MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Medical Microbiology and Immunology' source. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 21:35:07 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5657246&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv061434547t850x6%2F This study suggests different antiviral functions of polyvalent IVIG and confirms their potential to inhibit a CMV infection in vitro, with profound differences between the hereby used IVIG products. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original PaperPages 1-10DOI 10.1007/s00430-012-0229-2Authors K. Frenzel, Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, GermanyS. Ganepola, Department of Haematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, GermanyD. Michel, Institute of Virology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, GermanyE. Thiel, Department of Haematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, GermanyD. H. Krüger, Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ru... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5657246 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 17:09:42 +0100 5657246 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5636013&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh41657v13438h4kw%2F Abstract  Ever since the beginning of the epidemic of HIV, one of the poignant aspects of HIV infection is transmission of the virus from mother to child. It is not known whether pregnancy accelerates the progression of HIV infection from a clinically asymptomatic stage to a progressive clinical phase. Present study was carried out to understand disease progression in pregnant women from India. We studied co-receptor utilization (the major determinant of HIV disease progression), N-glycosylation sites, and sequence variability. Blood samples were collected from 25 HIV sero-positive patients, eleven from the antenatal risk group (experimental group), nine from heterosexual male, and five from heterosexual female risk group (control group). Partial env gene was amplified by PCR... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5636013 Tue, 24 Jan 2012 18:09:39 +0100 5636013 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5625286&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv7h0250xt6678770%2F Abstract  HIV’s genetic instability means that sequence similarity can illuminate the underlying transmission network. Previous application of such methods to samples from the United Kingdom has suggested that as many as 86% of UK infections arose outside of the country, a conclusion contrary to usual patterns of disease spread. We investigated transmission networks in the Resina cohort, a 2,747 member sample from Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany, sequenced at therapy start. Transmission networks were determined by thresholding the pairwise genetic distance in the pol gene at 96.8% identity. At first blush the results concurred with the UK studies. Closer examination revealed four large and growing transmission networks that encompassed all major transmission groups. One of th... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5625286 Fri, 20 Jan 2012 07:07:01 +0100 5625286 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5569731&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fqhx372252804j506%2F Abstract  Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression is altered in gastrointestinal diseases. Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection may have a critical role in iNOS disregulation. We undertook this study to investigate possible chromatin changes occurring early during iNOS gene activation as a direct consequence of Hp–gastric cells interaction. We show that Hp infection is followed by different expression and chromatin modifications in gastric cells including (1) activation of iNOS gene expression, (2) chromatin changes at iNOS promoter including decreased H3K9 methylation and increased H3 acetylation and H3K4 methylation levels, (3) selective release of methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 from the iNOS promoter. Moreover, we show that Hp-induced activation of iNOS is delayed,... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5569731 Wed, 04 Jan 2012 07:02:25 +0100 5569731 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5556993&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx4811l627463tv43%2F Abstract  The purpose of the present study was to better understand the events involved in the febrile response induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), a complex infectious process. To this end, we conducted in vivo experiments in rats examining (1) fever development, (2) bacterial number in the infection focus and in blood, (3) peripheral and hypothalamic synthesis of cytokines, (4) hypothalamic and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), (5) the effect of anti-IL-6 antibody on fever, and (6) the effect of celecoxib on fever and hypothalamic synthesis of PGE2 after CLP induction. We found that CLP promotes fever and animal death depending on the number of punctures. The peak of CLP-induced fever overlapped with the maximal increase in the number... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5556993 Tue, 27 Dec 2011 17:02:26 +0100 5556993 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5556995&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa145906h72435663%2F Abstract  Antiretroviral treatment directed against HIV is highly effective, yet limited by drug resistance mutations. We hypothesized that CD8 T cells targeting drug-resistant HIV mutants are able to inhibit viral replication in the setting of a failing therapeutic regimen. We evaluated CD8 T-cell responses and mapped epitopes in HIV-infected patients by interferon-gamma Elispot and intracellular cytokine staining. Autologous virus was sequenced by RT-PCR. Viral replication inhibition assays were performed using M184V mutant virus and CD8 T cell lines. CD8 T-cell responses toward the regions of viral drug resistance mutations in Pol are frequent. Focusing on the M184V mutation, A*02:01-YQYVDDLYV and A*02:01-VIYQYVDDLYV were identified as optimal epitopes for the majority o... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5556995 Mon, 26 Dec 2011 16:46:57 +0100 5556995 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5556994&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft065522215gk8v60%2F In this study, we analysed the frameshift-regulating site of HIV-1 subtype B isolates, which also encodes for Gag and Pol proteins, classified as either treatment-naïve (TN) or protease inhibitor resistant (PI-R). HIV-1 Gag cleavage site mutations (G435E, K436N, I437V, L449F/V) especially correlated with protease inhibitor resistance mutations, but also Pol cleavage site mutations (D05G, D05S) could be assigned to specific protease resistance profiles. Additionally, two Gag non-cleavage site mutations (S440F, H441P) were observed more often in HIV-1 isolates carrying protease resistance mutations. However, in dual luciferase assays, the frameshift efficiencies of specific clones did not reveal any effect from these mutations. Nevertheless, two patterns of mutations modestly increase... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5556994 Mon, 26 Dec 2011 16:46:57 +0100 5556994 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5520959&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6l371h5507175156%2F In this study, we tested four Escherichia coli-expressed segments of the capsid protein (CP) of a German wild boar-derived HEV genotype 3 strain for their diagnostic value in an indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA. In an initial validation experiment, a carboxy-terminal CP segment spanning amino acid (aa) residues 326–608 outperformed the other segments harbouring aa residues 112–608, 326–660 and 112–335. Based on this segment, an indirect ELISA for detection of anti-HEV IgG antibodies in human sera was established and validated using a commercial line immunoassay as reference assay. A total of 563 sera from forestry workers of all forestry offices of Brandenburg, eastern Germany and 301 sera of blood donors from eastern Germany were surveyed using these assays. The commerci... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5520959 Sat, 17 Dec 2011 16:43:08 +0100 5520959 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5437765&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fgj542230331qkx8t%2F Abstract  Immunopathogenesis of Campylobacter jejuni-associated Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is not yet well established probably due to lack of experimental model. Therefore, we studied the Th1/Th2 immune response and pathological changes in C. jejuni-induced chicken model for GBS. C. jejuni (5 × 109 CFU/ml) and placebo were fed to 30 chickens each. Stools of all birds were negative for C. jejuni by culture and PCR before experiment. The birds were regularly assessed for disease symptoms up to 30 days. Sciatic nerves from all chickens were examined at 5 days intervals by histopathology and immunohistochemistry, and also for the expression of Th1/Th2 cytokines. Twenty-two chickens (73.3%) developed diarrhea after C. jejuni infection; 18 (60.0%) experim... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5437765 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 17:34:41 +0100 5437765 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5376597&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm74h616j50t30370%2F Abstract  We previously reported that Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas disease, induces in congenitally infected fetuses a strong, adult-like parasite-specific CD8+ T cell response producing IFN-γ (Hermann et al. in Blood 100:2153–2158, 2002). This suggests that the parasite is able to overcome the immaturity of neonatal antigen presenting cells, an issue which has not been previously addressed. We therefore investigated in vitro the ability of T. cruzi to activate cord blood DCs and compared its effect to that on adult cells. We show that T. cruzi induces phenotypic maturation of cord blood CD11c+ myeloid DCs (mDCs), by enhancing surface expression of CD40, CD80, and CD83, and that parasite-specific IgG purified from cord blood of neonates born to T. cruzi-infected mo... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5376597 Fri, 28 Oct 2011 17:13:36 +0100 5376597 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5376598&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm2314621w34k7w77%2F Abstract  A look back is done to some clinical and basic research activities recently published in medical microbiology and immunology. The review covers clinical experiences and in vitro experiments to understand the emergency, pathogenicity, epidemic spread, and vaccine-based prevention of avian and swine-origin flu. Some new developments and concepts in diagnosis, (molecular) epidemiology, and therapy of AIDS, viral hepatitis C, and herpesvirus-associated diseases are outlined. Regulation of immune system has been discussed in a special issue 2010 including some aspects of CNS affections (measles). Mycobacterial infection and its prevention by modern recombinant vaccines have reached new interest, as well as new concepts of vaccination and prophylaxis against several oth... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5376598 Fri, 28 Oct 2011 05:49:41 +0100 5376598 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5331389&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm65031837x615732%2F Abstract  Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is largely confined to travelers returning from endemic areas, but the number of autochthonous cases of acute HEV infections in developed countries is increasing. Reservoirs for HEV are surface water, wild boar meat, and raw or undercooked pork meat. Usually, hepatitis E is a self-limiting disease presenting with acute hepatitis as a major clinical symptom. The seroprevalence of anti-HEV-IgG was investigated in 833 serum samples routinely collected from patients admitted to the university hospital in Frankfurt a. M., Germany (FFM) between 01.06.2008 and 31.12.2010. After determination of overall seroprevalence, we tested serum samples from patients diagnosed with acute elevation of liver enzymes (AELE), psychiatric (PSYCH), infectiological ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5331389 Mon, 17 Oct 2011 16:04:55 +0100 5331389 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5311608&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F35108561nx177313%2F Abstract  Local innate immunity plays a key role in initiating and coordinating homeostatic and defense responses in the heart. We have previously reported that the cardiotropic parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease, protects cardiomyocytes against growth factor deprivation-induced apoptosis. In this study, we investigated cardiomyocyte innate immune response to T. cruzi infection and its role in cellular protection from apoptosis. We found that Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-expressing cells were strongly increased by the parasite in BALB/c neonatal mouse cardiomyocyte cultures. Using a dominant-negative system, we showed that TLR2 mediated cardiomyocyte survival and the secretion of interleukin (IL) 6, which acted as an essential anti-apoptotic fa... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5311608 Sat, 08 Oct 2011 15:43:21 +0100 5311608 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5257713&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw4n1516t30v46200%2F Abstract  Pathogenic yeast and fungi represent a major group of human pathogens. The consequences of infections are diverse and range from local, clinically uncomplicated mycosis of the skin to systemic, life-threatening sepsis. Despite extensive MHC class I-restricted frequencies of yeast-specific CD8 T lymphocytes in healthy individuals and the essential role of the cell-mediated immunity in controlling infections, the characteristics and defense mechanisms of antifungal effector cells are still unclear. Here, we describe the direct analysis of yeast-specific CD8 T lymphocytes in whole blood from healthy individuals. They show a unique, nonclassical phenotype expressing granulysin and granzyme K in lytic granules instead of the major effector molecules perforin and granzy... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5257713 Sat, 24 Sep 2011 15:47:38 +0100 5257713 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5204907&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe2w8143002717632%2F Abstract  Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer in men. Controversial data exist concerning the role of BKPyV and the xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related gammaretrovirus (XMRV) in prostate cancer development. We therefore assessed the association between prostate cancer and viral infections. We could detect BKPyV in only 1 out of 85 prostate cancer samples, whereas none of the tissue samples showed evidence for XMRV positivity. Lack of detection of BKPyV and XMRV in prostate cancer tissues suggests that these viruses do not play a role in the pathogenesis of this type of cancer. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Rapid CommunicationPages 1-4DOI 10.1007/s00430-011-0215-0Authors Baki Akgül, Institute of Virology, National Reference Center ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5204907 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 15:42:55 +0100 5204907 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5169214&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu417116161820p72%2F Abstract   Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, mainly caused by handling and consumption of contaminated poultry. However, the immune response to infection is poorly understood. Here, the impact of the C. jejuni capsule, flagella and the N-linked glycosylation system on cytokine production by dendritic cells was investigated. Bone marrow-derived murine dendritic cells (BMDCs) infected with C. jejuni lacking the N-linked glycosylation system produced similar amounts of cytokines compared to cells infected with C. jejuni 11168H wild-type (WT) cultures. C. jejuni flagellin FlaA mutants elicited reduced IL-6 and IL-10 production in BMDCs compared to C. jejuni WT and this reduction was more pronounced in TLR4−/− BMDCs. An acap... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5169214 Wed, 24 Aug 2011 07:19:34 +0100 5169214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5076862&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Faq232r346w264158%2F Abstract  There is increasing evidence of an association between human papillomaviruses (HPV) of the beta-genus (beta-PV) and the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The viral DNA load may be an important determinant of pathogenicity, but there are currently no baseline epidemiological data relating to load in people without SCC. We investigated DNA-loads of eight beta-PV types previously associated with risk of SCC. We collected eyebrow hairs from immunocompetent people (ICP) and organ transplant recipients (OTR), determined load by quantitative PCR and obtained demographic, phenotypic, and sun exposure information. Viral loads for ICP from Australia (n = 241) and Italy (n = 223) and OTR from across Europe (n = 318) spanned ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5076862 Tue, 26 Jul 2011 15:50:38 +0100 5076862 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5061672&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn833162447327r65%2F In this study, sera obtained from 24 slaughterers, 14 meat inspectors, 46 pig farmers and 22 veterinarians were tested for the presence of HEV-specific antibodies using a line immunoassay. For comparison, sera obtained from 116 age- and gender-matched blood donors were also included. Twenty eight per cent (28.3%; 30/106) of the swine-exposed humans and 15.5% (18/116) of the blood donors without contact to pigs exhibited IgG-antibodies determined as reactive (i.e. borderline or positive) against HEV. Thus, an increased risk of HEV infection in humans occupationally exposed to pigs and particularly for slaughterers (41.7%; 10/24) was demonstrated. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-6DOI 10.1007/s00430-011-0210-5Authors Andi Krumbholz, Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5061672 Tue, 19 Jul 2011 23:23:17 +0100 5061672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5048864&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F944640l284235771%2F Abstract  Varicella-zoster virus open reading frame 10 (ORF10), a tegument protein present in the virion, is a member of the alphaherpesvirus UL48 gene family that shares considerable amino acid sequence homology with the UL48 prototype, herpes simplex virus type 1 VP16. VP16 serves multiple functions, including transcriptional activation of viral immediate-early genes. Furthermore, VP16 has been shown to be involved in some aspects of virus assembly and/or maturation. However, little is known concerning the function of ORF10. Here, we found that transient expression of ORF10 fused to enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) in COS-7 cells showed the predominantly nuclear localization in the absence of other viral proteins. By constructing a series of ORF10 variants fused... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5048864 Thu, 14 Jul 2011 06:01:58 +0100 5048864 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4975026&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb571h3k17x132742%2F Abstract  Oral epithelial cells detect the human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans via NF-κB and a bi-phasic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling response. However, discrimination between C. albicans yeast and hyphal forms is mediated only by the MAPK pathway, which constitutes activation of the MAPK phosphatase MKP1 and the c-Fos transcription factor and is targeted against the hyphal form. Given that C. albicans is not the only Candida species capable of filamentation or causing mucosal infections, we sought to determine whether this MAPK/MKP1/c-Fos mediated response mechanism was activated by other pathogenic Candida species, including C. dubliniensis, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata and C. krusei. Although all Candida species activated the NF-κB... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4975026 Fri, 24 Jun 2011 16:14:51 +0100 4975026 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4975027&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp13617643856467l%2F Abstract   Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen that causes a variety of diseases, ranging from localized skin infections to life-threatening systemic infections. The success of S. aureus as a pathogen is partly due to its ability to adhere to a wide range of host tissues by binding to host extracellular matrix proteins such as fibrinogen, fibronectin, and collagen. Staphylococcus aureus expresses two proteins that can bind specifically to fibrinogen, clumping factors A and B (ClfA and ClfB). Repressor of toxins (Rot) is known to be a global regulator of virulence gene expression in S. aureus. The translation of Rot is regulated by the staphylococcal accessory gene regulator (Agr) quorum-sensing system. In this study, we demonstrated that Rot and the Agr syst... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4975027 Thu, 23 Jun 2011 16:29:54 +0100 4975027 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4975028&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq677k6k110jr514x%2F Abstract  Neurocysticercosis (NC) is caused by the establishment of Taenia solium cysticerci in the central nervous system. Previous studies have established that neuroinflammation plays a key role in the severity of the disease. However, the relationship between peripheral and local immune response remains inconclusive. This work studies the peripheral and local immune-inflammatory features and their relationships, toward the identification of potential peripheral immunologic features related to severity. A panel of cytokines was measured in paired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the supernatant of antigen-specific stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells samples (SN) in a total of 31 untreated inflammatory and non-inflammatory NC patients. Increased clinical and radi... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4975028 Thu, 23 Jun 2011 06:02:37 +0100 4975028 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4967945&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc3425782557777g5%2F Abstract  European swine influenza A viruses donated the matrix protein 2 as well as the neuraminidase (NA) gene to pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viruses that emerged in 2009. As a result, the latter became amantadine resistant and neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) susceptible. These recent developments reflecting the close connection between influenza A virus infection chains in humans and pigs urge an antiviral surveillance within swine influenza A viruses. Here, NAI susceptibility of 204 serologically typed swine influenza A viruses of subtypes H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 circulating in Germany between 1981 and 2008 was analyzed in chemiluminescence-based NA inhibition assays. Mean 50% inhibitory concentrations of oseltamivir and zanamivir indicate a good drug susceptibility of teste... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4967945 Tue, 21 Jun 2011 18:00:24 +0100 4967945 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4932915&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa24651j6lr076v5v%2F Abstract  While Trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan parasite, is a well-investigated pathogen in the female population, there is little awareness of its significance in the male uro-genital tract. The presence of T. vaginalis in the prostate gland has only been scarcely investigated and has never been attested in conditions other than clinical prostatitis. Still, by some authors, this organ is regarded as ecologic niche for T. vaginalis. Since normal prostate tissue of sufficient quality is hard to come by, we investigated samples from 86 patients (mean age 68.7 ± 7.6 years) suffering from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a medical condition currently ranked as noninfectious, but characterized by chronic inflammatory tissue infiltrates of unknown etiology. A... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4932915 Fri, 10 Jun 2011 06:41:52 +0100 4932915 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4920474&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7726u717733158n6%2F In conclusion, replicating E. coli promotes an integrated thermoregulatory response in which the central action of IL-6, but not IL-1 and TNF, appears to be important. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-14DOI 10.1007/s00430-011-0204-3Authors Denis M. Soares, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physic and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, BrazilMaria José Figueiredo, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physic and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, BrazilJuliano Manvailer Martins, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physic and Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, BrazilRenes Resende Machado, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Physic and Chemistry, University of São ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4920474 Sun, 05 Jun 2011 05:45:26 +0100 4920474 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4901696&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fek7776w3735v14j3%2F In this study, we quantitated MCPyV DNA in skin swab specimens from healthy volunteers sampled at different anatomical sites over time periods ranging from 3 months to 4 years. The volunteers were also tested using a serological assay that detects antibodies specific for the MCPyV virion. There was a positive correlation between MCPyV virion-specific antibody titers and viral load at all anatomical sites tested (dorsal portion of the hands, forehead, and buttocks) (Spearman’s r 0.644, P < 0.0001). The study results are consistent with previous findings suggesting that the skin is primary site of chronic MCPyV infection in healthy adults and suggest that the magnitude of an individual’s seroresponsiveness against the MCPyV virion generally reflects the overa... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4901696 Wed, 25 May 2011 16:04:33 +0100 4901696 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4901697&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5x87656252353xvg%2F Abstract  Highly endemic and outbreak regions for human hantavirus infections are located in the southern, southeastern, and western parts of Germany. The dominant hantavirus is the bank vole transmitted Puumala virus (PUUV). In the eastern part of Germany, previous investigations revealed Tula virus (TULV) and Dobrava–Belgrade virus (DOBV) infections in the respective rodent reservoirs. Here, we describe a seroprevalence study in forestry workers from Brandenburg, eastern Germany, using IgG ELISA and immunoblot tests based on recombinant TULV, DOBV, and PUUV antigens. Out of the 563 sera tested, 499 from male and 64 from female workers, we found 41 out of the 499 (8.2%) sera from men (mean age 47 years) and 10 out of 64 (15.6%) from the women (mean age 48 years)... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4901697 Tue, 24 May 2011 15:47:00 +0100 4901697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4840176&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk063114475183302%2F Abstract  Human immunodeficiency virus-1 tropism highly correlates with the amino acid (aa) composition of the third hypervariable region (V3) of gp120. A shift towards more positively charged aa is seen when binding to CXCR4 compared with CCR5 (X4 vs. R5 strains), especially positions 11 and 25 (11/25-rule) predicting X4 viruses in the presence of positively charged residues. At nucleotide levels, negatively or uncharged aa, e.g., aspartic and glutamic acid and glycine, which are encoded by the triplets GAN (guanine-adenosine-any nucleotide) or GGN are found more often in R5 strains. Positively charged aa such as arginine and lysine encoded by AAR or AGR (CGN) (R means A or G) are seen more frequently in X4 strains suggesting our hypothesis that a switch from R5 to X4 strai... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4840176 Sat, 14 May 2011 16:02:17 +0100 4840176 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4840177&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh73084133057l068%2F Abstract   Leishmania-induced interleukin-12 (IL-12) expression is negatively regulated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathways in human monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs). To extend these studies, we examined the pathways downstream from PI3K in L. donovani-induced reciprocal regulation of IL-12/IL-10 axis in THP-1-derived macrophages. We show for the first time that in THP-1-derived macrophages and human monocytes, mTOR inhibition by rapamycin reversed L. donovani-induced IL-12 and IL-10 modulation. L. donovani-induced phosphorylation of P70S6K, a correlate of mTOR activity, in TLR-stimulated THP-1 derived macrophages. This increase in P70S6K phosphorylation was completely blocked by rapamycin (mTOR inhibito... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4840177 Thu, 12 May 2011 16:44:55 +0100 4840177 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812415&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr2j88px3p0p65327%2F Abstract  The protozoan parasite Leishmania spp. causes clinical pictures ranging in severity from spontaneously healing skin ulcers to systemic disease. The immune response associated with healing involves the differentiation of IFNγ-producing Th1 cells, whereas the non-healing phenotype is associated with IL4-producing Th2 cells. The widespread assumption has been that the T-cell differentiation that leads to a healing or non-healing phenotype is established at the time of T-cell activation early after infection. By selectively analyzing the expression of cytokine genes in the T-cell zones of lymph nodes of resistant (Th1) C57BL/6 mice and susceptible (Th2) BALB/c mice during an infection with Leishmania major in vivo, we show that the early T-cell response does not diffe... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812415 Thu, 05 May 2011 16:36:32 +0100 4812415 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4779923&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0215347828017866%2F Abstract  Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani, is characterized by an infection in the liver and spleen. The failure of the first-line drugs has led to the development of new strategies for combating VL. Recently, our group has shown that interferon-γ-inducible protein (IP)-10, a CXC chemokine, renders protection against VL. In the present study, we have elucidated the mechanism by which IP-10 renders protection in in vivo L. donovani infection. We observed that IP-10–treated parasitized BALB/c mice showed a strong host-protective T helper cell (Th) 1 immune response along with marked decrease in immunosuppressive cytokines, tumor growth factor (TGF)-β, and interleukin (IL)-10 secreting CD4+ T cells. This IP-10-mediated d... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4779923 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:39:47 +0100 4779923 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4779924&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp7281gnu05427u56%2F Abstract  Innate immune system is crucial in the pathogenesis of neurocysticercosis (NCC) and helminth glycans can induce anti-inflammatory milieu via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) dependent mechanisms. The association of TLR4 and cytokines is yet to be explored in NCC. Therefore, the present study detected the serum levels of cytokines and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)-1 in asymptomatic and symptomatic NCC and their association with TLR4 expression. Sixty eight patients with NCC (asymptomatic, 36 and symptomatic, 32), and age and gender matched 37 healthy controls were enrolled to determine the levels of different pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, sICAM-1 in the serum by ELISA and expression of TLR4 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by flow ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4779924 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:39:46 +0100 4779924 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4779926&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx2n2g621830h1074%2F Abstract  Immune complex (IC) ELISAs for IgG antibodies to various virus antigens have turned out to be both highly specific and sensitive. During incubation of a labelled antigen with the serum samples, ICs are formed, which bind to microtiter plates coated with rheumatoid factor (RF) IgM. Here, we describe an improved coating of the solid-phase support comparing various Fc-receptor molecules. IC ELISAs were applied to detect human IgG antibodies to the highly virus-specific ED3 domain of West Nile- and tick-borne encephalitis virus envelopes. Compared with other Fc-receptor molecules like RF or C1q, FcγRIIA (CD32) turned out to bind the ICs composed of IgG antibodies and peroxidase-labelled ED3 antigens more efficiently. Due to low background reactions, sera could be tes... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4779926 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:39:45 +0100 4779926 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4753232&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F64721268627516k0%2F Abstract  The UL14 protein of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is highly conserved in herpesvirus family. However, its exact function during the HSV-1 replication cycle is little known. In the present study, a high throughput yeast two-hybrid system was employed to screen the cellular factors interacting with UL14, and five target candidates were yielded: (1) TSC22 domain family protein 3 (TSC22D3); (2) Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 8 isoform 1(MED8); (3) Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3); (4) Arrestin beta-2 (ARRB2); (5) Cereblon (CRBN). Indirect immunofluorescent assay showed that both TSC22D3 and MED8 co-localized with UL14. Co-immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that UL14 could be immunoprecipitated by TSC22D3, suggesting that UL14 ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4753232 Thu, 21 Apr 2011 17:58:22 +0100 4753232 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4696072&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr036r13705768776%2F Abstract  The SnoB study analysed the variability of the integrase (IN) gene of non-B viruses from treatment-naïve patients to determine whether non-B subtypes carry natural resistance mutations to raltegravir (RAL). Plasma viral RNA from 427 patients was gained, and IN sequences were subtyped and screened for subtype-specific highly-variable residues. Seven viruses of different subtypes were phenotypically tested for RAL susceptibility; 359/427 samples could be sequenced. One hundred and seventy samples (47%) were classified as non-B subtypes. No primary RAL resistance–associated mutations (RRAMs) were detected. Certain secondary mutations were found, mostly related to specific non-B subtypes. L74 M was significantly more prevalent in subtype 02_AG, T97A in A and 0... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4696072 Thu, 07 Apr 2011 17:09:42 +0100 4696072 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4683395&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu222qtg813271066%2F Abstract  The high number of Turkish immigrants in the German state North-Rhine Westphalia (NRW) compelled us to look for HIV-infected patients with Turkish nationality. In the AREVIR database, we found 127 (107 men, 20 women) Turkish HIV patients living in NRW. In order to investigate transmission clusters and their correlation to gender, nationality and self-reported transmission mode, a phylogenetic analysis including pol gene sequences was performed. Subtype distribution and the number of HIV drug resistance mutations in the Turkish patient group were found to be similar to the proportion in the non-Turkish patients. Great differences were observed in self-reported mode of transmission in the heterosexual Turkish male subgroup. Neighbour-joining tree of pol gene sequenc... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4683395 Sat, 02 Apr 2011 05:56:39 +0100 4683395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4641947&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fxv66613238124478%2F Abstract  Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic in Latin America and represents the most common infectious myocarditis worldwide. Autoimmunity is one of the mechanisms contributing to its pathogenesis. Although the cellular interactions that promote this autoimmune response are still poorly understood, several studies have demonstrated a key role for B lymphocytes since they secrete antibodies, cytokines and present antigens. Recently, we reported that immunization with cruzipain, an immunodominant T. cruzi antigen, induces a higher activation state in B cells from BALB/c mice (susceptible to cardiac autoimmunity) than B lymphocytes from C57BL/6 (a resistant strain). Here, we focused on the study of B cell survival in both mouse strains after cruzipain immu... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4641947 Wed, 23 Mar 2011 16:56:37 +0100 4641947 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4559691&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm2x5180r6j39t165%2F Abstract  The treatment of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) reactivation is based on nucleoside analogues acyclovir (ACV) and bromevinyldeoxyuridine (BVdU) and a phosphonic acid derivative (PFA). Drug-resistant mutants of 3 wild-type (WT) VZV strains were obtained by exposure of human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells inoculated with cell-free WT virus at increasing concentrations of ACV, BVdU, and PFA. In addition to single-drug resistance, a cross-resistance of isolates vs. ACV was observed for PFA-resistant strains. Single-nucleotide (nt) exchanges resulting in amino acid (aa) substitutions were observed within the DNA polymerase (ORF 28) and/or thymidine kinase (ORF 36) of 3 of 3 ACV-, 2 of 3 BVdU-, and 3 of 3 PFA-resistant strains. Interestingly, aa substitutions wer... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4559691 Fri, 04 Mar 2011 10:51:03 +0100 4559691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4540243&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv7182353l4m04681%2F Abstract  Mycobacteria encounter many different cells during infection within their hosts. Although alveolar epithelial cells play an essential role in host defense as the first cells to be challenged upon contact with mycobacteria, they may contribute to the acquisition of mycobacterial virulence by increasing the expression of virulence or adaptation factors prior to being ingested by macrophages on the side of pathogens. From this aspect, the enhanced virulence of nonpathogenic Mycobacterium smegmatis (MSM) passed through human alveolar A549 epithelial cells (A-MSM) was compared to the direct infection of MSM (D-MSM) in THP-1 macrophages and mouse models. The intracellular growth rate and cytotoxicity of A-MSM were significantly increased in THP-1 macrophages. In addition... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4540243 Sat, 26 Feb 2011 21:42:10 +0100 4540243 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4540244&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3581h8tv13hhm8u3%2F We describe a real-time PCR assay as well as two conventional PCR assays to detect bla NDM-1. Only minute amounts of total DNA extracted from one bacterial colony are sufficient to allow detection of bla NDM-1 by real-time PCR within less than 1 h. We also introduce a chemically synthesized bla NDM-1 gene as a convenient positive control for those laboratories wishing to setup in-house assays for bla NDM-1 detection. Importantly, our study represents a proof of principle for the usefulness of rapidly synthesized genes serving as positive controls for novel diagnostic PCR assays of emerging pathogens during the initial phase after their discovery when biological isolates are still rare and not commonly available. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-5DOI 10.1007/s00430-011-0... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4540244 Thu, 24 Feb 2011 17:34:44 +0100 4540244 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4511885&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F42j1083369697086%2F In this study, we demonstrated that CFP21 and MPT64(rCM) fusion protein, encoded by RD2 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, could stimulate higher level of interferon (IFN)-γ in tuberculin skin test (TST)-positive healthy population than in TST-negative healthy population. Compared with naive mice challenged with virulent M. tuberculosis H37Rv, C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with pcD2164 DNA expressing rCM protein resulted in a greater decrease in the bacterial load of lung. Moreover, pcD2164 could boost the protective immunity in mice primed by BCG than BCG alone or DNA vaccination alone, as evidenced by lower bacterial load in the lung tissue and reduced lung pathology. The protection induced by BCG prime-DNA vaccine boost strategy was associated with significant increases in rCM protein-specif... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4511885 Mon, 21 Feb 2011 17:04:58 +0100 4511885 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4501237&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb188645420633k22%2F Abstract  Infection with human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) is associated with development of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS); therefore also known as KS-associated herpes virus. KS is closely associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and consequently HHV8 seroprevalence is higher in HIV-infected compared to HIV-negative patients. Currently, KS is rarely seen in clinical practice, which might be a consequence of an optimized anti-HIV treatment leading to an improved immunological status, or alternatively of a decrease in HHV8 prevalence. To determine the prevalence of HHV8 antibodies in HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative patients from the University Hospital Frankfurt/Main, Germany, and to compare our results with previously published data to illustrate trends in th... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4501237 Fri, 18 Feb 2011 16:54:14 +0100 4501237 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4469990&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fr83031778561n521%2F Abstract  Increasing numbers of dengue fever (DF) cases reflect the increasing travel mobility together with the expanding geographical distribution of the vector Aedes aegypti. Compared with earlier surveys in Germany, higher incidences occur and correlate well with ongoing outbreaks. Therefore, we investigated 767 serum samples from 594 returning travellers with suspected DF between 2005 and 2010, which where sent from different hospitals in the drainage area Frankfurt/Main. Established diagnostic assays were ELISA, immunofluorescence and chromatographic tests. We obtained 112 dengue-seropositive serum samples from totally 60 patients: the detection rate was 10.1% (60 out of 594). A significant increase was found in 2010. Most patients were aged between 40 and 49, and ind... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4469990 Thu, 10 Feb 2011 19:56:04 +0100 4469990 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4428629&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa055k34724672364%2F Abstract   Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) is an important etiological agent of respiratory infections including pneumonia. C. pneumoniae DNA can be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells indicating that monocytes can assist the spread of infection to other anatomical sites. Persistent infection established at these sites could promote inflammation and enhance pathology. Thus, the mononuclear cells are in a strategic position in the development of persistent infection. To investigate the intracellular replication and fate of C. pneumoniae in mononuclear cells, we have established an in vitro model in the human Mono Mac 6 cell line. In the present study, we analyzed the transcription of 11 C. pneumoniae genes in Mono Mac 6 cells during infection by real-time RT-P... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4428629 Sat, 29 Jan 2011 17:17:53 +0100 4428629 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4428630&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe43x41q748610127%2F In this report, we demonstrated by EMSA experiments that the MMP9 promoter contains a binding site for the transcriptional regulator E2 of HPV8. Transient reporter gene assays showed that HPV8-E2 activated the MMP9 promoter in a dose-dependent manner in human epidermal keratinocytes. An E2 transactivation-defective mutant (I73L) as well as a DNA-binding deficient mutant (R433K) demonstrated no activation of the MMP9 promoter, suggesting that both an intact transactivation and DNA-binding domain are required for E2 activation of the MMP9-promoter. The functional role of the E2 binding site within the MMP9 promoter was also confirmed by mutating the E2 binding site. In organotypic cultures of human skin, an overexpression of MMP9 was observed in suprabasal layers of the HPV8 E2-expres... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4428630 Thu, 27 Jan 2011 17:37:05 +0100 4428630 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4284883&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg752262745145w40%2F Abstract  The search for new antiviral strategies to treat influenza A virus (IAV) infections is one major international health care activity. Hereby, the IAV-caused misuse of cellular nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways in infected cells represents one target for antiviral therapy. In the present study, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), which is known as an antioxidant and as an inhibitor of IAV-induced NF-κB activation, was studied in vivo. After the antiviral activity of PDTC was confirmed in MDCK cells, mice—infected with the mouse-adapted strain of IAV A/PR/8/34 (H1N1)—were treated intraperitoneally simultaneously with PDTC (75, 150, 200 mg/kg body weight). The influence of PDTC administrations was evaluated on viral replication and inflammato... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4284883 Mon, 20 Dec 2010 22:05:54 +0100 4284883 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4275017&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe1563036103w370l%2F Abstract  Prenatally acquired human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is the most frequent viral infection of newborns in developed countries. Virostatic therapy is accompanied by side effects and stepwise emergence of resistant virus variants. Different genotypic approaches show limited sensitivity in detecting on-growing minor resistant virus populations. Here, we demonstrate the superiority of pyrosequencing for the monitoring of mutant emergence. In a preterm baby born after 28 weeks of gestation and suffering from disseminated congenital HCMV infection, long-term control could not be achieved under ganciclovir/valganciclovir therapy and the infant died on the 113th day of life. Resistance-associated mutations in the HCMV UL97 gene were not detected by conventional ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4275017 Thu, 16 Dec 2010 18:24:41 +0100 4275017 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4164210&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv451772432860035%2F In conclusion, almost one half of VZV infections in Germany were caused currently by VZV clade 3. In primary VZV infection, nearly 20% of clade 1 has been replaced by clade 5 that might spread more effectively in the population than the European VZV clades. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00430-010-0178-6Authors A. Sauerbrei, Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell- Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, GermanyJ. Stefanski, Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell- Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, GermanyA. Philipps, Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell- Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, GermanyA. Krumbholz, Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4164210 Fri, 12 Nov 2010 08:49:24 +0100 4164210 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4142516&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ftq60089n26503561%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00430-010-0179-5Authors Stefan Reuter, Clinic of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, GermanyMark Oette, Clinic of General Medicine, Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Augustinerinnen Hospital, Cologne, GermanyFrank Clemens Wilhelm, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, GermanyBastian Beggel, Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Computational Biology and Applied Algorithmics, Saarbruecken, GermanyRolf Kaiser, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, GermanyMelanie Balduin, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, GermanyFinja Schweitzer, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, GermanyJens Verheyen, Institute ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4142516 Thu, 04 Nov 2010 17:48:08 +0100 4142516 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4096548&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F589g307172253473%2F Abstract  The question whether human cytomegalovirus may affect cancer diseases has been discussed (very controversially) for decades. There are convinced believers and strict opponents of the idea that HCMV might be able to play a role in the course of cancer diseases. In parallel, the number of published reports on the topic is growing. Recently published and presented (Ranganathan P, Clark P, Kuo JS, Salamat S, Kalejta RF. A Survey of Human Cytomegalovirus Genomic Loci Present in Glioblastoma Multiforme Tissue Samples. 35th Annual International Herpes Workshop, Salt Lake City, 2010) data on HCMV detection in glioblastoma tissues and colocalisation of HCMV proteins with cellular proteins known to be relevant for glioblastoma progression motivated us to recapitulate the cu... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4096548 Thu, 21 Oct 2010 17:15:03 +0100 4096548 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4085855&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0h0vx8t073141815%2F Abstract  Almost 10 years ago, an eleventh protein of influenza A viruses was discovered in a search for CD8+ T-cell epitopes. This protein was named PB1-F2 since it is encoded in the +1 reading frame of the PB1 gene segment. Various studies have shown that PB1-F2 has a pleiotropic effect: (1) The protein can induce apoptosis in a cell type-dependent manner, (2) PB1-F2 is able to promote inflammation, and (3) finally it up-regulates viral polymerase activity by its interaction with the PB1 subunit. These properties could contribute to an enhanced pathogenicity. However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood yet. New data suggest that some effects of PB1-F2 are strain-specific and host-specific. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00430-010-0176-8Aut... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4085855 Sat, 16 Oct 2010 08:35:55 +0100 4085855 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4085856&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F78t540412501hh6h%2F In this study, we presented the construction of a library of expression clones for the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) proteome and subcellular localization map of HSV-1 proteins in living cells using yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusion proteins. As a result, 21 proteins showed cytoplasmic or subcytoplasmic localization, 16 proteins showed nuclear or subnuclear localization, and others were present both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Interestingly, most capsid proteins showed enriched or exclusive localization in the nucleus, and most of the envelope proteins showed cytoplasmic localization, suggesting that subcellular localization of the proteins correlated with their functions during virus replication. These results present a subcellular localization map of HSV-1 proteins in... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4085856 Fri, 15 Oct 2010 21:03:42 +0100 4085856 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4053169&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2t7787mj83020465%2F Abstract  Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2c, specific for glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus (HSV), had been shown to mediate clearance of infection from the mucous membranes of mice, thereby completely inhibiting mucocutaneous inflammation and lethality, even in mice depleted of both CD4+ and CD8+ cells. Additionally, ganglionic infection was highly restricted. In vitro, MAb 2c exhibits a potent complement-independent neutralising activity against HSV type 1 and 2, completely inhibits the viral cell-to-cell spread as well as the syncytium formation induced by syncytial HSV strains (Eis-Hübinger et al. in Intervirology 32:351–360, 1991; Eis-Hübinger et al. in J Gen Virol 74:379–385, 1993). Here, we describe the mapping of the epitope for MAb 2c. The antibody was found t... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4053169 Thu, 07 Oct 2010 16:49:19 +0100 4053169 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4001473&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F306067050326lx1v%2F Abstract  Influenza A virus infection of macrophages and virus-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression are regarded to contribute to severity of influenza A virus-caused diseases. Although some data are available on cytokine production by influenza A virus-infected macrophages, systematic comparisons of the virus types are currently considered to be of high relevance in humans (pandemic H1N1/2009, seasonal H1N1, seasonal H3N2, highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1) on pro-inflammatory potential, and relevant underlying cellular signalling events are missing. Here, we show that the infection of human monocyte-derived macrophages with pandemic H1N1/2009 (A/HH/01/2009), seasonal H1N1/1999 (A/New Caledonia/20/99), seasonal H3N2/2004 (A/California/7/2004) or highly pathogenic ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4001473 Thu, 23 Sep 2010 17:18:55 +0100 4001473 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4001472&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb4234jg172260371%2F Abstract  Early detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important step in preventing progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Serologic assays for anti-hepatitis C (anti-HCV) antibody are valuable first-line tests in the screening and diagnosis of HCV infection. The aim of this multicenter study was to compare the Elecsys® Anti-HCV assay with alternative CE-marked Anti-HCV antibody assays against a range of samples that included 1,138 blood donors, 3,553 unselected routine daily specimens, and 46 pre-selected seroconversion panels. Specificity of the Elecsys Anti-HCV assay was 99.5% with blood donor samples and 99.4% with routine clinical specimens. These were similar to those obtained with the Prism® Anti-HCV, Architect® Anti-HCV assay, ADVIA® Centaur A... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4001472 Thu, 23 Sep 2010 17:18:55 +0100 4001472 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3993030&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu1763l838q647291%2F Abstract  In HIV-infected treatment-naïve patients, we analyzed risk factors for either chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection, occult HBV infection (OHBV) or a positive hepatitis C (HCV) serostatus. A total of 918 patients of the RESINA-cohort in Germany were included in this study. Before initiating antiretroviral therapy, clinical parameters were collected and blood samples were analyzed for antibodies against HIV, HBV and HCV, HBs antigen and viral nucleic acids for HIV and HBV. Present or past HBV infection (i.e. HBsAg and/or anti-HBc) was found in 43.4% of patients. HBsAg was detected in 4.5% (41/918) and HBV DNA in 6.1% (34/554), resulting in OHBV infection in 2.9% (16/554) of patients. OHBV infection could not be ruled out by the presence of anti-HBs (50.1%) or the ab... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3993030 Sat, 18 Sep 2010 16:54:42 +0100 3993030 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3980353&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa463t79142442126%2F Abstract  In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii UFV-H2b20 on the resistance to Listeria monocytogenes infection in gnotobiotic mice. Germfree mice or monoassociated mice were infected with L. monocytogenes, and the microbiological and immunological responses were evaluated after 1, 3, and 5 days of infection. Monoassociation with L. delbrueckii was capable of protecting mice against death caused by L. monocytogenes and induced a faster clearance of the bacteria in the liver, spleen, and peritoneal cavity at days 1, 3, and 5 post-infection. Also, monoassociated mice displayed less liver injury than germfree mice. The production of TNF-α in the serum, peritoneal cavity, and gut was augmented in monoassociated mice. Likewi... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3980353 Tue, 14 Sep 2010 05:57:19 +0100 3980353 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3953519&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F033410681ml6350w%2F Abstract  Arachidonic acid (AA) is released from infected host cells during Candida albicans infection and may serve as carbon source for yeast growth and as precursor for the production of biologically active eicosanoids, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by C. albicans. However, the mechanism involved in this production is still unclear. Therefore, it was of interest to investigate the effect of different arachidonic acid metabolism inhibitors on PGE2 production by biofilms of C. albicans and the closely related C. dubliniensis. This was done by growing Candida biofilms in the presence of AA as well as cytochrome P450 (CYP), multicopper oxidase, cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase inhibitors. The concentration of PGE2 was determined by a monoclonal PGE2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3953519 Wed, 08 Sep 2010 05:16:40 +0100 3953519 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3932868&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn4q47v183737t603%2F In this study, we found that C. sakazakii invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC) was significantly inhibited by cytochalasin D, a disrupting agent of actin microfilaments. Disassembly of actin stress fibers and cortical actin fibers was observed in HBMEC infected with C. sakazakii. C. sakazakii infection leads to increased Akt phosphorylation in HBMEC, which was blocked by treatment with PI3K inhibitors. Meanwhile, PI3K and Akt inhibitors significantly inhibited C. sakazakii invasion of HBMEC. Our further results illustrated that the C. sakazakii-induced Akt activation and C. sakazakii invasion were attenuated in HBMEC transfected with dominant-negative PI3K (Δp110). More importantly, the actin filaments rearrangements in HBMEC induced by C. sakazakii were eff... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3932868 Thu, 02 Sep 2010 06:27:11 +0100 3932868 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3866774&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7415jr4lj3352932%2F Abstract  It is estimated that 15–20 millions of people are infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) worldwide, and 20–30% of them are Latin Americans. The seroprevalence rates vary according to geographic area, socio-demographic composition and individual risk behaviors. The impact of HTLV-1-associated diseases on the community, as well as the increasing concerns about blood transfusion safety due to infectious transmitted agents, has required mandatory screening assays of blood donors as an effective preventive strategy in HTLV-1 transmission. The aim of this study was to estimate the seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 in blood donors from Valdivia, southern Chile during the first year of mandatory screening of HTLV by Chilean government. Blood sample... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3866774 Fri, 13 Aug 2010 07:04:29 +0100 3866774 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3866775&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8l80ht62m44nq278%2F Abstract  The evolution of intra-host human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) quasispecies prior and after treating active tuberculosis (TB) with chemotherapy in HIV-1/TB patients was assessed. Two time points HIV-1 quasispecies were evaluated by comparing HIV-1-infected patients with active tuberculosis (HIV-1/TB) and HIV-1-infected patients without tuberculosis (HIV-1/non-TB). Plasma samples were obtained from the Frankfurt HIV cohort, and HIV-1 RNA was isolated. C2V5 env was amplified by PCR and molecular cloning was performed. Eight to twenty-five clones were sequenced from each patient. Various phylogenetic analyses were performed. We found a significant increase in diversity and divergence in HIV-1/TB compared to the HIV-1/non-TB. For HIV-1/TB, the average rate of... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3866775 Tue, 10 Aug 2010 19:16:48 +0100 3866775 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3780091&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F67081908p551l362%2F We report the case of a 25-year-old lung and liver transplant recipient who developed respiratory failure. High levels of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome copies were detectable in respiratory tract specimens, while the search for various other viral, bacterial or fungal pathogens remained empty. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease was excluded. Due to the rapid progression of respiratory insufficiency, a re-transplantation of the lung was performed. EBV-encoded small RNAs could be demonstrated by in situ hybridization within pneumocytes and lymphocytes of the explanted lung tissue. The clinical situation improved soon after re-transplantation, and the EBV load detected in the lower respiratory tract decreased significantly. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original In... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3780091 Tue, 20 Jul 2010 07:53:01 +0100 3780091 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3678443&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6x114m23827g57r1%2F In this study, the analytical performance of the artus™ CMV RG PCR kit in conjunction with automated sample preparation on the new QIAsymphony™ SP instrument was evaluated. Clinically referred samples were tested and results compared to those obtained with the routinely used molecular test system. Accuracy testing showed results to be within ±0.2 log10 unit of the expected panel results. The assay was linear (R = 0.9972) from a lower quantification limit of 148 copies/ml to 1.3 × 107 copies/ml. The between-day imprecision CV was 8–63%, and the within-run imprecision CV was 16–61%. When 100 clinically referred samples were tested, results obtained with the new test system showed an acceptable concordance with those obtained with the routinely used easyMAG�... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3678443 Fri, 18 Jun 2010 10:45:18 +0100 3678443 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3563561&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F51616848hl14r2w2%2F Abstract  Hepatitis C virus infection is a global health problem that has important epidemiological and clinical consequences. It has been well established that exposure to infected blood is the main risk factor for HCV transmission. However, in 20% of cases the agent transmission occurs by unknown route or in the presence of an unidentified source of infection. Understanding of the epidemiology of HCV is needed to help us define future control and preventive strategies. Herein, we discuss about diagnosis of HCV infection and hepatitis C surveillance in the context of its transmission. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ReviewDOI 10.1007/s00430-010-0159-9Authors Robério Amorim de Almeida Pondé, Universidade Federal de Goiás Laboratório de Virologia Humana, Instit... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3563561 Wed, 12 May 2010 07:42:12 +0100 3563561 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3563562&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6187546p023u6608%2F Abstract  During HBV infection, four structural antigen/antibody systems are observed: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and its antibody (anti-HBs); the pre-S antigens associated with HBsAg particles and their antibodies; the particulate nucleocapsid antigen (HBcAg) and anti-HBc; and an antigen structurally related to HBcAg, namely HBeAg and its antibody (anti-HBe). Through the examination of this antigen–antibodies system, hepatitis B infection is diagnosed and the course of the disorder may be observed. Isolated HBsAg seropositivity is a peculiar serological pattern in HBV infection observed some times in routine laboratory. In most cases is not clear how this profile should be interpreted neither its significance. This pattern, however, may be associated with some c... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3563562 Tue, 11 May 2010 08:25:55 +0100 3563562 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3555714&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl84h3x26176r1877%2F Abstract  Pore-forming toxins (PFT) comprise a large, structurally heterogeneous group of bacterial protein toxins. Nucleated target cells mount complex responses which allow them to survive moderate membrane damage by PFT. Autophagy has recently been implicated in responses to various PFT, but how this process is triggered is not known, and the significance of the phenomenon is not understood. Here, we show that S. aureus α-toxin, Vibrio cholerae cytolysin, streptolysin O and E. coli haemolysin activate two pathways leading to autophagy. The first pathway is triggered via AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a major energy sensor which induces autophagy by inhibiting the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) in response to a drop of the cellular ATP/AMP-ratio, as i... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3555714 Sat, 08 May 2010 10:11:03 +0100 3555714 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3545267&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Flq5433213510rq26%2F Abstract  Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, whereby it is customary to distinguish between early familial FAD and late-onset AD (LOAD). The development of LOAD, the most prevalent form of AD, is believed to be a multifactorial process that may also involve infections with bacterial or viral pathogens. After the first report on the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) in brains of patients with AD appeared in 1998, this bacterium has most often been implicated in AD pathogenesis. However, while some studies demonstrate a clear association between Cpn infection and AD, others have failed to confirm these findings. This might be due to heterogeneity of the specimens analyzed and lack of standardized detection methods. Additionally,... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3545267 Thu, 06 May 2010 09:00:26 +0100 3545267 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3545268&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu135454633866776%2F Abstract  One of the most fascinating areas in retrovirology is the study of foamy viruses (FVs), because these viruses appear to do everything that is common to all other retroviruses differently. FVs have found a completely new way to propagate their genome. And they do this extremely successfully because most of wild non-human primates, felines, bovines, equines, and small ruminants are likely to be non-pathogenically infected. The success of FVs can also be viewed from a different angle, since they replicate very conservatively and do not need to shape their genotypic and phenotypic makeup every now and then. The elucidation of the underlying basic mechanisms of the FV replication strategy is the topic of this review. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ReviewDOI 1... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3545268 Thu, 06 May 2010 09:00:25 +0100 3545268 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3545269&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fkg557118l3w6077t%2F Abstract  The Escherichia coli genome consists of a conserved part, the so-called core genome, which encodes essential cellular functions and of a flexible, strain-specific part. Genes that belong to the flexible genome code for factors involved in bacterial fitness and adaptation to different environments. Adaptation includes increase in fitness and colonization capacity. Pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic bacteria carry mobile and accessory genetic elements such as plasmids, bacteriophages, genomic islands and others, which code for functions required for proper adaptation. Escherichia coli is a very good example to study the interdependency of genome architecture and lifestyle of bacteria. Thus, these species include pathogenic variants as well as commensal bacteria ada... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3545269 Thu, 06 May 2010 09:00:24 +0100 3545269 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3511193&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F38xm76026k0m048l%2F Abstract  Malaria parasites express a broad repertoire of proteins whose expression is tightly regulated depending on the life-cycle stage of the parasite and the environment of target organs in the respective host. Transmission of malaria parasites from the human to the anopheline mosquito is mediated by intraerythrocytic sexual stages, termed gametocytes, which circulate in the peripheral blood and are essential for the spread of the tropical disease. In Plasmodium falciparum, gametocytes express numerous extracellular proteins with adhesive motifs, which might mediate important interactions during transmission. Among these is a family of six secreted proteins with adhesive modules, termed PfCCp proteins, which are highly conserved throughout the apicomplexan clade. In P. f... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3511193 Sat, 24 Apr 2010 08:05:53 +0100 3511193 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3479477&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F242j8483q05r7324%2F Abstract   Bordetella pertussis, the etiological agent of whooping cough, belongs to the bacterial pathogens first described in the so-called golden era of microbiology more than 100 years ago. In the course of the following decades, several other closely related pathogens were described which are nowadays classified in the genus Bordetella together with B. pertussis. These are the human and animal pathogens B. parapertussis, B. bronchiseptica and B. avium which are of high medical or veterinary interest, and which, together with B. pertussis, are referred to as the “classical” Bordetella species. Only in the past 15 years, several additional species were classified in the genus, frequently isolated from patients with underlying disease, animals or from the envi... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3479477 Tue, 13 Apr 2010 18:14:57 +0100 3479477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3479476&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2w513318304405q7%2F Abstract  The costimulatory receptor CD28 and IL-4Rα-containing cytokine receptors play key roles in controlling the size and quality of pathogen-specific immune responses. Thus, CD28-mediated costimulation is needed for effective primary T-cell expansion and for the generation and activation of regulatory T-cells (Treg cells), which protect from immunopathology. Similarly, IL-4Rα signals are required for alternative activation of macrophages, which counteract inflammation by type 1 responses. Furthermore, immune modulation by CD28 and IL-4 is interconnected through the promotion of IL-4 producing T-helper 2 cells by CD28 signals. Using conditionally IL-4Rα and CD28 deleting mice, as well as monoclonal antibodies, which block or stimulate CD28, or mAb that deplete Treg c... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3479476 Tue, 13 Apr 2010 18:14:57 +0100 3479476 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3479478&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh0w5131712283005%2F Abstract  Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) mostly represent clinically important, often life-threatening complications of systemic viral infections. After acute measles, CNS complications may occur early (acute postinfectious measles encephalitis, APME) or after years of viral persistence (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, SSPE). In spite of a presumably functional cell-mediated immunity and high antiviral antibody titers, an immunological control of the CNS infection is not achieved in patients suffering from SSPE. There is still no specific therapy for acute complications and persistent MV infections of the CNS. Hamsters, rats, and (genetically unmodified and modified) mice have been used as model systems to study mechanisms of MV-induced CNS infect... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3479478 Tue, 13 Apr 2010 18:14:56 +0100 3479478 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3479479&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1875137p10638733%2F Abstract  The yeast Candida albicans is part of the microflora in most healthy people, but can become a pathogen when host defenses are compromised. The phenotypic plasticity of C. albicans, which includes switching between different morphologies, contributes to its ability to colonize and infect virtually all body locations. A particularly fascinating developmental program is white-opaque switching, a reversible transition between the normal yeast morphology (white) and an elongated cell type (opaque), which is the mating-competent form of this fungus. Although opaque cells are much less able than white cells to cause a systemic infection, they are better adapted for colonization of specific host niches, like skin. White-opaque switching is controlled by the mating type loc... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3479479 Tue, 13 Apr 2010 18:14:54 +0100 3479479 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3467342&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq787734m82052720%2F Abstract  Hypercytokinaemia is thought to contribute to highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A virus disease. Glycyrrhizin is known to exert immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects and therefore a candidate drug for the control of H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory gene expression. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation were investigated on H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses, and H5N1-induced apoptosis in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Glycyrrhizin 100 μg/ml, a therapeutically achievable concentration, impaired H5N1-induced production of CXCL10, interleukin 6, and CCL5 and inhibited H5N1-induced apoptosis but did not interfere with H5N1 replication. Global inhibition of immune responses may result in the lo... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3467342 Mon, 12 Apr 2010 17:47:00 +0100 3467342 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3467343&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv73h165328168594%2F Abstract   Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the only pathogenic species of the genus Neisseria. Although these two species are closely related, they specialized on survival in completely different environments within the human host—the nasopharynx in the case of N. meningitidis versus the urogenital tract in the case of N. gonorrhoeae. The genetic background of these differences has not yet been determined. Here, we present a comparison of all characterized transcriptional regulators in these species, delineating analogous functions and disclosing differential functional developments of these DNA-binding proteins with a special focus on the recently characterized regulator FarR and its contribution to divergent host niche adaptation in the two Neisseria... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3467343 Thu, 08 Apr 2010 18:00:40 +0100 3467343 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3453351&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh32138704j864041%2F Abstract  Tumor cells and microorganisms manipulate the immune system to minimize any counter response in order to survive. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the mouse represent activated Gr-1+ CD11b+ myeloid precursor cells. Activation may occur through endogenous or exogenous factors leading to the suppression of immune responses. Under steady state conditions the same precursors differentiate into dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Their linkage to tumor progression and several suppression mechanisms employing the arginine metabolism are well documented, but knowledge of their role in chronic infections, autoimmune diseases and graft-versus-host reactions is just emerging. Several factors have been described to promote MDSC expansion and activation in ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3453351 Wed, 07 Apr 2010 19:18:49 +0100 3453351 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3453350&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh3mn68t953505vq3%2F Abstract  Immunosuppression is the major cause of infant death associated with acute measles. Hallmarks of this generalized modulation of immune functions include: (1) lymphopenia, (2) a prolonged cytokine imbalance consistent with suppression of cellular immunity to secondary infections and (3) silencing of peripheral blood lymphocytes that fail to expand in response to ex vivo stimulation. Lymphopenia results from depletion of T cells by mechanisms also involving MV infection, and expression of the major MV receptor CD150 plays an important role for targeting these cells. Virus transfer to T cells is thought to be mediated by dendritic cells (DCs), which are considered as central to the induction of T-cell silencing and functional skewing. MV interaction modulates function... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3453350 Wed, 07 Apr 2010 19:18:49 +0100 3453350 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3467344&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fqj177x588210786w%2F Abstract  The past decade has seen an increasing interest in biofilm formation by Neisseria meningitidis, a human facultative pathogen causing life-threatening childhood disease commencing from asymptomatic nasopharyngeal colonization. Studying the biology of in vitro biofilm formation improves the understanding of inter-bacterial processes in asymptomatic carriage, of bacterial aggregate formation on host cells, and of meningococcal population biology. This paper reviews publications referring to meningococcal biofilm formation with an emphasis on the role of motility and of extracellular DNA. The theory of sub-dividing the meningococcal population in settler and spreader lineages is discussed, which provides a mechanistic framework for the assumed balance of colonization e... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3467344 Wed, 07 Apr 2010 19:18:48 +0100 3467344 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3453352&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fgu10117090275568%2F Abstract  Alveolar echinococcosis, one of the most serious and life-threatening zoonoses in the world, is caused by the metacestode larval stage of the fox-tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. Mostly due to its accessibility to in vitro cultivation, this parasite has recently evolved into an experimental model system to study larval cestode development and associated host–parasite interaction mechanisms. Respective advances include the establishment of axenic in vitro cultivation systems for parasite larvae as well as culture systems by which the early development of metacestode vesicles from totipotent parasite stem cells can be reconstituted under controlled laboratory conditions. A series of evolutionarily conserved signalling molecules of the insulin, epidermal growth... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3453352 Wed, 07 Apr 2010 19:18:47 +0100 3453352 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3373833&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fyu2111n301ntttw4%2F In this study, we investigated the influence of the CFP-10/ESAT-6 complex on production of IL-12 and nitric oxide (NO) produced by the ANA-1 macrophage cell line. Preincubation with the complex in a time-dependent manner significantly enhanced production of NO and IL-12 released from ANA-1 cells following IFN-γ stimulation. In addition, the complex up-modulated expression level of IFN-γR1 on surface of the macrophages. Furthermore, the effect of the complex on production of IL-12 and NO in ANA-1 cells was suppressed by AG490, a selective inhibitor of JAK/STAT pathway. These data suggest that in the presence of IFN-γ, CFP-10/ESAT-6 complex represents a new immunogenicity and protective factor that may be, at least partly, due to up modulation of IFN-γR1 expression and activation o... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3373833 Mon, 15 Mar 2010 17:55:01 +0100 3373833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3362236&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F952475lp4w30321n%2F Abstract  A transmission cluster of HIV-1 M:B was identified in 11 patients with a median age of 52 (range 26–65) in North-East Germany by C2V4 region sequencing of the env gene of HIV-1, who—except of one—were not aware of any risky behaviour. The 10 male and 1 female patients deteriorated immunologically, according to their information made available, within 4 years after a putative HIV acquisition. Nucleic acid sequence analysis showed a R5 virus in all patients and in 7 of 11 a crown motif of the V3 loop, GPGSALFTT, which is found rarely. Analysis of formation of this cluster showed that there is still a huge discrepancy between awareness and behaviour regarding HIV transmission in middle-aged patients, and that a local outbreak can be detected by nucleic acid... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3362236 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 18:29:50 +0100 3362236 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3283251&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw460vu379406411r%2F Abstract  In April 2009, a new variant of influenza A virus, subtype H1N1v emerged in Mexico and spread all over the world producing the H1N1 pandemic in mankind after 1918–1920 and 1978/1979. Obviously there was no herd immunity against this new virus variant. Mainly young people, but less elderly were affected and presented severe and even lethal courses of disease. Since virus-specific antibodies are commonly regarded as markers of partial or complete immunoprotection, we performed antibody determinations in serum samples obtained from people before and after the pandemic has arrived in our region (Frankfurt/M., Germany). The assays were done by indirect immunofluorescence, by neutralization test, and by a haemagglutination inhibition test (HI), which was established i... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3283251 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 18:06:20 +0100 3283251 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3279658&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy78j6513332n1510%2F Abstract  Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated polyneuropathy. Campylobacter jejuni-associated gastrointestinal infection is identified as a major precipitating agent of GBS; however, a standard test to diagnose this infection in patients with GBS is lacking. The aim of the present study was to evaluate an outer membrane protein (OMP)-based lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) for the diagnosis of C. jejuni infection in GBS. Forty patients with GBS, age and gender matched 52 healthy controls (HC) and 46 disease controls (DC) were analyzed for C. jejuni infection by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and LTT. Lymphocytes at concentration of 1 × 106/well isolated from GBS patients and controls were stimulated with 20 μg/ml of C. jejuni OMP,... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3279658 Mon, 15 Feb 2010 17:59:45 +0100 3279658 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3266633&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F2r430h65858561n1%2F Abstract  Non-specific enhancement of the airways innate response has been shown to impair lung infections in several models of infection such diverse as influenza A, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Aspergillus niger. Our aim was to evaluate whether a similar event could operate in the context of Bordetella pertussis respiratory infection, not only to enrich the knowledge of host–bacteria interaction but also to establish immunological basis for the development of new control strategies against the pathogen. Using a B. pertussis intranasal infection model and coadministration of different TLR agonists at the moment of the infection, we observed that the enhancement of innate response activation, in a TLR4-dependent way, could efficiently impair B. pertussis colonization (P&nbs... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3266633 Mon, 08 Feb 2010 17:29:07 +0100 3266633 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3156271&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb8x4742136623114%2F In conclusion, Bb infection may represent an important cause of new-onset unexplained DCM in patients living in endemic regions such as the Czech Republic. Because the antibiotic treatment appears to be markedly effective and serological examination does not provide a tool for diagnosing the disease, EMB focused on the detection of Bb should be performed in all patients from endemic areas with new-onset unexplained DCM not responding to conventional therapy. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Rapid CommunicationDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0141-6Authors Tomas Palecek, Charles University of Prague 1st Medical Faculty, 2nd Medical Department - Clinical Department of Cardiology and Angiology Prague Czech RepublicPetr Kuchynka, Charles University of Prague 1st Medical Faculty, 2nd Medical... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3156271 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 16:58:32 +0100 3156271 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3118595&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw264k07500247750%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ErratumDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0140-7Authors Tatiana Victoni, University of São Paulo Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences São Paulo 05508-900 BrazilFernando Rodrigues Coelho, University of São Paulo Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences São Paulo 05508-900 BrazilAlexandre Learth Soares, University of São Paulo Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences São Paulo 05508-900 BrazilAndressa de Freitas, University of São Paulo Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto Ribeirão Preto 14049-900 BrazilThomas Secher, University and CNRS Molecular Immunology and Embryology UMR6218, Cedex 2 45071 Orléans FranceRodrigo Guabiraba, University and CNRS Molecular Immun... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3118595 Mon, 21 Dec 2009 23:00:04 +0100 3118595 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3100208&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fgm356p12p0585r21%2F In this study, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-negative LNCaP and MHC-I-positive DU145 cells were infected with genetically modified influenza A virus lacking the non-structural gene 1 (∆NS1 IAV). The cells were used to investigate the influence of ∆NS1 IAV infection on NK cell lysis of tumor cells as well as to prime NK cells for lysis of LNCaP and DU145 cells. While LNCaP cells infected with ΔNS1 IAV showed enhanced lysis when compared with mock-infected cells (93% ± 1.47 vs. 52% ± 0.74), both mock-infected and ΔNS1 IAV-infected DU145 cells were resistant to NK cell lysis. Moreover, NK cells primed with ΔNS1 IAV-infected LNCaP/DU145 cells effectively lysed resistant DU145 and sensitive LNCaP cells to a greater extent than NK cel... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3100208 Tue, 15 Dec 2009 06:48:02 +0100 3100208 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3100209&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F62481r874342k688%2F Abstract   Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) are opportunistic bacteria associated with life-threatening illness in persons with cystic fibrosis. Once Bcc colonization is established, these antimicrobial-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria are difficult to eradicate and are associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality. At present, no vaccines are available to prevent the Bcc infection. There is currently a paucity of published information regarding the development of vaccines designed to prevent Burkholderia colonization. This work expands on the recent studies published by Bertot et al. [Infect Immun 75(6):2740–2752, 2007], where successful protective immune responses were generated in mice using a B. multivorans OMP-based vaccine. Here, we evaluate an e... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3100209 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 00:50:39 +0100 3100209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3066648&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F62481r874342k688%2F Abstract   Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) are opportunistic bacteria associated with life-threatening illness in persons with cystic fibrosis. Once Bcc colonization is established, these antimicrobial-resistant and biofilm-forming bacteria are difficult to eradicate and are associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality. At present, no vaccines are available to prevent the Bcc infection. There is currently a paucity of published information regarding the development of vaccines designed to prevent Burkholderia colonization. This work expands on the recent studies published by Bertot et al. [Infect Immun 75(6):2740–2752, 2007], where successful protective immune responses were generated in mice using a B. multivorans OMP-based vaccine. Here, we evaluate an e... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3066648 Sun, 06 Dec 2009 00:50:39 +0100 3066648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3066649&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F233807269r2h2725%2F Abstract  Due to the increased resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, phage therapy may be an alternative to treat or prevent suppurative infections in immunocompromised patients. The authors’ recent studies indicated that such an approach is particularly beneficial in immunosuppressed mice. A5/L bacteriophages, specific for the Staphylococcus aureus strain L, were tested for their ability to protect CBA mice subjected to myeloablative (busulfan) and immunosuppressive (cyclophosphamide) conditioning followed by a syngeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and infected with a sublethal or lethal dose of bacteria. The application of phages to immunocompromised mice given BMT led to a significant (>90%) reduction in bacterial load in the spleen and liver. Moreover, 72% of... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3066649 Tue, 01 Dec 2009 20:57:27 +0100 3066649 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3056222&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq1057q627v254j14%2F Abstract  Since the dynamics of transmission of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) have not been clarified yet, we assessed a possible change in HCMV seroprevalence in Frankfurt am Main, Germany during the past twenty years and tried to detect variables with an impact on epidemiology. Between 1/1/1988 and 10/15/2008, a total of 54443 serum samples were collected for routine diagnostics and analyzed using Enzygnost Anti HCMV-IgG enzyme immunoassay (Siemens/Dade Behring, Marburg, Germany). Two decades, 1/1/1988–12/31/1997 and 1/1/1998–10/15/2008, and several groups (type of health insurance, gender, age, HIV-status) were evaluated to assess changes in seroprevalence. Regarding both decades, the overall age-adjusted prevalence of HIV-negative patients dropped from 63.70% (confid... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3056222 Tue, 01 Dec 2009 08:30:06 +0100 3056222 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3056223&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0pp4234694645l36%2F Abstract  Pulmonary macrophages (PM), which are CD11b/CD18+ and CD23+, may be involved in the onset of inflammatory events caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in the lungs. In the present study, we measured the nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin in PM production after intratracheal (i.t.) inoculation of an enriched β-glucan cell wall fraction from P. brasiliensis (Fraction F1). BALB/c and C57/BL6 (B6) mice were i.t. treated with Fraction F1, and their PM were restimulated in vitro with LPS and interferon-γ up to 14 days after treatment. Macrophages BALB/c mice produced less NO than PM from B6 mice. The lower NO production was caused by higher production of TGF-β by pulmonary macrophages of BALB/c and was abrogated by anti-TGF-β MoAb in vitro and in vivo. Other int... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3056223 Tue, 01 Dec 2009 08:30:05 +0100 3056223 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3044229&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fyx2574x2m72l13wg%2F In conclusion, our data demonstrate that disruption of the TLR/MyD88 pathway in mice attenuates acute intestinal and lung injury, inflammation, and endothelial damage allowing enhanced survival. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0134-5Authors Tatiana Victoni, University of São Paulo Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences São Paulo 05508-900 BrazilFernando Rodrigues Coelho, University of São Paulo Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences São Paulo 05508-900 BrazilAlexandre Learth Soares, University of São Paulo Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences São Paulo 05508-900 BrazilAndressa de Freitas, University of São Paulo Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3044229 Thu, 26 Nov 2009 07:59:16 +0100 3044229 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3044230&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff27221l0522119r6%2F The objective of the study was to analyze CA16 and EV71 seroepidemiologically in the population of Frankfurt/M., Germany. A total of 696 individuals (349 males and 347 females, divided into seven different age groups, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–19, 20–39, 40–59 and >60 years) were tested for serum antibodies against CA16 and EV71 by the use of a microneutralization test. Sera were collected at the Frankfurt university hospital from patients suffering from other diseases between March and September 2006. CA16 and EV71 infections were observed to be widely present in the population. The age-adjusted seroprevalence for individuals ≥1 year was found to be 62.9% for CA16 and 42.8% for EV71 without a gender-specific significant difference. Only 12.0 and 27.0% of the chi... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3044230 Thu, 26 Nov 2009 07:59:15 +0100 3044230 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3011987&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk4807387t1781814%2F Abstract  Intense host immune response to infection contributes significantly to the pathology of pneumococcal pneumonia. Therefore, the regulation of host immune response is critical for the successful outcome of pneumonia in such patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of n-3 PUFA, i.e. flaxseed oil supplementation for short (4 weeks) as well as long (9 weeks) term, on the course of S. pneumoniae D39 serotype 2 infection in mice. The efficacy of flaxseed oil supplementation was investigated in terms of survival of animals and production of various inflammatory molecules (malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide) in the lung homogenate of animals. This was correlated with bacteriological and histopathological parameters. The immu... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3011987 Tue, 17 Nov 2009 23:51:09 +0100 3011987 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2984534&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fx55482v472462gu1%2F Abstract  Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents one of the major causes for end-stage liver disease worldwide. Although liver transplantation offers an effective treatment, HCV reinfection of the transplanted graft is a critical and almost inevitable complication with major influence on graft- and patient survival. Pre-transplant antiviral therapy in advanced liver disease is limited by poor tolerance and only applicable to mildly decompensated patients but was able to show promising results in patients reaching negative viral load when undergoing transplantation. Prophylactic therapy with HCV antibodies during the anhepatic phase has not been shown to be effective in studies to date. Antiviral therapy after transplantation but before evidence of rei... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2984534 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 19:13:57 +0100 2984534 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2984535&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fnl4381251123357u%2F Abstract  The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)-specific culture filtrate protein-10 (CFP-10) is highly recognized by M. tuberculosis infected subjects. In the present study, the proliferative response and IFN-γ secretion was found for C-terminal peptides of the protein (Cfp651–70, Cfp761–80, Cfp871–90, and Cfp981–100). The alleles HLA DRB1 *04 and HLA DRB1 *10 recognized the C-terminal peptides Cfp7, Cfp8, and Cfp9 in HHC. Cfp6 was predominantly recognized by the alleles HLA DRB1 *03 and HLA DRB1 *15 by PTB. The minimal nonameric epitopes from the C-terminal region were CFP-1056–64 and CFP-1076–84. These two peptides deserve attention for inclusion in a vaccine against tuberculosis in this region. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original Invest... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2984535 Mon, 09 Nov 2009 19:13:56 +0100 2984535 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2924726&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F26r335851h17584g%2F Abstract  Programs for vaccination against the new influenza A/H1N1 targeting many hundred million citizens in Europe and the USA are to be launched in the fall of this year. The USA is planning to employ a non-adjuvanted vaccine, whereas European nations are opting for inclusion of MF59, the adjuvant contained in an alternative seasonal flu vaccine, or the related adjuvant AS03 that is contained in a recently developed H5N1 vaccine. We draw attention to unappreciated hazards of using adjuvanted vaccine in Europe. Evidence from animal experiments in conjunction with clinical epidemiological data indicates that, quite irrespective of cause, stimulation of the immune system may accelerate atherogenesis. Application of adjuvanted flu vaccines to individuals at risk may therefo... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2924726 Thu, 22 Oct 2009 18:56:22 +0100 2924726 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2908288&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fbn25480m0212327l%2F In conclusion, it was demonstrated that the Elecsys HBsAg II assay is suitable for routine HBsAg screening in China. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0127-4Authors Ji-Dong Jia, Capital Medical University Beijing Friendship Hospital 95 Yong-an Road 100050 Xuanwu District, Beijing People’s Republic of ChinaMa Hong, Capital Medical University Beijing Friendship Hospital 95 Yong-an Road 100050 Xuanwu District, Beijing People’s Republic of ChinaLai Wei, Peking University Hepatology Institute Peking University People’s Hospital Beijing People’s Republic of ChinaXin-Xin Zhang, Shanghai Jiatong University Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine Shanghai People’s Republic of ChinaYuan-Li Mao, Beijing 302 Military Hospital of China Beijing... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2908288 Thu, 15 Oct 2009 17:54:06 +0100 2908288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2898422&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa2j7818n6797u754%2F Abstract   Brucella strains produce abortion and infertility in their natural hosts and a zoonotic disease in humans known as undulant fever. These bacteria do not produce classical virulence factors, and their capacity to successfully survive and replicate within a variety of host cells underlies their pathogenicity. Extensive replication of the brucellae in placental trophoblasts is associated with reproductive tract pathology in natural hosts, and prolonged persistence in macrophages leads to the chronic infections that are a hallmark of brucellosis in both natural hosts and humans. This review describes how Brucella strains have efficiently adapted to their intracellular lifestyle in the host. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ReviewDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0123-8Aut... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2898422 Wed, 14 Oct 2009 17:00:14 +0100 2898422 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2879265&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl32124740l0418uw%2F In conclusion, CLM represents a highly sensitive, fast, material-saving and non-toxic/non-radioactive method for the measurement of antigen-specific CTL cytotoxic activity. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0126-5Authors Henry Ogbomo, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Zentrum der Hygiene Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40 60596 Frankfurt am Main GermanyJanina Geiler, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Zentrum der Hygiene Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40 60596 Frankfurt am Main GermanyAnke Leutz, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Institut für Medizinische Virologie, Zentrum der Hygiene Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 40 60596 Frankfurt am Main GermanyKristi... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2879265 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 07:15:41 +0100 2879265 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2842243&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fpw0t635821852464%2F Abstract  Capsular F1 and secretory V antigen are the putative vaccine candidates for plague, caused by Yersinia pestis. Contemplating this, we studied the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of collinearly synthesized B- and T-cell epitopes (B-T constructs) of V antigen entrapped in poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles immunized intranasally using single dose immunization schedule in outbred, H-2b and H-2d mice. High antibody levels were observed in terms of IgG, IgA and SIgA peak titers in sera and mucosal washes to different B-T constructs. The constructs ai, bi and fi especially showed high peak antibody titers ranging from 51,200 to 204,000, which were maintained till day 120 post immunization. IgG/IgA Specific activity in sera and washes correlated well with ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2842243 Thu, 24 Sep 2009 16:42:06 +0100 2842243 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2768516&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fdj055611727675g1%2F Abstract  Ross River virus is an arthropod-borne alphavirus (family Togaviridae) causing epidemic polyarthritis in the Australia-Pacific region. The infection causes substantial morbidity due to long-lasting arthralgia. Despite being the most common arboviral infection in Australia, reports in travellers are scarce. Here, we describe the disease in a German traveller who was not aware of the prevalence of this infection in his holiday destination, the Northern Territory and Queensland, Australia. The patient had neither fever nor rash, but presented with chills, watery diarrhoea and severe, prolonged arthritis. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Case ReportDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0122-9Authors Dennis Tappe, University of Würzburg Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology J... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2768516 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 06:25:57 +0100 2768516 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2681589&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F63413j422r240221%2F Abstract  Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have recently been discovered as a central part of antimicrobial innate immunity. In the meanwhile, evidence accumulated that NETs are also generated upon non-infectious stimuli in various clinical settings. In acute or chronic inflammatory disorders aberrantly enhanced NET formation and/or decreased NET degradation seems to correlate with disease outcome. This review summarizes current knowledge about the relation of NETs in a broad spectrum of clinical settings. Specifically, we focus on the importance of NETs as a predictive marker in severely ill patients and further, we speculate about the potential pathophysiology of NETs. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ReviewDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0121-xAuthors Tim Lögters, H... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2681589 Mon, 03 Aug 2009 20:44:56 +0100 2681589 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2644808&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh387882261j76507%2F In this study, recombinant human wild-type (WT) PrP and PrP mutants with deleted or inserted octarepeats were exposed to manganese, and their biochemical and biophysical characteristics were evaluated by proteinase K (PK) digestion, sedimentation experiments, transmission electron microscopy and circular dichroism. It demonstrated that incubation of manganese remarkably increased PK-resistances, protein aggregations and β-sheet contents of the PrPs. Moreover, the PrP mutants of inserted or deleted octarepeats were much vulnerable to the influence of manganese, which showed obviously more aggregation and higher β-sheet content than that of WT-PrP. It highlights that the effect of manganese on the PrP seems to lie on the incorrectness of the octarepeats numbers. The association of th... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2644808 Sat, 25 Jul 2009 14:49:04 +0100 2644808 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2605614&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb15u522134142051%2F Abstract   Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common gram-negative organism causing meningitis during the neonatal period. The mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of E. coli meningitis remains unclear. We previously identified a pathogenicity island GimA (genetic island of meningitic E. coli containing ibeA) from the genomic DNA library of E. coli K1, which may contribute to the E. coli invasion of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). CglD is one of the genes in GimA, and its function remains unknown. In order to characterize the role of cglD in the E. coli meningitis, an isogenic in-frame cglD deletion mutant of E. coli K1 was generated. The results showed that the median lethal dose of the cglD deletion mutant strain was significant higher than that of parent E. coli K1 st... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2605614 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 09:57:12 +0100 2605614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2505934&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu65lr3p40n42q1h1%2F Abstract  Influenza A viruses represent a continuous pandemic threat. In April 2009, a novel influenza A virus, the so-called swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV), was identified in Mexico. Although S-OIV originates from triple-reassortant swine influenza A (H1) that has been circulating in North American pig herds since the end of the 1990s, S-OIV is readily transmitted between humans but is not epidemic in pigs. After its discovery, S-OIV rapidly spread throughout the world within few weeks. In this review, we sum up the current situation and put it into the context of the current state of knowledge of influenza and influenza pandemics. Some indications suggest that a pandemic may be mild but even “mild” pandemics can result in millions of deaths. However, no... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2505934 Sat, 20 Jun 2009 06:01:39 +0100 2505934 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2505935&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F38l0216lw10064n0%2F Abstract  Antibodies are important tools for experimental research and medical applications. Most antibodies are composed of two heavy and two light chains. Both chains contribute to the antigen-binding site which is usually flat or concave. In addition to these conventional antibodies, llamas, other camelids, and sharks also produce antibodies composed only of heavy chains. The antigen-binding site of these unusual heavy chain antibodies (hcAbs) is formed only by a single domain, designated VHH in camelid hcAbs and VNAR in shark hcAbs. VHH and VNAR are easily produced as recombinant proteins, designated single domain antibodies (sdAbs) or nanobodies. The CDR3 region of these sdAbs possesses the extraordinary capacity to form long fingerlike extensions that can extend into ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2505935 Tue, 16 Jun 2009 05:50:18 +0100 2505935 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3100210&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Flg94375mn0q61723%2F Abstract  The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) had spread unrecognized in the human population as sexually transmitted disease and was finally identified by its disease AIDS in 1981. Even after the isolation of the causative agent in 1983, the burden and death rate of AIDS accelerated worldwide especially in young people despite the confection of new drugs capable to inhibit virus replication since 1997. However, at least in industrialised countries, this trend could be reversed by the introduction of combination therapy strategies. The design of new drugs is on going; besides the inhibition of the three enzymes of HIV for replication and maturation (reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease), further drugs inhibits fusion of viral and cellular membranes and virus mat... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3100210 Thu, 04 Jun 2009 10:05:52 +0100 3100210 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2462826&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Flg94375mn0q61723%2F Abstract  The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) had spread unrecognized in the human population as sexually transmitted disease and was finally identified by its disease AIDS in 1981. Even after the isolation of the causative agent in 1983, the burden and death rate of AIDS accelerated worldwide especially in young people despite the confection of new drugs capable to inhibit virus replication since 1997. However, at least in industrialised countries, this trend could be reversed by the introduction of combination therapy strategies. The design of new drugs is on going; besides the inhibition of the three enzymes of HIV for replication and maturation (reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease), further drugs inhibits fusion of viral and cellular membranes and virus mat... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2462826 Thu, 04 Jun 2009 10:05:52 +0100 2462826 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2387504&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fn05x1803341qt3qp%2F In this study, a deletion mutant of rfaB (ΔrfaB) was observed to be susceptible to sodium dodecyl sulfate and less tolerant to bile salts. In addition, pre-incubation in 10% bile salts increased bacterial tolerance to 30% bile salts. We also showed that the ΔrfaB mutant invaded HeLa cells less than the wild type and resulted in a lower ratio of intracellular bacteria. Competitive infection of mice showed that the ΔrfaB mutant was defective in the colonization of host organs and was cleared more quickly in fecal shedding. Transforming of a plasmid containing a wild-type allele of rfaB (pRB3-rfaB) partially rescued the defect of the ΔrfaB mutant. The results suggest that RfaB, which is responsible to add the glycosyl residue to the core lipopolysaccharide, contributes to the toleranc... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2387504 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 06:03:31 +0100 2387504 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2375130&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj4355t021m525047%2F Abstract  Most parasitic skin infections are averted by very efficient strategies of preventing pathogen invasion. Innate immune cells such as mast cells, macrophages and dendritic cells are responsible for detecting parasites and for recruiting proinflammatory cells that help to contain and control the pathogen at sites of infection. This induces efficient adaptive immunity, which is crucially important for parasite control. Using the example of cutaneous leishmaniasis, we highlight how the skin utilizes different strategies to prevent skin infection and how containment of the infection to the skin site may reduce the harm that otherwise may result for the entire organism. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ReviewDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0114-9Authors Marcus Maurer, Ch... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2375130 Sat, 25 Apr 2009 07:28:20 +0100 2375130 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2340998&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F45u038636j36t41l%2F Abstract  The role of nitric oxide (NO) in granulomas of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-infected inducible NO synthase-deficient C57BL/6 mice (iNOS KO) and their wild-type counterparts and its association with osteopontin (OPN) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was studied. At 15 days after infection (DAI), iNOS KO mice showed compact and necrotic granulomas with OPN+ macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, whereas wild-type mice developed loose granulomas with many fungi and OPN+ cells distributed throughout the tissue. In addition, high OPN levels and fungal load were observed in iNOS KO mice. Both experimental groups had MMP-9 activity. At 120 DAI, iNOS KO had smaller granulomas with OPN+ cells, lower OPN levels, lower fungal load and decreased MMP-9 activity c... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2340998 Fri, 10 Apr 2009 05:58:24 +0100 2340998 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2505936&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F30535m68l84hn63w%2F Abstract  Quorum sensing system is a cell-to-cell communication system that plays a pivotal role in virulence expression in bacteria. Recent advances have demonstrated that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing molecule, N-3-oxododecanoyl homoserine lactone (3OC12-HSL), exerts effects on mammalian cells and modulates host immune response. Mast cells (MCs) are strategically located in the tissues that are constantly exposed to external stimulus. Therefore, it is very much possible that 3OC12-HSL may interact with MCs. Little is known, however, about specific effects of 3OC12-HSL on MCs. To address this, we investigated the influence of 3OC12-HSL on cell viability, apoptosis, intracellular calcium and cytokine release in MCs. We found that at high concentrations (100 μ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2505936 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 05:52:13 +0100 2505936 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2340999&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F30535m68l84hn63w%2F Abstract  Quorum sensing system is a cell-to-cell communication system that plays a pivotal role in virulence expression in bacteria. Recent advances have demonstrated that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing molecule, N-3-oxododecanoyl homoserine lactone (3OC12-HSL), exerts effects on mammalian cells and modulates host immune response. Mast cells (MCs) are strategically located in the tissues that are constantly exposed to external stimulus. Therefore, it is very much possible that 3OC12-HSL may interact with MCs. Little is known, however, about specific effects of 3OC12-HSL on MCs. To address this, we investigated the influence of 3OC12-HSL on cell viability, apoptosis, intracellular calcium and cytokine release in MCs. We found that at high concentrations (100 μ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2340999 Wed, 01 Apr 2009 05:52:13 +0100 2340999 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2297708&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F83575852j28424h2%2F Abstract  Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause symptomatic or asymptomatic infection in infants. One hundred and twenty-six infants were assessed clinically for disease in infantile period. Eighty of them were classified as symptomatic infection on the basis of physical, instrumental, and laboratory findings, 5 were demonstrated by following up to have later developed HCMV disease, and the other 41 infants were classified as asymptomatic infection. HCMV DNA was positive in all urine samples of the symptomatic infants detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. HCMV-IgM antibody detected by chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) was positive in 62 of the 85 symptomatic infants, but was negative in all of the samples of asymptomatic infants. HCMV pp65 antigen detected ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2297708 Tue, 24 Mar 2009 07:08:37 +0100 2297708 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2199458&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F55w112254241l461%2F This study determined the prevalence of anti-CHIKV IgG antibodies as well as CHIKV RNA shortly before the outbreak. Two hundred and six human sera were collected from patients with acute febrile illness in 2004/2005. Validated indirect immunofluorescence and real-time RT-PCR assays for dengue as well as CHIKV were employed. Laboratory evidence of dengue virus infection was seen in 67% of patients, indicating virus activity and exposure to Aedes spp. vectors. These vectors are the same as for chikungunya. However, no evidence of acute or previous chikungunya infection could be demonstrated in the same cohort. This study gives formal evidence that the absence of human population immunity correlated with a large chikungunya epidemic. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original Inve... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2199458 Wed, 18 Feb 2009 08:50:46 +0100 2199458 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2172078&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F687607660003911u%2F This article reviews the present state of the art with special emphasis on the immunology of the infection and the prospects for development of a vaccine. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ReviewDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0109-6Authors Kris Huygen, Scientific Institute of Public Health Rue Engelandstraat 642 1180 Brussels BelgiumOhene Adjei, Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research Kumasi GhanaDissou Affolabi, Laboratoire de Référence des Mycobactéries Cotonou BeninGisela Bretzel, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Munich GermanyCaroline Demangel, Institut Pasteur Paris FranceBernhard Fleischer, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg GermanyRoch Christian Johnson, Programme National de Lutte contre l’Ulcère de Bu... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2172078 Sat, 07 Feb 2009 10:10:10 +0100 2172078 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2172077&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe87w53748n883l66%2F Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Mini ReviewDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0107-8Authors Martin Michaelis, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Institut für Medizinische Virologie Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40 60596 Frankfurt am Main GermanyHans Wilhelm Doerr, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Institut für Medizinische Virologie Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40 60596 Frankfurt am Main GermanyJindrich Cinatl, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Institut für Medizinische Virologie Paul Ehrlich-Str. 40 60596 Frankfurt am Main Germany Journal Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyOnline ISSN 1432-1831Print ISSN 0300-8584 (Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology) Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2172077 Sat, 07 Feb 2009 10:10:10 +0100 2172077 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2166853&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq111g88615088512%2F In conclusion, the annual influenza vaccination in children and adolescents may improve considerably the protection against influenza virus infection occurring during epidemics. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0108-7Authors Andreas Sauerbrei, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2 07745 Jena GermanyR. Schmidt-Ott, GlaxoSmithKline Theresienhöhe 11 80339 Munich GermanyH. Hoyer, Institute for Medical Statistics, Computer Sciences and Documentation Bachstrasse 18 07743 Jena GermanyP. Wutzler, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2 07745 Jena Germany Journal Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyOnline ISS... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2166853 Thu, 05 Feb 2009 06:51:18 +0100 2166853 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2505937&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq2x821375500h751%2F In conclusion, the PUUV seroprevalence in the residents of the outbreak region in Lower Bavaria was found to be up to fivefold higher than the average hantavirus seroprevalence of the German population. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0106-9Authors Marc Mertens, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, OIE Collaborating Centre for Zoonoses in Europe, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases Südufer 10 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems GermanyRoman Wölfel, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology 80937 Munich GermanyKatrin Ullrich, Institute of Epidemiology 16868 Wusterhausen GermanyKumiko Yoshimatsu, Institute for Animal Experimentation, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Sapporo J... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2505937 Fri, 16 Jan 2009 12:47:08 +0100 2505937 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2111966&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq2x821375500h751%2F In conclusion, the PUUV seroprevalence in the residents of the outbreak region in Lower Bavaria was found to be up to fivefold higher than the average hantavirus seroprevalence of the German population. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00430-009-0106-9Authors Marc Mertens, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, OIE Collaborating Centre for Zoonoses in Europe, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases Südufer 10 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems GermanyRoman Wölfel, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology 80937 Munich GermanyKatrin Ullrich, Institute of Epidemiology 16868 Wusterhausen GermanyKumiko Yoshimatsu, Institute for Animal Experimentation, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Sapporo J... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2111966 Fri, 16 Jan 2009 12:47:08 +0100 2111966 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3100211&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw2qv4255w2g417w3%2F Abstract  We sought to determine whether NMB1966, encoding a putative ABC transporter, has a role in pathogenesis. Compared to its isogenic wild-type parent strain Neisseria meningitidis MC58, the NMB1966 knockout mutant was less adhesive and invasive for human bronchial epithelial cells, had reduced survival in human blood and was attenuated in a systemic mouse model of infection. The transcriptome of the wild-type and the NMB1966 mutant was compared. The data are consistent with a previous functional assignment of NMB1966 being the ABC transporter component of a glutamate transporter operon. Forty-seven percent of all the differentially regulated genes encoded known outer membrane proteins or pathways generating complex surface structures such as adhesins, peptidoglycan an... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3100211 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 08:26:34 +0100 3100211 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2013148&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw2qv4255w2g417w3%2F Abstract  We sought to determine whether NMB1966, encoding a putative ABC transporter, has a role in pathogenesis. Compared to its isogenic wild-type parent strain Neisseria meningitidis MC58, the NMB1966 knockout mutant was less adhesive and invasive for human bronchial epithelial cells, had reduced survival in human blood and was attenuated in a systemic mouse model of infection. The transcriptome of the wild-type and the NMB1966 mutant was compared. The data are consistent with a previous functional assignment of NMB1966 being the ABC transporter component of a glutamate transporter operon. Forty-seven percent of all the differentially regulated genes encoded known outer membrane proteins or pathways generating complex surface structures such as adhesins, peptidoglycan an... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2013148 Wed, 03 Dec 2008 08:26:34 +0100 2013148 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1995724&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk858344102220163%2F Abstract  Performance of two diagnoses, T-SPOT®.TB (T-SPOT) and QuantiFERON-TB® Gold (QFT-G), was compared in Japanese subjects. Forty-seven confirmed tuberculosis patients and eighty-four healthy subjects were recruited. All samples were assessed for both T-SPOT and QFT-G, and the sensitivities and the specificities were compared between two methods. The sensitivity was 100% for T-SPOT, and 87.2% for QFT-G. The specificity was 83.3 and 98.8%, respectively. The overall agreement of two tests was substantially high (Kappa coefficient = 0.671). The sensitivity of T-SPOT appeared to be higher than that of QFT-G, whereas the specificity of T-SPOT was significantly lower than that of QFT-G. The difference in the performance between T-SPOT and QFT-G and biological rele... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1995724 Wed, 26 Nov 2008 19:59:58 +0100 1995724 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1944872&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb7mrk2648m841131%2F Abstract  Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses to Gag have been most frequently linked to control of viremia whereas CTL responses to Nef have direct relationship with viral load. IFN-γ ELISpot assay was used to screen CTL responses at single peptide level directed at HIV-1 subtype C Gag and Nef proteins in 30 antiretroviral therapy naive HIV-1 infected Indian individuals. PBMCs from 73.3% and 90% of the study population showed response to Gag and Nef antigens, respectively. The magnitude of Gag-specific CTL responses was inversely correlated with plasma viral load (r = −0.45, P = 0.001), whereas magnitude of Nef-specific responses was directly correlated (r = 0.115). Thirteen immunodominant regions (6 in Gag, 7 in Nef) were identified in th... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1944872 Thu, 06 Nov 2008 00:34:16 +0100 1944872 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3100212&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F42k7mq83711u14w3%2F Abstract  The endogenous danger signal bradykinin was recently found implicated in the development of immunity against parasites via dendritic cells. We here report an essential role of the B2 (B2R) bradykinin receptor in the early immune response against Listeria infection. Mice deficient in B2R (B2R−/− mice) were shown to suffer from increased hepatic bacterial burden and concomitant dramatic weight loss during infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Levels of cytokines known to play a pivotal role in the early phase immune response against L. monocytogenes, IL-12p70 and IFN-γ, were reduced in B2R−/− mice. To extend these findings to the human system, we show that bradykinin potentiates the production of IL-12p70 in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Thus, we sh... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3100212 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 10:15:04 +0100 3100212 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1824029&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F42k7mq83711u14w3%2F Abstract  The endogenous danger signal bradykinin was recently found implicated in the development of immunity against parasites via dendritic cells. We here report an essential role of the B2 (B2R) bradykinin receptor in the early immune response against Listeria infection. Mice deficient in B2R (B2R−/− mice) were shown to suffer from increased hepatic bacterial burden and concomitant dramatic weight loss during infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Levels of cytokines known to play a pivotal role in the early phase immune response against L. monocytogenes, IL-12p70 and IFN-γ, were reduced in B2R−/− mice. To extend these findings to the human system, we show that bradykinin potentiates the production of IL-12p70 in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Thus, we sh... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1824029 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 10:15:04 +0100 1824029 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1824028&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl6w5008632010082%2F In conclusion, BLf, iron- or zinc-saturated BLf is one of the candidates for anti-HBV reagents in treatment of patients with hepatitis. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00430-008-0100-7Authors Songtao Li, Northeast Agricultural University Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science 150030 Harbin Heilongjiang ChinaHaibo Zhou, Northeast Agricultural University Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education; College of Food Science 150030 Harbin Heilongjiang ChinaGuirong Huang, Harbin Medical University Staff Room of Epidemiology, College of Public Health 150086 Harbin Heilongjiang ChinaNing Liu, Northeast Agricultural University Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education; College of Food Scie... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1824028 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 10:15:04 +0100 1824028 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1704394&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F9212r6w447633633%2F Abstract  In infected individuals, hepatitis C virus (HCV) exists in various forms of circulating particles which role in virus persistence and in HCV resistance to IFN therapy is still debated. Here, the proportion of HCV bound to immunoglobulin was determined in plasma of 107 chronically infected patients harbouring different HCV genotypes and, for comparison, of six patients with acute HCV infection. The results showed that, in spite of wide individual variability, chronically HCV-infected patients exhibited an extremely high proportion of immune complexed (IC) virus regardless of plasma HCV load and infecting genotype. Moreover, no significant association was found between baseline proportion of IC HCV and response to IFN treatment. Plasma samples collected within 2&nbs... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1704394 Tue, 12 Aug 2008 07:29:27 +0100 1704394 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1691477&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3527k1v657743j23%2F Abstract  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates in most tumor tissues of patients with HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the present study, we have shown that the expression of HBV in the HCC cell lines, HepG2 and Huh7, down-regulated the expression of MHC class I-related molecule A (MICA), a ligand of the NKG2D receptor. Inhibition of HBV expression by small interference RNAs (siRNAs) in HepG2.2.15, a cell line that constitutively expresses HBV, induced up-regulation of MICA. The up-regulation of MICA increased the lysis of HepG2.2.15 cells by NK cells. Our results suggest that HBV compromises the innate immune system in HCC patients and that inhibition of HBV replication by siRNAs may enhance the antitumor immune response. Content Type Journal ArticleCatego... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1691477 Thu, 07 Aug 2008 09:59:48 +0100 1691477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1493987&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5271576t731kq978%2F Discussion  The presence of HLA-A2 elicits a stronger cytotoxic response, which is involved in the HTLV-1 proviral load reduction. This study confirmed a tendency of this allele to protect against HAM-TSP. Therefore, A*02 might be of interest for researches involved with HTLV-1 vacine. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00430-008-0096-zAuthors B. C. Catalan-Soares, Fundação Hemominas Rua Grão Pará, 882 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais 30.150-340 BrazilAnna Bárbara F. Carneiro-Proietti, Fundação Hemominas Rua Grão Pará, 882 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais 30.150-340 BrazilF. G. Da Fonseca, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (Fiocruz) Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais BrazilR. Correa-Oliveira, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou (Fiocruz) Belo H... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1493987 Tue, 03 Jun 2008 06:19:03 +0100 1493987 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3100213&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg41505071054j180%2F In this study we constructed a new rBCG which included this united gene (Ag85B-Rv3425). The level of antigen-stimulated T cells expressing IFN-γ was significantly higher in the C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with rBCG::Ag85B-Rv3425 than with BCG. In addition, the sera from mice immunized with rBCG::Ag85B-Rv3425 revealed an increase in the specific immunoglobulin G titers than that from mice immunized with BCG. Antigen specific IgG subclass analysis showed that rBCG::Ag85B-Rv3425 tended to facilitate IgG2a production, suggesting enhancement of predominant Th1 response which in turn may facilitate increased production of protective IFN-γ. These results suggested that this rBCG::Ag85B-Rv3425 could be a strong vaccine candidate for further study. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Origin... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3100213 Tue, 20 May 2008 06:17:14 +0100 3100213 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1463254&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg41505071054j180%2F In this study we constructed a new rBCG which included this united gene (Ag85B-Rv3425). The level of antigen-stimulated T cells expressing IFN-γ was significantly higher in the C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with rBCG::Ag85B-Rv3425 than with BCG. In addition, the sera from mice immunized with rBCG::Ag85B-Rv3425 revealed an increase in the specific immunoglobulin G titers than that from mice immunized with BCG. Antigen specific IgG subclass analysis showed that rBCG::Ag85B-Rv3425 tended to facilitate IgG2a production, suggesting enhancement of predominant Th1 response which in turn may facilitate increased production of protective IFN-γ. These results suggested that this rBCG::Ag85B-Rv3425 could be a strong vaccine candidate for further study. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Origin... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1463254 Tue, 20 May 2008 06:17:14 +0100 1463254 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3096367&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm822237139q7r512%2F Abstract  We here describe four proteins of Chlamydia pneumoniae, which might play a role in host-pathogen interaction. The hypothetical bacterial proteins CPn0708 and CPn0712 were detected in Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected host cells by indirect immunofluorescence tests with polyclonal antisera raised against the respective proteins. While CPn0708 was localized within the inclusion body, CPn0712 was identified in the inclusion membrane and in the surrounding host cell cytosol. CPn0712 colocalizes with actin, indicating its possible interaction with components of the cytoskeleton. Investigations on CPn0809 and CPn1020, two Chlamydia pneumoniae proteins previously described to be secreted into the host cell cytosol, revealed colocalization with calnexin, a marker for the ER. N... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3096367 Thu, 01 May 2008 06:28:35 +0100 3096367 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1417426&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm822237139q7r512%2F Abstract  We here describe four proteins of Chlamydia pneumoniae, which might play a role in host-pathogen interaction. The hypothetical bacterial proteins CPn0708 and CPn0712 were detected in Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected host cells by indirect immunofluorescence tests with polyclonal antisera raised against the respective proteins. While CPn0708 was localized within the inclusion body, CPn0712 was identified in the inclusion membrane and in the surrounding host cell cytosol. CPn0712 colocalizes with actin, indicating its possible interaction with components of the cytoskeleton. Investigations on CPn0809 and CPn1020, two Chlamydia pneumoniae proteins previously described to be secreted into the host cell cytosol, revealed colocalization with calnexin, a marker for the ER. N... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1417426 Thu, 01 May 2008 06:28:35 +0100 1417426 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1362197&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy4223h766v59850p%2F Abstract   There are no recommendations concerning preoperative management of primary immunodeficiency patients in cases of emergency or planned surgery in relation to risk of hepatitis type B virus infection. To assess if immunodeficient patients regularly supplemented with immunoglobulins are protected against hepatitis B. IgG, IgM and IgA total levels and anti-HBs level were estimated in adult patients with primary humoral immunodeficiency before and after immunoglobulins supplementation according to a standardized schedule. Serum IgG and anti-HBs level significantly increased after immunoglobulin supplementation. Anti-HBs titer increased in all cases over 100 IU/L regardless of initial total IgG serum value, reaching a highly protective level. There was no correla... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1362197 Tue, 08 Apr 2008 07:25:17 +0100 1362197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1331160&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj086k7h7550v6k67%2F Abstract  Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) bears a risk of reactivating latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) in either the transplanted hematopoietic donor cells or in parenchymal and stromal tissue cells of the immunocompromised recipient, or in both. While reactivated human CMV in recipients of organ transplantations is frequently the virus variant of the donor, this is not usually the case in HSCT recipients. Here we have used experimental sex-mismatched HSCT in the BALB/c mouse model to test if latent murine CMV from CMV-immune donors is transmitted with bone marrow cells to naive immunocompromised recipients. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00430-008-0094-1Authors Christof K. Seckert, Johannes Gutenberg-University Instit... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1331160 Wed, 26 Mar 2008 14:52:27 +0100 1331160 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1331159&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ftl65q241481g0x17%2F Abstract  Therapy of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) by immune serum transfer did not fulfill the high clinical expectations, although immune sera or immunoglobulin-enriched preparations pooled from many CMV-immune donors are likely to contain virus neutralizing antibodies covering a broad range of virus variants. Likewise, the highest risk of CMV disease in HSCT recipients results from the reactivation of the latently infected recipient’s own virus despite pre-transplantation humoral immunity. These findings suggest the conclusion that antiviral antibodies are inefficient in controlling CMV. Rather than B cells and antibodies, T cells, in particular CD8 T cells, are thought to play a major role in resolving ... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1331159 Wed, 26 Mar 2008 14:52:27 +0100 1331159 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1318982&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa741k66065j0v55n%2F Abstract  We have isolated a Chikungunya (Chik) virus from a patient who returned to Germany after a three-month visit to Mauritius in spring 2006. Upon return she developed a transient fever up to 40°C. This was followed by myalgia and joint pain. IgG antibodies in serum to Chik virus were undetectable. Virus (Chik-Wü1) was isolated on Vero cells. We molecularly cloned the whole genome of Chik-Wü1 from viral RNA by RT-PCR. The complete sequence was determined and functional domains of the genome were assigned. Chik-Wü1 clearly belongs to the group of viruses analysed from the recent Indian Ocean outbreak. In order to develop tools useful for further characterization of Chik-Wü1, we bacterially expressed and purified the capsid (C) and envelope (E) proteins and establi... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1318982 Thu, 20 Mar 2008 09:25:24 +0100 1318982 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1307521&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft5w63758545l5613%2F Abstract  Adoptive transfer of antiviral effector or memory CD8 T cells is a therapeutic option for preventing acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease after primary or recurrent infection in immunocompromised recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) aimed at curing hematopoietic malignancies. Preclinical research in murine models has demonstrated the power of CD8 T-cell-based preemptive immunotherapy and has encouraged clinical trials that gave promising results. The clinical evidence, however, is based primarily on statistical analyses indicating a reduced incidence of CMV-associated complications. Here, we will briefly review the data obtained from the murine model showing that CD8 T cells derived from CMV-immune donors and administered either as peptide-s... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1307521 Sat, 15 Mar 2008 09:14:38 +0100 1307521 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1307522&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F83452721r52u5t7u%2F Abstract  Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most powerful antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the immune system. Therefore, they are able to take up antigen by phagocytosis, macropinocytosis or endocytosis, process it in the cytosol and present it to naive T cells. It is known that presentation of the immunodominant influenza virus nucleoprotein-derived CTL epitope is delayed in bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) compared to non-professional APCs. This delay coincided with the formation of transient aggregations of ubiquitinated proteins (DALIS, dendritic cell aggresome-like induced structures), which contain probably defective ribosomal products (DRiPs). DRiPs appear in the cytosol of maturing DCs and macrophages. Normally, DRiPs are degraded rapidly by proteasomes. However, their... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1307522 Fri, 14 Mar 2008 07:28:38 +0100 1307522 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1307523&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F083657703n0k7u51%2F Abstract  Preclinical research in murine models as well as subsequent clinical trials have concordantly revealed a high protective potential of antiviral CD8 T cells, of donor-derived ex vivo memory CD8 T cells in particular, in the immunotherapy of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in immunocompromised recipients. Although it is generally held view that the observed beneficial effect of the transferred cells is viral epitope-specific, involving the recognition of MHC class-I presented peptides by cognate T cell receptors, this assumption awaits formal proof, at least with regard to the in vivo function of the CD8 T cells. This question is particularly evident for CMV, since the function of viral immune evasion proteins interferes with the MHC class-I pathway of peptide prese... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1307523 Fri, 14 Mar 2008 07:28:37 +0100 1307523 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1300041&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl4478871721384mv%2F Abstract  Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a well-studied model of natural β-herpesvirus infection. However, many questions remain regarding its control by and evasion of the immune response it generates. CD8 and CD4 T cells have both unique and redundant roles in control of the virus that differ based on the immunocompetence of the infected mice. MCMV encodes major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I immune evasion genes that can have an impact in vitro, but their role in infection of immunocompetent mice has been difficult to identify. This review addresses the evidence for their in vivo function and suggests why they may be evolutionarily conserved. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ReviewDOI 10.1007/s00430-008-0089-yAuthors Carmen M. Doom, Oregon Health and... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1300041 Tue, 11 Mar 2008 08:34:50 +0100 1300041 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1300040&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fvn6322732k3q6762%2F Abstract  B cells were previously shown to mediate partial protection against CMV infection, as in the absence of B cells, latently infected mice were more susceptible to virus reactivation. It remains unclear if this effect stems from the loss of B cells as antibody producers or as antigen presenting cells. To address this fundamental question, we propose to make use of new mouse models that allow conditional ablation of B cells or that allow for the generation of mice with B cells that are not able to produce antibodies. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ReviewDOI 10.1007/s00430-008-0088-zAuthors Ari Waisman, University of Mainz 1st Medical Department Obere-Zahlbacherstr. 63 55131 Mainz GermanyAndrew L. Croxford, University of Mainz 1st Medical Department Obere-Zahl... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1300040 Tue, 11 Mar 2008 08:34:50 +0100 1300040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1289598&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fv57k513n265q1q27%2F Abstract  The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a relevant pathogen in patients with immunosuppressive therapy; however, reactivation and subsequent recurrence occurs also in individuals without canonical immunosuppression as e.g., in patients with septic shock. Analyzing the impact of NK- and T-cell immunity on the natural course of HCMV infection in patients with septic shock, it became clear that the presence of HCMV reactive T-helper cells did not prevent the development of reactivation but, the control of active infection was achieved mostly by specific T-cells. NK-cells seemed to be dispensable for clearance of active infection in this patient group with long-lasting NK-cell anergy. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ReviewDOI 10.1007/s00430-008-0087-0Authors Lutz... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1289598 Sat, 08 Mar 2008 10:05:06 +0100 1289598 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1289599&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F1916g66856343q1p%2F Abstract  Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a prototypic β-herpesvirus, is an important human pathogen causing protean clinical manifestations in immature and immunocompromised patients. Mechanisms of infection can be studied in a mouse model. Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) resembles in pathogenesis its human counterpart in many ways. Although MCMV infection is studied extensively on the level of organs, the contribution of specific cell types to viral replication in vivo is still elusive. Here we describe our approach based on the the Cre/loxP-system to investigate MCMV infection at the level of cell types in vivo. Using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-technology, we created an MCMV virus containing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) reporter-gene which is not expressed... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1289599 Fri, 07 Mar 2008 06:51:18 +0100 1289599 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1284488&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6302u58445031913%2F Abstract  Development of a vaccine against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has been identified as a high priority goal in biomedical research, yet no vaccine has been licensed until now. Recombinant subviral dense bodies (recDB) are a promising basis for the establishment of such a vaccine. In this article, strategies for the generation of recDB, based on recombination-mediated genetic engineering of the 230 kb HCMV DNA genome in E. coli are outlined. Analysis of viral mutants that were constructed in this process provided the proof-of-principle that heterologous antigens can be packaged into recDB and that these particles prime CD8 T cell responses against the recombinant antigen upon their application to HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Content Type Journal ArticleCa... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1284488 Wed, 05 Mar 2008 07:50:10 +0100 1284488 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1272292&cid=s_33326_77_f&fid=33326&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj76314px64223838%2F Abstract  Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a promising therapeutic option against hematopoietic malignancies. Infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and tumor relapse are complications that limit the success of HSCT. In theory, CMV infection can facilitate tumor relapse and growth by inhibiting “graft take” and reconstitution of the immune system or by inducing the secretion of tumor cell growth-promoting cytokines. Conversely, one can also envisage an anti-tumoral effect of CMV by cytopathic/oncolytic infection of tumor cells, by inducing the secretion of death ligands for tumor cell apoptosis, and by the activation of systemic innate and adaptive immunity. Here we will briefly review the current knowledge about tumor control in a murine model of CMV inf... Medical Microbiology and Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1272292 Fri, 29 Feb 2008 09:35:05 +0100 1272292