MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Journal of Urban Health' source. Sun, 21 Mar 2010 16:47:49 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3369333&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fbttp046161p82705%2F This study aims to describe trends in inequalities by women’s socioeconomic position and age in induced abortion in Barcelona (Spain) over 1992–1996 and 2000–2004. Induced abortions occurring in residents in Barcelona aged 20 and 44 years in the study period are included. Variables are age, educational level, and time periods. Induced abortion rates per 1,000 women and absolute differences for educational level, age, and time period are calculated. Poisson regression models are fitted to obtain the relative risk (RR) for trends. Induced abortion rates increased from 10.1 to 14.6 per 1,000 women aged 20–44 (RR = 1.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.41–1.47) between 1992–1996 and 2000–2004. The abortion rate was highest among women aged 20–24 and 25–34 and ch... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3369333 Sun, 14 Mar 2010 11:30:30 +0100 3369333 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3357713&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F64h7843r7p525215%2F Abstract  Employing data from two Chicago-based household probability samples of men who have sex with men (MSM) implemented 5 years apart (the “UMHS 1997” and the “2002 MSM supplement” studies), we evaluated changes in risk behavior as well as the potential viability of two alternative perspectives for explaining these changes—risk management and safe-sex norm abandonment. We found significantly increased rates of unprotected insertive and receptive anal intercourse in the 2002 study. Sixty-eight percent of UMHS men reported having sex with partners having HIV positive or unknown status, compared with 38% of the MSM supplement men (p < .0001). Serosorting mediated and moderated the most extreme forms of risk behavior. Positive statistical associations ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3357713 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 16:13:23 +0100 3357713 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3330369&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9907014w54q41745%2F Abstract  Using popular culture to engage students in discussions of HIV prevention is a nontraditional approach that may complement current prevention efforts and enhance the ability to reach youth who are at high risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Hip-hop or rap music is the dominant genre of music among adolescents, especially Black and Latino youth who are disproportionately impacted by HIV and AIDS. This paper describes the rationale and development of the Reducing HIV and AIDS through Prevention (RHAP) program, a school-based program that uses hip-hop/rap music as a vehicle for raising awareness among adolescents about HIV/AIDS. Constructs from the Social Cognitive Theory and the Sexual Script Theory were used in developing the program.... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3330369 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 10:06:35 +0100 3330369 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3315834&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F557211m4g573h865%2F Abstract  Adverse housing and neighborhood conditions are independently associated with an increased risk of various diseases and conditions. One possible explanation relates to systemic inflammation, which is associated with these adverse health outcomes. The authors investigated the association between housing and neighborhood conditions with inflammatory markers using data about 352 persons aged 49–65 years from the African American Health study. Participants were identified by a multistage random selection process in 2000 to 2001(response rate, 76%). Blood was analyzed for soluble cytokine receptors (interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α), C-reactive protein, and adiponectin. Neighborhood and housing characteristics consisted of five observed block face conditio... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3315834 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 06:46:46 +0100 3315834 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3315835&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc124r84l1280wm66%2F Abstract  We sought to identify factors associated with delayed diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; testing HIV-seropositive 6 months or more after HIV seroconversion), by comparing delayed testers to non-delayed testers (persons who were diagnosed within 6 months of HIV seroconversion), in King County, Washington among men who have sex with men (MSM). Participants were recruited from HIV testing sites in the Seattle area. Delayed testing status was determined by the Serologic Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV Seroconversion or a self-reported previous HIV-negative test. Quantitative data on sociodemographic characteristics, health history, and drug-use and sexual behaviors were collected via computer-assisted self-interviews. Qualitative semi-structured... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3315835 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 06:46:43 +0100 3315835 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3310400&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv5206257222v6h8v%2F Abstract  Road safety experts understand the contribution of speed to the severity and frequency of road crashes. Yet, the impact of speed on health is far more subtle and pervasive than simply its effect on road safety. The emphasis in urban areas on increasing the speed and volume of car traffic contributes to ill-health through its impacts on local air pollution, greenhouse gas production, inactivity, obesity and social isolation. In addition to these impacts, a heavy reliance on cars as a supposedly ‘fast’ mode of transport consumes more time and money than a reliance on supposedly slower modes of transport (walking, cycling and public transport). Lack of time is a major reason why people do not engage in healthy behaviours. Using the concept of ‘effective speed�... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3310400 Wed, 24 Feb 2010 06:55:05 +0100 3310400 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3305632&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F248585897370x23k%2F Abstract  HIV-infected prisoners fare poorly after release. Though rarely available, opioid agonist therapy (OAT) may be one way to improve HIV and substance abuse treatment outcomes after release. Of the 69 HIV-infected prisoners enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of directly administered antiretroviral therapy, 48 (70%) met DSM-IV criteria for opioid dependence. Of these, 30 (62.5%) selected OAT, either as methadone (N = 7, 14.5%) or buprenorphine/naloxone (BPN/NLX; N = 23, 48.0%). Twelve-week HIV and substance abuse treatment outcomes are reported as a sub-study for those selecting BPN/NLX. Retention was high: 21 (91%) completed BPN/NLX induction and 17 (74%) remained on BPN/NLX after 12 weeks. Compared with baseline, the proportion with a non-detectab... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3305632 Tue, 23 Feb 2010 07:59:16 +0100 3305632 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3297506&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb5736j8p72633115%2F Abstract  In Canada, universal and publicly funded hepatitis B immunization programs have been available since 1998 in all provinces and territories. This present study estimates the proportion of having vaccine-induced immunity to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its associated determinants among street-involved youth aged at 15–24 years old in Canada using the data collected by the Enhanced Surveillance of Canadian Street Youth. Vaccine-induced immunity was identified by blood test results of anti-HBc negative and anti-HBs positive. Of the 4,035 participants included in this study, the overall proportion of those with vaccine-induced immunity to HBV was 51.7% during the study period compared to over 90% among the general adolescent population. The proportion o... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3297506 Sat, 20 Feb 2010 06:56:22 +0100 3297506 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3297507&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fbr181q2luw1327k2%2F We examined the relationships between adults' bicycle use for transport and measures of neighborhood walkability in two settings: an Australian city (Adelaide) with low rates of bicycle use and a Belgian city (Ghent) with high rates of bicycle use. A total of 2,159 and 382 participants were recruited in Adelaide and Ghent, respectively. A walkability index was derived from objectively measured data in Adelaide, while a similar index was derived from perceived measures in Ghent. Logistic regression models were employed to examine associations of bicycle use with different levels of walkability. There were higher rates of bicycle ownership for Ghent compared to Adelaide participants (96% versus 61%), and there was a higher prevalence of bicycle use for transport for Ghent compared to A... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3297507 Sat, 20 Feb 2010 06:56:21 +0100 3297507 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3275061&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ftx060220qr2p2153%2F Abstract  Young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are among the highest risk groups for HIV, and the risk distribution varies by race/ethnicity. Prevalence rates are consistently higher for minority YMSM. Factors underlying these disparities are poorly understood. We examined disparities in HIV risk among a community-based sample of Black, Latino, and non-Hispanic Caucasian YMSM age 16–24. To address gaps in the literature, we examined factors between and within racial/ethnic groups across domains including: sexual and substance use behaviors, sexualized and other social contexts, psychological well-being, HIV attributes and prevention skills, and sexual minority stress. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9430-zAuthors Robert Garofalo, Howard Brown Healt... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3275061 Sat, 13 Feb 2010 06:51:11 +0100 3275061 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3270860&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl4q35t062g4555u0%2F We examined a sample of 4,827 women in the age group of 15–49 years to assess the association of the variable slum with selected reproductive health services. We have also tried to identify the sociodemographic factors that influence the utilization of these services among women in the slum communities. All analyses were stratified by slum/non-slum residence, and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the strength of association between key reproductive health services and relevant sociodemographic factors. We found that less than half of the women from the slum areas were currently using any contraceptive methods, and discontinuation rate was higher among these women. Sterilization was the most common method of contraception (25%). Use of contraceptives depende... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3270860 Thu, 11 Feb 2010 11:40:02 +0100 3270860 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3265901&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh5815137l1nm7655%2F We examined the temporal relationship between criminal justice involvement and subsequent sexual HIV risk among men in methadone maintenance treatment in New York City. A random sample of 356 men was interviewed at baseline (time 1), 6-month (time 2), and 12-month (time 3) follow-ups. Propensity score matching, negative binomial, and multiple logistic regression were used to isolate and test the effect of time 2 arrest and incarceration on time 3 sexual risk behaviors. Incidence of time 2 criminal justice involvement was 20.1% for arrest and 9.4% for incarceration in the prior 6 months. Men who were arrested at time 2 demonstrated increased number (adjusted incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.62; 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.11, 2.37) and proportion (IRR = 1.36; 95% ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3265901 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:47:56 +0100 3265901 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3265900&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh13468q073781270%2F This study examined the role of interpersonal and venue-level factors in commercial sex male clients' (CSMCs) condom use with female sex workers (FSWs) in China. Given the heterogeneity of commercial sex industry in China, this study also aimed to explore how these factors function differently by social ranks of commercial sex work frequented by CSMCs. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 601 CSMCs in Sichuan province, China. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence in this sample was 1.7%. In addition to the individual characteristics, interpersonal factor was measured by the frequency of FSWs taking the initiative in condom use and providing condoms. Venue-level factor was assessed by the frequency of the managers of commercial sex venues communicating condom use polic... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3265900 Tue, 09 Feb 2010 06:47:56 +0100 3265900 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3257802&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj26132w5308177r6%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-010-9436-6 Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3257802 Sat, 06 Feb 2010 08:23:04 +0100 3257802 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3257803&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr0wgt26072174422%2F Abstract  Rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are strongly associated with neighborhood poverty; however, the mechanisms responsible for this association remain unclear. Using a population-based study of sexual networks among urban African American adolescents, we tested the hypothesis that poverty, unemployment, and the sex ratio drive STI rates by affecting sexual network structure. Participants were categorized as being in one of three network positions that had previously been found to be strongly linked to infection with chlamydia and gonorrhea: being in a confirmed dyad (i.e., a monogamous pair), being connected to a larger network through one partner, and being in the center of a larger network. We found that only poverty was statistically significantly a... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3257803 Sat, 06 Feb 2010 08:23:02 +0100 3257803 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3248407&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1l12487367l37053%2F Abstract  Few recent publications have highlighted theoretical and methodological challenges using respondent-driven sampling (RDS). To explore why recruitment with RDS may work in some populations and not in others, we assess the implementation of RDS to recruit female sex workers (FSWs) and injection drug users (IDUs) into a human immunodeficiency virus biological and risk behavior survey in Tallinn, Estonia. Recruitment of FSWs was slower and more challenging than that of IDUs. The IDU study recruited 350 participants within 7 weeks, while the FSW study recruited 227 participants over 28 weeks. Implementation modifications that did not negatively impact key RDS theoretical and methodological requirements were used to improve recruitment during the FSW study. We... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3248407 Thu, 04 Feb 2010 07:00:58 +0100 3248407 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3224652&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff14611u3558h8w4x%2F Abstract  It is a common problem in India for women in the reproductive age group to suffer from reproductive illnesses and not seek care. This paper is an attempt to assess untreated reproductive morbidities and to study factors affecting treatment-seeking behavior among ever married women of urban slums. We selected 1,046 women of the reproductive age group (15–49 years) using two-stage cluster sampling for a community-based, cross-sectional study. From this sample, 593 responses reporting reproductive morbidity were analyzed for treatment-seeking behavior and its correlates. Information was collected on demographics, socioeconomic status, self-reported reproductive morbidity, and treatment-seeking patterns, along with reasons for not utilizing available health ser... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3224652 Wed, 27 Jan 2010 19:58:47 +0100 3224652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3215437&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F574107554857tq07%2F Abstract  Using data collected through venue-based sampling in South Florida from 2004 to 2005 as part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-funded National HIV Behavioral Surveillance Among Men Who Have Sex with Men, we estimate the prevalence of crystal methamphetamine use and its association with high-risk sexual behaviors among a large and diverse sample of men who have sex with men (MSM) residing in South Florida. We also examine how these associations differ between HIV-positive and HIV-negative men. Bivariate analyses were used to assess the characteristics of study participants and their sexual risk behaviors by drug use and self-reported HIV status group. Of 946 MSM participants in South Florida, 18% reported crystal methamphetamine use in the past 12&n... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3215437 Tue, 26 Jan 2010 07:05:32 +0100 3215437 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3207541&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F58v8340501201w5j%2F Abstract  Exposure to elevated levels of vehicular traffic has been associated with adverse cardiovascular and respiratory health effects in a range of populations, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing heart conditions, diabetes, obesity, and genetic susceptibilities. As these relationships become clearer, public health officials will need to have access to methods to identify areas of concern in terms of elevated traffic levels and susceptible populations. This paper briefly reviews current approaches for characterizing traffic exposure and then presents a detailed method that can be employed by public health officials and other researchers in performing screening assessments to define areas of potential concern within a particular locale and,... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3207541 Fri, 22 Jan 2010 09:54:44 +0100 3207541 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3162840&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F310372m7m48g617p%2F Abstract  The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between type and quality of housing and childhood asthma in an urban community with a wide gradient of racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, and housing characteristics. A parent-report questionnaire was distributed in 26 randomly selected New York City public elementary schools. Type of housing was categorized using the participants’ addresses and the Building Information System, a publicly-accessible database from the New York City Department of Buildings. Type of housing was associated with childhood asthma with the highest prevalence of asthma found in public housing (21.8%). Residents of all types of private housing had lower odds of asthma than children living in public housing. After adjusting for individual- ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3162840 Sat, 09 Jan 2010 08:26:11 +0100 3162840 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3136388&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F447wl8742617525q%2F Abstract  The primary aim of this paper was to explore whether provider’s understanding of patient’s social context is associated with screening uptake, independent of provider’s recommendation. Baseline data were collected in 2004–2005 from a cluster randomized control trial in 12 low-income housing sites. Participants included 695 low-income, multiethnic adults aged 50 years and over who were primarily insured (97%). Provider’s recommendation was significantly associated with current adherence to colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Provider’s understanding of patient’s social context, as operationalized by how well participants felt that their provider knew (a) their responsibilities at work, home, or school; (b) their worries about health; and (c) them ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3136388 Thu, 31 Dec 2009 06:58:19 +0100 3136388 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3135014&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6111xp18361378hn%2F Abstract  HCV infection continues to spread at an alarming rate among IDU populations. The available evidence suggests that HCV is acquired relatively quickly following onset of injection. However, there are few prospective studies of HCV acquisition, particularly among IDU populations in resource-poor settings. A sample of young male heroin injectors with recent onset of injection (<4 years) was recruited in Hanoi, Vietnam for a prospective assessment of the early course of injection (n = 179). Both behavioral and biological assessments (including detailed retrospective assessment of injection initiation) were conducted at baseline and repeated at 6-month intervals for a period of 16 months. Variables associated with HCV infection (p value < 0.05) in... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3135014 Wed, 30 Dec 2009 06:48:10 +0100 3135014 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3132896&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg4244711552p1m76%2F This study aims to update the mortality rate estimate for the period 2001–2006 and to examine factors that could explain a difference between rates, if any. A second cohort study was conducted between 2001 and 2006. The Cohort 2 mortality rate was computed and compared with the Cohort 1 rate. Several analyses were then carried out: (1) mortality rates in the general population were compared with street youth rates using standardized mortality ratios (SMR); (2) Cohorts 1 and 2 distributions of risk factors for mortality were examined, and their effects were assessed using multivariate proportional hazards regression analyses carried out on a combined Cohorts 1 and 2 dataset. Mortality rate among street youth decreased by 79% while it declined by only 19% in the general population; t... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3132896 Tue, 29 Dec 2009 06:57:41 +0100 3132896 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3088358&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu4132717wp600575%2F Abstract  Incarceration affords an opportunity to provide health care to populations with limited access to care. Women in this population are at high risk for experiencing unintended pregnancies. It is not known what proportion of these women engage in unprotected intercourse in the days prior to incarceration and therefore may benefit from being offered emergency contraception upon their arrest to decrease their risk of unintended pregnancies. We sought to describe the proportion and characteristics of newly arrested women who are eligible for and interested in taking emergency contraception by conducting a cross-sectional study in an urban county jail booking facility. A 63-item survey was administered to women ages 18–44 within 24 h of being arrested in San Franc... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3088358 Sat, 12 Dec 2009 14:19:43 +0100 3088358 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3078177&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7086010048n71854%2F This study examined whether neighborhood characteristics were associated with the incidence of STDs and homicide rates as a proxy for incarceration rates. Data were from the 1995 Program on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, the Chicago Health Department, and the Chicago Police Department. Neighborhood gonorrhea rates increased by 192.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) 131.6, 252.9) cases per 100,000 population with a change from the 25th to the 75th percentile of social disorder. This rate difference was a value greater than the median neighborhood gonorrhea rate. Similar increases were observed for other neighborhood measures and for Chlamydia infection. We hypothesize that high rates of incarceration may play a role in undermining neighborhood social cohesion and control. U... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3078177 Tue, 08 Dec 2009 06:48:43 +0100 3078177 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3055434&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F41768knn685vu51w%2F Abstract  Researchers have identified as effective and worthy of broader dissemination a variety of intervention strategies to promote physical activity among older adults. This paper reports results of a community-organizing approach to disseminating evidence-based interventions in a sustainable way: The Southeast Seattle Senior Physical Activity Network (SESPAN). SESPAN was implemented in Southeast Seattle, a group of multicultural neighborhoods extending 8 miles southeast of downtown Seattle, with a population of 56,469 in 2000, with 12% (7,041) aged 65 and older. The SESPAN organizing strategy involved networking to: (1) make connections between two or more community organizations to create new senior physical activity programs; and (2) build coalitions of community... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3055434 Tue, 01 Dec 2009 08:41:36 +0100 3055434 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3055433&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fcw2605471204g2vr%2F This study examined how objective measures of the local road environment related to safety were associated with change in physical activity (including active transport) among youth. Few longitudinal studies have examined the impact of the road environment on physical activity among children/adolescents in their neighborhoods. Participants were children aged 8–9 years (n = 170) and adolescents aged 13–15 years (n = 276) in 2004. Data were collected in 2004 and 2006 during follow-up of participants recruited initially in 2001 from 19 primary schools in Melbourne, Australia. Walking/cycling to local destinations was parent-reported for children and self-reported by adolescents. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during nonschool hours was recorded using a... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3055433 Tue, 01 Dec 2009 08:41:36 +0100 3055433 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3099528&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F311q24xm278l5234%2F This study examined trajectories of welfare receipt and poverty among African-American women (n = 680) followed from 1966 to 1997. A semiparametric group-based approach revealed four trajectories of welfare receipt: no welfare (64.2%), early leavers (12.7%), late leavers (10.1%), and persistent welfare recipients (10.1%). The “no welfare” group was further divided into a poverty group and a not poverty group to distinguish predictors of welfare from predictors of poverty. Multivariate analyses revealed differences in predictors of trajectory groups in terms of education, physical and psychological health, and social integration. In addition, earlier chronic illness and social integration were important predictors to differentiate between long-term users (i.e., late leavers, p... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3099528 Tue, 01 Dec 2009 08:41:35 +0100 3099528 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3055435&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F311q24xm278l5234%2F This study examined trajectories of welfare receipt and poverty among African-American women (n = 680) followed from 1966 to 1997. A semiparametric group-based approach revealed four trajectories of welfare receipt: no welfare (64.2%), early leavers (12.7%), late leavers (10.1%), and persistent welfare recipients (10.1%). The “no welfare” group was further divided into a poverty group and a not poverty group to distinguish predictors of welfare from predictors of poverty. Multivariate analyses revealed differences in predictors of trajectory groups in terms of education, physical and psychological health, and social integration. In addition, earlier chronic illness and social integration were important predictors to differentiate between long-term users (i.e., late leavers, p... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3055435 Tue, 01 Dec 2009 08:41:35 +0100 3055435 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3055437&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj2635424474m7066%2F Abstract  In the context of recent social and economic transitions in China, lack of physical activity among adolescents is an emerging health risk, particularly so in rapidly expanding urban areas. Evidence from Western countries suggests that built environment attributes can influence the physical activity participation of young people, but whether or not this is the case for China is unknown. We recruited high school students from ten urban districts in Nanjing, Mainland China (n = 2,375; mean age = 13.9 ± 1.0 years old; 46% boys; survey response rate = 89%). The outcome variable was self-reported recreational physical activity time; the primary explanatory variable was the residential density of the urban districts. Analysis was conducted using mixe... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3055437 Tue, 01 Dec 2009 08:41:34 +0100 3055437 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3055436&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj0wr161x20845r87%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9412-1Authors David Sharp, 2 Iron Mills Minchinhampton GL6 9AL UK Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3055436 Tue, 01 Dec 2009 08:41:34 +0100 3055436 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3055438&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F21716t7017qr7228%2F In conclusion, HIV prevalence was high among Black MSM in NYC, as was lack of awareness of HIV-positive status. Having a sexual partner of same race/ethnicity or older age was not associated with having UAI among Black MSM. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9416-xAuthors Hong-Van Tieu, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention 310 East 67th Street #3-110 New York NY 10065 USAChristopher Murrill, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene New York NY USAGuozhen Xu, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention 310 East 67th Street #3-110 New York NY 10065 USABeryl A. Koblin, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Cente... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3055438 Tue, 01 Dec 2009 08:41:33 +0100 3055438 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3043443&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm532n78218005150%2F This study is a cross-sectional survey of 200 English-speaking women presenting to a Baltimore City STI clinic with STI complaints. Participants completed a self-administered survey querying ICT use and demographic characteristics. Three separate questions asked about interest in receiving health advice delivered by the three modalities: internet, cellular phone, and text message. We performed logistic regression to examine how demographic factors (age, race, and education) are associated with likelihood of using each modality. The median age of respondents was 27 years; 87% were African American, and 71% had a high school diploma. The rate of any internet use was 80%; 31% reported daily use; 16% reported weekly use; and 32% reported less frequent use. Almost all respondents (93... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3043443 Thu, 26 Nov 2009 08:14:51 +0100 3043443 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3022118&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl74j17579t31710h%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9411-2Authors Evelyne de Leeuw, Deakin University Community Health Systems & Policy, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Nursing and Behavioural Sciences Geelong Waterfront Campus Geelong Australia Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3022118 Sat, 21 Nov 2009 08:53:23 +0100 3022118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3016830&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh76047513765glmh%2F Abstract  Currently, half of the world population resides in cities. The percentage of world population that is elderly is expected to double from 11% to 22% by 2050 and will be concentrated in urban areas of developing countries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional status of elderly who live in the Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) was employed as the theoretical model. Probabilistic sampling was used to select 1,611 elderly persons (defined as ≥60 years) for the study. The response variable “functional performance” was developed by counting the number of basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL) that subjects found difficul... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3016830 Thu, 19 Nov 2009 07:51:16 +0100 3016830 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3016831&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fqr2137lpl255q483%2F Abstract  The increasing use of geographic information systems (GIS) in epidemiological population studies requires careful attention to the methods employed in accomplishing geocoding and creating a GIS. Studies have provided limited details, hampering the ability to assess validity of spatial data. The purpose of this paper is to describe the multiphase geocoding methods used to retrospectively create a GIS in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS). We used baseline data from 5,302 participants enrolled in the JHS between 2000 and 2004 in a multiphase process to accomplish geocoding 2 years after participant enrollment. After initial deletion of ungeocodable addresses (n = 52), 96% were geocoded using ArcGIS. An interactive method using data abstraction from participant re... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3016831 Thu, 19 Nov 2009 07:51:15 +0100 3016831 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3011281&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu0v32065r4x32842%2F Abstract  Relationship power has been highlighted as a major factor influencing women’s safer sex practices. Little research, however, has specifically examined relationship power in drug-involved women, a population with increased risk for HIV transmission. Using baseline data from a National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network multisite trial of a women’s HIV prevention intervention in community-based drug treatment programs, this paper examined the association between sexual relationship power and unprotected vaginal or anal sex. The Sexual Relationship Power Scale, a measure of relationship control and decision-making dominance, was used to assess the association between power and unprotected sex in relationships with primary male partners. It was hypoth... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3011281 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 09:30:11 +0100 3011281 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3011282&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb63m26056p747738%2F In conclusion, there are no formal or legislative obstacles for providing HIV prevention services for IDUs at pharmacies. Addressing negative attitudes through educational courses and involving pharmacists willing to be public health educators in high drug use areas would improve access for HIV prevention services for IDUs. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9400-5Authors Sigrid Vorobjov, National Institute for Health Development Estonian Drug Monitoring Centre Tallinn EstoniaAnneli Uusküla, Estonian Centre of Excellence in Behavioural and Health Sciences Tartu EstoniaKatri Abel-Ollo, National Institute for Health Development Estonian Drug Monitoring Centre Tallinn EstoniaAve Talu, National Institute for Health Development Estonian Drug Monitoring Centre Tallinn Es... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3011282 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 09:30:10 +0100 3011282 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2993580&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh0t7w5471h618149%2F This study examines the effect of air quality and administrative policies on use of urban trails in Indianapolis, IN. Attention is focused on two policy variables: (1) issuance of air pollution advisories and (2) the adoption of Daylight Savings Time. Results suggest that while trail use varies with air quality, current public advisories regarding air pollution may be of limited effectiveness in reducing trail users’ exposures to hazardous pollutants. In contrast, the adoption of Daylight Savings Time was associated with a statistically significant increase in traffic levels. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9398-8Authors Ann M. Holmes, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Center for Health Policy, School of Public and Environmental Affairs India... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2993580 Fri, 13 Nov 2009 07:28:30 +0100 2993580 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2993581&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F96714hl483144123%2F Abstract  Population estimates of men who have sex with men (MSM) by state and race/ethnicity are lacking, hampering effective HIV epidemic monitoring and targeting of outreach and prevention efforts. We created three models to estimate the proportion and number of adult males who are MSM in 17 southern states. Model A used state-specific census data stratified by rural/suburban/urban area and national estimates of the percentage MSM in corresponding areas. Model B used a national estimate of the percentage MSM and state-specific household census data. Model C partitioned the statewide estimates by race/ethnicity. Statewide Models A and B estimates of the percentages MSM were strongly correlated (r = 0.74; r-squared = 0.55; p < 0.001) and had similar means (5.... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2993581 Fri, 13 Nov 2009 07:28:29 +0100 2993581 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2993582&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq14wu0557k855654%2F Conclusions were consistent across both measures of “need” and persisted after controlling for local poverty rates. In both high- and low-need districts, spatial access to OTC pharmacies was greater in “Whiter” districts in 2001; in high-need districts, access also increased more rapidly over time in “whiter” districts. Ensuring equitable spatial access to OTC pharmacies may reduce injection-related HIV transmission overall and reduce racial/ethnic disparities in HIV incidence among injectors. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9399-7Authors Hannah L. F. Cooper, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health 1518 Clifton Road, NE Room 568 Atlanta GA 30322 USABrian H. Bossak, Georgia Southern University Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health Statesbor... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2993582 Fri, 13 Nov 2009 07:28:28 +0100 2993582 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2976517&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn234t0365ll289x7%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9407-yAuthors Thomas E. Smith, New York State Office of Mental Health New York NY USALloyd I. Sederer, New York State Office of Mental Health New York NY USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2976517 Sat, 07 Nov 2009 07:45:39 +0100 2976517 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2976516&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx892627851781t5r%2F Abstract  The influence of local food environments on the risk for obesity is important overall, but may be particularly important for food insecure populations in urban settings. Access to healthful foods is most limited among racial and ethnic minorities and low-income populations; these same populations experience the highest rates of obesity and food insecurity. Few valid and reliable measures have been developed to assess the quality of local food environments. This research addresses this gap by introducing an inventory for measuring self-reported perceptions of food access and then compares the perceptions measure to objective assessments of local food environments. Data are focused on an urban population experiencing disproportionate rates of food insecurity. The fo... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2976516 Sat, 07 Nov 2009 07:45:39 +0100 2976516 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2919016&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7563l061p7xu3025%2F Abstract  For the benefit of planning for the future care and treatment of people infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and to help guide prevention and control programs, data are needed on HCV seroprevalence and associated risk factors. We conducted a cross-sectional sero-behavioral survey of injection drug users (IDU) detained for mandatory rehabilitation during a police sweep of Tehran, Iran, in early 2006. During the study period, a consecutive sample comprising 454 of 499 (91.0%) men arrested and determined to be IDU by urine test and physical examination consented to a face-to-face interview and blood collection for HCV antibody testing. Overall, HCV prevalence was 80.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 76.2–83.6). Factors independently associated with HCV infection in... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2919016 Wed, 21 Oct 2009 12:16:34 +0100 2919016 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2812012&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7h710p7n80h7r022%2F We examined scholarly and nonscholarly literature to explore program approaches and program elements that lead to improvements in mental health and substance use disorders among homeless individuals with concurrent disorders (CD). Information related to program contexts, elements, and successes and failures were extracted and further supplemented by key informant interviews and author communication regarding reviewed published studies. From the ten programs that we reviewed, we identified six important and promising program strategies that reduce mental health and, to a far lesser degree, substance use problems: client choice in treatment decision-making, positive interpersonal relationships between client and provider, assertive community treatment approaches, providing supportive h... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2812012 Thu, 17 Sep 2009 12:39:53 +0100 2812012 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2698476&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm4509n31593523j9%2F Abstract  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease in the United States. Accurate hepatitis C prevalence estimates are important to guide local public health programs but are usually unavailable to local health jurisdictions. National surveys may not reflect local variation, a particular challenge for urban settings with disproportionately large numbers of residents in high-risk population groups. In 2004, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene conducted the NYC Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a population-based household survey of non-institutionalized NYC residents ages 20 and older. Study participants were interviewed and blood specimens were tested for antibody to HCV (anti-HCV); positive participants were re-cont... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2698476 Wed, 12 Aug 2009 06:00:21 +0100 2698476 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2698477&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fbn8k112087135581%2F This article presents the findings from a recently completed review of Brighton and Hove’s Healthy City Program which aimed to scope whether added value had accrued from the city’s role as a WHO Healthy City during phase IV. In contrast to most other evaluations of healthy cities, this review adopted a qualitative approach representing an appraisal of the Brighton and Hove Healthy City Program from the internal viewpoint of its local stakeholders. In addition to documentary analysis and a facilitated workshop, a series of in-depth interviews (N = 27) were conducted with stakeholders from the Brighton and Hove Healthy City Partnership representing each of the sectors reflected in the Local Strategic Partnership (public, statutory, elected, community and voluntary, neighborhood... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2698477 Tue, 11 Aug 2009 08:34:02 +0100 2698477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2683619&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv5420455278762k2%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9395-yAuthors Ana Cristina Garcia, New York Academy of Medicine Division of Health Policy New York NY USAJeffrey Levi, Trust for America’s Health Washington DC USARuth Finkelstein, New York Academy of Medicine Division of Health Policy New York NY USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2683619 Fri, 07 Aug 2009 13:24:08 +0100 2683619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2652807&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F10wgr57604l47722%2F This study investigated the association between nonfatal unintentional household injuries with the resident’s sociodemographic attributes and household characteristics in Hong Kong, the city with the world’s highest population density. A cross-sectional retrospective recall study was conducted in May 2007 using a random telephone survey with a modified Chinese version of the World Health Organization Injury and Violence instrument. The study sample included 1,001 noninstitutionalized Cantonese-speaking Hong Kong residents of all ages, including foreign live-in domestic helpers. Multivariate regression was conducted to identify risk factors for nonfatal unintentional injuries in Hong Kong. Among a predominantly adult sample, household size and time spent at home were not associate... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2652807 Tue, 28 Jul 2009 06:18:29 +0100 2652807 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2644258&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp523t75170300036%2F Abstract  Homeless individuals often suffer from serious health problems. It has been argued that the homeless are socially isolated, with low levels of social support and social functioning, and that this lack of social resources contributes to their ill health. These observations suggest the need to further explore the relationship between social networks, social support, and health among persons who are homeless. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between multidimensional (cognitive/perceived and behavioral/received) social support and health outcomes, including physical health status, mental health status, and recent victimization, among a representative sample of homeless individuals in Toronto, Canada. Multivariate regression analyses were perfor... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2644258 Sat, 25 Jul 2009 04:30:35 +0100 2644258 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2609973&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2873578071h258kr%2F Abstract  Dietary patterns may be influenced by the availability and accessibility within stores of different types of foods. However, little is known about the amount of shelf space used for healthy and unhealthy foods in different types of stores. We conducted measurements of the length of shelf space used for fruits, vegetables, and snack foods items in 419 stores in 217 urban census tracts in southern Louisiana and in Los Angeles County. Although supermarkets offered far more shelf space of fruits and vegetables than did other types of stores, they also devoted more shelf space to unhealthy snacks (mean 205 m for all of these items combined) than to fruits and vegetables (mean 117 m, p < 0.001). After supermarkets, drug stores devoted the most shelf spac... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2609973 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 13:56:16 +0100 2609973 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2605102&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa3354277181185up%2F This study provides rare estimates of cancer-related health and health care measures in an understudied population in the United States. Findings illustrate the need for further examination of health behaviors in low SES white urban populations who may share health risks with their poor minority urban counterparts. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9391-2Authors Janice V. Bowie, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Health Disparities Solutions Baltimore MD USAHee-Soon Juon, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Department of Health, Behavior and Society Baltimore MD USALisa C. Dubay, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Center for Health Disparities Solutions Baltimore MD USALydie A. Lebrun, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School o... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2605102 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 11:17:09 +0100 2605102 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2592887&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu73080005q05p188%2F Abstract  Though altruism and patient advocacy are promoted in medical education curricula, students are given few opportunities to develop these skills. Student-run clinics focusing on the health needs of the underserved can provide important health services to needy patients while providing students with career-influencing primary care experiences. The Columbia-Harlem Homeless Medical Partnership (CHHMP)—a project initiated by medical students to provide primary care to Northern Manhattan's homeless population—serves as a new model of service learning in medical education. Unlike many other student-run clinics, CHHMP has developed direct patient outreach, continuous care (stable “student–patient teams” and a weekly commitment for all volunteers), and regular int... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2592887 Thu, 09 Jul 2009 14:15:51 +0100 2592887 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2592888&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3v111934674qll4q%2F Abstract  More than two thirds of Americans are overweight or obese, and African Americans are particularly vulnerable to obesity when compared to Caucasians. Ecological models of health suggest that lower individual and environmental socioeconomic status and the built environment may be related to health attitudes and behaviors that contribute to obesity. This cross-sectional study measured the direct associations of neighborhood physical activity resource attributes with body mass index (BMI) and body fat among low-income 216 African Americans (Mean (M) age = 43.5 years, 63.9% female) residing in 12 public housing developments. The Physical Activity Resource Assessment instrument measured accessibility, incivilities, and the quality of features and amenities of ea... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2592888 Thu, 09 Jul 2009 14:15:50 +0100 2592888 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2550057&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb334463172242135%2F Abstract  Previously published analyses showed that inequalities in mortality rates between residents of poor and wealthy neighborhoods in New York City (NYC) narrowed between 1990 and 2000, but these trends may have been influenced by population in-migration and gentrification. The NYC public housing population has been less subject to these population shifts than those in other NYC neighborhoods. We compared changes in mortality rates (MRs) from 1989–1991 to 1999–2001 among residents of NYC census blocks consisting entirely of public housing residences with residents of nonpublic housing low-income and higher-income blocks. Public housing and nonpublic housing low-income blocks were those in census block groups with ≥50% of residents living at <1.5 times the fede... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2550057 Fri, 26 Jun 2009 06:47:54 +0100 2550057 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501041&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F348tm718q2302488%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9373-4Authors Wilson Compton, National Institute on Drug Abuse Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research 6001 Executive Blvd. Bethesda MD 20892 USAJacques Normand, National Institute on Drug Abuse AIDS Research Program 6001 Executive Blvd. Bethesda MD 20892 USAElizabeth Lambert, National Institute on Drug Abuse Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research 6001 Executive Blvd. Bethesda MD 20892 USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501041 Sat, 20 Jun 2009 05:59:13 +0100 2501041 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501043&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx8l78024406472m1%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9383-2Authors David Sharp, 2 Iron Mills Minchinhampton GL6 9AL UK Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501043 Fri, 19 Jun 2009 06:48:58 +0100 2501043 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501042&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx45074001r3851h7%2F Abstract  Research suggests that, among Latinos, there are health benefits associated with living in a neighborhood populated with coethnics. While social networks and social cohesion are the proposed explanation for the salubrious effect and are assumed to be characteristics of Latino immigrant enclaves, evidence for this is limited. We used multilevel regression to test the relative contribution of individual race/ethnicity and neighborhood concentration of Mexican Americans as predictors of social networks and social cohesion. After accounting for personal characteristics, we found a negative association between neighborhood concentration of Mexican Americans and social cohesion. Among Latinos, living in a neighborhood with increased coethnics was associated with increas... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501042 Fri, 19 Jun 2009 06:48:58 +0100 2501042 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501045&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw212806871454k48%2F Abstract  The purpose of the study was to determine the potential contribution of bisexual men to the spread of HIV in Los Angeles. We compare the characteristics and behaviors of men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) to men who have sex with only women (MSW) and men who have sex with only men (MSM) in Los Angeles. Men (N = 1,125) who participated in one of the two waves of data collection from 2005 to 2007 at the Los Angeles site for NIDA’s Sexual Acquisition and Transmission of HIV—Cooperative Agreement Program were recruited using Respondent Driven Sampling. Participants completed Audio Computer Assisted Self Interviews and received oral HIV rapid testing with confirmatory blood test by Western Blot and provided urine specimens for detection of recent powder ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501045 Fri, 19 Jun 2009 06:48:55 +0100 2501045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501044&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F665172x5r478u25v%2F This study takes initial steps toward moving the analysis of sexual network linkages beyond individual and risk group levels to a community level in which Chicago’s 77 community areas are examined as subpopulations for the purpose of identifying potential bridging communities. Of particular interest are “hidden” bridging communities; that is, areas with above-average levels of sexual ties with other areas but whose below-average AIDS prevalence may hide their potential importance for HIV prevention. Data for this analysis came from the first wave of recruiting at the Chicago Sexual Acquisition and Transmission of HIV Cooperative Agreement Program site. Between August 2005 through October 2006, respondent-driven sampling was used to recruit users of heroin, cocaine, or methamphe... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501044 Fri, 19 Jun 2009 06:48:55 +0100 2501044 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501046&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F941r576388748883%2F Abstract  The main objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI) values in the Department of Housing and Urban Development American Healthy Homes Survey (AHHS) homes and an alternative analysis frequently used in mold investigations, i.e., the inspector’s “walk-through” assessment of visual or olfactory evidence of mold combined with occupant’s answers to a questionnaire about mold odors and moisture. Homes in the highest ERMI quartile were in agreement with visual inspection and/or occupant assessment 48% of the time but failed to detect the mold in 52% of the fourth quartile homes. In about 7% of lowest ERMI quartile homes, the inspection and occupant assessments overestimated the mold problem. Th... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501046 Thu, 18 Jun 2009 16:50:35 +0100 2501046 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501047&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq6120q43n3kq554l%2F Abstract  Women in the sex trade whose economic and social base are urban streets face multiple dangers of predation, isolation, and illness. A Mobile Access Project (MAP) to provide emergency medical help, peer counseling, condoms and clean needles, resource information and referral, and a place of respite and safety was initiated for sex trade workers in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. We conducted surveys with 100 women sex workers who accessed MAP services and reviewed MAP logbooks to document use of services. We assessed the impact of MAP through review of data from a concurrent cohort study of injection drug users and a survey of 97 women at a drop-in center in the Downtown Eastside. Over 90% of MAP clients reported that the van made them feel safer on the street... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501047 Wed, 17 Jun 2009 06:48:22 +0100 2501047 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501048&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F87lv856u8mu26410%2F This study used focus-group methodology to explore high-risk sexual behaviors, drug use, and victimization among female offenders in St. Louis. Inmates of the St. Louis Medium Security Institution (MSI) were invited to participate in one of five focus groups between May and September 2005 in preparation for an NIH/NINR HIV-prevention intervention study among female offenders in Drug Court. The focus group sample of 30 women was 70% African-American, with a mean age of 36 years. Results indicated that oral sex was the most common sex trade activity. Consistent with the literature, condom usage was described as irregular. In terms of drug use, participants reported that crack was most commonly used, with binges often lasting for several days. Regarding victimization, women freque... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501048 Wed, 17 Jun 2009 06:48:20 +0100 2501048 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501049&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fpk0u52g578821623%2F Abstract  While observers agree that reducing disparities in health is an important health priority for the USA, there is little agreement and no comprehensive plan to achieve this goal. In this commentary, we make the case for reducing the disproportionate exposure to environmental and consumer hazards as a promising strategy for reducing health disparities. Exposures to environmental risks such as air pollution, lead, and hazardous wastes and to consumer products such as tobacco, alcohol, and unhealthy food have been identified as significant threats to health and important contributors to disparities in health. Strengthening the regulations that prevent exposure to these harmful substances and enforcing these rules equitably could bring benefits to the population as a wh... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501049 Wed, 17 Jun 2009 06:48:15 +0100 2501049 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501050&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ffpv7543229765065%2F We examined whether fast food and restaurant concentrations are associated with body mass index and whether car ownership might moderate this association. We linked the 2000 US Census data and information on locations of fast food and other restaurants with the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Study database, which consists of 2,156 adults sampled from 63 neighborhoods in Los Angeles County. Multilevel modeling was used to estimate associations between body mass index (BMI), fast food and restaurant concentration, and car ownership after adjustment for individual-level factors and socioeconomic characteristics of residential neighborhoods. A high concentration of local restaurants is associated with BMI. Car owners have higher BMIs than non-car owners; however, individuals who do ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501050 Wed, 17 Jun 2009 06:48:13 +0100 2501050 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501051&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx873726n31568829%2F Abstract  The epidemic of HIV in St. Petersburg, which is currently concentrated among injection drug users (IDUs), may be penetrating into the general population. Non-IDUs who have IDU sex partners (SP) could be potential bridges in an expanding epidemic. To investigate potential bridges, we accrued a convenience sample of 288 non-IDUs whose HIV diagnosis was attributed to sexual transmission and we determined the proportion that had IDUs among their SP. Having IDU SP ever (lifetime) and IDU SP in the last year were the key variables for the analysis of potential bridges in this study. The interaction of gender and age was found to be a significant predictor of having lifetime IDU SP (p = 0.006, χ 2 test) and IDU SP in the last year (p = 0.05, χ 2 test): females... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501051 Wed, 17 Jun 2009 06:48:10 +0100 2501051 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501052&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe6447q52m8370439%2F Abstract  Persons named by a patient with tuberculosis (TB) are the focus of traditional TB contact investigations. However, patients who use illicit drugs are often reluctant to name contacts. Between January 2004 and May 2005, 18 isoniazid-resistant TB cases with matching Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypes (spoligotypes) were reported in Miami; most patients frequented crack houses and did not name potentially infected contacts. We reviewed medical records and reinterviewed patients about contacts and locations frequented to describe transmission patterns and make recommendations to control TB in this population. Observed contacts were not named but were encountered at the same crack houses as the patients. Contacts were evaluated for latent TB infection with a tuberculo... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501052 Wed, 17 Jun 2009 06:48:06 +0100 2501052 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501053&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw72228hw6n489l77%2F Abstract  This paper examines whether sprawl, featured by low development density, segregated land uses, lack of significant centers, and poor street connectivity, contributes to a widening mortality gap between urban and suburban residents. We employ two mortality datasets, including a national cross-sectional dataset examining the impact of metropolitan-level sprawl on urban–suburban mortality gaps and a longitudinal dataset from Portland examining changes in urban–suburban mortality gaps over time. The national and Portland studies provide the only evidence to date that (1) across metropolitan areas, the size of urban–suburban mortality gaps varies by the extent of sprawl: in sprawling metropolitan areas, urban residents have significant excess mortality risks than... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501053 Wed, 17 Jun 2009 06:47:59 +0100 2501053 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501054&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg9u4418k48p20w51%2F This study evaluates associations between internalized homonegativity and demographic factors, drug use behaviors, sexual risk behaviors, and HIV status among men who have sex with men (MSM) and with men and women (MSM/W). Participants were recruited in Los Angeles County using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) and completed the Internalized Homonegativity Inventory (IHNI) and questionnaires on demographic and behavioral factors. Biological samples were tested for HIV and for recent cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin use. The 722 MSM and MSM/W participants were predominantly African American (44%) and Hispanic (28%), unemployed (82%), homeless (50%), and HIV positive (48%) who used drugs in the past 6 months (79.5%). Total and Personal Homonegativity, Gay Affirmation, and Moral... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501054 Sat, 13 Jun 2009 07:56:31 +0100 2501054 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501055&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fvm2u341572n58646%2F We examined factors associated with methamphetamine use and routes of administration by gender among injection drug users (IDUs). From 2006–2007, IDUs ≥18 years old in Tijuana were recruited using respondent-driven sampling, interviewed, and tested for HIV, syphilis, and TB. Logistic regression was used to assess associations with methamphetamine use (past 6 months), stratified by gender. Among 1,056 participants, methamphetamine use was more commonly reported among females compared to males (80% vs. 68%, p < 0.01), particularly, methamphetamine smoking (57% vs. 34%; p < 0.01). Among females (N = 158), being aged >35 years (AOR, 0.2; 95% CI, 0.1–0.6) was associated with methamphetamine use. Among males (N = 898), being aged >35 year... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501055 Fri, 12 Jun 2009 11:33:31 +0100 2501055 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501058&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm065714658021547%2F Abstract  Transactional sex refers to selling sex (exchanging sex for money, drugs, food, shelter, or other items) or purchasing sex (exchanging money, drugs, food, shelter, or other items for sex). These activities have been associated with a higher risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in a variety of populations and settings. This paper examines correlates of purchasing and selling sex in a large sample of drug users, men who have sex with men, and sex partners of these groups. Using respondent-driven sampling, participants were recruited between 2005 and 2008 in two urban and two rural counties in North Carolina. We used multiple logistic regressions to examine separate models for selling and purchasing sex in men and women. In addition, we estimated di... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501058 Wed, 10 Jun 2009 11:21:45 +0100 2501058 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501057&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fwulul220t3j17124%2F In this study, we compared 97 men who have sex with men only (MSM) to 175 men who have sex with men and women (MSMW). We also compared the 175 MSMW to 772 men who have sex with women only (MSW). Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to assess correlates of MSMW risk behaviors with men and with women as well as whether MSMW, compared with MSW, engaged in more risky behaviors with women. Compared with MSM, MSMW were less likely to be HIV-positive or to engage in unprotected receptive anal intercourse. In contrast, MSMW were more likely than MSW to be HIV-positive and to engage in anal intercourse with their female partners; however, rates of unprotected anal intercourse were similar. The study findings suggest that there may be important differences in HIV... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501057 Wed, 10 Jun 2009 11:21:45 +0100 2501057 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501056&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe844303280q45660%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9374-3Authors Richard Rothenberg, Georgia State University Institute of Public Health 140 Decatur St. Atlanta GA 30302 USARichard Jenkins, National Institute on Drug Abuse Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research 6001 Executive Blvd. Bethesda MD 20892 USAElizabeth Lambert, National Institute on Drug Abuse Division of Epidemiology, Services, and Prevention Research 6001 Executive Blvd. Bethesda MD 20892 USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501056 Wed, 10 Jun 2009 11:21:45 +0100 2501056 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2501059&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk24j760325026677%2F Abstract  The HIV epidemic that began in Russia in the mid-1990s has been concentrated mostly among drug users (DUs). Recent evidence of increasing HIV cases among non-DUs attributed to sexual behavior raises potential concern about a more generalized epidemic. The purpose of this analysis is to examine the potential for HIV transmission from DUs to their non-DU sex partners. Analyses are conducted using data collected during 2005–2008 in St. Petersburg, Russia. A total of 631 DUs were recruited into the sample with an HIV prevalence of 45%. A majority (84%) of DUs reported being sexually active in the past 6 months, and the DU status of their sex partners was reported as follows: 54% DU, 40% non-DU, and 6% unknown DU status. In 41% of partnerships with an HIV-negati... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2501059 Tue, 09 Jun 2009 15:48:25 +0100 2501059 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2454702&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F57703p020242w740%2F Abstract  Volunteer service opportunities for older adults may soon be expanded. Although volunteering is thought to provide health benefits for healthier older adults, it is not known whether older adults in less than very good health are suitable candidates for high-intensity volunteering and can derive health benefits. This manuscript presents a prospective analysis of 174 older adult volunteers serving in Experience Corps Baltimore®, a high-intensity senior volunteer program in Baltimore, Maryland. Volunteers served ≥15 h per week, for a full school year, in elementary schools helping children with reading and other skills between 1999 and 2002. Volunteers were assessed with standardized questionnaires and performance-based testing including grip strength, walki... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2454702 Tue, 02 Jun 2009 08:12:46 +0100 2454702 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2445658&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft6lqw278x24x8566%2F Abstract  Criminals illegally obtaining firearms represent a great risk to many urban residents. This cross-sectional study of 54 US cities uses data on state laws governing gun sales, a survey of law enforcement agencies’ practices to promote compliance with gun sales laws, and crime gun trace data to examine associations between these policies and practices with gun trafficking indicators. Higher levels of local gun ownership were linked with greater intrastate gun trafficking. Regression models estimate that comprehensive regulation and oversight of gun dealers and state regulation of private sales of handguns were each associated with significantly lower levels of intrastate gun trafficking. Discretionary permit-to-purchase licensing laws’ negative association with ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2445658 Fri, 29 May 2009 06:51:12 +0100 2445658 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2445657&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F32nw144378h684m0%2F Abstract  Men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) represent an important target population for understanding the spread of HIV because of the inherent bridging aspect of their sexual behavior. Despite their potential to spread HIV between gender groups, relatively little recent data have been reported about this population as a subgroup distinct from men who have sex with men only. This paper analyzes data from the Chicago site of Sexual Acquisition and Transmission of HIV Cooperative Agreement Program to characterize 343 MSMW in terms of their demographics, drug use, sexual risk behavior, sexual identity, and sex partners. Results show the MSMW sample to be extremely disadvantaged; to have high rates of drug use, including injection and crack use; to report more female ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2445657 Fri, 29 May 2009 06:51:12 +0100 2445657 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2445659&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3249t5281672k6k8%2F Abstract  Burnout is a special type of prolonged occupational stress that is linked with numerous psychosomatic and psychological sequelae and negative job consequences. The purpose of this study is to estimate the contribution of occupational and substance use factors to burnout among a multiethnic sample of urban transit operators (n = 1231). Survey and medical exam data were obtained from participants in the 1993–1995 San Francisco MUNI Health & Safety Study. Burnout was measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory emotional exhaustion subscale. Occupational factors included frequency of job problems (e.g., equipment, passengers, and traffic), years driving, full or part-time work status, and ergonomic problems (e.g., adjusting the seat, back support, vibration, and ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2445659 Wed, 27 May 2009 06:21:38 +0100 2445659 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2445661&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh51rwn36548703p5%2F The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence, geographic distribution, sociodemographic, and comorbidity factors associated with obese status as a part of a public health system needs assessment. We conducted a cross-sectional clustered sampling utilizing prospective anthropometric measurement and chart review. Demographic, anthropometric, and medical comorbidity data were collected from 2,630 students in SBHCs in Baltimore, MD, USA. Students were geocoded to their primary residential address and assigned to a census block group using MapInfo v6.5. Demographic and comorbidity associations were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Overall, the mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.5 (SD 6.6), and prevalence of obesity (BMI > 95th percentile) and ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2445661 Wed, 27 May 2009 06:21:37 +0100 2445661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2445660&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2u2551q0134h76x7%2F Abstract  The Sexual Acquisition and Transmission of HIV Cooperative Agreement Program (SATHCAP) examined the role of drug use in the sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from traditional high-risk groups, such as men who have sex with men (MSM) and drug users (DU), to lower risk groups in three US cities and in St. Petersburg, Russia. SATHCAP employed respondent-driven sampling (RDS) and a dual high-risk group sampling approach that relied on peer recruitment for a combined, overlapping sample of MSM and DU. The goal of the sampling approach was to recruit an RDS sample of MSM, DU, and individuals who were both MSM and DU (MSM/DU), as well as a sample of sex partners of MSM, DU, and MSM/DU and sex partners of sex partners. The approach efficiently ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2445660 Wed, 27 May 2009 06:21:37 +0100 2445660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2435788&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl1156t125h715375%2F Abstract  Black men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk for HIV infection in the United States compared to other MSM. The aim of this study was to investigate Black MSM’s sexual mixing patterns and partner characteristics in relation to sexual risk taking, as a possible explanation for this observed increase in HIV incidence. Between January and July 2008, 197 Black MSM were recruited via modified respondent-driven sampling and completed optional pretest and post-test HIV serological testing, counseling, and a demographic, behavioral, and psychosocial assessment battery. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression procedures were used to examine predictors of risky sex across partner types. Overall, 18% of the sample was HIV-infected; 50% reported unprot... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2435788 Sun, 24 May 2009 05:58:47 +0100 2435788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2431464&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg80883400u75k124%2F Abstract  Incarceration is associated with multiple and concurrent partnerships, which are determinants of sexually transmitted infections (STI), including HIV. The associations between incarceration and high-risk sex partnerships may exist, in part, because incarceration disrupts stable sex partnerships, some of which are protective against high-risk sex partnerships. When investigating STI/HIV risk among those with incarceration histories, it is important to consider the potential role of drug use as a factor contributing to sexual risk behavior. First, incarceration’s influence on sexual risk taking may be further heightened by drug-related effects on sexual behavior. Second, drug users may have fewer economic and social resources to manage the disruption of incarcerati... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2431464 Thu, 21 May 2009 06:13:13 +0100 2431464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2421898&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F24x8m1j7051k4356%2F Abstract  The homeless are amongst the most vulnerable groups in developed regions, suffering from high rates of poorly controlled chronic disease, smoking, respiratory conditions, and mental illness, all of which render them vulnerable to new and resurgent disease processes associated with climate change. To date, there have been no papers reviewing the impacts of climate change on the homeless population. This paper provides a framework for understanding the nature of such an impact. We review four pathways: increased heat waves, increased air pollution, increased severity of floods and storms, and the changing distribution of West Nile Virus. We emphasize the need for further debate and research in this field. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9354-7Au... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2421898 Fri, 15 May 2009 05:59:54 +0100 2421898 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2421899&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh533x6750219m375%2F Abstract  Improving diet is one important pathway for addressing cancer disparities. We conducted mixed-method analyses of 468 24-h dietary recalls from 156 African–American women residents of Washington DC public housing to better understand dietary patterns. Recalls were rated for five cancer-related preventive characteristics (adequate fruits/vegetables, moderate fat, moderate calories, no alcohol, and adequate Healthy Eating Index score), combined as a scale. Bivariate and multivariate analyses identified psychosocial and dietary characteristics associated with scale scores. Qualitative analyses of dietary records identified contextual aspects of food patterns within and across score groups. Sixty-one percent of respondents met zero or one dietary goal; alcohol absten... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2421899 Fri, 15 May 2009 05:59:53 +0100 2421899 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2421900&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fxt2757068q407647%2F This study represents the first attempt in the USA to survey pharmacy nonprescription syringe customers at their point of purchase. We surveyed 62 individuals purchasing nonprescription syringes in seven pharmacies located in NYC and Albany, NY, USA. Three quarters of respondents purchased for illicit use, and 36% purchased for medical use, with differences found by race and gender. Half got their syringes from pharmacies “most of the time.” Half had ever been refused a syringe purchase in a NYS pharmacy, with men, Blacks, and Hispanics reporting higher levels of refusals than women or whites. Two thirds reported syringe reuse but very few reported sharing. While approximately one quarter safely obtained and disposed of syringes “most of the time,” two thirds used both safe a... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2421900 Tue, 12 May 2009 06:07:13 +0100 2421900 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2401997&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr373167943xn7nw5%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ErratumDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9346-7Authors Paul L. Robinson, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles CA USAW. John Boscardin, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USASheba M. George, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles CA USASenait Teklehaimanot, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles CA USAKevin C. Heslin, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science Los Angeles CA USARicky N. Bluthenthal, California State University Urban Community Research Center, Sociology Department Dominguez Hills Carson CA USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2401997 Thu, 07 May 2009 06:03:45 +0100 2401997 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2395825&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm22u425jl3877n6l%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9358-3Authors Anita Palepu, University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2395825 Tue, 05 May 2009 05:53:26 +0100 2395825 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2395826&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl4173435297x4ph5%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9359-2 Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2395826 Tue, 05 May 2009 05:53:24 +0100 2395826 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2395828&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fbh15j45142411586%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9362-7 Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2395828 Sat, 02 May 2009 05:46:39 +0100 2395828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2395827&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk058842007671m56%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9360-9 Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2395827 Sat, 02 May 2009 05:46:39 +0100 2395827 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2385878&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh19u124302q33h45%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9361-8 Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2385878 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 05:59:22 +0100 2385878 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2366882&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6l26u192j040q431%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9347-6Authors David Sharp, 2 Iron Mills Minchinhampton GL69AL UK Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2366882 Thu, 23 Apr 2009 08:16:51 +0100 2366882 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2321133&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw23w2w1r83020h48%2F This study emphasizes the importance of measuring exposure to neighborhood violence rather than solely assessing perceived safety. Neighborhood violence was a common experience for mothers in this urban sample, and should be considered by health professionals in trying to understand and intervene to improve the health of mothers and their children. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9345-8Authors Sarah Lindstrom Johnson, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Department of Health, Behavior and Society 624 N. Broadway, 2nd floor Baltimore MD 21205 USABarry S. Solomon, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics Baltimore MD USAWendy C. Shields, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Department of Health, Policy and Management Baltimore... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2321133 Fri, 03 Apr 2009 06:58:31 +0100 2321133 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2267283&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm625807g52354624%2F Abstract  We applied our previously developed estimation equation to predict EQ-5D index scores from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Healthy Days measures for the New York City (NYC) adult population from 1995 to 2006 and compared these trends over time with the US general population. Such scores enabled us to examine the burden of disease attributable to smoking and overweight/obesity at both the local and national levels. We employed the estimation equation to the 1993–2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data to obtain EQ-5D index scores for all survey respondents based on their age, self-rated health status, and overall number of unhealthy days. With the combination of mortality data, we calculated trends of quality-adjusted life ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2267283 Fri, 13 Mar 2009 10:42:05 +0100 2267283 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2226623&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F22q8w7j332j78553%2F Abstract  The presence of street gangs has been hypothesized as influencing overall levels of violence in urban communities through a process of gun–drug diffusion and cross-type homicide. This effect is said to act independently of other known correlates of violence, i.e., neighborhood poverty. To test this hypothesis, we independently assessed the impact of population exposure to local street gang densities on 8-year homicide rates in small areas of Los Angeles County, California. Homicide data from the Los Angeles County Coroners Office were analyzed with original field survey data on street gang locations, while controlling for the established covariates of community homicide rates. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses explicated strong relationships between... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2226623 Fri, 27 Feb 2009 10:38:11 +0100 2226623 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2147178&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb3567w82k5591684%2F We present a review of diagnosis, prevention, and the recently streamlined treatment guidelines for management of HBV infection in correctional settings, and discuss the implications and public health impact of these measures. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9338-zAuthors Shaili Gupta, Yale University School of Medicine Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program 135 College Street, Suite 323 New Haven CT 06510-2283 USAFrederick L. Altice, Yale University School of Medicine Section of Infectious Diseases, AIDS Program 135 College Street, Suite 323 New Haven CT 06510-2283 USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2147178 Thu, 29 Jan 2009 08:24:17 +0100 2147178 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2147179&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa7038x329800w741%2F Abstract  Providing care for children with asthma can be demanding and time-intensive with far-reaching effects on caregivers’ lives. Studies have documented childhood asthma symptom reductions and improved asthma-related quality of life (AQOL) with indoor allergen-reducing environmental interventions. Few such studies, however, have considered ancillary benefits to caregivers or other family members. Ancillary benefits could be derived from child health improvements and reduced caregiving burden or from factors such as improved living environments or social support that often accompanies intensive residential intervention efforts. As part of the Boston Healthy Public Housing Initiative (HPHI), a longitudinal single-cohort intervention study of asthmatic children, we exam... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2147179 Thu, 29 Jan 2009 08:24:16 +0100 2147179 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2130912&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk3328r850l873665%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ErratumDOI 10.1007/s11524-009-9342-yAuthors John R. Beard, New York Academy of Medicine Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies New York NY USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2130912 Fri, 23 Jan 2009 09:59:44 +0100 2130912 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2089380&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq323j1x150151112%2F We examined three measures of immunization disparities (absolute, difference, and ratio of change) and the patterns of disparity change with regard to selected contextual factors derived from the census. In 2000, immunization coverage in central cities was 68.3% and 74.7% in the rest of their states, a 6.4% disparity (t = 3.82, p < 0.000). Between 2000 and 2006, the overall city/state disparity narrowed to 3.5%, with the central city coverage up to 78.7% vs. 82.5% for the rest of state (t = 2.48, p = 0.017). However, changes in immunization disparities were not uniform: six cities narrowed, 14 had minimal change, and six widened. Central cities with a larger share of Hispanics experienced less reduction in disparities than other cities (beta = −4.2, t = �... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2089380 Wed, 07 Jan 2009 08:16:13 +0100 2089380 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2064905&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp6u3224619u46353%2F Abstract  A growing body of research has explored the impact of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent health and well-being. Most previous research has used the US Census variables as the measures of neighborhood ecology, although informative census data are not designed to represent the sociological and structural features that characterize neighborhoods. Alternatively, this study explored the use of large-city administrative data and geographical information systems to develop more uniquely informative empirical dimensions of neighborhood context. Exploratory and confirmatory structural analyses of geographically referenced administrative data aggregated to the census-block group identified three latent dimensions: social stress, structural decline, and neighborh... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2064905 Tue, 23 Dec 2008 08:10:12 +0100 2064905 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2055576&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr3876220q4822v69%2F Abstract  Gaps in understanding of how area-based differences in exposure to violence are associated with asthma prevalence may limit the development of effective prevention programs and the identification of risk for asthma episodes. The current investigation examines the associations between sexual violence victimization and asthma episodes among US adult women across three different metropolitan settings. The association between sexual assault victimizations and asthma attacks in the past year was examined using data from the 2005, 2006, and 2007 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys. Cross-sectional analyses were based on adult women with current asthma (n = 4,099). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify associations between four c... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2055576 Fri, 19 Dec 2008 08:27:02 +0100 2055576 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2039193&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F082163p5q1r247px%2F Abstract  Patients with frequent hospitalizations generate a disproportionate share of hospital visits and costs. Accurate determination of patients who might benefit from interventions is challenging: most patients with frequent admissions in 1 year would not continue to have them in the next. Our objective was to employ a validated regression algorithm to case-find Medicaid patients at high-risk for hospitalization in the next 12 months and identify intervention-amenable characteristics to reduce hospitalization risk. We obtained encounter data for 36,457 Medicaid patients with any visit to an urban public hospital from 2001 to 2006 and generated an algorithm-based score for hospitalization risk in the subsequent 12 months for each patient (0 = lowest, ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2039193 Fri, 12 Dec 2008 09:31:57 +0100 2039193 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2032609&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F04676524g4633040%2F Abstract  African-American men bear a disproportionate burden of HIV infection in the United States. HIV testing is essential to ensure that HIV-infected persons are aware of their HIV-positive serostatus, can benefit from early initiation of antiretroviral therapy, and can reduce their risk of transmitting the virus to sex partners. This cross-sectional study assessed HIV testing history and healthcare utilization among 352 young African-American men recruited in urban neighborhoods in a Midwestern city. The self-administered survey measured sexual risk behaviors, factors associated with HIV testing, and barriers to testing. The acceptability of community venues for HIV testing was also assessed. Of the respondents, 76% had been tested for HIV at some time in their lives, ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2032609 Wed, 10 Dec 2008 08:01:34 +0100 2032609 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2016501&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6q151r6377352024%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Literature in BriefDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9331-6Authors Sarah Wakeman, Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School Providence RI USAJosiah Rich, Brown University The Miriam Hospital 164 Summit Avenue Providence RI 02906 USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2016501 Fri, 05 Dec 2008 09:30:01 +0100 2016501 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2016502&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm806563737m21m54%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9335-2Authors David Sharp, 2 Iron Mills Minchinhampton GL69AL UK Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2016502 Fri, 05 Dec 2008 09:30:00 +0100 2016502 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2016503&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp706kt6610287114%2F Abstract  Obesity and inadequate physical activity are major risk factors for many diseases. The built environment plays an important role in influencing participation in physical activity. We aimed to determine whether urban sprawl in Sydney, Australia is associated with overweight/obesity and levels of physical activity. We used a cross-sectional multilevel study design to relate urban sprawl (based on population density) measured at an area level to overweight/obesity and levels of physical activity measured at an individual level whilst controlling for individual and area level covariates in metropolitan Sydney. Individual level data were obtained from the 2002 and 2003 New South Wales Population Health Survey. We had information on 7,290 respondents. The mean populatio... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2016503 Thu, 04 Dec 2008 07:14:30 +0100 2016503 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2013202&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F566671233488226w%2F Abstract  Studies have found that between 14% and 46% of US men who have sex with men (MSM) consistently report “barebacking” behavior (i.e., intentional unprotected anal intercourse) with other men. This is of public health significance because MSM continue to constitute more than 50% of new HIV infections in the USA. Men who self-identify as barebackers may represent a different and unique subset of MSM with distinct HIV prevention needs. In 2007, 227 HIV seronegative MSM recruited through modified respondent-driven sampling completed an interviewer-administered survey which assessed barebacker identity (i.e., personally identifying with the barebacker scene), demographics, sexual risk behaviors, psychosocial variables, and drug/alcohol use. Bivariate and multivariable... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2013202 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 08:18:42 +0100 2013202 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1974409&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl804532724576376%2F Abstract  This research presents estimates of HIV prevalence rates among injection drug users (IDUs) in large US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) during 1992–2002. Trend data on HIV prevalence rates in geographic areas over time are important for research on determinants of changes in HIV among IDUs. Such data also provide a foundation for the design and implementation of structural interventions for preventing the spread of HIV among IDUs. Our estimates of HIV prevalence rates among IDUs in 96 US MSAs during 1992–2002 are derived from four independent sets of data: (1) research-based HIV prevalence rate estimates; (2) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing data (CDC CTS); (3) data on the number of people living with AIDS co... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1974409 Tue, 18 Nov 2008 08:11:28 +0100 1974409 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1963618&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl64205m1r67uj081%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9334-3 Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1963618 Fri, 14 Nov 2008 08:06:36 +0100 1963618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1929739&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn660lv7k85m37023%2F Abstract  High hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence has been documented among many injecting drug user (IDU) populations worldwide; however, there is limited published data on trends in incidence of infection in these epidemics over time. To address this, we used a novel method of analyzing data collected via repeat, cross-sectional sero-surveys by injection initiation cohorts to investigate trends in HCV seropositivity among a population of needle and syringe program (NSP) attendees in Australia between 1995 and 2004, and thereby infer annual incidence trends. Injection initiation cohorts were defined by their time of entry into the IDU population. We also investigated the associations between HCV antibody seroprevalence and risk factor data, and trends in risk factor data o... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1929739 Sat, 01 Nov 2008 06:57:09 +0100 1929739 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1923900&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa42m26tnr8k2810v%2F This study illustrates the gender differences in venue type and venue location where eligible youth study participants from high-risk neighborhoods could be accessed for HIV research across 15 research sites (sites). The findings indicate that the study’s method led to identifying venues where one quarter or more of the youth were eligible study participants and from the high-risk neighborhoods. Sites targeting young women of color had a higher proportion of eligible study participants who were also from the high-risk neighborhoods than sites targeting YMSM. Clubs were most commonly identified by sites targeting YMSM as recruitment venues, whereas neighborhood-based service or commercial centers were more common venues for young women of color. This study reveals how venue-based re... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1923900 Thu, 30 Oct 2008 06:55:19 +0100 1923900 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1923899&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3m13863847241636%2F Abstract  In the United States, despite substantial investment in public health initiatives to promote early detection of breast cancer through screening mammography, the proportion of female breast cancers that have advanced beyond the localized stage by the time of diagnosis remains high. Our objective in this exploratory study was to investigate whether stage of breast cancer at diagnosis among Chicago residents is associated with characteristics of the neighborhoods in which proximate mammography facilities are located. Those characteristics may influence likelihood of utilizing the service routinely and partly explain differences in stage at diagnosis. We used a retrospective cohort design and combined 3 years of data from the Illinois State Cancer Registry (ISCR)... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1923899 Thu, 30 Oct 2008 06:55:19 +0100 1923899 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1894186&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fyw5505q181661g5q%2F Abstract  During and beyond the twentieth century, urbanization has represented a major demographic shift particularly in the developed world. The rapid urbanization experienced in the developing world brings increased mortality from lifestyle diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. We set out to understand how urbanization has been measured in studies which examined chronic disease as an outcome. Following a pilot search of PUBMED, a full search strategy was developed to identify papers reporting the effect of urbanization in relation to chronic disease in the developing world. Full searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and GLOBAL HEALTH. Of the 868 titles identified in the initial search, nine studies met the final inclusion criteria. Five of the... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1894186 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 11:06:15 +0100 1894186 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1883089&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fcr5861x1182576xl%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ErratumDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9324-5Authors Hannah L. F. Cooper, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University Atlanta GA 30322 USAJoanne E. Brady, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc New York NY USASamuel R. Friedman, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc New York NY USABarbara Tempalski, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc New York NY USAKarla Gostnell, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc New York NY USAPeter L. Flom, National Development and Research Institutes, Inc New York NY USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1883089 Wed, 15 Oct 2008 10:56:10 +0100 1883089 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1875582&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fgt17613m71n472x2%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9327-2Authors Sebastian Bonner, New York Academy of Medicine New York NY 10029 USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1875582 Mon, 13 Oct 2008 07:43:46 +0100 1875582 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1867987&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6343449u37526k02%2F Abstract  Street outreach encounters were used to collect data of reported alcohol and other drug use among gay and bisexual males (N = 11,375) in Hollywood and West Hollywood, California over a 9-year period from January 1999 to December 2007. Analyses were conducted to assess demographic data, self-reported HIV status, and frequency of alcohol and other drug use. Participants averaged 32.3 (SD = 7.7) years, slightly over half were Caucasian/white (53%), and most were identified as gay (85.8%). Self-reported HIV seroprevalence was 20.7%. Observations began January to June 1999, with 46.0% reporting recent methamphetamine use, and ended July to December 2007, with 24.8% reporting recent use of methamphetamine. Percent reporting methamphetamine use peaked in the first... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1867987 Thu, 09 Oct 2008 10:20:43 +0100 1867987 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1855574&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu8t7180656klrg2l%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9323-6Authors David Sharp, The Lancet 2 Iron Mills Minchinhampton GL6 9AL UK Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1855574 Sat, 04 Oct 2008 09:29:58 +0100 1855574 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1855575&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk0380g6m2371t001%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Literature In BriefDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9321-8Authors Katherine S. Lobach, Albert Einstein College of Medicine Pediatrics 238 Kensington Oval New Rochelle NY 10805 USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1855575 Sat, 04 Oct 2008 09:29:57 +0100 1855575 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1850420&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk5471851q7068647%2F Abstract  Most studies of socioeconomic status (SES) and chronic disease risk factors have been conducted in high-income countries, and most show inverse social gradients. Few studies examine these patterns in lower- or middle-income countries. Using cross-sectional data from a 2005 national risk factor survey in Argentina (a middle-income country), we investigated the associations of individual- and area-level SES with chronic disease risk factors (body mass index [BMI], hypertension, and diabetes) among residents of Buenos Aires. Associations of risk factors with income and education were estimated after adjusting for age, sex (except in sex-stratified models), and the other socioeconomic indicators. BMI and obesity were inversely associated with education and income for ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1850420 Thu, 02 Oct 2008 09:31:07 +0100 1850420 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1840440&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj29504u08x750u71%2F This study investigates local perceptions of food safety among street food vendors and their consumers in Kumasi, Ghana in order to identify the most important aspects to be included in future public health interventions concerning street food safety. This qualitative study includes data from a triangulation of various qualitative methods. Observations at several markets and street food vending sites in Kumasi were performed. Fourteen street food vendors were chosen for in-depth studies, and extensive participant observations and several interviews were carried out with case vendors. In addition, street interviews and Focus Group Discussions were carried out with street food customers. The study found that although vendors and consumers demonstrated basic knowledge of food safety, th... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1840440 Sat, 27 Sep 2008 14:01:05 +0100 1840440 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1805823&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy35451232p00041u%2F The objectives of this study were to estimate the incidence and identify the temporal patterns of visits to Rhode Island emergency departments (EDs) by adults who were sexually assaulted. Visits to all Rhode Island EDs from January 1995–June 2001 by adults who were sexually assaulted were identified using International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9) codes. Medical records of these visits were reviewed. Frequency distributions of the assault characteristics and patient demographics were generated. Incidence rates (IRs) of ED visits after sexual assault were estimated using 2000 US Census data. Analyses of the temporal patterns of the ED visits after sexual assault were conducted. Of the 823 ED visits, 796 (96.7%) were by females and 27 (3.3%... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1805823 Wed, 17 Sep 2008 06:52:05 +0100 1805823 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1805824&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp089321783812w17%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9314-7Authors John R. Beard, New York Academy of Medicine Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies New York NY USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1805824 Tue, 16 Sep 2008 09:40:43 +0100 1805824 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1793901&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm70w5473645q0714%2F We examined the degree to which adverse birth outcomes associated with drug use are due to the drugs versus surrounding factors. Data are from a clinical sample of low-income women who delivered at Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1995 and 1996 (n = 808). Use of marijuana, cocaine, and opiates was determined by self-report, medical record, and urine toxicology screens at delivery. Information on various social, psychosocial, behavioral, and biomedical risk factors was gathered from a postpartum interview or the medical record. Multivariable regression models of birth outcomes (continuous birth weight and low birth weight ([LBW] <2,500 g)) were used to assess the effect of drug use independent of associated factors. In unadjusted results, all types of drug use were related t... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1793901 Sun, 14 Sep 2008 06:19:37 +0100 1793901 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1790028&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx101jg5460720690%2F This report provides an overview of the World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR) enrollees, their exposures, and their respiratory and mental health outcomes 2–3 years post-9/11. Results are extrapolated to the estimated universe of people eligible to enroll in the WTCHR to determine magnitude of impact. Building occupants, persons on the street or in transit in lower Manhattan on 9/11, local residents, rescue and recovery workers/volunteers, and area school children and staff were interviewed and enrolled in the WTCHR between September 2003 and November 2004. A total of 71,437 people enrolled in the WTCHR, for 17.4% coverage of the estimated eligible exposed population (nearly 410,000); 30% were recruited from lists, and 70% were self-identified. Many reported being in the ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1790028 Thu, 11 Sep 2008 07:08:31 +0100 1790028 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1790027&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff6x654283187t321%2F Abstract  Innovative methods are needed to systematically track the HIV epidemic and appropriately target prevention and care programs in vulnerable populations of women. We conducted sentinel surveillance among women entering the jail system of San Francisco from 1999 to 2001 to track trends in HIV incidence, HIV prevalence, and related risk behavior. Using geographic information software (GIS), we triangulated findings to examine the spatial distribution of risk and disease. A total of 1,577 female arrestees voluntarily screened for sexually transmitted diseases at intake were included. HIV incidence, estimated using the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion (STARHS), was 0.4% per year (95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 0.1–2.1). HIV prevalence w... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1790027 Thu, 11 Sep 2008 07:08:31 +0100 1790027 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1782093&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn208575000uq2542%2F Abstract  Sex work has been associated with elevated risk for HIV infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in many settings. This mixed methods study examined sexual risk among MSM sex workers in Massachusetts, collecting formative data on HIV risk behavior by sex worker type in order to gain a better understanding of how to tailor prevention interventions to this unique and high-risk subgroup of MSM. Two groups of MSM sex workers were recruited between January and March 2008: street workers (n = 19) and internet escorts (n = 13). Participants completed a semistructured qualitative interview and quantitative psychosocial assessment battery; interviews were conducted until redundancy in responses was achieved. Almost one third (31%) were HIV-infected. The major... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1782093 Tue, 09 Sep 2008 10:13:43 +0100 1782093 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1768170&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7081247310t68n48%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9308-5Authors David Sharp, 2 Iron Mills Minchinhampton GL6 9AL UK Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1768170 Thu, 04 Sep 2008 08:39:11 +0100 1768170 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1749779&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F652u268h5j56871w%2F This study suggests that the NAOMI study successfully recruited participants with a profile indicated for HAT. It also raises concern about the high levels of crack cocaine use and social marginalization. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9312-9Authors Eugenia Oviedo-Joekes, University of British Columbia School of Population and Public Health Vancouver BC CanadaBohdan Nosyk, Providence Health Care Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences Vancouver BC CanadaSuzanne Brissette, Centre de recherche du l’Université de Montréal Montreal QC CanadaJill Chettiar, Providence Health Care Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences Vancouver BC CanadaPascal Schneeberger, Centre de recherche du l’Université de Montréal Montreal QC CanadaDavid C. Marsh, Un... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1749779 Sat, 30 Aug 2008 11:19:36 +0100 1749779 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1745323&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F071751j49n00x637%2F Abstract  Disasters, whether man-made or naturally occurring, require complex responses across multiple government agencies and private sector elements, including the media. These factors mandate that, for effective disaster management and because of the unpredictability of such events, response structures must be in place in advance, ready to be activated on short notice, with lines of responsibility clearly delineated and mechanisms for coordination of efforts already established. Disaster response experiences in the USA and the UK were reviewed at a conference convened by the New York Academy of Medicine and the Royal Society of Medicine in June 2007. Lessons to be drawn from these comparisons were sought. The importance of careful advance planning, clear delineation of ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1745323 Fri, 29 Aug 2008 07:17:25 +0100 1745323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1713650&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F768lj6j854611651%2F Abstract  No adequate data exist on patterns of injection drug use (IDU) prevalence over time within racial/ethnic groups in U.S. geographic areas. The absence of such prevalence data limits our understanding of the causes and consequences of IDU and hampers planning efforts for IDU-related interventions. Here, we (1) describe a method of estimating IDU prevalence among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White adult residents of 95 large U.S. metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) annually over an 11-year period (1992–2002); (2) validate the resulting prevalence estimates; and (3) document temporal trends in these prevalence estimates. IDU prevalence estimates for Black adults were calculated in several steps: we (1) created estimates of the proportion of injectors who we... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1713650 Sun, 17 Aug 2008 13:27:30 +0100 1713650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1713651&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx76m06127v3536pn%2F The objective was to identify exposure to physical, mental, and social health risks and the pathways to such risks among adult film performers and to determine how risks differ between different types of performers, such as men and women. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 18 female and ten male performers as well as two key informants from the industry. Performers and key informants were recruited through Protecting Adult Welfare, adult film venues, and snowball sampling. Performers engaged in risky health behaviors that included high-risk sexual acts that are unprotected, substance abuse, and body enhancement. They are exposed to physical trauma on the film set. Many entered and left the industry with financial insecurity and suffered from mental health problem... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1713651 Sun, 17 Aug 2008 13:27:29 +0100 1713651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1685790&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1n585172x6553l3g%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9311-xAuthors Katherine S. Lobach, Montefiore Medical Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine New York NY USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1685790 Tue, 05 Aug 2008 06:19:10 +0100 1685790 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1674247&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F70w06137021u7t22%2F Abstract  Cities are now the major sites of human habitation worldwide, a trend that will continue for the foreseeable future, not only in the developed world but in developing countries. Urban residence impacts health and health prospects both positively and negatively through a complex mix of exposures and mechanisms. In addition, cities concentrate population subsets of various demographic, economic, and social characteristics, some with particular health risks and vulnerabilities. Looking at health through the urban lens allows increased understanding of disparate risks and emphasizes the essentiality of collaborative efforts in protecting and enhancing the health of populations, especially those living in cities. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-930... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1674247 Thu, 31 Jul 2008 08:02:01 +0100 1674247 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1660248&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F02v54284142262m7%2F Abstract  Homicide is one of the leading causes of death among African-American and Hispanic men. We investigated how neighborhood characteristics associated with social disadvantage explain racial/ethnic homicide gaps in 10 U.S. cities. The test hypotheses were that (1) higher concentrations of African-Americans and Hispanics would be associated with higher homicide rates and (2) the relationship between racial/ethnic concentration and homicide would be attenuated after adjusting for neighborhood characteristics (e.g., unemployment, median household income, low educational attainment, and female headship). The test hypotheses were examined using separate Poisson regression models, which adjusted for spatial autocorrelation. Homicide rates were greater in neighborhoods with... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1660248 Sat, 26 Jul 2008 10:27:48 +0100 1660248 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1652014&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fxjh44304p0234257%2F Abstract  The aim of this study was to examine online profile and in-person communication patterns and their associations with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in online and offline partnerships between men who have sex with men (MSM) who have never tested for HIV (“Never Tested”), had been tested at least once for HIV (“Tested”), and had tested positive for HIV. Between September and November 2005, 2,716 MSM participated in a one-time online survey. Although 75% and 72% of the Tested and Never Tested groups disclosed a HIV-negative status in all of their online profiles, 17% of HIV-positive participants did so. Exchanging HIV status information was highest among the Tested group, while HIV-positive men were most likely to negotiate UAI. Serodisclosure was not an ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1652014 Wed, 23 Jul 2008 06:26:41 +0100 1652014 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1634459&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx05647635120j143%2F This study suggests a multivariate-structural approach combining factor analysis and cluster analysis that could be used to examine neighborhood effects on an individual’s health. Data were from the Taiwan Social Change Survey conducted in 1990, 1995, and 2000. In total, 5,784 women and men aged over 20 years living in 428 neighborhoods were interviewed. Participants’ addresses were geocoded with census data for measuring neighborhood-level characteristics. The factor analysis was applied to identify neighborhood dimensions, which were used as entities in the cluster analysis to generate a neighborhood typology. The factor analysis generated three neighborhood dimensions: neighborhood education, age structure, and neighborhood family structure and employment. The cluster ana... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1634459 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 06:07:46 +0100 1634459 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1624999&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa5q00k5k5n26u8g2%2F Abstract  We investigated whether there were racial/ethnic differences among young men who have sex with men (MSM) in their use of, perceived importance of, receipt of, and satisfaction with HIV prevention services received at health care providers (HCP) and HIV test providers (HTP) that explain racial disparities in HIV prevalence. Young men, aged 23 to 29 years, were interviewed and tested for HIV at randomly sampled MSM-identified venues in six U.S. cities from 1998 through 2000. Analyses were restricted to five U.S. cities that enrolled 50 or more black or Hispanic MSM. Among the 2,424 MSM enrolled, 1,522 (63%) reported using a HCP, and 1,268 (52%) reported having had an HIV test in the year prior to our interview. No racial/ethnic differences were found in us... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1624999 Sat, 12 Jul 2008 07:02:48 +0100 1624999 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1624998&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj43m23mq1518841j%2F This study estimates hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV infection prevalence among jail inmates, since most previous studies have been conducted among prison inmates. Prison and jail populations differ: jails hold a wide spectrum of persons for an average of 10–20 days, including persons awaiting arraignment, trial, conviction, or sentencing, while prisons typically hold convicted criminals for at least 1 year. A stratified random sample of sera obtained during routine syphilis testing of inmates entering jails in Chicago (March–April 2000), Detroit (March–August 1999), and San Francisco (June 1999–December 2000) was tested for serologic markers of HBV and HCV infection. All sera had been previously tested for antibody to HIV (anti-HIV). A total of 1,292 serum samples ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1624998 Sat, 12 Jul 2008 07:02:48 +0100 1624998 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1625000&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr6871118571347k0%2F Abstract  To examine racial differences in mammography use and its determinants in the City of St. Louis, MO, USA, we recruited women age 40 or older using random-digit dialing to (1) examine the difference in mammography use between white women and African American women and (2) identify individual- and census-tract-level risk factors of nonadherence to mammography. During telephone interviews, we inquired about mammography use and several demographic, psychosocial, and health behavior variables. We determined the residential census tracts of study subjects using a geographic information system. The rate of mammography use was 68.0% among white women and 74.7% among African American women (P = 0.022). African American women were more likely to have mammograms than white... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1625000 Sat, 12 Jul 2008 07:02:47 +0100 1625000 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1550893&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp1277067169u740w%2F In conclusion, PTSD was very prevalent in urban health care-seeking women. Assaultive violence was most predictive of PTSD development and also nonremittance. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9290-yAuthors Jessica M. Gill, National Institutes of Health National Institute of Nursing Research 10 Center Drive, 10/CRC 2-1339 Bethesda MD 20892-1506 USAGayle G. Page, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing Baltimore MD USAPhyllis Sharps, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing Baltimore MD USAJacquelyn C. Campbell, Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing Baltimore MD USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1550893 Thu, 26 Jun 2008 06:23:13 +0100 1550893 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1550892&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy4163545678821qk%2F Abstract  Residential transience may contribute to adverse mental health. However, to date, this relationship has not been well-investigated among urban, impoverished populations. In a sample of drug users and their social network members (n = 1,024), we assessed the relationship between transience (frequently moving in the past 6 months) and depressive symptoms, measured by the CES-D, among men and women. Even after adjusting for homelessness, high levels of depressive symptoms were 2.29 [95%CI = 1.29–4.07] times more likely among transient men compared to nontransient men and 3.30 [95% CI = 1.10–9.90] times more common among transient women compared to nontransient women. Stable housing and mental health services need to be available, easily accessible... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1550892 Thu, 26 Jun 2008 06:23:13 +0100 1550892 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1550894&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq3qpj1p061j18p13%2F Abstract  The importance of the public hospital system to medical education is often absent from the debate about its value. Best known as a core provider of services to the underserved, the safety net hospital system also plays a critical role in the education of future physicians. Particular strengths include its ability to imbue physicians in training with core professional values, to reveal through the enormous range of clinical experience provided many of the social forces shaping health, and to foster interest in and commitment to advancing population health. Faculty teaching in the public hospital system has unusual opportunities to reveal to learners the broader meanings of their diverse and rich experiences. Now, as an alarming array of pressures bearing down on th... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1550894 Wed, 25 Jun 2008 08:06:25 +0100 1550894 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1537734&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu41x4jk1126m25mp%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ErratumDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9298-3Authors Deborah L. Kaplan, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Maternal, Infant and Reproductive Health New York NY USAKristina M. Graff, Princeton University Center for Health and Wellbeing Princeton NJ USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1537734 Sat, 21 Jun 2008 07:10:50 +0100 1537734 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1534966&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa5008175405x517t%2F This study was conducted to examine the effect of urban living on smoking attitudes among black African women in South Africa. We examine how urbanicity affects attitudes toward smoking and how it moderates the relationship between both advertising exposure and network norms on black women’s smoking attitudes. Respondents were 975 black women currently living in Cape Town townships, some of which were raised in rural villages or small towns. Respondents completed a cross-sectional survey, which included data on smoking attitudes, norms, and exposure to cigarette advertising. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed with smoking attitudes as the response variable, and urbanicity, cigarette advertising exposure, and network smoking norms as primary explanatory variables. Int... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1534966 Thu, 19 Jun 2008 08:20:36 +0100 1534966 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1534967&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2151179853178624%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9293-8Authors David Sharp, The Lancet London UK Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1534967 Thu, 19 Jun 2008 08:20:34 +0100 1534967 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1525212&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa0w544621458153j%2F This study assesses the contribution of smoking to all-cause mortality among a primarily minority cohort of urban transit operators. Survey and medical exam data, obtained from 1,785 workers (61% African American; 9% female) who participated in the 1983–1985 San Francisco MUNI Health and Safety Study, were matched against state and national death records through 2000. At baseline, approximately 45% of the workers were current smokers, 30% were former smokers, and 25% had never smoked. Covariates were demographic factors (gender, age, race/ethnicity) and alcohol use (average number of drinks per week). There were 198 deaths during the follow-up period. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis indicated that the probability of survival did not differ between former and current smokers, but w... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1525212 Mon, 16 Jun 2008 05:45:22 +0100 1525212 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1525213&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2302050417322351%2F Abstract  The importance of gender within HIV/STI prevention has become widely recognized. However, gender ideologies associated with vulnerability to HIV/STI are often examined and addressed without sufficient attention to the larger socioeconomic context within which they arise and evolve. We conducted a cross-sectional survey with 155 female, African-American adolescents recruited from two health clinics in Baltimore, Maryland. Multivariate logistic regression was utilized to assess the relationships between HIV/STI vulnerability resulting from male partner concurrency, adherence to traditional female gender norms, using a measure of hyperfemininity, and perceived socioeconomic opportunity structures. The likelihood of reported partner concurrency increased significantly... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1525213 Mon, 16 Jun 2008 05:45:21 +0100 1525213 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1521770&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx89044q3438m4515%2F Abstract  Eliminating disparities in care for racial and ethnic minorities remains a challenge in achieving overall quality health care. One approach to resolving issues of inequity involves utilizing an urban safety-net system to address preventive and chronic care disparities. An analysis was undertaken at Denver Health (DH), an urban safety net which serves 150,000 patients annually, of which 78% are minorities and 50% uninsured. Medical charts for 4,795 randomly selected adult patients at ten DH-associated community health centers were reviewed between July 1999 and December 2001. Logistic regression was used to identify differences between racial/ethnic groups in cancer screening, blood pressure control, and diabetes management. No disparities in care were found, and i... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1521770 Sat, 14 Jun 2008 05:56:27 +0100 1521770 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1516078&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F59331554v5h610t2%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Literature in BriefDOI 10.1007/s11524-008-9291-xAuthors Katherine S. Lobach, Montefiore Medical Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY USA Journal Journal of Urban HealthOnline ISSN 1468-2869Print ISSN 1099-3460 (Source: Journal of Urban Health) Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1516078 Wed, 11 Jun 2008 06:13:43 +0100 1516078 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1481612&cid=s_33372_51_f&fid=33372&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F954h222454814u5w%2F Abstract  Prior to 1999, dramatic fluctuations in homicide rates were driven by changes in the rates of firearm homicide among men aged 15–24. Since 2000, the overall homicide rate has appeared stable, masking any changes in population subgroups. We analyzed recent trends in homicide rates by weapon, age, race, gender, state, and urbanization to determine whether the risk of victimization increased substantially during 1999–2005 for demographic subgroups. The analysis of WISQARS™ data and Wonder data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention revealed no trend in the homicide rate nationally between 1999 and 2005; this obscured large increases in firearm homicide rates among black men aged 25–44 and among white men aged 25–34. Between 1999 and 2005, for ages ... Journal of Urban Health journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1481612 Thu, 29 May 2008 05:59:41 +0100 1481612