Nutrition Research via MedWorm.com

Magnesium absorption from mineral water decreases with increasing quantities of magnesium per serving in rats

Nutrition Research — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: It is hypothesized that magnesium (Mg) absorption from mineral water is affected by the concentration of Mg in the water, the consumption pattern, and the volume consumed per serving. The present study examined the effect of serving volume and consumption pattern of artificial mineral water (AMW) and Mg concentration on Mg absorption in rats. Magnesium in AMW was labeled with magnesium-25 as a tracer. Each group consisted of 6 or 7 rats. In experiment 1, the rats received 1 mL of AMW containing 200 mg Mg/L at 4 times, 400 mg Mg/L twice, or 800 mg Mg/L at 1 time. In experiment 2, the rats received 1 mL of AMW containing 200 mg Mg/L or 0.25 mL of AMW containing 800 mg Mg/L at 4 times or 1 mL of AMW containing 800 mg Mg/L at 1 time. The absorption of Mg decreased with increasing Mg ...

Dyslipidemia is not associated with cardiovascular disease risk in an animal model of mild chronic suboptimal nutrition

Nutrition Research — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Previous studies performed in an experimental model of nutritional growth retardation (NGR) have observed metabolic adaptation. We hypothesized that changes in lipid-lipoprotein profile, glucose, and insulin levels occur, whereas overall body growth is reduced.The aim of this study was to assess serum lipid-lipoprotein profile, hepatogram, insulinemia and glycemia, and CVD risk markers in rats fed a suboptimal diet. Weanling male rats were assigned either to control (C) or NGR group. In this 4-week study, C rats were fed ad libitum a standard diet, and NGR rats received 80% of the amount of food consumed by C. Zoometric parameters, body fat content, serum lipid-lipoprotein profile, hepatogram, insulinemia, and glycemia were determined, and the cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk ma...

Bimodal action of miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol, phytoestrogens from Pueraria candollei var. mirifica, on hepatic CYP2B9 and CYP1A2 expressions and antilipid peroxidation in mice

Nutrition Research — Tue, 03 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol are phytoestrogens isolated from Pueraria candollei var. mirifica. The influence of miroestrol and dexoymirosestrol on hepatic cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes and antioxidative activity in brain was examined in C57BL/6 mice compared with that of a synthetic female sex hormone estradiol. We hypothesized that miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol would induce CYP2B9 expression, whereas CYP1A2 expression would be suppressed compared with estradiol. Miroestrol and deoxymiroestrol treatment significantly increased uterus weight and volume. In addition, both of these phytoestrogens induced the expression of CYP2B9 and suppressed the expression of CYP1A2, as expected. Hepatic P450 activities correspondingly showed that both compounds increased benzyloxyresorufin O...

Ascorbate and dehydroascorbic acid as biomarkers of oxidative stress: validity of clinical data depends on vacutainer system used

Nutrition Research — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This study acquired blood samples by using 9 different and commonly used vacutainer systems followed by acidic stabilization and analysis by a well-validated method with the purpose of identifying acceptable means of collecting samples for proper ascorbate/dehydroascorbic acid analysis. In comparison, K3-EDTA vacutainers were superior in maintaining low ex vivo oxidation of vitamin C. (Source: Nutrition Research)

Mulberry leaf extract increases adiponectin in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes

Nutrition Research — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: We have previously shown that mulberry leaf extract (MA) causes blood glucose levels to decrease in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes while enhancing glucose uptake by isolated fat cells. We hypothesized that the antidiabetic activity of MA is mediated via enhancement of adiponectin secretion and adipogenesis, which consequently decreases blood glucose. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular basis for the observed antidiabetic activity using murine 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cultures. We found that treatment of differentiating 3T3-L1 cells with MA at concentrations of 5, 15, and 45 μg/mL increased expression of adiponectin messenger RNA from 1.4-fold (control) to 1.5-, 1.95-, and 2.2-fold above basal values, respectively, while causing adiponectin secretion t...

Amino acid mixture acutely improves the glucose tolerance of healthy overweight adults

Nutrition Research — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Certain amino acids have been reported to influence carbohydrate metabolism and blood glucose clearance, as well as improve the glucose tolerance in animal models. We hypothesized that an amino acid mixture consisting of isoleucine and 4 additional amino acids would improve the glucose response of healthy overweight men and women to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Twenty-two overweight healthy subjects completed 2 OGTTs after consuming 2 different test beverages. The amino acid mixture beverage (CHO/AA) consisted of 0.088 g cystine 2HCl, 0.043 g methionine, 0.086 g valine, 12.094 g isoleucine, 0.084 g leucine, and 100 g dextrose. The control beverage (CHO) consisted of 100 g dextrose only. Venous blood samples were drawn 10 minutes before the start of ingesting the drinks ...

The association of alcohol consumption with metabolic syndrome and its individual components: the Taichung community health study

Nutrition Research — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, alcohol consumption dose-dependently increased the risk of developing MS and some of its individual components while dose-dependently decreasing the risk of developing low HDL-C levels. The type of alcoholic beverage had different effects on the development of the individual components of MS. (Source: Nutrition Research)

Low-dose fish oil supplementation increases serum adiponectin without affecting inflammatory markers in overweight subjects

Nutrition Research — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, daily supplementation with 1.1 g of marine n-3 PUFA significantly increased serum adiponectin, but the effect was small, and no overall anti-inflammatory effect of the supplement could be demonstrated. (Source: Nutrition Research)

Supplementation of Korean fermented soy paste doenjang reduces visceral fat in overweight subjects with mutant uncoupling protein-1 allele

Nutrition Research — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the hypothesis that the antiobesity effect of doenjang, a Korean fermented soy paste is different between the mutant and the wild-type alleles of a polymorphism upstream of the uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) gene in overweight subjects. In our randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, a total of 51 subjects with a body mass index of 23 kg/m2 or greater and a waist-to-hip ratio of 0.90 or greater for men or 0.85 or greater for women were randomly assigned to take 9.9 g/d of either a placebo or doenjang for 12 weeks. The relative frequency of the mutant G allele of the UCP-1 polymorphism was 0.60 in the placebo group and 0.62 in the doenjang group. Supplementation of doenjang had no significant effect on the visceral fat area compare...

Total dietary fat and fatty acid content modifies plasma phospholipid fatty acids, desaturase activity indices, and urinary prostaglandin E in women

Nutrition Research — Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Compared with diets high in fat, low-fat diets are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that a low-fat (LF) (20% fat) and an LF high–omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid diet (LFn3) (23% fat with 3% as α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) would enhance n-3 composition of plasma phospholipid fatty acid and reduce urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) relative to a high-fat diet (HF) (40% fat) and that these changes would be associated with alterations in δ5 desaturase (D5D) and δ6 desaturase (D6D) activity. Phospholipid fatty acids and urinary PGE2 were measured, and D5D and D6D activity indices calculated in a crossover trial in 17 postmenopausal women fed each of 3 test diets (HF, LF, and LFn3) for 8-week feeding periods....

List of reviewers 2011

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

(Source: Nutrition Research)

Menhaden oil administration to dogs treated with radiation for nasal tumors demonstrates lower levels of tissue eicosanoids

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or menhaden oil may reduce inflammatory eicosanoids (prostaglandin E2, thromboxane B2, leukotriene B4, and 11-dehydro thromboxane B2), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and blood lactate in dogs with nasal carcinomas receiving radiation therapy. We hypothesized that menhaden oil would reduce inflammation from radiation damage and lower blood lactate levels in dogs with nasal carcinoma. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study, 12 dogs with malignant carcinomas of the nasal cavity were given dietary menhaden oil (DHA and EPA) or soybean oil (control) and then received radiation therapy. Megavoltage radiation was delivered in 18 fractions to a total dose of 56 Gy. Blood levels of DHA, EPA, insulin, g...

Soy protein supports cardiovascular health by downregulating hydroxymethylglutaryl–coenzyme A reductase and sterol regulatory element-binding protein–2 and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity in rats with dextran sodium sulfate–induced mild systemic inflammation

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Animal and human studies have indicated that the presence of soy in the diet improves cardiovascular health. Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, little is known about how dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)–induced systemic inflammation impacts overall heart health and, correspondingly, how soy protein modulates risk of CVD development in DSS-induced systemic inflammation. We hypothesized that soy protein–fed rats would have a lower risk of CVD by beneficial alteration of gene expression involving lipid metabolism and antioxidant capacity in DSS-induced systemic inflammation. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: casein, casein + DSS, soy protein, and soy protein + DSS. After 26 days, inflammation was induced...

Prostaglandin E2 production in mice is reduced by consumption of range-fed sources of red meat

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Many view bison as a healthful alternative to other red meat sources, and as a way to decrease health risks, they associate it with meat consumption. Using mice as a model for immune function, we hypothesized that consumption of meat from range-fed bison would decrease prostaglandin (PG) E2 and alter prostacyclin (PGI2) release upon immune challenge when compared with mice fed meat from grain-finished bison, range-fed beef, feedlot steers, free-ranging elk, or chicken breast. After 2 weeks on an experimental diet and inflammatory stimulation, mouse peritoneal macrophage was isolated and analyzed in 12 animals per diet. Peritoneal cell arachidonic acid increased in response to a chicken-based diet (P < .05), which was likely attributable to higher arachidonic acid intake. Release ...

Purple sweet potato anthocyanins attenuate hepatic lipid accumulation through activating adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase in human HepG2 cells and obese mice

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

In this study, we evaluated body weight, liver histology, and hepatic lipid content in high-fat diet (HFD)–fed ICR mice treated with AF. In addition, we characterized the underlying mechanism of AF's effects in HepG2 hepatocytes through Western blot analysis. Anthocyanin fraction (200 mg/kg per day) reduced weight gain and hepatic triglyceride accumulation and improved serum lipid parameters in mice fed an HFD for 4 weeks. Anthocyanin fraction significantly increased the phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) in the liver and HepG2 hepatocytes. In addition, AF down-regulated the levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and its target genes including ACC and fatty acid synthase (FAS). The specific AMPK inhibitor compound C attenuated the effects of AF...

Fortification of flours with folic acid reduces homocysteine levels in Brazilian women

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Our hypothesis is that the fortification of flour with folic acid contributes to the reduction of plasma homocysteine (Hcy). We conducted a cross-sectional study covering 2 periods, before and after fortification (2002-2003 and 2008-2009, respectively), to assess the influence of the consumption of corn and wheat flours prefortification and postfortification with folic acid on Hcy levels and other biomarkers. In the total, 93 women (38 prefortification and 55 postfortification) were included. Levels of lipids and glucose, total Hcy and serum folate, and cobalamin were determined using commercial kits by colorimetric method, competitive immunoassay, and chemiluminescence, respectively The participants' average age was 48.1 ± 9.5 years for the prefortification group and 39.1 ± 4....

Short-term consumption of sucralose, a nonnutritive sweetener, is similar to water with regard to select markers of hunger signaling and short-term glucose homeostasis in women

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Nonnutritive sweeteners have been used to lower the energy density of foods with the intention of affecting weight loss or weight maintenance. However, some epidemiological and animal evidence indicates an association between weight gain or insulin resistance and artificial sweetener consumption. In the present study, we hypothesized that the nonnutritive sweetener sucralose, a trichlorinated sucrose molecule, would elicit responses similar to water but different from sucrose and sucrose combined with sucralose on subjective and hormonal indications of hunger and short-term glucose homeostasis. Eight female volunteers (body mass index, 22.16 ± 1.71 kg/m2; age, 21.75 ± 2.25 years) consumed sucrose and/or sucralose in water in a factorial design. Blood samples were taken at fasti...

Probiotic yogurt consumption may improve gastrointestinal symptoms, productivity, and nutritional intake of people living with human immunodeficiency virus in Mwanza, Tanzania

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The gut-associated lymphoid tissue is a major site of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity and significantly influences disease prognosis. Reducing immune activation due to gastroenteritis may thus help slow disease progression. Probiotic microorganisms have considerable immunomodulatory effects at the level of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. A probiotic yogurt initiative was thus established in Mwanza, Tanzania, to improve gastrointestinal (GI) integrity and reduce the incidence and severity of opportunistic infections among people with HIV. The research objective was to retrospectively evaluate the effects of yogurt supplemented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus as an adjunct to the diet of people living with HIV on systemic and GI symptoms, daily routine activities, and ...

Silk protein hydrolysate increases glucose uptake through up-regulation of GLUT 4 and reduces the expression of leptin in 3T3-L1 fibroblast

Nutrition Research — Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The purpose of our research was to test the hypothesis that silk protein hydrolysate increases glucose uptake in cultured murine embryonic fibroblasts. Insulin sensitizing activity was observed in a cell-based glucose uptake assay using 3T3-L1 embryonic fibroblasts. The treatment of 1 mg/mL of silk peptide E5K6 plus 0.2 nM insulin was associated with a significant increase in glucose uptake (124.0% ± 2.5%) compared to treatment with 0.2 nM insulin alone. When the 3T3-L1 cells were induced to differentiate into fibroblasts, fat droplets formed inside the cells. Silk peptide E5K6 reduced the formation of fat droplets at the 1-mg/mL dosage (86.1% ± 2.5%) when compared to the control (100.0% ± 5.8%). A 1 mg/mL dose of silk peptide E5K6 significantly increased GLUT 4 expression (13...

Diet-induced obesity leads to decreased hepatic iron storage in mice

Nutrition Research — Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Abstract: An increased risk of iron deficiency has been reported in obese individuals. We investigated hepatic iron status and serum levels of both adipokines and inflammatory markers in obese mice to test the hypothesis that high-fat-diet (HFD)–induced obesity leads to reduced iron storage associated with inflammation. Four-week-old C57BL mice were fed a HFD containing 60% energy from fat for 16 weeks and were compared with mice on a control diet with 10% energy from fat. The HFD group had significantly higher levels of leptin (43.7 ng/mL in control, n = 16 vs 104.3 ng/mL in HFD, n = 17; P < .001) and significantly lower amounts of high-molecular-weight adiponectin (4.80 μg/mL in control, n = 16 vs 3.67 μg/mL in HFD, n = 18; P = .002) compared with the control group. Higher serum amyl...

Hippocampal gene network analysis suggests that coral calcium hydride may reduce accelerated senescence in mice

Nutrition Research — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Recent studies strongly support the hypothesis that an antioxidant diet inhibits the pathologic aging process as shown in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 (SAM/P-8). In our previous study in coral calcium hydride (CCH), we reported that a diet rich in antioxidants inhibited the pathologic aging process, increased the endogenous antioxidant ability, and contributed to prolonging the lifespan of SAM/P-8. To test the hypothesis that antioxidant CCH supplementation to SAM/P-8 mice would change the gene expression and to understand how CCH reverses the acceleration of aging in SAM/P-8 mice, we used a DNA array to compare the expression levels in the hippocampus of the brains from 16-week-old SAM/P-8 mice that were either treated or not treated with CCH. The most significant up-reg...

A single dose of c9,t11 or t10,c12 conjugated linoleic acid isomers perturbs vitamin A metabolism in mice

Nutrition Research — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that has numerous biologic activities. Previous studies in rodents demonstrated that chronic intake of CLA t10,c12 or CLA c9,t11 isomers perturbs the metabolism of retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives). Specifically, although both isomers increased liver retinoid levels, only CLA t10,c12 also stimulated hepatic retinol secretion into the bloodstream. Given that retinoid homeostasis in mammalian serum and tissues is crucial to maintain health, it is important to gain more insights into the mode of action of this nutrient-nutrient interaction. Here we hypothesized that an acute administration of either CLA isomer may also influence vitamin A metabolism. By gavaging wild-type and retinol-binding protein knockout mice...

Repeated ingestion of the leaf extract from Morus alba reduces insulin resistance in KK-Ay mice

Nutrition Research — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that repeated ingestion of diet containing the leaf extract from a Morus alba (LEM) maintains the postprandial hypoglycemic response and suppresses the progression of insulin resistance in high-sucrose diet–fed KK-Ay mice with spontaneous type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). This hypothesis is based on our previous studies where LEM competitively inhibited intestinal disaccharidases and suppressed the elevation of postprandial plasma glucose and insulin levels. Ten KK-Ay mice in each group were raised on 0%, 3%, or 6% LEM powder–containing high-sucrose diets for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected to measure fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels at weeks 2, 4, and 7 after the start of feeding. Urinary glucose excretion was monitore...

Modified resveratrol Longevinex improves endothelial function in adults with metabolic syndrome receiving standard treatment

Nutrition Research — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Resveratrol is known to improve endothelial function in animals, but little is known about its effect on human subjects. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors underlying endothelial dysfunction. We hypothesized that the modified resveratrol, Longevinex, improves endothelial function in patients with MetS. Thirty-four patients who had been treated for MetS and lifestyle-related disease were randomly assigned to group A, in which Longevinex was administered for 3 months and then discontinued for 3 months, whereas in the time-matched group B, Longevinex was administered between 3 and 6 months. These 2 groups of patients received similar drugs at baseline for diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, or hypertension. Flow-mediated dilatation significantly incre...

Combination of erythritol and fructose increases gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults

Nutrition Research — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Consumption of a large amount of dietary fructose induces gastrointestinal intolerance, and glucose has been known as an enhancer of fructose absorption. Erythritol is a nonglycemic sugar alcohol, and it has been suggested that erythritol is absorbed paracellularly. It was hypothesized that paracellular absorption of erythritol could also enhance paracellular absorption of fructose in healthy adults. This is one of the proposed pathways for how additional glucose enhances the absorption of fructose. Thirty-seven nondiabetic, healthy adults participated in a randomized, double-masked, controlled crossover study. After an overnight fast, participants consumed beverages containing either 50 g fructose and 50 g glucose, 50 g fructose and 33.3 g erythritol (an equimolar concentration ...

Selenium deficiency is associated with insulin resistance in patients with hepatitis C virus–related chronic liver disease

Nutrition Research — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The relationship between selenium (Se) deficiency and insulin resistance has not much been established in persistent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, although Se deficiency is often observed in patients with liver cirrhosis. We hypothesized that the decreased serum Se levels were associated with the severity of hepatic fibrosis or insulin resistance in patients with HCV-related chronic liver disease (CLD). To test the hypothesis, 52 patients with HCV-related CLD including chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis were enrolled in this study. The severity of hepatic fibrosis was divided into 4 categories (F1 through F4) according to the new Inuyama classification. Insulin resistance was defined by the homeostasis model for assessment of insulin resistance value. Serum Se levels sign...

Self-efficacy improves weight loss in overweight/obese postmenopausal women during a 6-month weight loss intervention

Nutrition Research — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

The objective was to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and subsequent weight loss during a 6-month weight loss intervention in 90 white early postmenopausal healthy women. We hypothesized that participants with higher self-efficacy scores, either at baseline or follow-up, would lose more weight than those with lower scores. Each participant received a balanced meal plan with reduced energy intake. Nutritional and behavioral sessions were provided every 2 weeks during the first 3 months. Weight and height were measured at baseline, every 2 weeks in the first 3 months, and at month 6. Three-day dietary and physical activity records and Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire were completed at the same intervals. At month 6, participants lost 3.6 ± 4.1 kg or 4.4% (mean ± SD) an...

Green tea extract supplementation gives protection against exercise-induced oxidative damage in healthy men

Nutrition Research — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, in previously untrained men, dietary supplementation with GTE (in combination with strength training) enhances the antioxidant defense system in plasma at rest and, in turn, may give protection against oxidative damage induced by both short-term muscular endurance test and long-term strength training. (Source: Nutrition Research)

The emerging evidence for vitamin D–mediated regulation of apolipoprotein A-I synthesis

Nutrition Research — Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular ischemia are leading causes of mortality in industrialized countries. The pathogenesis of these diseases involves the formation of atherosclerotic plaques with eventual rupture and superimposed thrombosis. This process is inhibited by high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the main protein component of which is apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I). Vitamin D3 is a hormone produced by sun-exposed skin but is acquired also in the diet. The Framingham Offspring Study and the Third National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey showed a link between vitamin D3 intake and cardiovascular risk factors. The link between 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and HDL cholesterol (HDLc) and apo A-I is not as clear. Studies in vitamin D receptor knockout mice demonstrated high...

Vitamin supplementation reduces the level of homocysteine in the urine of autistic children

Nutrition Research — Mon, 31 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

The authors thank Prof Kummer and Dr Horsányi for their interesting comments on our article “Vitamin supplementation reduces the level of homocysteine in the urine of autistic children” . We agree with their statements concerning the multifactorial etiology of children with autism and the necessity of a great prudence in the treatment of this serious disease. However, it must be emphasized that the supplementation of the diet of autistic children, based on our work, has been carried out in the professional center specializing in the diagnosis and therapy for autism—“Navicula” in Lodz, Poland, which does evaluate numerous children with autism. The therapy was carried out with a great care. In the case of children treated in Navicula, an improvement in most children was observed b...

Comments on “Vitamin supplementation reduces the level of homocysteine in the urine of autistic children”

Nutrition Research — Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

We read with great interest the article of Kałużna-Czaplińska et al titled “Vitamin supplementation reduces the level of homocysteine in the urine of autistic children” . The authors observed that oral supplementation with vitamins B6 and B12, together with folic acid, effectively reduced the levels of urinary homocysteine in autistic children. Then, they suggested that including those vitamins in the diet of children with autism can be beneficial. (Source: Nutrition Research)

Dietary methyl donor deficiency during pregnancy in rats shapes learning and anxiety in offspring

Nutrition Research — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Two important lines of research have enhanced our understanding of the molecular role of nutrition in influencing behavior. First, exposure to an adverse environment during early life can influence the long-term behavior of the offspring. Second, regulation of the nervous system development and functioning appears to involve epigenetic mechanisms that require a continuous supply of methyl group donors in food. We hypothesized that a maternal diet during pregnancy deficient in methyl donors (MDD) may lead to altered behavior in offspring through permanent changes in hippocampal DNA methylation. We used a rat model of prenatal dietary MDD to test this hypothesis in female offspring as they aged. Prenatal MDD reduced birth weight, litter size, and newborn viability. Aged female offs...

Astaxanthin inhibits thrombosis in cerebral vessels of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats

Nutrition Research — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: It is known that vitamin E and some carotenoids have antioxidant activities that alleviate endothelial dysfunction and play a protective role against cardiovascular disease. The current study was designed to examine the hypothesis that astaxanthin, a red pigment carotenoid found in salmonid and crustacean aquaculture, protects stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) from vascular oxidative damage, hypertension, and cerebral thrombosis. Male 6-week-old SHRSP were classified into 4 groups: a control group, 2 astaxanthin groups, and a vitamin E group. The treated animals were given either astaxanthin or vitamin E for 3 weeks. Body weights in each group were not significantly different from control group during the treatment period, but the usual increase in systolic blo...

Fresh and fresh lean pork are substantial sources of key nutrients when these products are consumed by adults in the United States

Nutrition Research — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Many fresh pork products, in particular, fresh lean pork products, are nutrient-dense sources of protein and several other nutrients. The purpose of this study was to estimate nutritional contributions of fresh and fresh lean pork to adults' diets in the United States. Mean total nutrient intakes by fresh and fresh lean pork consumers on a day of recall were compared with intakes by nonconsumers to test the hypothesis that overall nutrient intakes by consumers were comparable with or better as compared with intakes by nonconsumers. Intakes were assessed using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003 to 2006. Based on 1 day of dietary intake, 10% of adults consumed fresh pork, and 4% consumed fresh lean pork. Among consumers, fresh and fresh lean pork contributed ...

Soy milk and dairy consumption is independently associated with ultrasound attenuation of the heel bone among postmenopausal women: the Adventist Health Study–2

Nutrition Research — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Soy milk has become a popular substitute for dairy milk with important health claims. We hypothesized that soy milk, based on its nutrient composition, is comparable to dairy products and, therefore, beneficial for bone health. To test this hypothesis, we examined the benefit of soy milk and dairy products intake on bone health using broadband ultrasound attenuation of the calcaneus. Postmenopausal white women (n = 337) who had completed a lifestyle and dietary questionnaire at enrollment into the Adventist Health Study–2 had their calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation measured 2 years later. The association between osteoporosis (defined as a T-score (Source: Nutrition Research)

Nutrients from dairy foods are difficult to replace in diets of Americans: food pattern modeling and an analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006

Nutrition Research — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, although it is possible to meet calcium intake recommendations without consuming dairy foods, calcium replacement foods are not a nutritionally equivalent substitute for dairy foods and consumption of a calcium-equivalent amount of some nondairy foods is unrealistic. (Source: Nutrition Research)

Urbanization of black South African women may increase risk of low bone mass due to low vitamin D status, low calcium intake, and high bone turnover

Nutrition Research — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Globally, rural to urban migration is accompanied by changes in dietary patterns and lifestyle that have serious health implications, including development of low bone mass. We hypothesized that serum 25 (OH) vitamin D3 (25[OH]D3) levels will be lower, bone turnover higher, and nutrition inadequate in urban postmenopausal black women, increasing risk for low bone mass. We aimed to assess the prevalence of risk factors for low bone mass in 1261 black women from rural and urban areas in the North West Province of South Africa (Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology–South Africa project). Fasting blood samples were taken; and participants were interviewed to complete questionnaires on self-reported diseases, fractures, and dietary intakes. Bone health markers were assessed in a ...

Socioeconomic status and chronic child malnutrition: wealth and maternal education matter more in the Peruvian Andes than nationally

Nutrition Research — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

This study investigated the association of parents' socioeconomic status (SES) with child stunting in the Peruvian Andes and in Peru nationally. It was hypothesized that the relationship of SES to child stunting would be weaker in the Andean compared with the national sample. This is consistent with earlier research indicating that the relationship of SES to health may be weak in poor regions. The data were from the Demographic and Health Survey 2004 to 2006. Two samples of children 3 to 60 months old were compared: a national sample (n = 1426) and an Andean sample (n = 543). Malnutrition was measured using the indicator “stunting,” which is small stature for age. Socioeconomic status was measured using parental education, occupation, and household wealth index (WI). In both samples, S...

Tea flavan-3-ols as modulating factors in endoplasmic reticulum function

Nutrition Research — Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Regular green tea consumption has been shown to reduce the risk of cancer and diabetes mellitus. These effects are attributed to tea flavan-3-ols, especially to epigallocatechin gallate; however, the molecular targets and mechanisms of action are still subject of extensive research. The special roles of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in biotransformation, protein synthesis, calcium homeostasis, and glucose production make this organelle a potential target of the antitumor and antidiabetic effects of tea flavan-3-ols. The purpose of this review is to present evidence for the biologic actions of tea flavan-3-ols on specific ER targets associated with normal function and disease. Reactivation of chemical carcinogens can be reduced by tea flavan-3-ols through inhibition of glucuronid...

Silk peptides inhibit adipocyte differentiation through modulation of the Notch pathway in C3H10T1/2 cells

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Silk protein is a biocompatible material that has been used in many biotechnological applications and exhibits body fat–lowering effects. Recent studies have shown that silk peptides increase expression of osteogenic markers in osteoblast-like cells. Because osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation from common mesenchymal progenitor cells are inverse processes and often regulated reciprocally, we hypothesized that silk peptides might suppress adipocyte differentiation. We therefore endeavored to evaluate the effects of silk peptides on adipocyte differentiation in C3H10T1/2 cells. We find that silk peptides inhibit lipid accumulation and morphological differentiation in these cells. Molecular studies show that silk peptides block expression of adipocyte-specific genes such as ...

Omega-3 fatty acid deficiency selectively up-regulates delta6-desaturase expression and activity indices in rat liver: prevention by normalization of omega-3 fatty acid status

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

This study investigated the effects of perinatal dietary omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid depletion and subsequent repletion on the expression of genes that regulate long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in rat liver and brain. It was hypothesized that chronic n-3 fatty acid deficiency would increase liver Fads1 and Fads2 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression/activity and that n-3 fatty acid repletion would normalize this response. Adult rats fed the n-3–free diet during perinatal development exhibited significantly lower erythrocyte, liver, and frontal cortex LCn-3 fatty acid composition and reciprocal elevations in LC omega-6 (n-6) fatty acid composition compared with controls (CONs) and repleted rats. Liver Fads2, but not Fads1, Elovl2, or Elovl5, mRNA expression was significantly...

Adverse metabolic effects of a hypercaloric, high-fat diet in rodents precede observable changes in body weight

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

We examined the impact of HFD from weaning until 39 weeks (middle age) on the metabolism of male rats. At 7, 26, and 39 weeks, glucose tolerance tests were performed, a subset of animals was euthanized, and serum and tissues were collected. After 4 weeks, preceding increased body weight, HFD animals had increased intra-abdominal fat, triglycerides, and hyperglycemia. Hyperinsulinemia was insufficient to maintain normoglycemia, and beta cell mass and glucagon-like peptide 1 decreased over time in HFD and control animals. Despite lacking significant lipid abnormalities, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was evident by 39 weeks. Our HFD model demonstrated that significant metabolic abnormalities may go undetected by current standard screening such as weighing and biochemistry. (Source: Nutriti...

Rapid alteration in rat red blood cell copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase after marginal copper deficiency and repletion

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: There is increased incidence of human copper deficiency (CuD). A sensitive and reliable blood biomarker may reveal additional cases of marginal deficiency. Two experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS) would be a robust marker after marginal CuD. Experiment 1 used weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats that were offered a CuD diet for 4 weeks, and samples were evaluated after 1, 2, and 4 weeks and compared with copper-adequate (CuA) controls. Furthermore, iron-deficient rats were included for comparison after 2 weeks of depletion. Red blood cell and plasma cuproenzymes were evaluated through Western blot analysis. Superoxide dismutase (Sod1) and ceruloplasmin protein were found to be altered by both iron and CuD, whereas ...

Diet and nutrients are contributing factors that influence blood cadmium levels

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Studies suggested the intake of Cd from diet can be approximately equivalent to that from smoking. Moreover, a mutual metabolic influence between Cd and nutrients has been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between blood cadmium concentration (BCdC) and food consumption, nutrients intake (Ca, Fe, Zn, vitamin C, and vitamin D), tobacco smoking, and some other variables (age, body mass index, and residence) in 243 adults living in the Italian island of Sardinia (Sassari Province). Specifically, we hypothesized that offal consumption contributes to Cd intakes and blood levels. The BCdC was quantified by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, and information on personal data was collected through questionnaires. Smoke significantly contribu...

Optimizing dietary fat in a weight-loss trial requires advice based on a structured “whole-of-diet” model

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Dietary trials may link macronutrient intakes to health outcomes, but adherence to dietary targets requires advice based on an understanding of food composition and consumption patterns. Using data from a weight loss trial, we hypothesized that structured advice would be required for significant fat modification to occur. We compared participants' food choice patterns in response to advice based on a structured “whole-of-diet” model vs a general approach to healthy eating. Overweight participants (n = 122) were randomized to 2 advice arms (saturated fat [SFA] < 10% energy [E]): (1) general low fat (LF) control—(a) isoenergy, (b) −2000 kJ; and (2) structured LF high polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) (∼10% energy PUFA; PUFA to SFA ratio ≥1) (LF-PUFA)—(a) isoenergy, (b) −20...

One hundred percent orange juice consumption is associated with better diet quality, improved nutrient adequacy, and no increased risk for overweight/obesity in children

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the association of 100% orange juice (OJ) consumption by children 2 to 18 years of age (n = 7250) participating in the 2003 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with intakes of select nutrients, MyPyramid food groups, diet quality—measured by the Healthy Eating Index–2005, weight status, and associated risk factors. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the usual intake of 100% OJ consumption, selected nutrients, and MyPyramid food groups. Percentages of the population below the Estimated Average Requirement were determined. Covariate adjusted logistic regression was used to determine if consumers had a lower odds ratio of being overweight or obese. Usual per capita intake of 100% OJ was 1.7 oz/d...

The soluble fiber NUTRIOSE induces a dose-dependent beneficial impact on satiety over time in humans

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Strong evidence supports the ability of dietary fibers to improve satiety. However, large variations in the physical and chemical characteristics of dietary fiber modulate the physiologic responses. We hypothesized that a nonviscous soluble dietary fiber may influence satiety. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study in 100 overweight healthy adults in China investigated the effect of different dosages of dietary supplementation with a dextrin, NUTRIOSE (ROQUETTE frères, Lestrem, France), on short-term satiety over time. Subjects were randomized by body mass index and energy intake and then assigned to receive either placebo or 8, 14, 18, or 24 g/d of NUTRIOSE mixed with orange juice (n = 20 volunteers per group). On days −2, 0, 2, 5, 7, 14, and 21, sho...

A Mediterranean-style, low-glycemic-load diet reduces the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in mononuclear cells and plasma insulin in women with metabolic syndrome

Nutrition Research — Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, the observed reductions in plasma insulin may have affected the expression of a key regulatory gene of cholesterol synthesis, HMG-CoA reductase. The decreased HMG-CoA–reductase expression may be related to lower secretion of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)-cholesterol, which, in turn, would account for the reductions in LDL-C. (Source: Nutrition Research)

Ethnic differences in food sources of vitamin D in adolescent American girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study

Nutrition Research — Mon, 22 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study was a 10-year longitudinal study of the development of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors (including dietary, psychosocial, environmental, and others) in 2379 African American and white girls who were 9 or 10 years old at study entry. Current studies have documented a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency among healthy children, adolescents, and young adults in the United States, especially among low-income, black, and Hispanic children (defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of (Source: Nutrition Research)

Few favorable associations between fruit and vegetable intake and biomarkers for chronic disease risk in American adults

Nutrition Research — Wed, 17 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption on selected biomarkers for chronic disease risk. Although some associations were significant for FPG, HDL-C, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in some of the models, no trend was present. After adjusting for demographic factors, socioeconomic factors, lifestyle factors, body mass index, total energy intake, and the presence of at least 1 of our 5 predetermined comorbidities, no associations of reduced or increased risk were observed in any quartiles of combined fruit and vegetable intake. Fruit and vegetable intakes were weakly associated with an increased HDL-C level and decreased FPG, glycosylated hemoglobin, and C-reactive protein levels in some of the models; however, no associatio...

6-n-Propylthiouracil taster status not related to reported cruciferous vegetable intake among ethnically diverse children

Nutrition Research — Mon, 08 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

This study examined the relationship of PROP sensitivity to reported dietary intake across 3 days in 2 age groups of youth (9-10 and 17-18 years) while statistically controlling for physical activity, social desirability, and reporting bias. Cross-sectional design was used with a multiethnic (white, African American, Hispanic, etc) sample of 843 men and women. Children were recruited from and data were collected in local elementary and high schools that had at least 30% ethnic minority enrollment. Children providing nonplausible reports of dietary intake were deleted from the analyses. Body mass index was calculated and expressed in z scores. Energy intake and physical activity were measured by 3 telephone-conducted 24-hour dietary recalls with the Nutrient Data System for Research and 5 d...

Creatine does not promote hypertrophy in skeletal muscle in supplemented compared with nonsupplemented rats subjected to a similar workload

Nutrition Research — Mon, 01 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that creatine (Cr) supplementation may promote an additional hypertrophic effect on skeletal muscle independent of a higher workload on Cr-supplemented trained muscle compared with Cr-nonsupplemented trained muscle. Male Wistar rats (2-3 months old, 250-300 g) were divided randomly into 4 groups (n = 8 per group): nontrained without Cr supplementation (CO), nontrained with Cr supplementation (CR), trained without Cr supplementation (TR), and trained with Cr supplementation (TRCR). Creatine supplementation was given at 0.5 g/kg per day. Trained groups were submitted to a 5-week resistance training program (5 d/wk). The progressive workloads were similar between the Cr-supplemented (TRCR) and Cr-nonsupplemented (TR) trained group...

Soy protein–based compared with casein-based diets fed during pregnancy and lactation increase food intake and characteristics of metabolic syndrome less in female than male rat offspring

Nutrition Research — Mon, 01 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, S- compared with C-based American Institute of Nutrition–93 G diets consumed throughout gestation and lactation increased BW and FI later and resulted in fewer characteristics of metabolic syndrome in female than in male offspring. (Source: Nutrition Research)

Activation of Akt kinase accompanies increased cardiac resistance to ischemia/reperfusion in rats after short-term feeding with lard-based high-fat diet and increased sucrose intake

Nutrition Research — Mon, 01 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, feeding rats with HFS diet resulted in heart remodeling associated with activation of some adaptive mechanisms, which can contribute to modulation of myocardial resistance to I/R injury. (Source: Nutrition Research)

Tamm-Horsfall protein 1 macrophage lipid accumulation unaffected by fatty acid double-bond geometric or positional configuration

Nutrition Research — Mon, 01 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of using Tamm-Horsfall protein 1 (THP-1) macrophages as a model for human monocytes/macrophages to address this issue. Our hypothesis was that THP-1 macrophages pretreated with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or fatty acid containing a cis double bond would accumulate less lipid, particularly cholesteryl ester, compared with ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids or a fatty acid containing a trans double bond, respectively. THP-1 monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and then incubated with fatty acids for 48 hours. There was an increase in intracellular lipid in response to all the fatty acids assessed, and by response was similar among the fatty acids. The increase in lipid accumulation was contributed to triglyceride...

Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B5 used as a nutritional supplement, favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism in low– to moderate–cardiovascular risk North American subjects: a triple-blinded placebo and diet-controlled investigation

Nutrition Research — Mon, 01 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Abstract: Safety and efficacy of a biologically active derivative of vitamin B5 (pantethine) on total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) metabolism was studied in North American subjects at conventional low to moderate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. A total of 120 subjects initiated a therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) diet 4 weeks before randomization (baseline) and maintained the diet throughout a 16-week study period; at baseline, subjects were randomized in a triple-blinded manner to either pantethine (600 mg/d, baseline to week 8, and 900 mg/d, weeks 9-16) or identically labeled, nonbiologically active placebo (n = 60 per group). We hypothesized that pantethine would lower TC and low-density lipoprotein in low–CVD-risk North American subjects in a s...

Dietary pattern, nutritional density, and dietary quality were low in patients with cerebral infarction in Korea

Nutrition Research — Mon, 01 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, we found that Korean patients with CI had a comparatively worse diet quality. Therefore, we suggest active medical nutrition therapy for patients with CI in clinical settings to manage diet quality. (Source: Nutrition Research)

Blood leptin and C-reactive protein provide more sensitive assessment than blood lipids and other inflammatory biomarkers in overweight university students

Nutrition Research — Mon, 01 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, blood inflammatory biomarkers, especially leptin and CRP, provide a more sensitive and accurate assessment than blood cholesterol and triglyceride for overweight individuals in this population. Leptin, adiponectin, and CRP are sex-dependent inflammatory biomarkers. (Source: Nutrition Research)

Homocysteine homeostasis in the rat is maintained by compensatory changes in cystathionine β-synthase, betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase, and phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene transcription occurring in response to maternal protein and folic acid intake during pregnancy and fat intake after weaning