect another person's self-control, and whether this perception of self-control, in turn, affects trust. Results of 4 experiments supported these hypotheses. The first 2 experiments revealed that participants detected another person's trait of self-control. Experiments 3 and 4 revealed that participants also detected the temporary depletion of another person's self-control. Confirming the authors' predictions, perceived trait and state self-control, in turn, influenced people's judgment of the other person's trust... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4502028 Mon, 14 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4502028 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4502038&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21299308%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Frazier P, Keenan N, Anders S, Perera S, Shallcross S, Hintz S Perceived control is a central construct in psychology and is key to understanding individual differences in poststress outcomes (Frazier, Berman, & Steward, 2001). The goals of the current studies (using 4 samples of undergraduate students, total N = 1,421) were to examine the relations between different aspects of perceived control and poststress outcomes and to differentiate perceived control over specific events from related constructs (i.e., general control beliefs, coping strategies). To accomplish these goals, we first developed a new measure of perceived past, present, and future control over stressful life events. The data supported the content validity, factor structure, internal consistency and test-... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4502038 Mon, 07 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4502038 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4502037&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21299309%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rentfrow PJ, Goldberg LR, Levitin DJ Music is a cross-cultural universal, a ubiquitous activity found in every known human culture. Individuals demonstrate manifestly different preferences in music, and yet relatively little is known about the underlying structure of those preferences. Here, we introduce a model of musical preferences based on listeners' affective reactions to excerpts of music from a wide variety of musical genres. The findings from 3 independent studies converged to suggest that there exists a latent 5-factor structure underlying music preferences that is genre free and reflects primarily emotional/affective responses to music. We have interpreted and labeled these factors as (a) a Mellow factor comprising smooth and relaxing styles; (b) an Unpretentious fac... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4502037 Mon, 07 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4502037 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4502036&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21299310%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chatard A, Selimbegović L When individuals realize that they fail to attain important standards or expectations, they may be motivated to escape the self, which could lead thoughts of suicide to become more accessible. Six studies examined this hypothesis, mainly derived from escape theory (Baumeister, 1990). The results indicated that whenever individuals realize that they fail to attain an important standard, they experience increased accessibility of suicide-related thoughts (Studies 1-6). In line with the idea that such effects reflect motivations to escape from negative self-awareness, they were especially pronounced when associated with high levels of self-consciousness and escapist motivations (Study 1) and with a large discrepancy between self and standards (Studies 2... Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4502036 Mon, 07 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4502036 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4502035&cid=s_37398_36_f&fid=37398&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21299311%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Simonsohn U Three articles published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology have shown that a disproportionate share of people choose spouses, places to live, and occupations with names similar to their own. These findings, interpreted as evidence of implicit egotism, are included in most modern social psychology textbooks and many university courses. The current article successfully replicates the original findings but shows that they are most likely caused by a combination of cohort, geographic, and ethnic confounds as well as reverse causality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 21299311 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4502035 Mon, 07 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4502035