MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.' source. Wed, 17 Mar 2010 15:00:31 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259647&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139670%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lucas A Whilst growth and its derangement in disease have been a long-standing focus in pediatrics, increasing evidence points to a further, fundamental role of early growth in the programming of later health. In studies on animals and humans, rapid early growth is associated with higher risk of obesity and cardiovascular disease, and in animals, senescence and life span - a concept encapsulated in the postnatal growth acceleration hypothesis. This hypothesis explains the benefits of breastfeeding to infants for reduced cardiovascular disease risk in terms of their slower early growth and the fetal origins hypothesis in terms of the adverse postnatal catch-up growth in infants born small. Early growth, notably prior to full term, also influences brain development and cognition... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259647 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259646&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139671%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gillman MW The current obesity epidemic has affected even the youngest children in our societies, including those in the first months of life. Animal experiments suggest that the early postnatal period may be critical to development of healthful energy homeostasis and thus prevention of obesity. In humans, observational studies and follow-up of randomized feeding trials show that rapid weight gain in the first half of infancy predicts later obesity and higher blood pressure. Despite the mounting consistency of results, several questions remain to be answered before clinical or public health implications are clear. These include the need for body composition data in infancy and data from the developing world to identify modifiable determinants of gain in adiposity in the early ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259646 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259645&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139672%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bouret SG A large body of epidemiological data suggests that adverse early environments, including obesity during pregnancy or early postnatal life, are linked to an elevated prevalence of metabolic disease in adult offspring. The mechanisms underlying these effects are still poorly understood, but recent data from rodents provide insight into a potential role for the brain in this 'metabolic programming.' This review summarizes the developmental changes that have been observed in the hypothalamus in response to changes in the early nutritional and hormonal environment. It also discusses how resetting a diverse array of neuroendocrine systems may have long-term effects on the regulation of metabolism and energy balance. PMID: 20139672 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (S... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259645 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259644&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139673%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chen JH, Cottrell EC, Ozanne SE Effects of in utero and early life conditions on adult health and disease such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are well documented by epidemiological and clinical observations. Animal models including intrauterine artery ligation, maternal restriction of iron, protein or general caloric intake, provide invaluable tools to understand mechanisms linking early growth and later diseases in adult life. In addition, the rodent model of maternal protein restriction has revealed that longevity can be influenced either positively or negatively by early growth patterns. Recent rapid advances in the ageing field using model organisms involving caloric restriction and genetic mutation as well as gene overexpression demonstrated the importance ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259644 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259644 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259643&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139674%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Singhal A The concept that early growth and nutrition have long-term biological effects is based on extensive studies in animals dating from the 1930s. More recently, compelling evidence for a long-term influence, or programming effect, of growth has also emerged in humans. Substantial evidence now supports the hypothesis that 'accelerated' or too fast infant growth increases the propensity to the major components of the metabolic syndrome (glucose intolerance, obesity, raised blood pressure and dyslipidemia), the clustering of risk factors which predispose to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The association between infant growth and these risk factors is strong, consistent, shows a dose-response effect, and is biologically plausible. Moreover, experimental data from pr... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259643 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259643 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259642&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139675%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Adair LS Recently, concern has been raised about the potential adverse long-term consequences of rapid child growth. Rapid early childhood weight gain is associated with increased likelihood of being overweight or obese later in childhood and of having risk factors for the development of chronic disease such insulin resistance and elevated blood pressure. This has led to concerns about the wisdom of promoting catch-up growth in infants born small for gestational age or in children with poor growth after birth. In considering the costs and benefits of promoting catch-up growth, we must not lose sight of the immediate health threats to children in resource-poor environments in developing countries where child morbidity and mortality remain high. The literature on short-term cons... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259642 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259642 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259641&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139676%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cooke RJ A clear relationship exists between undernutrition, poorer growth and poor development in term and preterm infants. However, preterm infants are at greater risk than term infants. Undernutrition is more common and 'programmed' growth rates are almost six times faster. Thus, even short periods of nutritional deprivation may have significant effects. Recent advances have led to an improvement in early growth but very low birthweight infants remain small for gestational age at hospital discharge. Studies suggest that a 'window of opportunity' exists after hospital discharge, in that better growth between discharge and 2-3 months corrected age is paralleled by better development, and poorer growth is associated with poorer development. However, interventions aimed at impr... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259641 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259640&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139677%26dopt%3DAbstract In conclusion, children in settings of poverty who experience growth failure prior to age 2 years have reduced potential to succeed in school and to be productive members of society. PMID: 20139677 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259640 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259640 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259639&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139678%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Makrides M, Smithers LG, Gibson RA There has been intense interest in the role of the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), in growth and development of infants. In 2009, there are at least twelve published randomized controlled trials (RCT) assessing the effects of LCPUFA supplementation of infant formula for preterm infants and seventeen RCTs involving formula-fed term infants. In addition, at least five RCTs have investigated the effect of DHA supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation on infant and early child development. Collectively, the published literature has demonstrated no harm of dietary LCPUFA for infants regardless of whether they are born preterm or at term. However, developmental benefit is more consiste... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259639 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259639 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259638&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139679%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hüppi PS Understanding human brain development from the fetal life to adulthood is of great clinical importance as many neurological and neurobehavioral disorders have their origin in early structural and functional cerebral maturation. The developing brain is particularly prone to being affected by endogenous and exogenous events through the fetal and early postnatal life. The concept of 'developmental plasticity or disruption of the developmental program' summarizes these events. Increases in white matter, which speed up communication between brain cells, growing complexity of neuronal networks suggested by gray and white matter changes, and environmentally sensitive plasticity are all essential aspects in a child's ability to mentalize and maintain the adaptive flexibi... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259638 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259638 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259637&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139680%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Domellöf M Due to high iron requirements, young children are at risk for iron deficiency anemia. Iron supplements are therefore often recommended, especially since iron deficiency anemia in children is associated with poor neurodevelopment. However, in contrast to most other nutrients, excess iron cannot be excreted by the human body and it has recently been suggested that excessive iron supplementation of young children may have adverse effects on growth, risk of infections, and even on cognitive development. Recent studies support that iron supplements are beneficial in iron-deficient children but there is a risk of adverse effects in those who are iron replete. In populations with a low prevalence of iron deficiency, general supplementation should therefore be avoided.... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259637 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259637 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259636&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139681%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van Buuren S Exclusively breastfed (EBF) infants have higher weight gain during the first 2 months, and lower thereafter. The explanation for this phenomenon is not clear. Longitudinal data from the Social Medical Survey of Children Attending Child Health Clinics study with a cohort of 2,151 Dutch children were analyzed according to a pattern mixture model. It appears that higher than average growth of EBF infants during the first 2 months is primarily attributable to selective dropout. Furthermore, between months 2 and 6, light nonEBF infants gain more weight than light EBF infants. Both factors aid in explaining differences in growth between EBF and nonEBF infants. The WHO Child Growth Standards for weight-for-age have been calculated from a subgroup of 903 infants (out of 1... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259636 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259636 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259635&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139682%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ogden CL, Wei R, Curtin LR, Flegal KM This paper explores three issues related to the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. First, it clarifies the methods that were used to create the charts as it has become apparent that the smoothing techniques have been somewhat misunderstood. The techniques included smoothing-selected percentiles between and including the 3rd and 97th percentiles and then approximating these smoothed curves using a procedure to provide the transformation parameters, lambda, mu, and sigma. Only the selected percentiles were used in this process due to small sample sizes beyond these percentiles. Second, given the concern that the infant charts were created with relatively few data points in the first few months of life, it compares... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259635 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259635 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259634&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139683%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ziegler EE, Nelson SE Growth assessment of children requires comparison of growth measurements with normative references, usually in the form of growth charts. Traditionally growth charts (growth references) have described the growth of children who were considered normal and were living in a defined geographic area. The new WHO growth charts, on the other hand, are growth standards that aim to represent growth as it occurs worldwide. Moreover, they represent growth as it occurs under optimal circumstances and is thought to be conducive to optimal long-term health. Most growth references are single-country references, exemplified here by charts from the UK, the Netherlands and the USA. By contrast, the Euro-Growth reference and the WHO standard are based on multinational sampl... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259634 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259634 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259633&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139684%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ellis KJ From retrospective studies, there is substantial evidence that birthweight and the rate of weight gain during early infancy are associated with increased risk for adverse health outcomes later in life. Birthweight is the marker of the integrative effects of the prenatal environment, while the rate of weight gain after birth reflects both genetic potential and external postnatal influences. The adulthood-to-infancy associations constitute the basis for the 'fetal origins' and 'catch-up growth' hypotheses for some diseases. However, these findings are based on the assumption that anthropometric-based indices reflect body composition during both time periods, with the body mass index (weight/stature(2)) being the most frequently used index. More direct measures of body c... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259633 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259633 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259632&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20139685%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rosenfeld RG Growth is a remarkably complex biological phenomenon, requiring the coordinated production of multiple hormones and growth factors. Human growth is characterized by several distinct features, including: (1) rapid growth in late gestation; (2) growth deceleration immediately following birth; (3) a prolonged childhood and a mid-childhood growth spurt; (4) a pubertal growth spurt; (5) relatively late attainment of adult height, and (6) minimal sexual dimorphism of adult stature. Secular changes in the height of humans probably reflect nutritional and environmental factors, rather than major genomic changes. While multiple hormones impact growth, the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays a central role in both intrauterine and postnatal growt... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259632 Wed, 10 Feb 2010 23:34:03 +0100 3259632 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2989662&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19902591%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Haschke F, Klassen P PMID: 19902591 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2989662 Fri, 13 Nov 2009 20:24:02 +0100 2989662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744683&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710511%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kasper DL The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by 100 trillion microorganisms, including both beneficial and potentially pathogenic species. A zwitterionic polysaccharide (PSA) from the gastrointestinal microorganism Bacteroides fragilis has been shown to be the archetypal molecule of commensal bacteria that mediates development of the host immune system. PSA stimulates the normal balance of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cells and can correct histologic defects in the spleen and thymus of germ-free mice. PSA stimulates the innate immune system as a ligand for Toll-like receptor 2 and thereby promotes interactions with the adaptive immune system that are required for T-cell activation. PSA protects animals from colitis induced by Helicobacter hepaticus, a commensal with pathogeni... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744683 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744683 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744682&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710512%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bjorkstén B Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that there is an inverse relationship between allergic diseases and infections in early childhood, but there are also several well-conducted epidemiological studies that seemingly contradict this relationship. The maturation of the immature immune regulation after birth is largely driven by exposure to microbes. Germ-free animals manifest excessive immune responses when immunized and they do not develop normal immune regulation. The controversy regarding the role of infections for subsequently developing allergy is partly due to varying clinical definitions of 'allergy'. Thus, wheezing and asthma have often been included as outcomes. The hypothesis that commensal microbes are the normal stimulants for the maturation tow... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744682 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744682 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744681&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710513%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brandtzaeg P Two adaptive homeostatic mechanisms normally preserve mucosal integrity: (i) immune exclusion mediated by secretory antibodies to inhibit penetration of potentially dangerous microorganisms and proteins, and (ii) immunosuppression to counteract hypersensitivity against innocuous antigens. The latter mechanism is called 'oral tolerance' when induced via the gut. Similar mechanisms are suppressive against commensal bacteria. Such two-layered anti-inflammatory defense explains why persistent allergy to dietary proteins is not more common, with the exception of gluten intolerance (celiac disease) where abrogation of mucosal homeostasis is overt. Thus, mucosally induced tolerance is generally a robust adaptive mechanism in view of the fact that a ton of food may pass a... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744681 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744681 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744680&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710514%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Thornton CA, Morgan G There is a vast scientific literature on the innate and adaptive immune responses that contribute to the development of tolerance with growing appreciation that innate and adaptive immunity do not function independently of each other. Innate immune pathways of current interest are those involving pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, particularly their expression by epithelial cells and dendritic cells at mucosal surfaces. The study of adaptive immune pathways has traditionally focused on specific IgA and the development of effector T-cell populations: the Th1/Th2 paradigm has evolved to encompass Th17 cells. Recent years have seen a dramatic resurgence in the investigation of regulatory T-cell populations that can modify a broad ran... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744680 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744680 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744679&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710515%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wiedermann U Within the last decades a dramatic increase in allergic diseases has been recognized in the Westernized societies, leading to the fact that meanwhile 25-30% of the population is afflicted by allergic disorders. Besides a hereditary disposition, other factors, including a reduced microbial contact early in life or changes in nutrition, might also have influenced this epidemiological development. So far the only causative treatment against type-I allergies is specific immunotherapy. In young and monosensitized patients this treatment is highly efficacious, while there are clear limitations in older or multisensitized patients. Allergy research therefore aims at establishing new and more efficacious treatment strategies in prophylactic as well as therapeutic settings... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744679 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744679 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744678&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710516%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Isolauri E, Kalliomaki M, Rautava S, Salminen S, Laitinen K The hygiene hypothesis proposes that the growing epidemic of atopic eczema, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma is related to reduced exposure to microbes at an early age as a result of environmental changes in the industrialized world. These include improved sanitation and living conditions, vaccinations and antimicrobial therapy, together with declining family size and changes in dietary intake. Recent scientific advances demonstrate that the hygiene hypothesis needs to be extended in three respects. Firstly, rigorous research in the field of probiotics points to the importance of the collective composition and the compositional development of the gut microbiota in consolidation of healthy immune responsiveness.... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744678 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744677&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710517%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cerf-Bensussan N Whether diet may influence autoimmunity has been the subject of many unsolved debates. Interestingly, growing evidence indicates a large overlap between the mechanisms controlling tolerance to dietary antigens and autoimmunity. To discuss these links, we will focus on two model human diseases. The first one is IPEX syndrome due to mutations in the X-linked foxp3 gene. Studies of this disease underscore the role of regulatory FOXP3+ T cells in controlling the reactivity against self antigens and the response to dietary proteins in humans. The second is celiac disease, a complex poly-genic disease where exposure to dietary wheat proteins can trigger an autoimmune-like attack of the intestine frequently associated with the onset of extra-digestive autoimmune diso... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744677 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744676&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710518%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Heine RG Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the number of children and adults with eosinophilic esophagitis (EE). This recently recognized form of chronic pan-esophagitis is characterized by dense eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal mucosa. EE is closely associated with male gender and allergic disorders, such as food allergy, eczema and asthma. The diagnosis relies on demonstration of increased numbers of eosinophils (>/= 15 per high power field) in esophageal biopsies. There is clinical overlap between EE and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Patients with EE typically present with reflux symptoms but are unresponsive to proton pump inhibitor therapy. While dysphagia, regurgitation and retrosternal pain are the clinical hallmarks ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744676 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744675&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710519%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sartor B The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are immunologically mediated with genetic and environmental influences. Genetic factors include defective immunoregulation, mucosal integrity/repair and bacterial killing. Commensal bacteria activate pathogenic bacterial antigen-specific effector T cells that cause chronic inflammation in genetically susceptible hosts but induce protective immune responses in normal subjects. Both host and microbial specificities are important. Some bacterial species are aggressive, some are neutral and others protective, but each species has different effects in various hosts. Molecular techniques demonstrate contraction of certain bacterial populations in IBD, especially clostridial subsets, and... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744675 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744674&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710520%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Renz H, Pfefferle PI, Teich R, Garn H Food antigens are harmless environmental components. The physiological response is the development of clinical and immunological tolerance. It is now well appreciated that tolerance development is the result of active immunoregulation and depends on a close interaction between the innate and adaptive immune system resulting in the development of tolerance-mediating T-cell responses. Programming of the immune system, particularly with regard to tolerance development, already starts before birth and stays under close control of the maternal immune system. Therefore, the pre-and postnatal period represents an important 'window of opportunity' for immunoprogramming. Underlying mechanisms include maternal cell transmission, antibody transfer, t... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744674 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744673&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710521%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rancé F Food allergy may be life-threatening and its management continues to consist of avoiding relevant allergens and, in the case of accidental ingestion, initiation of appropriate emergency therapy. The purpose of this review is to highlight the most promising novel approaches for treating food allergy using allergens. The use of specific immunotherapy for food allergy treatment is described. Clinical trials of immunotherapy have been published in the past. However, randomized, placebo-controlled studies are needed, including the evaluation of immune mechanisms. Immunotherapy is mainly indicated for persistent food allergy after the usual age of recovery. Reactive dose and symptoms of food allergy are less defined to indicate immunotherapy. Several procedures have bee... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744673 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744672&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710522%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Koletzko S, Koletzko B Dietary elimination of causative food ingredients, usually food proteins, is the basis of treating food hypersensitivity. Proper diagnostic assessment is essential to avoid burdening children with unnecessary dietary restrictions with potential adverse effects. Diagnosis requires a detailed history, allergen elimination, and re-challenge with suspected foods. Complete elimination of causative food components depends on professional counseling and training of the patient and family, and transparent labeling of food products. Elimination diets carry the risk of inducing insufficient supplies of critical nutrients with adverse effects on health and wellbeing, particularly in children with exclusion of foods that provide a major part of dietary supply and pa... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744672 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744671&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710523%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Prescott SL The development of oral tolerance occurs during critical early stages of immune development. Rising rates of food allergy and other immune-mediated food reactions are an indication that oral tolerance is highly susceptible to environmental change. There is growing evidence that this many not be due food allergens per se, but rather to changing exposure to other key immunomodulatory exposures in this critical period. Successful tolerance appears to depend on many concurrent environmental influences during the period of first allergen encounter, including favorable gut colonization, and the presence of key immunomodulatory factors in breast milk and the infant diet. This review explores the potential effects of early dietary and nutritional factors in tolerogenic imm... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744671 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744670&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710524%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Salminen S, Collado MC, Isolauri E, Gueimonde M Probiotics were originally used to influence human health through intestinal microbiota alterations. At present, probiotics and their effects on human health have been demonstrated both within different food matrices and as single or mixed culture preparations. The health-promoting properties are known to be strain-dependent. Thus, strain identification and characterization are important: only well-characterized strains identified with modern techniques are acceptable, especially if health claims are desired. Linking the strain to a specific health effect as well as to enable accurate surveillance and epidemiological studies are important targets. Currently there are specific strains which have demonstrated beneficial in vitro pr... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744670 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744669&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710525%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tang ML The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in immune development and may play a role in the development of allergic disorders. Manipulation of the intestinal microbiota may therefore offer an approach to the prevention or treatment of allergic diseases. Probiotics and prebiotics, used alone or together (synbiotics), can influence the intestinal microbiota and modulate immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Clinical studies suggest a potential role for selected probiotics (alone or in combination with prebiotics) in the prevention of atopic eczema. A prenatal component of treatment appears important for beneficial effects. Effects are dependent upon the specific bacteria and characteristics of the study population. One study reported beneficial effects for prebio... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744669 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744669 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2744668&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19710526%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: von Berg A Around 2.5% of neonates experience hypersensitivity reactions to cow's milk protein during the first year of life, which is highly associated with early exposure to cow's milk. To prevent early allergy development, cow's milk proteins in infant formulas were modified by hydrolyzation processes for use in children at high atopic risk who need milk supplementation in the first months of life. Dependent on the degree of modification, hydrolyzed cow's milk formulas are differentiated into extensively and partially hydrolyzed whey or casein hydrolysates (pHF, eHF). However, their allergy-preventive potential seems not only to dependent on the degree but also on the process of hydrolysis. pHF and eHF can be used for primary prevention of allergy in infants at high atopic ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2744668 Sun, 30 Aug 2009 02:08:02 +0100 2744668 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312720&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346763%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Popkin BM The nutrition transition relates to broad patterns of diet, activity and body composition that have defined our nutritional status in various stages of history. The world is rapidly shifting from a dietary period in which the higher income countries were dominated by patterns of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases (NR-NCDs; while the lower and middle world were dominated by receding famine) to one in which the world is increasingly being dominated by NR-NCDs. Dietary changes appear to be shifting universally toward a diet dominated by higher intakes of caloric sweeteners, animal source foods, and edible oils. Activity patterns at work, leisure, travel, and in the home are equally shifting rapidly toward reduced energy expenditure. Large-scale declines in food... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312720 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312720 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312718&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346764%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reddy S As a proportion of all deaths in India, cardiovascular disease (CVD) will be the largest cause of disability and death, by the year 2020. At the present stage of India's health transition, an estimated 53% of deaths and 44% of disability-adjusted life-years lost are contributed to chronic diseases. India also has the largest number of people with diabetes in the world, with an estimated 19.3 million in 1995 and projected 57.2 million in 2025. The prevalence of hypertension has been reported to range from 20 to 40% in urban adults and 12-17% among rural adults. The number of people with hypertension is expected to increase from 118.2 million in 2000 to 213.5 million in 2025, with nearly equal numbers of men and women. Over the coming decade, until 2015, CVD and diabetes... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312718 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312718 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312716&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346765%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yin SA Over the last 30 years, the nutritional status of Chinese children has greatly improved due to economic development and improved incomes. In this review, the status of childhood malnutrition and obesity in China is evaluated based on the National Nutrition and Health Survey of 2002 (NNHS2002) and the survey on National Student Health and Physical Fitness in China of 2005. Compared with the NNHS1992 survey, the body weights and heights of preschool children in urban and rural areas have significantly improved, and the prevalence of malnutrition (underweight and stunting) has been significantly reduced. However, micronutrient deficiencies, including calcium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamins B(1) and B(2), are still common in preschool and school children. These data show that th... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312716 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312716 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312606&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346766%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Prentice AM Africa is the final continent to be affected by the nutrition transition and, as elsewhere, is characterized by the paradoxical coexistence of malnutrition and obesity. Several features of the obesity epidemic in Africa mirror those in other emerging nations: it penetrates the richer nations and urban areas first with a strong urban- rural gradient; initially it affects the wealthy, but later there is a demographic switch as obesity becomes a condition more associated with poverty, and it shares many of the same drivers related to the increasing affordability of highly refined oils and carbohydrates, and a move away from subsistence farm work and towards sedentary lifestyles. Africa also has some characteristics of the obesity epidemic that stand out from other reg... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312606 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312602&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346767%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Prentice AM Here we explore whether there is any evidence that the rapid development of the obesity epidemic in emerging nations, and its unusual coexistence with malnutrition, may have evolutionary origins that make such populations especially vulnerable to the obesogenic conditions accompanying the nutrition transition. It is concluded that any selection of so-called 'thrifty genes' is likely to have affected most races due to the frequency and ubiquity of famines and seasonal food shortages in ancient populations. Although it remains a useful stimulus for research, the thrifty gene hypothesis remains a theoretical construct that so far lacks any concrete examples. There is currently little evidence that the ancestral genomes of native Asian or African populations carry part... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312602 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312602 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312600&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346768%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Christian P Undernutrition continues to be high in many regions of the developing world. Birthweight, a common proxy measure of intrauterine growth, is influenced by nutritional, environmental and lifestyle factors during pregnancy and, in turn, affects immediate survival and function, and is a determinant of later life risk of chronic diseases. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and height are independently associated with birthweight and also modify the effects of pregnancy weight gain and interventions during pregnancy on birthweight and perinatal mortality. Other prenatal factors commonly known to impact birthweight include maternal age, parity, sex, and birth interval, whereas lifestyle factors such as physical activity and maternal stress, as well as environmental toxicants h... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312600 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312600 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312598&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346769%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Prost MA Obesity and nutrition-related chronic disorders are fast rising in developing countries. But undernutrition - stunting, underweight, wasting and micronutrient deficiencies - still affect millions of preschool children in both rural and urban settings increasing the risks of morbidity and mortality, impairing cognitive development, reducing productivity and increasing the risk of chronic diseases in later life. In addition undernutrition has a transgenerational effect. Here I review the evidence for a synergistic effect of inadequate nutrition (breastfeeding, complementary feeding), infection, and inappropriate mother-child interactions on growth and nutritional deficiencies. Underlying socioeconomic, environmental and genetic factors are also explored. Finally some pe... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312598 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312598 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312596&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346770%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sawaya AL, Martins PA, Baccin Martins VJ, Florêncio TT, Hoffman D, Franco MD, das Neves J It is estimated that over 51 million people in Brazil live in slums, areas where a high prevalence of malnutrition is also found. In general, the population of 'slum dwellers' is growing at a faster rate than urban populations. This condition is associated with poor sanitation, unhealthy food habits, low birthweight, and stunting. Stunting is of particular concern as longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of stunted adolescents have shown a high susceptibility to gain central fat, lower fat oxidation, and lower resting and postprandial energy expenditure. In addition, higher blood pressure, higher plasma uric acid and impaired flow-mediated vascular dilation were all associated wit... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312596 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312596 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312594&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346771%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morgan DK, Whitelaw E Epigenetics is being suggested as a possible interface between the genetic and environmental factors that together give rise to phenotype. In mice there exists a group of genes, known as metastable epialleles, which are sensitive to environmental influences, such as diet, and undergo molecular changes that, once established, remain for the life of the individual. These modifications are epigenetic and in some cases they survive across generations, that is, through meiosis. This is termed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. These findings have led to the idea that similar processes might occur in humans. Although it is clear that the lifestyle of one generation can significantly influence the health of the next generation in humans, in the absence of... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312594 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312594 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312592&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346772%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kalhan SC The coexistence of intrauterine and neonatal malnutrition and the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and related comorbidities have been confirmed in a number of studies in humans and animal models. Data from studies in animals suggest that epigenetic changes as a result of altered methylation of the genomic DNA may be responsible for such metabolic patterning. Methionine, an essential amino acid, plays a critical role in the methyltranferases involved in the methylation by providing the one-carbon units via the methionine transmethylation cycle. Because of its interaction with a number of vitamins (B(12), folate, pyridoxine), its regulation by hormones, i.e. insulin and glucagon, and by the changes in redox state, methionine metabolism is effected by nutrient a... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312592 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312592 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312590&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346773%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ravussin E, Redman LM The focus here is on research involving long-term calorie restriction (CR) to prevent or delay the incidence of the metabolic syndrome with age. The current societal environment is marked by overabundant accessibility of food coupled with a strong trend to reduced physical activity, both leading to the development of a constellation of disorders including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension (metabolic syndrome). Prolonged CR has been shown to extend median and maximal lifespan in a variety of lower species (yeast, worms, fish, rats, and mice). Mechanisms of this lifespan extension by CR are not fully elucidated, but possibly involve alterations in energy metabolism, oxidative damage, insulin sensitivity, and functional chang... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312590 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312590 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312589&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346774%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Subramanian V, Ferrante Jr AW The World Health Organization estimates that since 1980 the prevalence of obesity has increased more than threefold throughout much of the world, and this increase is not limited to developed nations. Indeed, the incidence of obesity is increasing most rapidly among rapidly industrializing countries raising the specter of a burgeoning epidemic in obesity-associated diseases, including diabetes, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. Reducing the rates of obesity and its attendant complications will require both coordinated public health policy and a better understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity. Obesity is associated with low grade chronic inflammation, a common feature of many complications of obesity that ap... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312589 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312589 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312587&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346775%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Edmison JM, Kalhan SC, McCullough AJ Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is the most severe histological form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, is emerging as the most common clinically important form of liver disease in developed countries. Although its prevalence is 3% in the general population, this increases to 20-40% in obese patients. Since NASH is associated with obesity, its prevalence has been predicted to increase along with the growing epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The importance of this observation comes from the fact that NASH is a progressive fibrotic disease in which cirrhosis and liver-related death occur in 25 and 10% in these patients, respectively, over a 10-year period. This is of particular concern given the increasing recogni... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312587 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312587 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312585&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346776%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yajnik CS The epidemiological characteristics of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) are fast changing. The prevalence has risen to unprecedented levels, and the young and the underprivileged are increasingly affected. The classic view of the etiology of NCD consists of a genetic susceptibility which is precipitated by aging and modern lifestyle. In a virtual absence of any methods to tackle genetic susceptibility, the preventive approach has so far been focused on the control of lifestyle factors in those at high risk (old, and those with positive family history and elevated risk factors). Such an approach might help high risk individuals, but is unlikely to curtail the burgeoning epidemic of obesity and diabetes. Recent research has suggested that susceptibility to NCD o... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312585 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312585 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312583&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346777%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Polberger S Most extremely low birthweight (ELBW; <1,000 g) infants will survive if cared for at a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit, and should be given optimal nutrition for brain development. Human milk confers nutritional and non-nutritional advantages over infant formula, and is started during the first hours of life. In Sweden, most ELBW infants are fed individually with mother's own milk (preferred) and banked milk, with supplementary parenteral nutrition. There is an enormous variation particularly in the fat and protein content of milk between mothers, during the day and the course of lactation. Infrared macronutrient analyses on 24-hour collections of mother's milk are performed once a week allowing for optimal protein and energy intakes. All banked milk is an... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312583 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312583 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312581&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346778%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Alam DS Globally an estimated 20 million infants are born with low birthweight (LBW), of those over 18 million are born in developing countries. These LBW infants are at a disproportionately higher risk of mortality, morbidity, poor growth, impaired psychomotor and cognitive development as immediate outcomes, and are also disadvantaged as adults due to their greater susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease. Maternal malnutrition prior to and during pregnancy manifested by low bodyweight, short stature, inadequate energy intake during pregnancy and coexisting micronutrient deficiency are considered major determinants in developing countries where the burden is too high. LBW is a multifactorial outcome and its prevention requires a lifecycle app... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312581 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312581 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2312579&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346779%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shetty P Community-based approaches have been the mainstay of interventions to address the problem of child malnutrition in developing societies. Many programs have been in operation in several countries for decades and originated largely as social welfare, food security and poverty eradication programs. Increasingly conceptual frameworks to guide this activity have been developed as our understanding of the complex nature of the determinants of undernutrition improves. Alongside this evolution, is the accumulation of evidence on the types of interventions in the community that are effective, practical and sustainable. The changing environment is probably determining the altering scenario of child nutrition in developing societies, with rapid developmental transition and urban... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2312579 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 21:35:09 +0100 2312579 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1632046&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626192%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hofstraat H PMID: 18626192 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1632046 Thu, 17 Jul 2008 14:23:04 +0100 1632046 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626119&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626189%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gluckman PD, Beedle AS, Hanson MA, Yap EP Genetic research has focused on identifying linkages between polymorphisms and phenotypic traits to explain variations in complex biologies. However, the magnitude of these linkages has not been particularly high. Conversely, the ability of developmental plasticity to generate biological variation from one genotype is well understood, while interest has emerged in the clinical significance of epigenetic processes, particularly those influenced by the external environment. Environmental cues in early development may induce responses that provide adaptive advantage later in life. The benefit of such responses depends on the fidelity of the prediction of the future environment. Life history and physiological changes mediated through epige... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626119 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626118&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626190%26dopt%3DAbstract This article describes the intestinal colonization pattern in human infants, and reviews factors affecting this process. PMID: 18626190 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626118 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626117&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626191%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Koletzko B, Demmelmair H, Schaeffer L, Illig T, Heinrich J Tissue availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is of major relevance for health, and it depends on both dietary intake and metabolic turnover. We found close associations between variants in the human genes of Delta5- and Delta6-desaturase, FADS1 and FADS2, and serum phospholipid contents of PUFAs and long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs). Polymorphisms and reconstructed haplotypes of FADS1 and the upstream region of FADS2 showed strong associations with levels of the n-6 LC-PUFA arachidonic acid (20:4n-6). Carriers of the less common polymorphisms and their respective haplotypes also had a lower prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema. Our data demonstrate for the first time that the fatty acid composition ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626117 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626116&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626192%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hofstraat H PMID: 18626192 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626116 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626115&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626193%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Berry GT The concept of chemical individuality was introduced by Garrod in 1908. Inheritance of Mendelian traits including disease states has finally reached a new level of understanding based on the modern principles of gene expression coupled with new insight into the metabolism of RNA species and protein. Over 300 different perturbations in metabolite profiles with their identifying alteration(s) in protein and/or gene structure and/or function have been identified in the past 100 years. With the realization in 1953 that the sentinel disease, phenylketonuria, can be effectively treated by nutritional manipulation tailored to the needs of each individual, we have essentially entered a new phase in metabolic medicine, namely that of nutritional therapeutics. The infant destin... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626115 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626114&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626194%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rinaldo P, Lim JS, Tortorelli S, Gavrilov D, Matern D Tandem mass spectrometry has been the main driver behind a significant expansion in newborn screening programs. The ability to detect more than 40 conditions by a single test underscores the need to better understand the clinical and laboratory characteristics of the conditions being tested, and the complexity of pattern recognition and differential diagnoses of one or more elevated markers. The panel of conditions recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics, including 20 primary conditions and 22 secondary targets that are detectable by tandem mass spectrometry has been adopted as the standard of care in the vast majority of US states. The evolution of newborn screening is far from being idle as a large number ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626114 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626114 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626113&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626195%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bier DM The prevention and treatment of childhood obesity have proven to be extremely difficult problems. Since the equation for maintaining energy balance is an extremely simple one, having only two terms, 'energy in' and 'energy out', the difficulties encountered in its application for obesity management are not immediately obvious. Among the problems that make practical application of the energy balance equation more difficult than expected are: (1) the precise feedback control system that is designed to maintain weight within a given range; (2) the aggressive resistance of the system to attempts to exceed its boundaries; (3) inaccurate assessment of energy intake in practice; (4) the dominant role of genes in determining body weight; (5) the polygenic nature of obesity and... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626113 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626113 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626112&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626196%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Conroy ME, Walker WA The fetal intestinal immune system is structurally intact from a very early gestational age. At birth, the neonate is challenged with an extraordinary and variable bacterial challenge. This mucosal and bacterial interface is the site of critical symbiotic and potentially pathogenic interactions. Neonatal inflammatory reactions are often exaggerated, creating a situation in a newly colonized gut whereby homeostasis must be actively achieved. Fortunately, the neonate is armed with a multitude of protective mechanisms by which to ensure a productive microbiota in the setting of an intact mucosal surface. The intestinal epithelium orchestrates complex interactions and signaling through a variety of intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Chief among these is the immu... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626112 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626112 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626111&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626197%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chou CJ, Membrez M, Blancher F Recent data suggest that gut microbiota plays a significant role in fat accumulation. However, it is not clear whether gut microbiota is involved in the pathophysiology of type-2 diabetes. To address this issue, we modulated gut microbiota with two combinations of antibiotics in two different mouse models with insulin resistance. Treatment with norfloxacin and ampicillin for 2 weeks reduced the cecal bacterial DNA below the level of detection in ob/ob, diet-induced obese and insulin resistance (DIO) mice, and significantly improved fasting glycemia and oral glucose tolerance of the treated animals. The enhanced insulin sensitivity was independent of food intake or adiposity because pair-fed ob/ob mice were as glucose intolerant as the untreated o... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626111 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626111 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626110&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626198%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gomes MV, Waterland RA Epigenetics provides a potential explanation for how environmental factors modify the risk for common diseases among individuals. Interindividual variation in DNA methylation and epigenetic regulation has been reported at specific genomic regions including transposable elements, genomically imprinted genes and the 'inactive' X chromosomes in females. We currently have a very poor understanding of the factors that contribute to interindividual epigenetic variation. In particular, it is important to understand when during the life cycle epigenetic variation arises, why epigenetic regulation varies among individuals, and whether epigenetic interindividuality affects susceptibility to diet-related chronic disease. In this review we will summarize current pro... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626110 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626110 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626109&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626199%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Savilahti E The role of early infant nutrition in the development of allergic symptoms and allergic sensitization has been disputed for 70 years. Interaction between genetic factors and infant feeding has been limited to studies on parental heredity of allergy and length of breastfeeding, as well as the qualities of breast milk. In the 10 original studies comparing the development of allergic symptoms among children in whom breastfeeding duration was used as a risk factor separately among those with either positive or negative parental heredity for atopy, no definite answer could be found. The effect of early feeding was even changed in both heredity negative and positive groups when looking at symptoms at ages 2 and 5 years. Of 9 possible combinations, 6 were present in the s... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626109 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626109 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626108&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626200%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rabin K, Man TK, Lau CC One of the great success stories of clinical oncology is the improvement in the cure rates of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) from around 10% in the 1960s to nearly 90% today. The primary factor responsible for this remarkable improvement is the personalization of treatment, with stratification of patients based on both disease and host characteristics in order to optimize therapy. While age, WBC, and immunophenotype provide a rudimentary system for classification of ALL, molecular factors are playing an increasingly important role in further individualization of ALL therapy. Such riskbased stratification strategies are also increasingly being used in the treatment of children with solid tumors. In addition, genomic technologies are now bei... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626108 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626108 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626107&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626201%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lönnerdal B The growth pattern of formula-fed infants is quite different from that of breastfed infants. There may be several reasons for this difference, ranging from different endocrine responses to feeding and the presence of growth factors in breast milk to different control of food intake, but it is highly likely that differences in nutrient composition of the food (breast milk or formula) have major effects on growth. In most countries infant formula is used more or less exclusively up to 6 months of age and as part of the diet up to 12 months of age and during this period its composition remains the same. In striking contrast, the nutrient composition of breast milk changes during lactation, most dramatically during early lactation, but with pronounced differences ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626107 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626107 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626106&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626202%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: German JB, Freeman SL, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA Human milk contains a high concentration of diverse soluble oligosaccharides, carbohydrate polymers formed from a small number of monosaccharides. Novel methods combining liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry have identified approximately 200 unique oligosaccharides structures varying from 3 to 22 sugars. The increasing complexity of oligosaccharides follows the general pattern of mammalian evolution though the concentration and diversity of these structures in homo sapiens are strikingly. There is also diversity among human mothers in oligosaccharides. Milks from randomly selected mothers contain as few as 23 and as many as 130 different oligosaccharides. The functional implications of this diversity are not ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626106 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626106 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626105&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626203%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Salminen S, Isolauri E The newborn is first colonized by microbes at birth. The colonizing bacteria originate mainly from the mother's gut, vaginal tract and skin. The origin of the microbiota and its development depend on genetics, mode of delivery, early feeding strategies and the hygienic conditions around the child. The indigenous microbiota of an infant's gastrointestinal tract is modulated through contact and interaction with the microbiota of the parents and the infant's immediate environment. After delivery breastfeeding continues to enhance the original inoculum by specific lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria and bacteria from the mother's skin enabling the infant gut microbiota to be dominated by bifidobacteria. These bacteria set the basis for gut microbiotia de... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626105 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626105 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1626104&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18626204%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hernell O, West C Current nutrition recommendations, directed towards populations, are based on estimated average nutrient requirements for a target population and intend to meet the needs of most individuals within that population. They also aim at preventing common diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. For infants with specific genetic polymorphisms, e.g. some inborn errors of metabolism, adherence to current recommendations will cause disease symptoms and they need personalized nutrition recommendations. Some other monogenic polymorphisms, e.g. adult hypolactasia, are common but with varying prevalence between ethnic groups and within populations. Ages at onset as well as the degree of the resulting lactose intolerance also vary, making population-b... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1626104 Wed, 16 Jul 2008 13:31:46 +0100 1626104 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1327773&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18360959%26dopt%3DAbstract The 61st Nestlé Nutrition Workshop - Pediatric Program. The Window of Opportunity: Pre-Pregnancy to 24 Months of Age. Bali, Indonesia, April 1-5, 2007. Foreword. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2008;61:ix-x Authors: Haschke F, Barclay D PMID: 18360959 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1327773 Wed, 26 Mar 2008 13:04:22 +0100 1327773 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1327772&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18360965%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Barker DJ, Bergmann RL, Ogra PL This symposium focused on the window of opportunity for nutritional interventions to prevent chronic disease. Following a recommendation by the UN Standing Committee on Nutrition, 2006, the window of opportunity was defined as the period from conception to 2 years after birth. We discussed what is known and what needs to be known about (a) growth during this window, (b) critical periods of development, (c) the effects of nutrition, and (d) possible interventions to improve nutrition. PMID: 18360965 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1327772 Wed, 26 Mar 2008 13:04:22 +0100 1327772 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202433&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196941%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cameron N Variability in human growth is not only in the timing of critical periods within the whole pattern of growth but also in the magnitude and rate of change coincident with the period. In addition, for a radical change in, e.g., height to occur there must also be changes in the anatomical parts that make up total height and these changes are themselves variable. Acceleration, for instance in height velocity, may be the result of different changes in the length of the spine, femur, and/or tibia, each of which may contribute differently to the total process. In addition, not only may the process be variable within a single child, it may also be variable between different children of the same or opposite sexes. The mathematical and statistical problems arising from the see... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202433 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202433 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202432&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196942%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Barker DJ Low birthweight is now known to be associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) and the related disorders, stroke, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Associations between low birthweight and later disease have been extensively replicated in studies in different countries. They extend across the normal range of birthweight and depend on lower birthweights in relation to the duration of gestation rather than the effects of premature birth. The associations are thought to be consequences of developmental plasticity, the phenomenon by which one genotype can give rise to a range of different physiological or morphological states in response to different environmental conditions during development. Recent observations have shown that impaired growth in in... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202432 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202432 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202431&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196943%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Thornburg KL, Louey S, Giraud GD While it is established that the quality of the perinatal environment is critical in sculpting the developing individual, the mechanisms by which this occurs remain poorly defined. The growing fetus is dependent on the nutrients (including oxygen) it receives from the mother via the placenta. When this supply line is compromised, heart growth patterns are altered. In addition, hormones, other circulating factors, and the hemodynamic environment in which the fetus develops are important in determining outcomes for organ structure and function. Numerous studies in sheep have demonstrated that heart development can be modified in a number of ways, and the nature of the change differs between types and gestational timings of insults. Embolization o... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202431 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202431 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202430&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196944%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cooper C, Harvey N, Javaid K, Hanson M, Dennison E Osteoporosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality through its association with age-related fractures. Although most effort in fracture prevention has been directed at retarding the rate of age-related bone loss, and reducing the frequency and severity of trauma among elderly people, evidence is growing that peak bone mass is an important contributor to bone strength during later life. The normal patterns of skeletal growth have been well characterized in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. It has been confirmed that boys have higher bone mineral content, but not volumetric bone density, than girls. Furthermore, there is a dissociation between the peak velocities for height gain and bone mineral accrual, in both ge... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202430 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202430 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202429&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196945%26dopt%3DAbstract This report focuses on the interactions between intrauterine growth and genes in relation to adult health outcomes based upon findings from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study. Candidate genes for type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome have been focused upon and we report on interactions between polymorphisms of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma-2, plasma cell glycoprotein (PC-1) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) genes and - prenatal growth in relation to adult health outcomes. In elderly individuals the effects of the Pro12Pro/Pro12Ala polymorphisms of the PPARgamma-2 gene depend on their body size at birth. Individuals, who had a small body size at birth and were carriers of the Ala allele, seem to be protected against insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202429 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202429 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202428&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196946%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Scholl TO In humans, the link between the maternal diet and the outcome of pregnancy is best illustrated by the classic study of wartime famine in Holland. During the famine it is likely that a low food intake reduced the glucose stream from the mother to fetus and gave rise to smaller size at birth. Maternal glucose production is also influenced by the type of carbohydrate in the diet. Even when famine and starvation are not issues, a low dietary glycemic index can alter maternal blood glucose production and the area under the glucose curve, and give rise to reductions in fetal growth and infant weight at birth. Reduced food intake in famine areas would also reduce the concentration of micronutrients in the maternal diet. Two micronutrients (iron and folate) have effects on p... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202428 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202428 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202427&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196947%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Plagemann A, Harder T, Dudenhausen JW Health and diseases are generally perceived to be caused genetically. It is meanwhile accepted, however, that alterations in the intrauterine and early postnatal nutritional, metabolic, and hormonal environment may also predispose to disorders and diseases throughout later life. Studies in the offspring of diabetic mothers (ODM) have decisively contributed to this perception and our understanding of causal mechanisms. It has long been known that hormones are environment-dependent organizers of the developing neuroendocrine-immune network, which regulates all fundamental processes of life. When present in non-physiological concentrations during critical periods of development, induced by altered intrauterine and/or neonatal environment, hor... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202427 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202427 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202426&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196948%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bergmann RL, Bergmann KE, Dudenhausen JW Newborn size is the result of intrauterine growth. Premature, low birthweight of <2,500 g, small for gestational age (SGA, <10th percentile), or intrauterine growthrestricted (IUGR) newborns may have similar weights. Serial fetal biometry (ultrasound), required for the diagnosis, timing and severity of intrauterine growth restriction in the individual infant, is still not common in epidemiological studies. SGA newborns have less lean body mass, but they particularly lack fat mass. The most important etiological determinants of intrauterine growth restriction in developed countries is cigarette smoking, while in developing countries it is usually longstanding food deprivation. Follow-up studies of SGA newborns consistently showed a... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202426 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202426 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202425&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196949%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hanson LA, Zaman S, Werner B, Haversen L, Motas C, Moisei M, Mattsby-Baltzer I, Lange S, Banasaz M, Midtvedt T, Norin E, Silfverdal SA Today the WHO Growth Chart Standards, based on the growth of breastfed infants, are used. These growth curves solve the problem of the deviating observations for breastfed compared to non-breastfed infants using previous growth charts. Presently it is not clear how the mother's diet, especially the fat intake, influences the growth of the offspring. Animal experiments indicate that a low intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids via the milk may have short- and long-term negative consequences. There is limited information in man. It has been suggested that the mammary glands may have phylogenetically originated from glands providing innate immu... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202425 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202425 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202424&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196950%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bier DM Compared to other periods of life, infancy is a period of rapid growth, but the relative relationships among rates of linear growth, weight accretion and brain growth vary greatly during the first years of life. Additionally, while the energy requirements for body tissue deposition as a fraction of daily energy needs decrease dramatically during infancy, brain energy demands, measured as the cerebral rate of glucose utilization, increase markedly during the same period. There is now substantial evidence that postnatal growth in infancy is associated with various consequences detrimental to health in adult life, particularly hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity and type 2 diabetes, but the relationships vary depending on whether one takes growth to mean statura... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202424 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202424 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202423&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196951%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ogra PL, Welliver RC During the neonatal period, the mammalian host is exposed through mucosal surfaces for the first time to a plethora of environmental macromolecules and microbial agents. The neonatal mucosa is endowed with all major elements of innate and adaptive immunologic repertoire. Rudimentary Peyer's patches and mucosal lymphoid follicles expressing HLA-DR+ and CD4+ cells can be observed as early as 10-11 weeks of gestation. CD5+ and IgA+ B cells can be detected in Peyer's patches by 16-18 weeks. CD7+ CD3+ T lymphocytes have been observed in fetal Peyer's patches, epithelial surfaces as well as in the lamina propria. Interestingly, however, the early neonatal period is also characterized by a relative deficiency in antigen-presenting cell functions, altered cell-med... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202423 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202423 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202422&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196952%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wilson CB, Kollmann TR The first months of life represent a period of heightened susceptibility to infection, but the immunological differences involved are as yet incompletely understood. T cellindependent B cell (antibody) responses are markedly compromised in the first year of life. T cell-dependent antibody responses mature much earlier, but neonates and infants may require multiple immunizations to achieve or sustain titers comparable to those in older individuals. Neonates can mount effective antigen-specific T cell responses, but CD4 T cell responses are often slower to develop, less readily sustained, and in general more easily biased towards a Th2 type response. The last observation likely reflects in part the less efficient capacity of neonatal dendritic cells to est... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202422 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202422 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202421&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196953%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Prentice AM, Darboe MK Differing trajectories of infant and child growth are associated with different patterns of disease and mortality in adulthood. Since postnatal growth patterns are partially modifiable by diet, these associations raise fresh questions about what constitutes an optimal growth rate. We use data from contemporary societies that still suffer poor nutrition and high burdens of infectious disease to illustrate early growth patterns that have likely been typical of our evolutionary past. Pathogenic assault is a major suppressor of growth; populations frequently average -1.0 to -1.5 z scores (standard deviations relative to standard growth curves) for height, and -2.0 to -2.5 z scores for weight, body mass index and head circumference. Many infections are sympto... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202421 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202421 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202420&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196954%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vassallo MF, Walker WA The now outdated perception of microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract as pathogens or at best commensals continues to undergo remodeling. It is now clear that the microbiome of the gut participates in many activities including: digestion, ecologic protection from pathogens, and an increasingly appreciated immunoregulatory role in vertebrates. Studies of the complex interactions of microbes and hosts point to a convergence of two well-supported (though imperfect) hypotheses: the 'hygiene hypothesis' and the 'fetal programming hypothesis' proposed by Strachan and Barker, respectively. Our current understanding is one in which factors that exist before conception, during gestation, or occur perinatally in the infant milieu, in addition to exposures to... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202420 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202420 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202419&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196955%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maldonado YA It is estimated that there are 4million neonatal deaths and an equal number of stillbirths annually, the majority in the developing world. Neonatal deaths account for one third of deaths in children less than 5 years of age, and at least one third of neonatal deaths are related to infections. Infections also account for 80% of deaths in the postneonatal period through 5 years of age. There are several viral and parasitic infections which produce fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Neonatal infections occur during one or more perinatal periods: in utero (congenital), intrapartum (during labor and delivery), and early or late postpartum. Here the term perinatal refers to all of these stages of fetal or neonatal infections. The mechanisms of perinatal viral a... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202419 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202419 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202418&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18196956%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Björkstén B Early T cell responses to external antigens and autoantigens are subject to a variety of regulatory mechanisms. A unifying link between the increase in both Th1-dependent autoimmune disease and Th2-linked atopic allergy would be a disturbed immune regulation involving T regulatory cells. There is a strong global correlation between childhood wheezing and diabetes. It is increasingly recognized that microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract, linked with lifestyle and/or geographic factors, may be important determinants of the heterogeneity in disease prevalence throughout the world. These suggestions are supported by observations that germ-free mice do not develop tolerance in the absence of a gut flora. The potential effects of environmental st... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202418 Mon, 04 Feb 2008 22:58:30 +0100 1202418 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202465&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245087%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wahn U, von Mutius E, Lau S, Nickel R Atopic manifestations may be present from infancy to adolescence. Atopic dermatitis represents the first clinical manifestation followed by allergic symptoms of the upper or lower airways. IgE responses to alimentary or environmental allergens are hallmarks of atopy in childhood. Characteristically infantile IgE responses to cow's milk and hen's egg are the first immunological markers of atopy. In many cases they are followed by IgE responses to indoor or outdoor allergens, which suggests a high risk for the development of persistent asthma in childhood. During recent years a variety of genes for both asthma and atopic dermatitis have been described. Infantile diet, early exposure to environmental allergens and a variety of environmental a... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202465 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202465 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202464&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245088%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nowak-Wegrzyn A Food allergy is defined as an immune system-mediated adverse reaction to food proteins. Class 1 food allergens are represented by peanut, egg white, and cow's milk; they are heat- and acid-stable glycoproteins that induce allergic sensitization via gastrointestinal tract and cause systemic reactions. Class 2 food allergens are homologous to proteins in birch tree pollen and class 2 food allergy develops as a consequence of respiratory sensitization to the cross-reactive pollen. Class 2 food allergens are very heat-labile and tend to induce reactions limited to oral allergy symptoms. In contrast, plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins are resistant to heating and tend to induce systemic reactions. Analysis of IgE-binding epitopes with SPOT membranes revealed ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202464 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202463&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245089%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beyer K Food allergy is a common disease with the treatment of choice being complete avoidance of the incriminated food. In cow's milk allergy a hypoallergenic milk substitute is necessary during infancy and childhood. Hypoallergenic formulas are produced through enzymatic hydrolysis of different sources such as bovine casein or whey followed by further processing such as heat treatment and/or ultrafiltration. According to the degree of protein hydrolysis the resulting products have been classified into 'extensively' or 'partially' hydrolyzed. Reduction of allergenicity should be assessed in vitro and in vivo. Hypoallergenic formulas might also be based on amino acid mixtures. These elementary diets can be considered as nonallergenic. Several novel therapies are currently bein... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202463 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202463 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202462&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245090%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: von Berg A Infancy represents the period in which an individual may be at the highest risk of sensitization. During the first year of life around 2.5% of neonates experience hypersensitivity reactions to cow's milk protein, which is highly associated with early exposure to cow's milk. Attempts to avoid sensitization in this very early period of life and to prevent allergic diseases focus on diets with reduced allergenicity and possibly on the induction of oral tolerance. Hydrolyzed infant formulas are characterized by a reduced allergenicity and thus recommended as substitute or supplementary to breastfeeding during the first 4-6 months of life for infants at high risk of developing atopic diseases. This concept of hypoallergenicity has been shown effective in clinical studies... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202462 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202462 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202461&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245091%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lack G The conventional wisdom is that early exposure to allergenic food proteins during pregnancy, lactation, or infancy leads to food allergies, and that prevention strategies should therefore aim to eliminate allergenic food proteins during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and early childhood. Prolonged exclusive breastfeeding and delayed weaning onto solid foods is therefore seen as an effective public health policy to prevent allergies. However, there is little epidemiological data to support this belief. Interventional studies on dietary elimination have failed to reduce IgE-mediated food allergies. Conversely, there is preclinical data and some clinical data to suggest that early cutaneous exposure to food protein through inflamed skin leads to allergic sensitization and that ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202461 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202461 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202460&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245092%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ruemmele FM Major advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of chronic and intractable diarrhea of infancy allow a new conceptual view of this heterogeneous group of disorders. Two major types of chronic 'intractable' enteropathies can be distinguished. (1) Congenital-constitutive forms are characterized by intrinsic enterocyte defects. To date three different types have been identified on a morphological-histological basis: microvillous inclusion disease, intestinal epithelial dysplasia and the so-called syndromatic diarrhea. These disorders are characterized by a high degree of consanguinity in the affected families. An autosomal recessive transmission was suggested, but the genes involved have not yet been identified. (2) Immunoinflammatory enteropathies starting... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202460 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202460 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202459&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245093%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gibbons T, Fuchs GJ Diarrheal disease is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Chronic enteropathy with subsequent persistent diarrhea and associated vicious cycles of malnutrition, increased gut permeability and secondary immunodeficiency are particularly devastating in the childhood population. The major causes of chronic enteropathy differ significantly between developed countries and developing countries. In developed countries, infectious and postinfectious diarrhea as well as abnormalities in immune response including celiac disease, food-induced allergic enteropathy and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease account for most cases of chronic enteropathy. In developing countries, syndromic persistent diarrhea associated with malnutrition and second... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202459 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202459 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202458&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245094%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Milla PJ Children are unique as their food intake must provide sufficient nutrients not only for the maintenance of body tissues but also for growth. Improvements in techniques for nutritional support has resulted in very long term parenteral nutrition being available for those with chronic intestinal failure in addition to those who require short term parenteral feeding either following surgery or whilst treatment for an underlying enteric disease becomes effective. Parenteral nutrition is required whenever insufficient nutrients cannot be provided enterally to prevent or correct malnutrition or to sustain appropriate growth. Somatic growth is fastest in infancy and puberty but other organs such as the brain may only grow and differentiate at one particular time. When a perio... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202458 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202458 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202457&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245095%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Salvatore S, Hauser B, Vandenplas Y Enteropathy defines abnormalities of the small intestinal mucosa, visible with the light microscope, of various etiologies, that can be separated into acute versus chronic conditions. This review focuses on these areas in which recent progress has been made. Severe infections increase mucosal permeability and induce local expression of co-stimulatory molecules allowing antigen penetration in the mucosa, T cell activation and possible disruption of oral tolerance. Biotherapeutics are of importance in the prevention and treatment of (chronic) enteropathy of infectious origin. Celiac disease and cow's milk protein allergy are key examples of chronic enteropathy. The dietary approach to allergy has evolved to include active stimulation of the im... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202457 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202457 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202456&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245096%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Davidson G, Kritas S, Butler R Stress has been defined as an acute threat to the homeostasis of the organism. The mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract, a single layer of epithelial cells held together by tight junctions, provides a barrier between the external environment and the body's internal milieu. Any mechanism that breaches the tight junction exposes the body to foreign material be it protein, microorganisms or toxins. Stresses include physiological (exercise), psychological, disease-related or drug-induced factors. Stress associated gastrointestinal disorders include functional dyspepsia irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gastroesophageal reflux disease peptic ulcer disease, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Some disease states disrupt gastrointestinal barrier... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202456 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202456 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202455&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245097%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Los EL, Lukovac S, Werner A, Dijkstra T, Verkade HJ, Rings EH Cholestatic liver disease (CLD) in children negatively affects nutritional status, growth and development, which all lead to an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. This is illustrated by the fact that the clinical outcome of children with CLD awaiting a liver transplantation is in part predicted by their nutritional status, which is integrated in the pediatric end-stage liver disease model. Preservation of the nutritional status becomes more relevant as the number of patients waiting for liver transplantation increases and the waiting time for a donor organ becomes prolonged. Nutritional strategies are available to optimize feeding of children with CLD. Patients with CLD, however, form a heterogeneous group a... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202455 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202455 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202454&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245098%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ziegler EE Exact knowledge of the nutrient requirements of premature infants is critically important for the prevention of postnatal growth failure and for improved neurodevelopmental outcome. Methods whereby nutrient requirements can be estimated fall into two categories, factorial methods and empirical methods. Each have their advantages and disadvantages. The factorial methods provide estimates of requirements for protein, energy and a number of other nutrients. The exact methods used can vary but still yield fairly similar results. Factorial methods also permit estimation of the extra nutrients needed for a given degree of catch-up growth, but cannot indicate the extent to which catch-up growth is actually possible. Empirical methods yield estimates of the requirements for... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202454 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202454 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202453&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245099%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Griffin IJ If the aim of nutritional assessment of preterm infants is to identify suboptimal (or excessive) provision of protein, energy and micronutrients, most currently available methods perform poorly. Assessment of body weight is limited by the confounding effect of fluid status especially in the first few days of life, and measurements of linear growth are relatively imprecise and slow to respond to nutritional changes. Growth assessment is hampered by the lack of an adequate reference standard. Comparisons to historical cohorts of preterm babies are inadequate. As most very low birth weight infants leave hospital below the 10th centile, use of these charts as "standards" almost guarantees that preterm infants will have poor growth. Growth centiles based on data from new... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202453 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202453 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202452&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245100%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Thureen PJ Despite numerous advances in the nutrition of preterm infants, the increasing survival at lower birth weights is resulting in a new frontier of extrauterine nutritional support of these vulnerable infants. The extremely low birth weight infant has endogenous energy to maintain energy balance for only 3-4 days without an exogenous energy supply. Nevertheless, many clinicians are still hesitant to introduce substrates at high rates early in life secondary to concerns of intolerance and toxicity. Current feeding practices appear to be resulting in significant postnatal growth failure in very preterm neonates. Optimizing nutritional support in these infants is critical to avoiding adverse growth and neurological outcomes. There is a need for scientifically based feeding... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202452 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202452 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202451&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245101%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Putet G PMID: 17245101 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202451 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202451 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202450&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17245102%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cooke RJ Postnatal growth retardation is inevitable in preterm infants, the more immature the infant the greater the degree of postnatal growth retardation at hospital discharge. After hospital discharge, several studies have shown that growth is poorer in preterm infants fed a standard term formula than those fed a nutrient-enriched infant formula. This is not surprising because term formulas are designed to meet the requirements of the term infant, not the more rapidly growing preterm infant. After hospital discharge, breastfed infants do not grow as well as their formula-fed counterparts. Yet, there are no randomized controlled trials comparing growth in breastfed infants who did and did not receive nutrient supplementation. If mature human milk is designed to meet the need... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202450 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202450 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202449&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664893%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brown KH Appropriate breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices are fundamental to children's nutrition, health, and survival during the first 2 years of life. The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age and continued breastfeeding for at least 2 years, along with the timely introduction of adequate amounts of complementary foods of suitable nutritional and microbiological quality. The amounts of energy and micronutrients required from complementary foods have been estimated as the difference between the total physiological requirements of these food components and the amounts transferred to the child in breast milk. Recommendations for the energy density of complementary foods and their frequency of feeding have also been prop... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202449 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202449 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202448&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664894%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Singhal A Nutrition in infancy has been suggested to have a major influence or program the long-term tendency to obesity. Breastfeeding, in particular, appears to protect against the development of later obesity, a conclusion supported by data from four systematic reviews and evidence that a longer duration of breastfeeding has greater protective effects. The size of the effect (up to a 20% reduction in obesity risk) although modest has important implications for public health. The mechanisms involved, although poorly understood, probably include the benefits of relative undernutrition and slower growth associated with breast rather than formula feeding - the growth acceleration hypothesis. This hypothesis is now supported by data from animal studies and two recent systematic ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202448 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202448 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202447&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664895%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Turck D Breastfeeding plays a key role in the programming process during early life but, due to confounding factors, it is difficult to draw conclusions on long-term health benefits. The magnitude of the beneficial effect of breastfeeding on blood pressure (-2 mmHg) and total cholesterol (-0.2 mmol/l) is likely to have public health implications. However, it is unknot known whether breastfeeding reduces the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Breastfeeding may protect against the development of celiac disease. The protective role of breastfeeding against type 1 diabetes seems likely, but the mechanisms involved are still under discussion. There is no convincing evidence that breastfeeding reduces the risk of leukemia and cancer. Breastfeeding is associated with a better cognitiv... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202447 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202447 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202446&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664896%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ferguson EL, Darmon N The provision of nutrient-dense complementary foods is essential to ensure an infant's nutrient requirements are met. Yet often, relative to recommendations, traditional complementary foods have low levels of nutrients, suggesting a role, for fortified manufactured baby foods, in ensuring dietary adequacy. In this review, the potential benefits and safety of using fortified manufactured baby foods versus traditional foods alone are evaluated based on evidence from food composition data, diet modeling and intervention studies. Results from the food composition data and diet modeling suggest that ensuring a nutritionally adequate complementary feeding diet based on traditional foods alone is difficult. Conversely, except for biochemical iron status, interve... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202446 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202446 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202445&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664897%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Scanlan FP Contaminants are a vast subject area of food safety and quality. They are generally divided into chemical, microbiological and physical classes and are present in our food chain from raw materials to finished products. They are the subject of international and national legislation that has widened to cover more and more contaminant classes and food categories. In addition, consumers have become increasingly aware of and alarmed by their risks, whether rightly or not. What is the food industry doing to ensure the safety and quality of the products we feed our children? This is a valid question which this article attempts to address from an industrial viewpoint. Chemical food safety is considered a complex field where the risk perception of consumers is often the high... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202445 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202445 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202444&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664898%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morelli L Microbiological risk in the first part of life is endowed with peculiar features when compared to the same risk in adulthood. The purpose of this review is to highlight these age-related traits. While pathogens harmful for neonates and infants have been reviewed, less attention has been paid to the role played by the infant gut as battle field between pathogens and protecting bacteria or between pathogens and the immune system. Immediately after birth a race for colonizing the gut begins; the main tool for neonates to select good bacteria is represented by mother's milk. Quite surprisingly, this milk carries potentially harmful bacteria, but antibodies, oligosaccharides and the whole breast milk composition provide a powerful selective tool. Nevertheless this selecti... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202444 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202444 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202443&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664899%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews cereal fortification programs in developing countries, with special reference to low cost fortified complementary foods, and emphasizes the need for public-private-civic sector initiatives to improve the health and wellbeing of people around the world. PMID: 17664899 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202443 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202443 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202442&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664900%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Domellöf M, West C Cereals are the most common complementary foods all over the world and there is now a novel possibility to add functional components to target health problems that are not caused by a simple nutritional deficiency. So far there have been very few published trials on the addition of functional components to infant cereals. A single trial has suggested that infant cereals containing a combination of probiotics, prebiotics and zinc are an effective adjunct to oral rehydration solution in the treatment of acute gastroenteritis. Up to now there has been no evidence that infant cereals supplemented with probiotics or prebiotics have a preventive effect on diarrhea but a recent study has suggested that a milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) protein fraction added ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202442 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202442 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202441&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664901%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Agostoni C, Riva E, Giovannini M The complementary feeding period is a critical stage for growth and development. Infants in developing countries and selected individuals in developed countries may benefit from micronutrient supplementation, but long-term effects are still poorly explored. We have some evidence, coming from observational studies, of the role of iron in the second semester of life for optimal brain development and functioning through early adulthood, but the advantage seems to be restricted to those infants who are effectively iron-deficient. For long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids we have limited observations from randomized trials that they could promote the maturation of visual acuity in the short-term, without direct evidence linking supplementation duri... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202441 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202441 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202440&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664902%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Guandalini S In most developed countries, gluten is currently most commonly introduced between 4 and 6 months of age, in spite of little evidence to support this practice. As for infants at risk of developing food allergies, there is clear evidence that introducing solid foods before the end of the 3rd month is detrimental and should be avoided. A recent growing body of evidence however challenges the notion that solids (and among them, gluten-containing foods) should be introduced beyond the 6th month of life. Another important aspect of gluten introduction into the diet has to do with its possible role in causing type-1 diabetes (IDDM). Recently, a large epidemiological investigation in a cohort of children at risk for IDDM found that exposure to cereals (rice, wheat, oats, ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202440 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202440 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202439&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664903%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Laitinen K, Isolauri E The complex nature of allergic disease exposes infants to an increased risk of nutritional inadequacies. Allergic inflammation requiring extensive dietary regimens may underlie the poor growth frequently reported. Nutritional management is directed towards the prevention of explicitly diet-related deficiencies, the mainstay of treatment of food allergy being strict avoidance of offending antigens in the diet. The advantage of elimination diets lies in silencing the specific allergic inflammation induced by the food responsible, the effect thus being antigen-specific. Concomitantly, food may also contain immunomodulatory factors, and indeed research into the management of allergic disease is evolving from passive allergen avoidance to the invention of nov... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202439 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202439 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202438&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664904%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Solomons NW A normal pregnancy and adequate lactation performance should produce at 6 months of life a healthy baby, who has a weight and height within the limits of international growth norms. When that does not happen and the child is either too small (or too big), i.e. 'malnourished', strong determinants will have been maternal health, combined with environmental stress to the baby. In discussing differential strategies for weaning and complementary feeding, the distinction must first be made between true clinical malnutrition and simply deviant growth. The former needs rehabilitation therapy, which is beyond the scope of this discussion. For deviant poor growth, one must devise a regimen that removes an infant from any low-weight danger zone for increased early mortality r... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202438 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202438 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202437&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664905%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ziegler EE The feeding of cow's milk has adverse effects on iron nutrition in infants and young children. Several different mechanisms have been identified that may act synergistically. Probably most important is the low iron content of cow's milk. It makes it difficult for the infant to obtain the amounts of iron needed for growth. A second mechanism is the occult intestinal blood loss, which occurs in about 40% of normal infants during feeding of cow's milk. Loss of iron in the form of blood diminishes with age and ceases after 1 year of age. A third factor is calcium and casein provided by cow's milk in high amounts. Calcium and casein both inhibit the absorption of dietary nonheme iron. Infants fed cow's milk receive much more protein and minerals than they need. The exces... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202437 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202437 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202436&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664906%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Michaelsen KF, Hoppe C, Lauritzen L, Molgaard C There are differences between at what age industrialized countries recommend that cow's milk can be introduced to infants. Most countries recommend waiting until 12 months of age, but according to recommendations from some countries (e.g. Canada, Sweden and Denmark) cow's milk can be introduced from 9 or 10 months. The main reason for delaying introduction is to prevent iron deficiency as cow's milk is a poor iron source. In one study mainly milk intake above 500 ml/day caused iron deficiency. Cow's milk has a very low content of linoleic acid (LA), but a more favorable LA/alpha-linolenic ratio, which is likely to be the reason why red blood cell docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels seem to be more favorable in infants drinking cow'... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202436 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202436 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202435&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664907%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Krebs NF Optimal complementary feeding is recognized to be critical for prevention of infectious morbidity and mortality and for optimal growth and development. The nutrients which become limiting in human milk after approximately 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding are predictable based on the dynamic composition of human milk and the physiology of infant nutritional requirements. Iron and zinc are two micronutrients for which the concentrations in human milk are relatively independent of maternal intake, and for which the older infant is most dependent on complementary foods to meet requirements. Traditional feeding practices, including reliance on cereals and plant-based diets, do not complement these recognized gaps in human milk. Meats or cellular animal proteins are rich... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202435 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202435 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202434&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17664908%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brunser O, Gotteland M, Cruchet S Fermented foods have been used since prehistoric times. Their number, variety and geographic origin are considerable, and different substrates and agents including bacteria, yeasts and moulds have been used in their preparation. In the last few decades the scientific approach to the study of the participating microorganisms and the resulting products have provided a better understanding of their biological importance. Among the many health-related properties of fermented foods, effects on blood pressure have been described after casein hydrolysis by lactic acid bacteria. Peptides with antimicrobial activity, mainly against Gram-negative bacteria, and derived from casein have also been identified. This could explain, at least in part, the antid... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202434 Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1202434 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202497&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632956%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lucas A, Sampson HA PMID: 16632956 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202497 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202497 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202496&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632957%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Singhal A PMID: 16632957 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202496 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202496 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202495&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632958%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maffeis C PMID: 16632958 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202495 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202495 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202494&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632959%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kroke A PMID: 16632959 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202494 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202494 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202493&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632960%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Laron Z PMID: 16632960 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202493 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202493 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202492&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632961%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Björkstén B PMID: 16632961 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202492 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202492 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202491&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632962%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zeiger RS, Friedman NJ PMID: 16632962 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202491 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202491 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202490&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632963%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sampson HA PMID: 16632963 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202490 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202490 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202489&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632964%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: von Berg A PMID: 16632964 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202489 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202488&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632965%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fewtrell MS PMID: 16632965 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202488 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202488 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202487&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632966%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hursting SD, Cantwell MM, Sansbury LB, Forman MR PMID: 16632966 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202487 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202487 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202486&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632967%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fewtrell MS PMID: 16632967 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202486 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202486 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202485&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632968%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hanson LA, Korotkova M, Hahn-Zoric M, Zaman S, Malik A, Ashraf R, Amu S, Padyukov L, Telemo E, Strandvik B PMID: 16632968 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202485 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202485 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202484&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632969%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Massiera F, Guesnet P, Ailhaud G PMID: 16632969 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202484 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202484 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202483&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632970%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Affolter M, Bergonzelli GE, Blaser K, Blum-Sperisen S, Corthésy B, Fay LB, Garcia-Rodenas C, Lopes LV, Marvin-Guy L, Mercenier A, Mutch DM, Panchaud A, Raymond F, Schmidt-Weber C, Schumann A, Spertini F, Williamson G, Kussmann M PMID: 16632970 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202483 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202483 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202482&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632971%26dopt%3DAbstract Primary prevention by nutrition intervention in infancy and childhood. Proceedings of the 57th Nestlé Pediatric Nutrition Workshop. May 2005. San Francisco, California, USA. Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program. 2006;57:1-273 Authors: PMID: 16632971 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202482 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202482 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202480&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902322%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Koletzko B Some 30 years ago, Günter Dörner stated that the concentrations of hormones, metabolites and neurotransmitters during critical periods of early development will program disease risk in human adulthood, a concept that since has received enormous scientific support and broad attention. Evidence has also accumulated showing that early nutrition programs later obesity risk. Breastfeeding reduces the odds ratio for obesity at school age by about 20%, relative to formula feeding, adjusted for biological and sociodemographic confounding variables. We propose that the protective effect of breastfeeding is explained at least in part by the induction of lower rates of infant weight gain, which may be related to differences in substrate intakes with breast milk and s... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202480 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202480 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202479&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902323%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Butte NF The energy requirements of infants and children are defined as the amount of food energy needed to balance total energy expenditure (TEE) at a desirable level of physical activity, and to support optimal growth and development. New TEE data from doubly labeled water and heart rate monitoring are available to derive the energy requirements. Compared with the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU recommendations, the 2004 FAO/WHO/UNU and 2002 IOM recommendations are approximately 12-20% lower during infancy. The 2004 FAO/WHO/UNU recommendations are on average 18% lower for boys and 20% lower for girls <7 years of age, and 12% lower for boys and 5% lower for girls 7-11 years of age. From 12 to 18 years of age, the requirements are 12% higher for boys and girls. The 2002 IOM recommendation... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202479 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202479 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202478&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902324%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Garlick PJ During the last 35 years there have been various published assessments of human protein needs, including those of infants and children. Most recently, the Institute of Medicine of the US National Academies has published its report on Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for Macronutrients, and WHO/FAO/UNU have convened a new Expert Consultation, which is due to be published soon. Although there have been a number of published studies on children's protein requirements determined by the nitrogen balance technique, the results of these studies in themselves are insufficient to derive requirement values for all ages. Instead, a meta-analysis of the data from a range of studies in children has been used to derive values for the requirement for maintenance (i.e. no growth), a... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202478 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202478 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202477&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902325%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ziegler EE Growth and nutrition during infancy are being viewed with renewed interest because of the possibility that they may be linked to cardiovascular and metabolic health in later life. Of particular interest are differences between breast- and formula-fed infants with regard to nutrient intake and growth because breastfeeding has been shown to be associated with a reduced risk of obesity in later life. During the first 6-8 weeks of life there is little difference in growth (gain in weight and length) between breast- and formula-fed infants. However, from about 2 months of age to the end of the first year of life formula-fed infants gain weight and length more rapidly than breast-fed infants. There are no consistent differences in adiposity during the first 4-5 months of ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202477 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202476&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902326%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rigo J Knowledge of changes in body composition is of great potential benefit to the understanding of the nutritional needs and functional outcome of nutritional management for both healthy and sick infants. This review evaluates the different methods presently available to evaluate whole-body composition analysis based on different models, i.e. 2, 3, or more compartments. Analysis of the various approaches related to age, body weight and body length suggests that the major differences observed between the techniques could be preferentially related to differences in the population and that gender is one of the major determinants of whole-body composition during the first year of life. Among the techniques dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and, more recently, air displace... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202476 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202476 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202475&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902327%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Yates AA Nutrient reference values provide guidance for maintaining and enhancing health via standard setting and development of nutritionally improved products to decrease the risk of disease. Since 1941, the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States has developed and periodically revised recommendations for nutrients; the last (10th) edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) was released in 1989. In 1994 the FNB initiated an expanded approach to develop dietary reference intakes (DRI), quantitative nutrient intakes that include concepts of chronic disease risk and multiple reference values more specifically suited to various applications. In concert with Canadian scientists, 10 DRI reports have been completed since 1997... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202475 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202475 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202474&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902328%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van Goudoever JB, van der Schoor SR, Stoll B, Burrin DG, Wattimena D, Schierbeek H, Schaart MW, Riedijk MA, van der Lugt J The portal-drained viscera (stomach, intestine, pancreas and spleen) have a much higher rate of both energy expenditure and protein synthesis than can be estimated on the basis of their weight. A high utilization rate of dietary nutrients by the portal-drained viscera might result in a low systemic availability which determines whole-body growth. From studies in our multiple catheterized piglet model, we conclude that more than half of the dietary protein intake is utilized within the portal-drained viscera and that amino acids are a major fuel source for the visceral organs. Specific stable isotope studies reveal that there are large differences in the ut... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202474 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202474 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202473&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902329%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pencharz PB, Ball RO Nitrogen balances have been conducted in preterm infants, preschool children, and 6- to 10-year-old children to determine dietary indispensable amino acid. A recent review concluded that the data, being sufficiently uncertain, could not be used as the basis for defining amino acid requirements in infants and children. Therefore, it was decided to use a factorial approach (basal plus growth). This approach is based on the assumption that basal requirements are the same throughout the life cycle. Recently, using indicator oxidation, the requirements of the eight classical indispensable amino acids have been defined in adults. These values have been used as the basal component of requirement in childhood. The growth component was based on the changes in body ... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202473 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202473 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202472&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902330%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Axelsson I Among other nutrients of breast milk, the amino acid pattern is considered normative throughout infancy. Exclusive breastfeeding by a healthy mother should be the standard from birth to 6 months. During the breastfeeding period the protein intake is low in the human being compared too many other animals. The protein content in breast milk is about 1 g/100 ml and the daily protein intake approximately 1 g/kg/day. When other foods are introduced during the weaning period the protein intake increases remarkably to 3-4 g/kg/day in spite of the fact that the protein requirement is decreasing. The long-term consequences of this phenomenon are obscure. A high protein intake has endocrine effects, such as the high levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1. Furtherm... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202472 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202472 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202471&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902331%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective of this review is to discuss possible food solutions to the obesity epidemic based on our current understanding of food intake regulation and its interaction with dietary components. First, the physiology of long- and short-term food intake regulation is reviewed. The effects of dietary components on food intake, satiety and intake regulatory markers are then discussed with particular emphasis on macronutrient class and source. Finally, the impact of nutritional manipulations during the early stages of development on food intake and metabolic regulation is examined, followed by a brief description of the possible genetic and epigenetic mechanisms involved. PMID: 16902331 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202471 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202471 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202470&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902332%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Agostoni C, Riva E, Giovannini M The possible role of early dietary habits as the origin of later consequences on health has raised questions on the optimal macronutrient intakes of the growing infant. Infants and toddlers in developed countries usually show a high dietary protein: energy ratio during the complementary feeding period, averaging 2.5-3, because of the protein density of solid weaning foods and the low percentage of mothers still breastfeeding beyond the first 6 months of life. In conditions of very high protein intakes, those in the higher classes of consumption seem to carry a higher risk of becoming obese later on. Over the limit of 14% energy from proteins in the 8- to 24- month period, some mechanisms may begin to operate leading young children towards an ea... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202470 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202470 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202469&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902333%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dewey KG In 2001, a WHO Expert Consultation concluded that waiting until 6 months to introduce complementary foods to breastfed infants confers several benefits for both infants and mothers. Nonetheless, there is still controversy about this issue. In developing countries, the reduced risk of infant gastrointestinal illness and increased duration of maternal lactational amenorrhea associated with exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months make the benefit-risk ratio of this recommendation highly favorable. In industrialized countries, the case is less clear-cut, but the benefit-risk ratio is also likely to be favorable with regard to infant infectious morbidity, motor development and maternal weight loss postpartum. For outcomes such as infant growth, food acceptance and iron or zin... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202469 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202469 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202468&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902334%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Desjeux JF Thirty years ago, protein deficiency was perceived to be the major nutritional problem of children in developing countries. Later on increasing the energy intake of young children during the complementary feeding period became a priority. Early studies on the pathophysiology of malnutrition are now turned into strategic and practical consequences for the prevention and treatment of severe malnutrition, four of which are presented. (1) Almost half of the deaths worldwide are due to being underweight. Nowadays, well-defined preventive and curative interventions have been identified. (2) An efficient and rigorous technique based on linear programming is now available to design a diet suitable for the complementary feeding period using locally available foods with a min... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202468 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202468 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202467&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902335%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Macé K, Steenhout P, Klassen P, Donnet A The development of infant formula with optimized protein quality and quantity has been, and still is, the subject of intense investigation. A better understanding of the protein composition of breast milk and infant needs in association with technological breakthroughs in cow's milk fractionation, has led to the development of infant formulas with a protein content that is closer to that of human milk. Today, infant formulas with a protein/energy ratio of 1.8 g/100 kcal are commercially available. These formulas have been shown to be safe and nutritionally adequate for term infants. However, the short-term and potentially long-term metabolic benefits of formulas with reduced protein content have still to be elucidated and are curre... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202467 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202467 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202466&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16902336%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lönnerdal B Human milk provides proteins that benefit newborn infants. They not only provide amino acids, but also facilitate the absorption of nutrients, stimulate growth and development of the intestine, modulate immune function, and aid in the digestion of other nutrients. Breastfed infants have a lower prevalence of infections than formula-fed infants. Since many women in industrialized countries choose not to breastfeed, and an increasing proportion of women in developing countries are advised not to breastfeed because of the risk of HIV transmission, incorporation of recombinant human milk proteins into infant foods is likely to be beneficial. We are expressing human milk proteins known to have anti-infective activity in rice. Since rice is a normal constituent of t... Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202466 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1202466 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202517&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632936%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Waller DK, Dawson TE PMID: 16632936 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202517 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1202517 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1202516&cid=s_36791_28_f&fid=36791&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16632937%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pencharz PB PMID: 16632937 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.) Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1202516 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1202516