MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Nutrition Reviews' source. Wed, 08 Feb 2012 22:31:44 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5650521&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00472.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5650521 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5650521 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5650520&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00447.x The rise in obesity in many countries has led to the emergence of nutritional information policies that aim to change people's diets. Changing an individual's diet is an ambitious goal, since numerous factors influence a person's food‐choice decisions, many of which are made unconsciously. These frequently subconscious processes should not be underestimated in food‐choice behavior, as they play a major role in food diet composition. In this review, research in cognitive experimental psychology and neuroscience provides the basis for a critical analysis of the role of pleasure in eating behaviors. An assessment of the main characteristics of nutritional policies is provided, followed by recent findings showing that food choices are guided primarily by automatic emotional processes. Neur... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5650520 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5650520 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5650519&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00444.x This review considers the potential of certain dietary supplements, including garlic, Ginkgo biloba, ginger, ginseng, fish oil, and vitamin E, to interfere with hemostasis. Dietary supplements are common components of the diet in the United States, with about half the US adult population taking some type of dietary supplement regularly. It has been suggested that some supplements could adversely affect coagulation when taken alone or in combination with antiplatelet medications. Supplements could alter hemostasis by a variety of mechanisms, such as reducing platelet aggregation or inhibiting arachidonic acid, a cellular signaling messenger and inflammatory intermediate. To conduct this review, multiple databases were searched using a variety of search terms to ensure relevant papers were l... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5650519 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5650519 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5650518&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00457.x Pancreatic‐derived factor (PANDER) is a cytokine‐like protein that is highly expressed in pancreatic islets. In vitro, PANDER pretreatment or viral‐mediated overexpression promotes apoptosis of islet β cells. Under conditions of insulin resistance, chronic hyperglycemia potently activates PANDER expression and stimulates the cosecretion of insulin and PANDER in β cells. PANDER binds to the liver cell membrane and induces insulin resistance, resulting in increased gluconeogenesis. Recently, PANDER was found to be expressed in rodent and human liver, and its expression is increased in the liver of diabetic mice and rats. Hepatic overexpression of PANDER promotes lipogenesis in the liver and induces insulin resistance in C57BL/6 mice, whereas the inactivation of hepatic PANDER markedl... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5650518 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5650518 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5650517&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00459.x Eating outside of the home environment on a frequent basis has been associated with weight gain. Food choices when eating out are usually high in energy content, which contributes to excessive energy intake; however, the available data on out‐of‐home eating and obesity are far from conclusive. This systematic review assesses the association between out‐of‐home eating and body weight in adults over 18 years of age. The literature databases searched included Medline, Embase, Lilacs, The Cochrane Library, and the ISI Web of Knowledge. The review includes a comprehensive quality assessment of all included observational studies, 20 cross‐sectional studies, and 8 prospective cohort studies. All but one of the prospective cohort studies and about half of the cross‐sectional analyses f... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5650517 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5650517 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5650516&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00442.x This review provides a classification of public policies to promote healthier eating as well as a structured mapping of existing measures in Europe. Complete coverage of alternative policy types was ensured by complementing the review with a selection of major interventions from outside Europe. Under the auspices of the Seventh Framework Programme's Eatwell Project, funded by the European Commission, researchers from five countries reviewed a representative selection of policy actions based on scientific papers, policy documents, grey literature, government websites, other policy reviews, and interviews with policy‐makers. This work resulted in a list of 129 policy interventions, 121 of which were in Europe. For each type of policy, a critical review of its effectiveness was conducted, b... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5650516 Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5650516 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5562418&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00460.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5562418 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5562418 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5562417&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00453.x Sarcopenia is a multifactorial age‐related condition associated with a sedentary lifestyle and protein intakes during weight loss that are inadequate to maintain muscle mass. Sarcopenic obesity in the elderly is associated with a loss of independence and metabolic complications and represents a major public health challenge in individuals over the age of 65 years. It is likely that age‐related losses of muscle mass and coincident increases in fat mass could be reduced through regular resistance exercise combined with adequate protein intake to maintain muscle mass. It has been established that increased protein intake will maintain muscle mass during calorie‐restricted diets to a greater extent than usual protein intake. Other strategies, including the use of high‐protein meal repl... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5562417 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5562417 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5562416&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00440.x Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a constellation of progressive liver disorders that are closely related to obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance and may afflict over 70 million Americans. NAFLD may occur as relatively benign, nonprogressive liver steatosis, but in many individuals it may progress in severity to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma. No validated treatments currently exist for NAFLD except for weight loss, which has a poor long‐term success rate. Thus, dietary strategies that prevent the development of liver steatosis or its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are critically needed. Green tea is rich in polyphenolic catechins that have hypolipidemic, thermogenic, antioxidant, and anti‐inf... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5562416 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5562416 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5562415&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00451.x Osteoporosis is a medical condition that affects millions of men and women. People with this condition have low bone mass, which places them at increased risk for bone fracture after minor trauma. The surgeries and treatments required to repair and heal bone fractures involve long recovery periods and can be expensive. Because osteoporosis occurs frequently in the elderly, the financial burden it places on society is likely to be large. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration has approved several drugs for use in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. However, all of the currently available agents have severe side effects that limit their efficacy and underscore the urgent need for new treatment options. One promising approach is the development of alternative (nonpha... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5562415 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5562415 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5562414&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00456.x Decades ago, discussion of an impending global pandemic of obesity was thought of as heresy. But in the 1970s, diets began to shift towards increased reliance upon processed foods, increased away‐from‐home food intake, and increased use of edible oils and sugar‐sweetened beverages. Reductions in physical activity and increases in sedentary behavior began to be seen as well. The negative effects of these changes began to be recognized in the early 1990s, primarily in low‐ and middle‐income populations, but they did not become clearly acknowledged until diabetes, hypertension, and obesity began to dominate the globe. Now, rapid increases in the rates of obesity and overweight are widely documented, from urban and rural areas in the poorest countries of sub‐Saharan Africa and Sout... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5562414 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5562414 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5562413&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00458.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5562413 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5562413 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5562412&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00452.x This review evaluates the available evidence on the relationship between consumption of refined grains and health outcomes. A total of 135 relevant articles were identified from database searches of studies published between 2000 and 2010. The great majority found no associations between the intake of refined‐grain foods and cardiovascular disease, diabetes, weight gain, or overall mortality. A few studies found that very high intakes might be associated with some types of cancers, but at moderate levels of consumption the risks were not significant. The totality of evidence shows that consumption of up to 50% of all grain foods as refined‐grain foods (without high levels of added fat, sugar, or sodium) is not associated with any increased disease risk. Nonetheless, eating more whole�... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5562412 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5562412 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5470475&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00455.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5470475 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5470475 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5470474&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00446.x Obesity and smoking are important causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The diseases and conditions associated with smoking make tobacco use one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In the World Health Organization European region, overweight and obesity are responsible for many chronic diseases, causing more than one million deaths each year. Smoking cessation is associated with a significantly reduced mortality risk in every body‐mass‐index group. Reductions in smoking and obesity would increase both the psychophysical well‐being of the population and its economic productivity; it would also reduce the direct costs of pharmacological therapies and other forms of treatment. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate how tobacco smoking and obesity interact to reduc... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5470474 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5470474 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5470473&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00439.x A Mediterranean diet appears to have health benefits in many domains of human health, mediated perhaps by its anti‐inflammatory effects. Metabolism of fatty acids and subsequent eicosanoid production is a key mechanism by which a Mediterranean diet can exert anti‐inflammatory effects. Both dietary fatty acids and fatty acid metabolism determine fatty acid availability for cyclooxygenase‐ and lipoxygenase‐dependent production of eicosanoids, namely prostaglandins and leukotrienes. In dietary intervention studies and in observational studies of the Mediterranean diet, blood levels of fatty acids do reflect dietary intakes but are attenuated. Small differences in fatty acid levels, however, appear to be important, especially when exposures occur over long periods of time. This review ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5470473 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5470473 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5470472&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00423.x Glucose is transported across the cell membrane by two different types of glucose transporters: glucose‐facilitated transporters and sodium‐dependent glucose transport (SGLT) proteins. Regulation of SGLT activity (namely, inhibition of SGLT1 and SGLT2 activity and stimulation of SGLT3 activity) represents a potential means of managing hyperglycemia and diabetes, thus preventing complications of diabetes. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the role of SGLT proteins in the pathophysiology of diabetes and to describe the mechanisms by which these transporters may be used for glycemic control and the treatment of diabetes. The regulatory processes involved in SGLT‐mediated glucose uptake are also described briefly. This information provides new insight into the complementary... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5470472 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5470472 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5470471&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00437.x An international perspective of the magnitude of anemia in indigenous peoples is currently lacking. The present systematic review was performed to characterize the global prevalence, severity, and etiology of anemia in indigenous peoples by conducting a systematic search of original research published in English from 1996 to February 2010 using PubMed, Medline, and Embase. A total of 50 studies, representing the following 13 countries, met the inclusion criteria: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, the United States, and Venezuela. Results indicate major deficiencies in the coverage and quality of anemia monitoring data for indigenous populations worldwide. The burden of anemia is overwhelmingly higher among indigenous gro... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5470471 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5470471 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350023&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00450.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350023 Thu, 27 Oct 2011 03:09:20 +0100 5350023 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350022&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00443.x Amino acids function as precursors for de novo protein synthesis. In addition, however, they play a key role as nutritional signals that regulate multiple cellular processes. There is ample in vitro and in vivo evidence showing that muscle tissue responds to increases in amino acid availability via signal transduction pathways that are also regulated by insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and insulin growth factor 1. The increased amino acid availibility results in the upregulation of mRNA translation, thereby increasing muscle protein synthesis, which, in turn, leads to greater net muscle protein accretion. These findings have been particularly pronounced for the amino acid leucine. Furthermore, leucine has the ability to act as a strong insulin secretagogue. Consequently, it has been sugg... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350022 Thu, 27 Oct 2011 03:09:18 +0100 5350022 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350021&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00422.x The aim of the present review was to examine the existing literature on the effectiveness of economic incentives for producing sound nutritional behavior in schools. Studies published in the English‐language literature that included baseline and/or outcome data regarding food and beverage intake of schoolchildren were eligible for inclusion. A systematic search of the literature was conducted to identify relevant primary studies and relevant systematic reviews of primary studies. Altogether, 3,472 research publications were identified in the systematic search, of which 50 papers were retrieved. Of these, 30 publications representing 28 studies fulfilled the criteria for inclusion. The studies addressing price incentives suggest that such incentives are effective for altering consumption ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350021 Thu, 27 Oct 2011 03:09:17 +0100 5350021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350020&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00417.x The effects of alcohol consumption in adults are well described in the literature, while knowledge about the effects of alcohol consumption in children is more limited and less systematic. The present review shows how alcohol consumption may negatively influence the neurobiological and neurobehavioral development of humans. Three different periods of life have been considered: the prenatal term, childhood, and adolescence. For each period, evidence of the short‐term and long‐term effects of alcohol consumption, including neurodevelopmental effects and associations with subsequent alcohol abuse or dependence, is presented. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350020 Thu, 27 Oct 2011 03:09:15 +0100 5350020 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350019&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00445.x Recent findings suggest a significant association between the antioxidant status of pregnant women and of their children during the first years of life and the development of allergic disease during childhood. The aim of this review was to identify all studies that estimated the effect of intake of antioxidants in pregnant women and their children on the development of allergic disease during early childhood. A systematic review was conducted of epidemiological studies featuring original peer‐reviewed data on the association between dietary antioxidant status and allergic disease during childhood. A systematic search was performed following the Meta‐analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Guidelines. A comprehensive search of the literature yielded 225 studies, 18 of which we... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350019 Thu, 27 Oct 2011 03:09:13 +0100 5350019 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5287909&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00441.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5287909 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5287909 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5287908&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00425.x Nutritional factors such as vitamin intake contribute to the etiology of cleft palate. Vitamin A is a regulator of embryonic development. Excess vitamin A can cause congenital malformations such as spina bifida and cleft palate. Therefore, preventive nutritional strategies are required. This review identifies putative biological mechanisms underlying the association between maternal vitamin A intake and cleft palate. Excessive vitamin A may disturb all three stages of palatogenesis: 1) during shelf outgrowth, it may decrease cell proliferation and thus prevent tissue development; 2) it may prevent shelf elevation by affecting extracellular matrix composition and hydration; and 3) during shelf fusion, it may affect epithelial differentiation and apoptosis, which precludes the formation of a... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5287908 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5287908 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5287907&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00414.x In conclusion, dietary management can be an effective therapeutic means of increasing adiponectin levels. Studies investigating different forms of adiponectin and changes in the types of adipose tissue are necessary in order to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the modulation of adiponectin levels. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5287907 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5287907 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5287906&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00372.x Osteoporosis is a major health disorder associated with an increased risk of fracture. Nutrition is among the modifiable factors that influence the risk of osteoporosis and fracture. Calcium and vitamin D play important roles in improving bone mineral density and reducing the risk of fracture. Other vitamins appear to play a role in bone health as well. In this review, the findings of studies that related the intake and/or the status of vitamins other than vitamin D to bone health in animals and humans are summarized. Studies of vitamin A showed inconsistent results. Excessive, as well as insufficient, levels of retinol intake may be associated with compromised bone health. Deficiencies in vitamin B, along with the consequent elevated homocysteine level, are associated with bone loss, decr... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5287906 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5287906 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5287905&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00419.x Since many unplanned pregnancies occur while women are using oral contraceptives (OCs), it is important to understand the potential impact of these drugs on folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 status. Although a number of early studies concluded that OCs negatively impact folate status, the majority of these studies were conducted when the estrogen content of OCs was much higher. In addition, the interpretation of findings from many of these studies is problematic since no controls were included for potentially confounding factors. The presently available data do not support a conclusion that currently used OCs negatively impact folate status. In regard to vitamin B6, however, existing population‐based data do provide evidence that current low‐dose OCs may negatively impact vitamin B6 ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5287905 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5287905 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5287904&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00424.x Dietary intake of one‐carbon nutrients, particularly folate, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and choline have been linked to the risk of cancers of the colon and breast in both human and animal studies. More recently, experimental and epidemiological data have emerged to suggest that maternal intake of these nutrients during gestation may also have an impact on the risk of cancer in offspring later in life. Given the plasticity of DNA methylation in the developing embryo and the established role of one‐carbon metabolism in supporting biological methylation reactions, it is plausible that alterations in maternal one‐carbon nutrient availability might induce subtle epigenetic changes in the developing embryo and fetus that persist into later life, altering the risk of... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5287904 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5287904 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5185954&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00426.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5185954 Wed, 31 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5185954 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5185953&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00420.x Skeletal muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is regulated by a number of dietary factors, to include essential amino acids (EAAs). Leucine, a branched‐chain amino acid, has been identified as a stimulator of MPS in many cell culture and animal studies. However, whether supplemental leucine exerts a unique stimulatory effect, as compared to other EAAs, on muscle anabolism in humans has not been clearly demonstrated. A recent study found no improvement in resting MPS in adults who consumed a 10 g EAA supplement providing added leucine (3.5 g leucine) when compared to a control 10 g EAA supplement (1.8 g leucine). These findings suggest that added leucine is unnecessary for the stimulation of MPS when sufficient EAAs are provided; however, the study of supplemental leucine during conditi... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5185953 Wed, 31 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5185953 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5185952&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00412.x Increased interest in the potential societal benefit of incorporating health economics as a part of clinical translational science, particularly nutrition interventions, led the Office of Dietary Supplements at the National Institutes of Health to sponsor a conference to address key questions about the economic analysis of nutrition interventions to enhance communication among health economic methodologists, researchers, reimbursement policy makers, and regulators. Issues discussed included the state of the science, such as what health economic methods are currently used to judge the burden of illness, interventions, or healthcare policies, and what new research methodologies are available or needed to address knowledge and methodological gaps or barriers. Research applications included ex... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5185952 Wed, 31 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5185952 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5185951&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00413.x The objective of this review was to systematically assess the methodology and outcomes of studies reporting the prevalence of malnutrition in PD patients. Studies that attempted to classify participants with PD into nutritional risk and/or malnutrition categories using body mass index, weight change, anthropometric measures, and nutritional screening and assessment scores were included. The prevalence of malnutrition ranged from 0% to 24% in PD patients, while 3–60% of PD patients were reported to be at risk of malnutrition. There was a large degree of variation among studies in the methods chosen, the definition of malnutrition using those methods, and the detail in which the methodological protocols were reported. The true extent of malnutrition in the PD population has yet to be accur... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5185951 Wed, 31 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5185951 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5185950&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00390.x Metabolic syndrome is a condition characterized by a clustering of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Emerging data suggest vascular integrity is disrupted in metabolic syndrome. Vascular integrity may be determined using several measurements, including pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, and flow‐mediated dilation. Arterial stiffness has become an important clinical indicator of cardiovascular disease risk. Several circulating inflammatory peptides also impact vascular integrity. The present review examines the efficacy of nutritional interventions aimed at improving vascular integrity and reducing levels of associated inflammatory peptides in individuals with metabolic syndrome, with a specific focus on the effect of dietary macronutrient redistribution on these factors. (So... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5185950 Wed, 31 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5185950 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5185949&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00415.x Fish and shellfish are widely available foods that provide important nutrients, particularly n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFAs), to many populations globally. These nutrients, especially docosahexaenoic acid, confer benefits to brain and visual system development in infants and reduce risks of certain forms of heart disease in adults. However, fish and shellfish can also be a major source of methylmercury (MeHg), a known neurotoxicant that is particularly harmful to fetal brain development. This review documents the latest knowledge on the risks and benefits of seafood consumption for perinatal development of infants. It is possible to choose fish species that are both high in n‐3 PUFAs and low in MeHg. A framework for providing dietary advice for women of childbearing age o... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5185949 Wed, 31 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5185949 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065290&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00421.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065290 Wed, 27 Jul 2011 04:33:33 +0100 5065290 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065289&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00411.x Refined carbohydrates, such as white rice and white flour, are the mainstay of the modern Asian Indian diet, and may contribute to the rising incidence of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in this population. Prior to the 1950s, whole grains such as amaranth, barley, brown rice, millet, and sorghum were more commonly used in Asian Indian cooking. These grains and other non‐Indian grains such as couscous, quinoa, and spelt are nutritionally advantageous and may be culturally acceptable carbohydrate substitutes for Asian Indians. This review focuses on practical recommendations for culturally sensitive carbohydrate modification in a modern Asian Indian diet to reduce type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in this population. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065289 Wed, 27 Jul 2011 04:33:31 +0100 5065289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065288&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00406.x Aboriginal populations living above the Arctic Circle are at particularly high risk of vitamin D deficiency due to limited ultraviolet B exposure (related to geographic latitude) and inadequate dietary intake (recently related to decreased traditional food consumption). Major changes in diet and lifestyle over the past 50 years in these populations have coincided with increased prevalence rates of rickets, cancer, diabetes, and obesity, each of which may be associated with vitamin D inadequacy. This review examines the risk factors for vitamin D inadequacy, the associations between vitamin D and disease risk at high geographic latitudes, and the recommendations for improving vitamin D status particularly among aboriginal Arctic populations. Traditional foods, such as fatty fish and marine ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065288 Wed, 27 Jul 2011 04:33:30 +0100 5065288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065287&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00407.x Early childhood is an important nutritional period that involves the transition from a milk‐based diet to ordinary foods. A systematic review was conducted of studies that applied whole‐of‐diet analysis of children aged 1−5 years to examine associations between diet and nutrition, health, and development. Literature searches identified 40 articles using dietary indices, principal component analysis, or cluster analysis. Reports that applied indices (n = 23, 18 indices) were cross‐sectional, and most measured diet quality or variety. Articles reporting principal component or cluster analyses (n = 17) described between two and six dietary patterns, and most identified healthy, unhealthy, and traditional patterns. In cross‐sectional analyses, mixed associations were found ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065287 Wed, 27 Jul 2011 04:33:29 +0100 5065287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065286&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00400.x Many clinical studies have been carried out to determine the health benefits of soy protein and the isoflavones contained in soy. S‐equol is not present in soybeans but is produced naturally in the gut of certain individuals, particularly Asians, by the bacterial biotransformation of daidzein, a soy isoflavone. In those intervention studies in which plasma S‐equol levels were determined, a concentration of >5–10 ng/mL has been associated with a positive outcome for vasomotor symptoms, osteoporosis (as measured by an increase in bone mineral density), prostate cancer, and the cardiovascular risk biomarkers low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and C‐reactive protein. These studies suggest that S‐equol may provide therapeutic benefits for a number of medical needs. (Source: ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065286 Wed, 27 Jul 2011 04:33:28 +0100 5065286 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5065285&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00403.x Based on the fact that energy content in 1 gram of alcohol is 29 kJ or 7.1 kcal, alcohol consumption can lead to weight gain. The present review was conducted to analyze the effects of alcohol consumption on body weight. A search of the Medline database for the period 1984 to March 2010 was conducted to identify cross‐sectional, prospective cohort studies and intervention trials investigating the relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk of weight gain. Thirty‐one publications were selected on the basis of relevance and quality of design and methods. The findings from large cross‐sectional studies as well as from well‐powered, prospective, cohort studies with long periods of follow‐up were contradictory. Findings from short‐term experimental trials also did not ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5065285 Wed, 27 Jul 2011 04:33:27 +0100 5065285 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5001676&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00416.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5001676 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5001676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5001675&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00405.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5001675 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5001675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5001674&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00404.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5001674 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5001674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5001673&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00410.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5001673 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5001673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4987705&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00385.x Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioral disorders in children. Symptoms of ADHD include hyperactivity, low frustration tolerance, impulsivity, and inattention. While the biological pathways leading to ADHD are not clearly delineated, a number of genetic and environmental risk factors for the disorder are recognized. In the early 1970s, research conducted by Dr. Benjamin Feingold found that when hyperactive children were given a diet free of artificial food additives and dyes, symptoms of hyperactivity were reduced. While some clinical studies supported these findings, more rigorous empirical studies conducted over the next 20 years were less positive. As a result, research on the role of food additives in contributing to ADHD waned. In recent ye... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4987705 Wed, 29 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4987705 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4987704&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00399.x Inflammation is a strong risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Dietary plant sterols are known to reduce plasma cholesterol levels and thereby reduce cardiovascular risk. Recent observations from animal and human studies have demonstrated anti‐inflammatory effects of phytosterols. For example, several animal and human studies report reductions in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including C‐reactive protein, after consumption of dietary plant sterols. Although the cholesterol‐lowering effects of phytosterols in humans are well documented, studies on the effects of phytosterols on inflammatory markers have produced inconsistent results. This review summarizes and discusses findings from recent animal and human studies with regard to the potential anti‐inflammatory effects ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4987704 Wed, 29 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4987704 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4987703&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00402.x Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host when administered in appropriate amounts. Over 700 randomized, controlled, human studies have been conducted with probiotics thus far, with the results providing strong support for the use of probiotics in the clinical prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal tract disorders and metabolic syndrome. The present review is based on webinar presentations that were developed by the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) in partnership with the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) and the North American branch of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI North America). The presentations provided gastroenterologists and researchers with fundamental and current scient... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4987703 Wed, 29 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4987703 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4987702&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00408.x This article reviews the history and process for developing the DGA, including the incorporation of sophisticated and systematic techniques for reviewing emerging evidence. It also explores issues related to implementation of the guidelines through federal policy, the food supply, and consumer knowledge and behavior. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4987702 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4987702 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4897217&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00395.x Transcellular models of dietary Ca2+ absorption by the intestine assign essential roles to TRPV6 and calbindin‐D9K. However, studies with gene‐knockout mice challenge this view; something fundamental is missing. The L‐type channel Cav1.3 is located in the apical membrane from the duodenum to the ileum. In perfused rat jejunum in vivo and in Caco‐2 cells, Cav1.3 mediates sodium glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1)‐dependent and prolactin‐induced active, transcellular Ca2+ absorption, respectively. TRPV6 is activated by hyperpolarization and is vitamin D dependent; in contrast, Cav1.3 is activated by depolarization and is independent of calbindin‐D9K and vitamin D. This review considers evidence supporting the idea that Cav1.3 and TRPV6 have complementary roles in the regulation of in... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4897217 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4897217 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4887335&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00409.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4887335 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4887335 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4887334&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00397.x In conclusion, the evidence from randomized clinical trials suggests calcium supplementation generates small, statistically significant weight loss in overweight and obese individuals, but the clinical relevance of this finding is uncertain. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4887334 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4887334 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4887333&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00392.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4887333 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4887333 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4887332&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00396.x The history of food provision at the summer Olympic Games (OG) over the past century (1896–2008) provides insight into the evolution of sports nutrition research and the dietary strategies of athletes. Early research favoring protein as the main fuel for exercise was reflected in OG menus from 1932 to 1968. Despite conclusive research from the 1960s demonstrating the clear benefit of carbohydrate on exercise performance, a specific emphasis on carbohydrate‐rich foods was not noted until the 1970s. Athlete food preferences and catering complexity evolved rapidly between 1970 and 2000, driven predominantly by a dramatic expansion of the OG and the emergence of systematic sports nutrition research. Nutritional advice by experts and sponsorship by food companies became increasingly importa... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4887332 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4887332 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4887331&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00394.x Emerging evidence reveals that pattern‐recognition receptors (PRRs), Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain proteins (NODs) mediate both infection‐induced and sterile inflammation by recognizing pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and endogenous molecules, respectively. PRR‐mediated chronic inflammation is a determinant for the development and progression of chronic diseases including cancer, atherosclerosis, and insulin resistance. Recent studies demonstrated that certain phytochemicals inhibit PRR‐mediated pro‐inflammation. Curcumin, helenalin, and cinnamaldehyde with α, β‐unsaturated carbonyl groups, or sulforaphane with an isothiocyanate group, inhibit TLR4 activation by interfering with cysteine residue‐mediated receptor dime... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4887331 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4887331 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4887330&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00401.x Elevated total and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels are considered major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Oat β‐glucan, a soluble dietary fiber that is found in the endosperm cell walls of oats, has generated considerable interest due to its cholesterol‐lowering properties. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a health claim for β‐glucan soluble fiber from oats for reducing plasma cholesterol levels and risk of heart disease in 1997. Similarly, in 2004 the United Kingdom Joint Health Claims Initiative (JHCI) allowed a cholesterol‐lowering health claim for oat β‐glucan. The present review aims to investigate if results from more recent studies are consistent with the original conclusions reached by the FDA and JHCI. Results of ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4887330 Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4887330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4749872&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00398.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4749872 Tue, 26 Apr 2011 17:48:00 +0100 4749872 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4749871&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00393.x The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to climb in many parts of the globe in association with the rise in obesity. Although the latter is clearly a predominant factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, other modifiable lifestyle factors such as exercise, alcohol consumption, smoking, and certain nutritional factors, such as vitamin D deficiency, are also believed to play a role. In contrast to the findings of observational studies, information pooled from vitamin D intervention trials lack conclusive evidence in support of vitamin D supplementation and changes in diabetes risk or measures of glucose intolerance, although an effect on insulin resistance may exist. Well‐designed trials that focus on intermediate biomarkers of diabetes risk in response to increased vitam... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4749871 Tue, 26 Apr 2011 17:48:00 +0100 4749871 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4749870&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00387.x Propionyl‐L‐carnitine (PLC) is a naturally occurring derivative of carnitine that plays an important role in the metabolism of both carbohydrates and lipids, leading to an increase of ATP generation. PLC, however, is not only a metabolic drug; it is also a potent antiradical agent and thus may protect tissues from oxidative damage. PLC has been demonstrated to exert a protective effect in different models of both cardiac and endothelial dysfunction, to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis, and, more recently, to improve some of the cardiometabolic alterations that frequently accompany insulin resistance. As a result, most of the clinical trials conducted in humans highlight PLC as a potential treatment option in cardiovascular diseases such as peripheral arterial disease, chronic... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4749870 Tue, 26 Apr 2011 17:47:59 +0100 4749870 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4749869&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00389.x Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) set by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) are important, in part because they are used for estimating the percentage of the population at potential risk of adverse effects from excessive nutrient intake. The IOM did not set ULs for trans fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol because any intake level above 0% of energy increased LDL cholesterol concentration and these three food components are unavoidable in ordinary diets. The purpose of the analysis presented in this review was to evaluate clinical trial and prospective observational data that were not previously considered for setting a UL with the aim of determining whether the current UL model could be used for saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol. The results of this analysis confirm the limitations... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4749869 Tue, 26 Apr 2011 17:47:58 +0100 4749869 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4749868&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00386.x Several studies have documented the impact of vitamin D and other micronutrients on host responses to upper and lower respiratory tract infections, such as influenza and tuberculosis. These studies include observational as well as micronutrient intervention studies. Other studies have been conducted to understand the mechanisms by which micronutrients alter immune responses. However, critical information gaps and challenges remain. An immediate need exists for randomized controlled trials of vitamin D supplementation in high‐risk populations, such as infants, children, and patients with immunocompromised health. Other important areas of research include vitamin D genetics, the impact of other micronutrient deficiencies on innate and adaptive immunity, the 25(OH)D threshold for insufficie... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4749868 Tue, 26 Apr 2011 17:47:58 +0100 4749868 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4749867&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00388.x Propionate is a major microbial fermentation metabolite in the human gut with putative health effects that extend beyond the gut epithelium. Propionate is thought to lower lipogenesis, serum cholesterol levels, and carcinogenesis in other tissues. Steering microbial propionate production through diet could therefore be a potent strategy to increase health effects from microbial carbohydrate fermentation. The present review first discusses the two main propionate‐production pathways and provides an extended gene‐based list of microorganisms with the potential to produce propionate. Second, it evaluates the promising potential of arabinoxylan, polydextrose, and L‐rhamnose to act as substrates to increase microbial propionate. Third, given the complexity of the gut microbiota, propionat... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4749867 Tue, 26 Apr 2011 17:47:57 +0100 4749867 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4666451&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00391.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4666451 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4666451 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4666450&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00379.x A precise understanding of the role of dietary protein in bone health has been evasive despite decades of research. It is known that a dietary acid load is harmful to bone, and sulfur‐containing amino acids are metabolized to provide such an acid load. It is also known that protein elevates urine calcium loss. However, recent clinical studies and a meta‐analysis have indicated either no effect or a modest benefit associated with higher protein intakes. These contradictory considerations may be explained by the existence of a two‐faced relationship between protein and bone, with simultaneous positive and negative pathways. In opposition to the negative effects of dietary acid load, protein may exert positive effects related to improving calcium absorption, increasing insulin‐like gr... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4666450 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4666450 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4666449&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00381.x Numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been undertaken to determine whether supplementation with long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in infancy would improve the developmental outcomes of term infants. The results of such trials have been thoroughly reviewed with no definitive conclusion as to the efficacy of LCPUFA supplementation. A number of reasons for the lack of conclusive findings in this area have been proposed. This review examines such factors with the aim of determining whether an optimal method of investigation for RCTs of LCPUFA supplementation in term infants can be ascertained from previous research. While more research is required to completely inform a method that is likely to achieve definitive results, the findings of this literature review indi... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4666449 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4666449 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4666448&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00378.x Micronutrient deficiencies compromise the health and development of many school‐age children worldwide. Previous research suggests that micronutrient interventions might benefit the health and development of school‐age children and that multiple micronutrients might be more effective than single micronutrients. Fortification of food is a practical way to provide extra micronutrients to children. Earlier reviews of (multiple) micronutrient interventions in school‐age children did not distinguish between supplementation or fortification studies. The present review includes studies that tested the impact of multiple micronutrients provided via fortification on the micronutrient status, growth, health, and cognitive development of schoolchildren. Twelve eligible studies were identified. ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4666448 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4666448 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4666447&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00383.x Diet plays a seminal role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Consumption of tree nuts has been shown to reduce low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), a primary target for coronary disease prevention, by 3–19%. Almonds have been found to have a consistent LDL‐C‐lowering effect in healthy individuals, and in individuals with high cholesterol and diabetes, in both controlled and free‐living settings. Almonds are low in saturated fatty acids, rich in unsaturated fatty acids, and contain fiber, phytosterols, and plant protein. Other cardioprotective nutrients unique to almonds include α‐tocopherol, arginine, magnesium, copper, manganese, calcium, and potassium. Mechanisms responsible for the LDL‐C reduction observed with almond consumption are like... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4666447 Thu, 31 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4666447 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4533821&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00382.x Considerable epidemiologic evidence links consuming lower glycemic index (GI) diets with good health, particularly upon aging. The GI is a kinetic parameter that reflects the ability of carbohydrate (CHO) contained in consumed foods to raise blood glucose in vivo. Newer nutritional, clinical, and experimental data link intake of lower dietary GI foods to favorable outcomes of chronic diseases, and compel further examination of the record. Based upon the new information there are two specific questions: 1) should the GI concept be promoted as a way to prolong health, and 2) should food labels contain GI information? Further, what are the remaining concerns about methodological issues and consistency of epidemiological data and clinical trials that need to be resolved in order to exploit the... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4533821 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4533821 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4509005&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00384.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4509005 Wed, 23 Feb 2011 19:33:00 +0100 4509005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4509004&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00377.x This study also found that tocopherols dramatically enhanced adiponectin expression and that this effect was mediated through a PPARγ‐dependent process. These findings illustrate a possible mechanistic link between vitamin E and insulin sensitivity. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4509004 Wed, 23 Feb 2011 19:32:58 +0100 4509004 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4479430&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00376.x This article reviews possible biological mechanisms of action of CLA on bone metabolism, focusing on modulation of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma activity to steer mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward an adipose and away from an osteoblast lineage. Clinical studies of the effects of CLA on bone mass and clinical implications of the effects of CLA on bone health in humans are summarized and discussed. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4479430 Mon, 14 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4479430 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4479429&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00373.x Calorie restriction (CR)‐induced weight loss has been shown to lower the risk of chronic disease in obese individuals. Although the mechanisms that link weight loss to disease risk reduction remain unclear, evidence suggests adipokines may play a role. What has yet to be determined, however, is the dose‐response effect of body weight loss and visceral fat mass loss on adipokines. Accordingly, this review examines how varying degrees of CR‐induced weight loss (i.e., >10%, 5–10%, and <5% from baseline) impact plasma levels and expression of adiponectin, leptin, resistin, interleukin 6 (IL‐6), interleukin 8 (IL‐8), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP‐1), and retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP‐4). The dose‐response relationship between visceral fat mass loss and adipokine... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4479429 Mon, 14 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4479429 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4479428&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00374.x Undernutrition still affects mothers and children in developing countries and thus remains the major focus of nutritional intervention efforts. Neuronal development, which classically includes neurogenesis, migration, maturation, and synapse refinement, begins in utero and continues into the early postnatal period. These processes are not only genetically regulated but also clearly susceptible to environmental manipulation. Dietary deprivation during early life is known to have adverse effects on brain anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry, and may even lead to permanent brain damage. Although all nutrients are important for the structural development of the central nervous system, lipids such as long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n‐3) and ara... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4479428 Mon, 14 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4479428 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4479427&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2011.00380.x Type 2 diabetic patients are at high risk of bone fractures even if their bone mineral density is normal or high. This is likely explained by poor bone quality and extraskeletal factors. The present review was conducted to provide an overview of the currently available preclinical and clinical evidence on the effect of vitamin K2 on bone quality in persons with type 2 diabetes. Vitamin K2 stimulates γ‐carboxylation of osteocalcin and can increase bone formation through steroid and xenobiotic receptors. Clinical studies of type 2 diabetic patients have shown detrimental collagen cross‐links in bone; low serum insulin‐like growth factor‐I and osteocalcin concentration are associated with an increased risk of fractures. A therapeutic strategy for preventing fractures in type 2 diabet... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4479427 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4479427 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4443274&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00375.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4443274 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4443274 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4443273&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00367.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4443273 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4443273 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4443272&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00366.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4443272 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4443272 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4443271&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00368.x Oats in a gluten‐free diet increase the diet's nutritional value, but their use remains controversial. Contamination with prolamins of other cereals is frequent, and some clinical and experimental studies support the view that a subgroup of celiac patients may be intolerant to pure oats. Thus, this issue is more complex than previously suggested. In order to produce oats that are safe for all celiac patients, the following topics should be addressed: selection of oat cultivars with low avenin content, research on such recombinant varieties of oats, development of assay methods to detect avenins in oat products, guidelines for the agricultural processing of oats and the manufacture of oat products, as well as guidelines for following up with celiac patients who consume oats. (Source: Nutr... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4443271 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4443271 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4443270&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00365.x Energy homeostasis is regulated by twin factors, energy intake and energy expenditure. Obesity arises when these two factors are out of balance. Recently, the microflora residing in the human gut has been found to be one of the influential factors disturbing energy balance. Recent interest in this field has led to use of the term “gut microbiome” to describe the genomes of trillions of microbes residing in the gut. Metagenomic studies have shown that the human gut microbiome facilitates fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates to short‐chain fatty acids that provide excess energy to the body, thus contributing to the obese phenotype. Alteration in the ratio of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes drives a change in fermentation patterns that could explain weight gain. Therefore, changes in... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4443270 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4443270 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4443269&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00369.x School feeding programs (SFPs) are intended to alleviate short‐term hunger, improve nutrition and cognition of children, and transfer income to families. The present review explores the impact of SFPs on nutritional, health, and educational outcomes of school‐aged children in developing countries. Peer‐reviewed journal articles and reviews published in the past 20 years were identified and screened for inclusion. Analysis of the articles revealed relatively consistent positive effects of school feeding in its different modalities on energy intake, micronutrient status, school enrollment, and attendance of the children participating in SFPs compared to non‐participants. However, the positive impact of school feeding on growth, cognition, and academic achievement of school‐aged chi... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4443269 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4443269 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4443268&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00370.x Early postnatal nutrition is a vital determinant of adult health; this is particularly true for the infant born prematurely and cared for in a hospital setting such as the neonatal intensive care unit. Human and animal studies support the contribution of postnatal dietary composition and the rate of extrauterine growth to long‐term metabolic outcomes. One mechanism by which postnatal nutrition affects long‐term outcome is via developmental programming. Programming, or the modulation of gene expression to impart a short‐term advantage accompanied by a long‐term cost, may be achieved by epigenetic modifications to chromatin. This review summarizes the details of postnatal nutritional content and rate of growth on the development of metabolic disease. The role of epigenetics in develo... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4443268 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4443268 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4346590&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00363.x Mitochondria exert crucial physiological functions that create complex links among nutrition, health, and disease. While mitochondrial dysfunction with subsequent impairment of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is the hallmark of the rare inherited OXPHOS diseases, OXPHOS dysfunction also plays a central role in the pathophysiology of common conditions such as type 2 diabetes and various neurodegenerative disorders. Dietary interventions, especially calorie restriction, have been shown to improve the course of these diseases and to extend the lifespan. Few data are available on the impact of nutraceuticals (macronutrients, vitamins, and cofactors) on primary inherited OXPHOS diseases. This review presents recent knowledge about the impact of nutritional modulation on mitochondria and life... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4346590 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4346590 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4306679&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00364.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4306679 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4306679 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4306678&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00361.x Understanding why we eat and the motivational factors driving food choices is important for addressing the epidemics of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Eating behavior is a complex interplay of physiological, psychological, social, and genetic factors that influence meal timing, quantity of food intake, and food preference. Reviewed here is the current and emerging knowledge of the genetic influences on eating behavior and how these relate to obesity; particular emphasis is placed on the genetics of taste, meal size, and selection, and the emerging use of functional magnetic resonance imaging to study neural reactions in response to food stimuli in normal, overweight, and obese individuals. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4306678 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4306678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4306677&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00360.x Silicon is an essential element for some lower forms of life. However, it is not generally considered an essential nutrient for mammals and the mechanisms underlying its potential essentiality remain partially unknown. In recent years, a possible association between the aluminum and silicon levels in drinking water and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been suggested. It has been reported that silicon might have a protective effect for limiting oral aluminum absorption. This review is focused primarily on the potential role of silicon in preventing oral aluminum absorption and retention in mammals. The results of a number of studies suggest that dietary silicon supplementation could be of therapeutic value for preventing chronic aluminum accumulation in the brain, and hence, be a potential ther... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4306677 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4306677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4306676&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00362.x Malaria induced by Plasmodium falciparum is a major cause of mortality. P. falciparum has the ability to use host plasma folate as its primary folate source. Folate is a cofactor needed for both malaria parasite growth and host erythrocyte production. This review examines the possible impairment of the folate‐mediated one‐carbon metabolism pathway as a result of P. falciparum malaria infection during pregnancy. Folate deficiency during malaria infection is presented, with an emphasis on the controversy regarding the decrease of plasma or erythrocyte folate secondary to malaria. Maternal folate deficiency increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Functional folate deficiency and/or increased plasma homocysteine levels during pregnancy of infected women in areas endemic for malar... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4306676 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4306676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4306675&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00357.x Epidemiological and animal data show associations between whole grain and dietary fiber intakes and disease risk reduction. Dietary fiber can be considered a “black box” since its molecular structure can vary significantly. Limited data are available linking the health effects of dietary fiber to certain molecular structures. The present review was conducted to examine the existing knowledge of structure/effect relationships with a focus on human intervention studies that examined the relationships between the molecular structure of cereal dietary fiber and both the blood glucose and insulin responses and gut health. An extensive search of the existing literature was conducted using the PubMed database for the period 1993–2008. Of 48 publications originally identified using the searc... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4306675 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4306675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4306674&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00358.x Dietary fiber is a nutritional concept based not on physiological functions but on defined chemical and physical properties. Recent definitions of dietary fiber differentiate inherent plant cell wall‐associated fiber from isolated or synthetic fiber. For the latter to be defined as fiber, beneficial physiological effects should be demonstrated, such as laxative effects, fermentability, attenuation of blood cholesterol levels, or postprandial glucose response. Grain fibers are a major natural source of dietary fiber worldwide, while inulin, a soluble indigestible fructose polymer isolated from chicory, and polydextrose, a synthetic indigestible glucose polymer, have more simple structures. Inulin and polydextrose show many of the same functionalities of grain fiber in the large intestine,... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4306674 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4306674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4306673&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00359.x Several studies in very‐low‐birth‐weight (VLBW) infants have investigated the effect of parenteral or enteral glutamine supplementation on morbidity, mortality, and outcome in the neonatal period. No evidence of toxicity of glutamine supplementation was found in these clinical trials, but the results for efficacy on a limited number of outcomes have been mixed. The use of glutamine supplementation in VLBW infants has not become routine. Some authors suggest that further study in this area is no longer warranted. In this review, more recent research in the area of glutamine supplementation is described, which suggests additional studies are warranted. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4306673 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4306673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4306672&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00371.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4306672 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4306672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4193678&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00355.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4193678 Wed, 24 Nov 2010 08:37:44 +0100 4193678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4193677&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00342.x A literature review was conducted to investigate the status of vitamins and minerals in children with cerebral palsy and the implications of various deficiencies on health outcomes. Children with cerebral palsy commonly have feeding difficulties, which significantly impact their growth, general health, and life expectancy. Current nutritional literature focuses on energy expenditure, with little information available on other parameters, such as micronutrient status. Due to the paucity of micronutrient research in these children, the impacts of deficiencies and benefits in other populations have been considered. The role of micronutrients in maintaining cellular homeostasis throughout all body systems highlights a need for future research and monitoring of their levels, particularly in vul... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4193677 Wed, 24 Nov 2010 08:37:43 +0100 4193677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4193676&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00341.x The incidence of obesity is increasing worldwide and is hence considered a major public health concern. Obesity underlies the development of several metabolic complications including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and inflammation. Research on ways to slow the development of obesity have traditionally focused on dietary and lifestyle modifications such as restricting caloric intake and increasing physical activity. An area that has recently aroused considerable research interest is investigating the potential role of spices, particularly the Asian spice turmeric, for combating obesity. Curcumin is the active ingredient in turmeric. Evidence suggests curcumin may regulate lipid metabolism, which plays a central role in the development of obesity and its complications. The present review... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4193676 Wed, 24 Nov 2010 08:37:43 +0100 4193676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4193675&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00336.x Microglial cells, which are resident macrophages in the central nervous system, are “primed” in the aged brain and are hypersensitive to messages emerging from immune‐to‐brain signaling pathways. Thus, in elderly individuals who have an infection, microglia overreact to signals from the peripheral immune system and produce excessive levels of cytokines, causing behavioral pathology including serious deficits in cognition. Importantly, recent studies indicate dietary flavonoids have anti‐inflammatory properties and are capable of mitigating microglial cells in the brains of aged mice. Thus, dietary or supplemental flavonoids and other bioactive agents have the potential to restore the population of microglial cells in the elderly brain to its youthful state. This review briefly de... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4193675 Wed, 24 Nov 2010 08:37:42 +0100 4193675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4193674&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00340.x The numbers of marketing claims and food, beverage, and drug products claiming to increase mental energy have risen rapidly, thus increasing the need for scientific specificity in marketing and food label claims. Mental energy is a three‐dimensional construct consisting of mood (transient feelings about the presence of fatigue or energy), motivation (determination and enthusiasm), and cognition (sustained attention and vigilance). The present review focuses on four dietary constituents/supplements (Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, glucose, and omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids) to illustrate the current state of the literature on dietary constituents and mental energy. The strongest evidence suggests effects of Ginkgo biloba on certain aspects of mood and on attention in healthy subjects, as ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4193674 Wed, 24 Nov 2010 08:37:42 +0100 4193674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4083881&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00354.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4083881 Wed, 20 Oct 2010 16:15:57 +0100 4083881 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4083880&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00323.x All‐trans (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4083880 Wed, 20 Oct 2010 16:15:56 +0100 4083880 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4083879&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00338.x Nutritional rickets has long been considered a disease caused by vitamin D deficiency, but recent data indicate that inadequate dietary calcium intake is an important cause of rickets, particularly in tropical countries. Children with rickets due to calcium deficiency do not have very low 25(OH)D concentrations, and serum 1,25(OH)2 (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4083879 Wed, 20 Oct 2010 16:15:56 +0100 4083879 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4083878&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00337.x HIV infection is a global disease that disproportionately burdens populations with nutritional vulnerabilities. Laboratory experiments have shown that selenium has an inhibitory effect on HIV in vitro through antioxidant effects of glutathione peroxidase and other selenoproteins. Numerous studies have reported low selenium status in HIV‐infected individuals, and serum selenium concentration declines with disease progression. Some cohort studies have shown an association between selenium deficiency and progression to AIDS or mortality. In several randomized controlled trials, selenium supplementation has reduced hospitalizations and diarrheal morbidity, and improved CD4+ (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4083878 Wed, 20 Oct 2010 16:15:55 +0100 4083878 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4083877&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00335.x Accumulating evidence suggests that consumption of grapes and grape products can positively influence risk factors associated with cardiovascular health, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and age‐related cognitive decline. These effects are often attributed to the antioxidant activity and function of flavonoid compounds found in grapes as well as other actions such as increasing nitric oxide production. The well‐established health effects of grapes on cardiovascular disease risk, mainly on endothelial function, LDL oxidation, progression of atherosclerosis, and reduction in oxidative stress, have been clearly identified. Emerging research has also demonstrated that grapes have beneficial effects on other chronic‐degenerative diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease, age‐relate... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4083877 Wed, 20 Oct 2010 16:15:55 +0100 4083877 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4083875&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00334.x The current food supply in many parts of the world differs substantially from that which existed during most of human evolution. It is characterized by a high variety of palatable foods with high energy density and low fiber content. Many foods can be eaten very quickly, and there is not always congruency between the sensory properties of the food and the subsequent metabolic consequences of its ingestion, (e.g., as in the consumption of artificially sweetened foods). It is not presently known how the human body copes with this incongruent food environment in terms of short‐term satiety responses and long(er)‐term regulation of food intake. Cephalic phase responses (CPRs) are innate and learned physiological responses to sensory signals that prepare the gastrointestinal tract for the o... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4083875 Wed, 20 Oct 2010 16:15:54 +0100 4083875 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4075851&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00332.x The objective of the workshop titled “Methodologies to assess long‐term effects of nutrition and brain function”, which took place on November 12–13, 2009, in Brussels, Belgium, was to obtain an overview of the current knowledge of science in the field of cognitive performance assessment and to identify knowledge gaps and opportunities related to nutritional approaches to improving brain function and cognitive performance. It is known that methodologies should be assessed according to biological relevance, sensitivity, and feasibility. An overview of these issues in terms of neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration over the lifespan was discussed at the workshop by Professor David Benton. This was followed by talks on intervention trials conducted with B vitamins and folic acid (C Mc... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4075851 Mon, 18 Oct 2010 11:12:30 +0100 4075851 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4075850&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00331.x Iron deficiency (ID) anemia is associated with poor neurocognitive development in infants and children. Depending on the stage of development at the time of deficiency, these adverse effects may be reversible. Recent investigations using sensitive measurements have confirmed that the deposition of iron in the brain varies according to brain region and age, and that dopamine‐dependent behaviors are among the core deficits in ID. Dr John Beard (1947–2009) has been one of the leading scientists and pioneers in the area of iron and child development. His legacy to this area of science will grow through the continuation of his work by his co‐workers and colleagues. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4075850 Mon, 18 Oct 2010 11:12:29 +0100 4075850 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4075849&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00326.x The revelation of the human genome has enabled scientists to assess the disposition and response of an organism to an environmental stimulus; transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabonomics can each generate such holistic views. Nutrigenomic techniques help researchers elucidate individual responses to nutritional interventions holistically and help with the design of personalized diets adapted to individual needs. Human genetics has revealed insights into health and disease susceptibility and can help differentiate responders from nonresponders in dietary interventions, but the predictive power of single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in disease susceptibility genes has so far been limited in terms of helping to foresee a health trajectory. Epigenetics encompasses alterations of genetic materia... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4075849 Mon, 18 Oct 2010 11:12:28 +0100 4075849 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4075848&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00327.x This article provides a primer on brain imaging techniques suitable for the assessment of the structure and function of the human brain, focusing on noninvasive techniques such as structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging, electroencephalography, and magnetoencephalography. The article concludes with a few suggestions regarding the choice of a particular imaging tool in observational studies and randomized controlled trials investigating nutritional effects on the human brain. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4075848 Mon, 18 Oct 2010 11:12:28 +0100 4075848 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4075847&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00328.x This article considers the appropriate selection of cognitive tasks for research into the effects of nutrition and natural products on mental performance. It is recommended that tests appropriate to the domains of the cognitive function under investigation be used, and a set of criteria is provided to enable researchers to select appropriate tests and test systems for their research purposes. Research in this field is generally performed to establish whether products can produce beneficial effects on cognitive function, including optimizing development in pediatric populations, reversing existing cognitive deficits, preventing age‐related declines, counteracting fatigue‐based impairment, or simply improving performance above normal levels. The requirements of tests for these purposes a... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4075847 Mon, 18 Oct 2010 11:12:27 +0100 4075847 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4075846&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00330.x This article analyzes some of the difficulties associated with identifying and enrolling study participants in long‐term prevention trials, with available data from three large, recently published trials used as examples. This analysis also serves to identify examples of good practice and areas for further research. Randomized controlled trials remain the single most important tool in the epidemiological arsenal for identifying the effects of specific interventions, but consideration of critically important design features is essential. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4075846 Mon, 18 Oct 2010 11:12:27 +0100 4075846 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4075845&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00325.x Conducting long‐term nutrition intervention studies on cognition can be challenging. The gaps in current methodology are addressed via a case study of the relationship between vitamin B12 (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4075845 Mon, 18 Oct 2010 11:12:26 +0100 4075845 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4075844&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00324.x Rather than being an inevitable consequence of age, cognitive decline can occur with marked variation among individuals. In this context, nutrition is one factor that is believed to be influential. When considering the potential role of diet, two factors need to be considered. First, cognitive or brain reserve is said to decrease the incidence of dementia; that is, it has been suggested that those with larger brains and better intellectual functioning have a greater capacity to resist the effects of the biological changes that define dementia. As such, the adequacy of nutrition before birth and in the early formative years may have long‐term consequences. Second, shrinkage of the brain begins in young adulthood, suggesting that any insidious influence of diet will take place from that ti... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4075844 Mon, 18 Oct 2010 11:12:25 +0100 4075844 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4075843&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00329.x Nutrition provides a practical and appealing approach to cognitive enhancement, including the modulation of long‐term cognitive processes such as neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration. An abundance of promising nutritional influences on cognition have been identified, but many long‐term effects remain to be confirmed by data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The current article provides a general outline of various factors that hamper the demonstration of causal long‐term nutritional effects on cognition by RCTs and advocates the development of methodological solutions to enable substantiation in future RCTs. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4075843 Mon, 18 Oct 2010 11:12:25 +0100 4075843 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4075842&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00333.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4075842 Mon, 18 Oct 2010 11:12:24 +0100 4075842 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4007560&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00339.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4007560 Wed, 29 Sep 2010 16:28:42 +0100 4007560 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4007559&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00322.x This article delves beyond the issue of scientific substantiation of claims and reviews possible discrepancies between consumer perception/understanding of HCs and the public health nutrition reality, which can confuse or mislead the consumer and ultimately impact public health nutrition. Six pitfalls are described herein and a comprehensive overview of the critical examination of any HC is proposed. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4007559 Wed, 29 Sep 2010 16:28:42 +0100 4007559 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4007558&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00321.x The aging process is frequently characterized by an involuntary loss of muscle (sarcopenia) and bone (osteoporosis) mass. Both chronic diseases are associated with decreased metabolic rate, increased risk of falls/fracture, and, as a result, increased morbidity and loss of independence in the elderly. The quality and quantity of protein intake affects bone and muscle mass in several ways and there is evidence that increased essential amino acid or protein availability can enhance muscle protein synthesis and anabolism, as well as improve bone homeostasis in older subjects. A thorough evaluation of renal function is important, since renal function decreases with age. Finally, protein and calcium intake should be considered in the prevention or treatment of the chronic diseases osteoporosis ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4007558 Wed, 29 Sep 2010 16:28:41 +0100 4007558 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4007557&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00320.x Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4007557 Wed, 29 Sep 2010 16:28:41 +0100 4007557 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4007556&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00319.x The present review of the literature on lignan physiology and lignan intervention and epidemiological studies was conducted to determine if lignans decrease the risks of cardiovascular disease in Western populations. Five intervention studies using flaxseed lignan supplements indicated beneficial associations with C‐reactive protein, and a meta‐analysis that included these studies also suggested lignans have a lowering effect on plasma total and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Three intervention studies using sesamin supplements indicated possible lipid‐ and blood pressure‐lowering associations. Eleven human observational epidemiological studies examined dietary intakes of lignans in relation to cardiovascular disease risk. Five showed decreased risk with either increasing d... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4007556 Wed, 29 Sep 2010 16:28:40 +0100 4007556 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3905580&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00318.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3905580 Fri, 27 Aug 2010 07:07:30 +0100 3905580 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3905579&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00317.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3905579 Fri, 27 Aug 2010 07:07:29 +0100 3905579 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3905578&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00316.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3905578 Fri, 27 Aug 2010 07:07:29 +0100 3905578 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3905577&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00315.x The increasing need for nutrition professionals is driven by growing public interest in nutrition and the potential of nutrition to prevent and treat a variety of diet‐related conditions. Health promotion units and health services face great challenges in trying to address current and future population health issues. This review describes the present state of health nutrition practice in Italy, exploring the nature, role, and utility of training for nutrition professionals to meet the increasing burden of nutrition‐related diseases. Evidence suggests that the public health nutrition workforce and infrastructures lack the necessary capacity to respond to national population needs regarding food and nutrition at many levels. This situation is aggravated by the growing prevalence of nutri... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3905577 Fri, 27 Aug 2010 07:07:29 +0100 3905577 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3905576&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00314.x Isoflavones are phytoestrogens that have pleiotropic effects in a wide variety of cancer cell lines. Many of these biological effects involve key components of signal transduction pathways within cancer cells, including prostate cancer cells. Epidemiological studies have raised the hypothesis that isoflavones may play an important role in the prevention and modulation of prostate cancer growth. Since randomized phase III trials of isoflavones in prostate cancer prevention are currently lacking, the best evidence for this concept is presently provided by case control studies. However, in vitro data are much more convincing in regard to the activity of a number of isoflavones, and have led to the development of genistein and phenoxodiol in the clinic as potential treatments for cancer. In ad... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3905576 Fri, 27 Aug 2010 07:07:28 +0100 3905576 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3905575&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00313.x The objective of this article is to review the data on supplementing omega‐3 fatty acids during critical illness; enteral and parenteral supplemental nutrition are reviewed separately. The results of the research available to date are contradictory for both enteral and parenteral omega‐3 fatty acid administration. Supplementation with omega‐3 fatty acids may influence the acute inflammatory response in critically ill patients, but more research is needed before definitive recommendations about the routine use of omega‐3 fatty acids in caring for critically ill patients can be made. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3905575 Fri, 27 Aug 2010 07:07:27 +0100 3905575 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3905574&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00312.x Ferrous fumarate is currently recommended for use in the fortification of foods for infants and young children. This recommendation is based on the compound's good sensory properties and on results from isotope studies in adults that reported similar iron absorption values for ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulphate (relative bioavailability [RBV] of ferrous fumarate, 100). However, later isotope studies conducted on both iron‐replete and iron‐deficient young children found that iron absorption from ferrous fumarate was only about 30% of that achieved from ferrous sulphate (RBV, 30). The reasons for the differences observed in adults compared with children are unclear but could be related to the following factors: lower iron status in children resulting in greater iron absorption via upr... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3905574 Fri, 27 Aug 2010 07:07:27 +0100 3905574 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3905573&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00311.x The effects of consuming water with meals rather than drinking no beverage or various other beverages remain under‐studied. This systematic review of studies reported in the English‐language literature was performed to compare the effects of drinking water and various beverage alternatives on energy intake and/or weight status. Relevant clinical trials, epidemiologic studies, and intervention studies were identified and findings across the literature were summarized. From the clinical trials, average differences were calculated in total energy intake at test meals (ΔTEI) for each of several beverage categories in comparison with water. The available literature for these comparisons is sparse and somewhat inconclusive. However, one of the most consistent sets of findings was related to... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3905573 Fri, 27 Aug 2010 07:07:26 +0100 3905573 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3883460&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00308.x Randomized clinical trial data are capable of providing strong experimental evidence to establish causal relationships between functional food components and health and disease/disease risk. However, clinical studies must be well designed in order to optimize the quality of the data they provide. The purpose of this review is to identify design elements that maximize the quality of clinical trials examining the efficacy of functional foods. Both observational studies and experimental trials can provide useful data for identifying diet‐disease relationships. Two experimental designs are conventionally used: parallel and crossover. Each of these designs possesses advantages and disadvantages. For certain functional ingredients, selection of an appropriate control arm is straightforward, wh... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3883460 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3883460 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3883459&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00307.x During the last decade, approaches to evidence‐based medicine, with its heavy reliance on the randomized clinical trial (RCT), have been adapted to nutrition science and policy. However, there are distinct differences between the evidence that can be obtained for the testing of drugs using RCTs and those needed for the development of nutrient requirements or dietary guidelines. Although RCTs present one approach toward understanding the efficacy of nutrient interventions, the innate complexities of nutrient actions and interactions cannot always be adequately addressed through any single research design. Because of the limitations inherent in RCTs, particularly of nutrients, it is suggested that nutrient policy decisions will have to be made using the totality of the available evidence. ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3883459 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3883459 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3883458&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00306.x A high prevalence of maternal vitamin D inadequacy during pregnancy and at delivery has been demonstrated in various ethnic populations living at different latitudes. Because placental transfer of 25(OH)D is the major source of vitamin D to the developing human fetus, there is growing concern about adverse health impacts that hypovitaminosis D during pregnancy may have on the mother as well as the offspring in utero, in infancy, and later in life. While there is lack of consensus regarding the optimal circulating 25(OH)D concentration in pregnancy, it is evident that prior levels used to establish intake recommendations and vitamin D content of prenatal vitamin supplements were too conservative. This review summarizes vitamin D metabolism in the perinatal period, examines evidence regardin... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3883458 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3883458 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3883457&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00305.x The beneficial effect of probiotic Escherichia coli (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3883457 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3883457 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3883456&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00304.x This review examines the current knowledge of water intake as it pertains to human health, including overall patterns of intake and some factors linked with intake, the complex mechanisms behind water homeostasis, and the effects of variation in water intake on health and energy intake, weight, and human performance and functioning. Water represents a critical nutrient, the absence of which will be lethal within days. Water's importance for the prevention of nutrition‐related noncommunicable diseases has received more attention recently because of the shift toward consumption of large proportions of fluids as caloric beverages. Despite this focus, there are major gaps in knowledge related to the measurement of total fluid intake and hydration status at the population level; there are als... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3883456 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3883456 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3838340&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00307.x During the last decade, approaches to evidence‐based medicine, with its heavy reliance on the randomized clinical trial (RCT), have been adapted to nutrition science and policy. However, there are distinct differences between the evidence that can be obtained for the testing of drugs using RCTs and those needed for the development of nutrient requirements or dietary guidelines. Although RCTs present one approach toward understanding the efficacy of nutrient interventions, the innate complexities of nutrient actions and interactions cannot always be adequately addressed through any single research design. Because of the limitations inherent in RCTs, particularly of nutrients, it is suggested that nutrient policy decisions will have to be made using the totality of the available evidence. ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3838340 Sat, 31 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3838340 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3770254&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00310.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3770254 Mon, 19 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3770254 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3770253&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00308.x Randomized clinical trial data are capable of providing strong experimental evidence to establish causal relationships between functional food components and health and disease/disease risk. However, clinical studies must be well designed in order to optimize the quality of the data they provide. The purpose of this review is to identify design elements that maximize the quality of clinical trials examining the efficacy of functional foods. Both observational studies and experimental trials can provide useful data for identifying diet-disease relationships. Two experimental designs are conventionally used: parallel and crossover. Each of these designs possesses advantages and disadvantages. For certain functional ingredients, selection of an appropriate control arm is straightforward, whil... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3770253 Mon, 19 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3770253 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3770252&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00307.x During the last decade, approaches to evidence-based medicine, with its heavy reliance on the randomized clinical trial (RCT), have been adapted to nutrition science and policy. However, there are distinct differences between the evidence that can be obtained for the testing of drugs using RCTs and those needed for the development of nutrient requirements or dietary guidelines. Although RCTs present one approach toward understanding the efficacy of nutrient interventions, the innate complexities of nutrient actions and interactions cannot always be adequately addressed through any single research design. Because of the limitations inherent in RCTs, particularly of nutrients, it is suggested that nutrient policy decisions will have to be made using the totality of the available evidence. Th... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3770252 Mon, 19 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3770252 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3770251&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00306.x A high prevalence of maternal vitamin D inadequacy during pregnancy and at delivery has been demonstrated in various ethnic populations living at different latitudes. Because placental transfer of 25(OH)D is the major source of vitamin D to the developing human fetus, there is growing concern about adverse health impacts that hypovitaminosis D during pregnancy may have on the mother as well as the offspring in utero, in infancy, and later in life. While there is lack of consensus regarding the optimal circulating 25(OH)D concentration in pregnancy, it is evident that prior levels used to establish intake recommendations and vitamin D content of prenatal vitamin supplements were too conservative. This review summarizes vitamin D metabolism in the perinatal period, examines evidence regardin... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3770251 Mon, 19 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3770251 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3770250&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00305.x The beneficial effect of probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) suggests the gut epithelium plays a basic role in immune interactions with bacteria. Contrary to other commensal strains of Escherichia coli, EcN profoundly modulates the gut barrier to elevate its resistance to microbial pathogens. The present review documents the properties of EcN that have led to the protection of gnotobiotic pigs against lethal enteric infections. This effect could be important in light of the growing number of acquired deficiencies that paralyze gut immunity in humans. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3770250 Mon, 19 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3770250 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3770249&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00304.x This review examines the current knowledge of water intake as it pertains to human health, including overall patterns of intake and some factors linked with intake, the complex mechanisms behind water homeostasis, and the effects of variation in water intake on health and energy intake, weight, and human performance and functioning. Water represents a critical nutrient, the absence of which will be lethal within days. Water's importance for the prevention of nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases has received more attention recently because of the shift toward consumption of large proportions of fluids as caloric beverages. Despite this focus, there are major gaps in knowledge related to the measurement of total fluid intake and hydration status at the population level; there are also ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3770249 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3770249 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3697802&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00298.x The systematic review presented here assessed the effects of energy restriction (ER) and exercise (EX) on fat-free mass (FFM) in overweight and obese middle-aged and older adults. PubMed was searched using the key words "weight loss or energy restriction" AND "skeletal muscle or body composition," with limitations set for "human" and "middle-aged and aged." Results from 52 studies are reported as the percentages of EX (mainly aerobic training), ER, or ER+EX groups that had a specified change in body weight and FFM, since insufficient data were available for a meta-analysis. The EX groups had modest body weight and FFM changes. Eighty-one percent and 39% of the ER and ER+EX groups, respectively, lost [ge]15% of body weight as FFM. These findings suggest that exercise is an effective tool to... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3697802 Sat, 26 Jun 2010 06:14:36 +0100 3697802 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3697807&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00303.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3697807 Thu, 24 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3697807 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3697806&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00302.x Undernutrition is a major contributor to child mortality and total global disease burden. Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) is recommended by the World Health Organization for community-based management of uncomplicated forms of severe acute malnutrition. New research has evaluated the role of RUTF for the prevention of childhood undernutrition. While studies have found some benefit, similar results have been seen with supplemental food aid and controversy over the role for RUTF in prevention efforts continues. For the prevention of childhood malnutrition, the following questions remain critical: Who should receive a specific nutrition intervention? What composition and form should the intervention take? And, when should the intervention be delivered? (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3697806 Thu, 24 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3697806 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3697805&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00301.x Quercetin is a unique dietary polyphenol because it can exert biphasic dose-responses on cells depending on its concentration. Cancer preventative effects of quercetin are observed at concentrations of approximately 1[ndash]40 µM and are likely mediated by quercetin's antioxidant properties. Pro-oxidant effects are present at cellular concentrations of 40[ndash]100 µM. However, at higher concentrations, many novel pathways in addition to ROS contribute to its effects. The potent bioactivity of quercetin has led to vigorous study of this compound and revealed numerous pathways that could interact synergistically to prevent or treat cancer. The effect of intake and concentration on emerging pathways and how they may interact are discussed in this review. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3697805 Thu, 24 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3697805 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3697804&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00300.x Keloids are the result of a dysfunctional scarring process that leads to excessive deposition of extracellular matrix in susceptible individuals, causing them physical, psychological, and social discomfort. Many studies have investigated various aspects of keloid physiopathology; however, the relationship between dietary components and keloids has not received much attention. The present literature review was conducted to examine the available evidence related to the relationships between nutrition/nutrients and keloids. Findings from in vitro and in vivo studies indicate possible associations exist between keloids and fatty acids, soluble fibers, and phytochemicals. However, these relationships have not been fully explored and new studies need to be carried out before any efficient diet-b... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3697804 Thu, 24 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3697804 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3697803&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00299.x The association of colorectal cancer risk with select foods has been evaluated by dietary pattern analysis. This review of the literature was conducted to thoroughly examine the available evidence for the association between dietary patterns and colorectal cancers and adenomas. A total of 32 articles based on worldwide epidemiological studies were identified. Pattern identification was achieved by exploratory data analyses (principal component, factor, and cluster analyses) in most articles, and only a few used a priori-defined scores. Dietary patterns named as healthy, prudent, fruit and vegetables, fat-reduced/diet foods, vegetable/fish/poultry, fruit/whole grain/dairy, and healthy eating index-2005, recommended food and Mediterranean diet scores were all associated with reduced risk of ... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3697803 Thu, 24 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3697803 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3605680&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00292.x In conclusion, IAP has a pivotal role in intestinal homeostasis and its activity could be increased through the diet. This is especially true in pathological situations (e.g., inflammatory bowel diseases) in which the involvement of commensal bacteria is suspected and when intestinal AP is too low to detoxify a sufficient amount of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3605680 Fri, 28 May 2010 13:46:46 +0100 3605680 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3605685&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00297.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3605685 Wed, 26 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3605685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3605684&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00295.x Vitamin D is essential for optimal bone health. Stress fracture is an overuse injury often occurring in active populations. Study results indicate an association exists between vitamin D status and the risk of stress fracture, and one intervention trial demonstrated a reduction in stress fractures in women consuming supplemental vitamin D and calcium. A recent study found that two polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR), Fok1 and Bsm1, may increase the risk of stress fracture. Although further study is required, screening for VDR polymorphisms may become a tool for identifying individuals at increased risk of stress fracture during physical training. (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3605684 Wed, 26 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3605684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3605683&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00294.x Current US guidelines for cholesterol recommend limiting intake of cholesterol to (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3605683 Wed, 26 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3605683 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3605682&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00296.x Vitamins and minerals play an important role in glucose metabolism, so understanding the impact of vitamin and mineral deficiencies and the potential utility of supplementation is relevant to the prevention and/or management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). This review investigates current evidence for relationships between selected nutrients [ndash] vitamin B complex, antioxidants (vitamin A, C, E and carotenoids), calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, magnesium, sodium, and potassium [ndash] and glucose metabolism. The investigation reveals current evidence is not strong enough for supplementation with minerals and vitamins to be recommended on a large scale for the prevention or management of DM. In order to prevent deficiencies and maintain health, the majority of diabetic individuals should... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3605682 Wed, 26 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3605682 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3605681&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00293.x About 60% of adults in the United States do not consume the estimated average requirement for magnesium, but widespread pathological conditions attributed to magnesium deficiency have not been reported. Nevertheless, low magnesium status has been associated with numerous pathological conditions characterized as having a chronic inflammatory stress component. In humans, deficient magnesium intakes are mostly marginal to moderate (approximately 50% to (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3605681 Wed, 26 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3605681 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3513413&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00286.x Foodborne illness is a serious public health threat. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 76 million foodborne illnesses, including 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths, occur in the United States each year. Two recently published Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) reports showed that Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Cryptosporidium, and Shiga toxin Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 continue to be leading causes of both the number and incidence of laboratory-confirmed foodborne infections in the United States. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), foodborne illness costs the US economy $10[ndash]83 billion per year. Recent large foodborne outbreaks have led to claims that the number of foodborne disease out... Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3513413 Thu, 29 Apr 2010 13:56:36 +0100 3513413 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3540596&cid=s_36823_28_f&fid=36823&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1753-4887.2010.00291.x (Source: Nutrition Reviews) Nutrition Reviews journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3540596 Tue, 27 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3540596