MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'PPAR Research' source. Mon, 06 Feb 2012 14:26:20 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5592853&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fijfm%2F2012%2F417512%2F This study provides considerable information including recommendations about GP education, the assessment forms, and legal clarification. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5592853 Sun, 15 Jan 2012 08:32:38 +0100 5592853 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5592852&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Famp%2F2012%2F309398%2F In the semiclassical regime, we obtain a lower bound for the counting function of resonances corresponding to the perturbed periodic Schrödinger operator Ph=-Δ+Vx+W(hx). Here V is a periodic potential, W a decreasing perturbation and h a small positive constant. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5592852 Sun, 15 Jan 2012 08:32:38 +0100 5592852 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5473506&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Facmp%2F2011%2F298928%2F The article reviews the rich phenomena of metal-insulator transitions, anomalous metalicity, taking as examples iron and titanium oxides. The diverse phenomena include strong spin and orbital fluctuations, incoherence of charge dynamics, and phase transitions under control of key parameters such as band filling, bandwidth, and dimensionality. Another important phenomena presented in the article is a valence fluctuation which occur often in rare-earth compounds. We consider some Ce, Sm, Eu, Tm, and Yb compounds such as Ce, Sm and Tm monochalcogenides, Sm and Yb borides, mixed-valent and charge-ordered Sm, Eu and Yb pnictides and chalcogenides R4X3 and R3X4 (R = Sm, Eu, Yb; X = As, Sb, Bi), intermediate-valence YbInCu4 and heavy-fermion compounds YbMCu4 (M = Cu, Ag, Au, Pd). Issues ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5473506 Mon, 05 Dec 2011 08:28:58 +0100 5473506 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5427885&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fddns%2F2011%2F262349%2F We consider a method for driving general complex networks into prescribed cluster synchronization patterns by using pinning control. The coupling between the vertices of the network is nonlinear, and sufficient conditions are derived analytically for the attainment of cluster synchronization. We also propose an effective way of adapting the coupling strengths of complex networks. In addition, the critical combination of the control strength, the number of pinned nodes and coupling strength in each cluster are given by detailed analysis cluster synchronization of a special topological structure complex network. Our theoretical results are illustrated by numerical simulations. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5427885 Sun, 20 Nov 2011 07:53:48 +0100 5427885 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5427884&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fijped%2F2011%2F712150%2F Neonatal sepsis is associated with increased mortality and morbidity including neurodevelopmental impairment and prolonged hospital stay. Signs and symptoms of sepsis are nonspecific, and empiric antimicrobial therapy is promptly initiated after obtaining appropriate cultures. However, many preterm and low birth weight infants who do not have infection receive antimicrobial agents during hospital stay. Prolonged and unnecessary use of antimicrobial agents is associated with deleterious effects on the host and the environment. Traditionally, the choice of antimicrobial agents is based on the local policy, and the duration of therapy is decided by the treating physician based on clinical symptoms and blood culture results. In this paper, we discuss briefly the causative organism of neonatal ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5427884 Sun, 20 Nov 2011 07:53:48 +0100 5427884 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5427883&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fcrim%2F2011%2F858563%2F Mesenteric venous thrombophlebitis represents a very rare complication of acute appendicitis. Based on the findings of a 45-year-old patient with mesenteric venous thrombophlebitis due to acute appendicitis, we herein describe the diagnostic difficulties and therapeutic options in this uncommon disease. The treatment in our case consisted of simple appendectomy and perioperative anticoagulation therapy. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5427883 Sun, 20 Nov 2011 07:53:48 +0100 5427883 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5427882&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fjps%2F2011%2F863274%2F We propose a simple close-to-normal approximation to a Weibull random variable (r.v.) and consider the problem of estimation of upper prediction limit (UPL) that includes at least l out of m future observations from a Weibull distribution at each of r locations, based on the proposed approximation and the well-known Box-Cox normal approximation. A comparative study based on Monte Carlo simulations revealed that the normal approximation-based UPLs for Weibull distribution outperform those based on the existing generalized variable (GV) approach. The normal approximation-based UPLs have markedly larger coverage probabilities than GV approach, particularly for small unknown shape parameter where the distribution is highly skewed, and for small sample sizes which are commonly encountered in in... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5427882 Sun, 20 Nov 2011 07:53:48 +0100 5427882 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5404699&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fmpe%2F2011%2F390593%2F The job shop scheduling problem (JSSP) is a notoriously difficult problem in combinatorial optimization. In terms of the objective function, most existing research has been focused on the makespan criterion. However, in contemporary manufacturing systems, due-date-related performances are more important because they are essential for maintaining a high service reputation. Therefore, in this study we aim at minimizing the total weighted tardiness in JSSP. Considering the high complexity, a hybrid differential evolution (DE) algorithm is proposed for the problem. To enhance the overall search efficiency, a neighborhood property of the problem is discovered, and then a tree search procedure is designed and embedded into the DE framework. According to the extensive computational experiments, t... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5404699 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 06:56:04 +0100 5404699 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5404698&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fedr%2F2011%2F848307%2F Emerging evidence suggests that dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor for diabetic neuropathy (DN) (reviewed by Vincent et al. 2009). To experimentally determine how dyslipidemia alters DN, we quantified neuropathic symptoms in diabetic mice fed a high-fat diet. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet developed dyslipidemia and a painful neuropathy (mechanical allodynia) instead of the insensate neuropathy (mechanical insensitivity) that normally develops in this strain. Nondiabetic mice fed a high-fat diet also developed dyslipidemia and mechanical allodynia. Thermal sensitivity was significantly reduced in diabetic compared to nondiabetic mice, but was not worsened by the high-fat diet. Moreover, diabetic mice fed a high-fat diet had significantly slower sen... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5404698 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 06:56:04 +0100 5404698 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5404697&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fjps%2F2011%2F867493%2F It is difficult for an experimenter to study the emergence and survival of mutations, because mutations are rare events so that large experimental population must be maintained to ensure a reasonable chance that a mutation will be observed. In his famous book, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, Sir R. A. Fisher introduced branching processes into evolutionary genetics as a framework for studying the emergence and survival of mutations in an evolving population. During the lifespan of Fisher, computer technology had not advanced to a point at which it became an effective tool for simulating the phenomenon of the emergence and survival of mutations, but given the wide availability of personal desktop and laptop computers, it is now possible and financially feasible for investigators ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5404697 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 06:56:04 +0100 5404697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5330408&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fjce%2F2011%2F689025%2F Cancer survivorship research includes the study of physical, psychosocial, and economic consequences of cancer diagnosis and treatment among pediatric and adult cancer survivors. Historically, the majority of cancer survivorship studies were from the United States, but survivorship issues are increasingly being addressed in other developed countries. Cross-cultural studies remain, however, scarce. The degree to which knowledge attained may or may not be transferred across cultures, countries, or regions is not known. Some important challenges for comparative research are therefore discussed in a cross-cultural perspective. Several substantive and methodological challenges that complicate the execution of cross-cultural cancer survivorship research are presented with examples and discussed ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5330408 Wed, 19 Oct 2011 18:27:26 +0100 5330408 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5330407&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Faaa%2F2011%2F697547%2F We prove that the double inequality (π/2)(arthr/r)3/4+α*r<K(r)<(π/2)(arthr/r)3/4+β*r holds for all r∈(0,1) with the best possible constants α*=0 and β*=1/4, which answer to an open problem proposed by Alzer and Qiu. Here, K(r) is the complete elliptic integrals of the first kind, and arth is the inverse hyperbolic tangent function. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5330407 Wed, 19 Oct 2011 18:27:26 +0100 5330407 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5330406&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Faaa%2F2011%2F947908%2F Let G be a locally compact group with a fixed left Haar measure λ and Ω be a system of weights on G. In this paper, we deal with locally convex space Lp(G,Ω) equipped with the locally convex topology generated by the family of norms (‖.‖p,ω)ω∈Ω. We study various algebraic and topological properties of the locally convex space Lp(G,Ω). In particular, we characterize its dual space and show that it is a semireflexive space. Finally, we give some conditions under which Lp(G,Ω) with the convolution multiplication is a topological algebra and then characterize its closed ideals and its spectrum. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5330406 Wed, 19 Oct 2011 18:27:26 +0100 5330406 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5310618&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fijn%2F2011%2F256420%2F Conclusion. Nephrotic patients can lose significant amounts of thyroid hormones along with protein in urine, which can affect thyroid status, but this is reversible on remission. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5310618 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 09:15:46 +0100 5310618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5310617&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Facisc%2F2011%2F938240%2F Neural networks and fuzzy systems are two soft-computing paradigms for system modelling. Adapting a neural or fuzzy system requires to solve two optimization problems: structural optimization and parametric optimization. Structural optimization is a discrete optimization problem which is very hard to solve using conventional optimization techniques. Parametric optimization can be solved using conventional optimization techniques, but the solution may be easily trapped at a bad local optimum. Evolutionary computation is a general-purpose stochastic global optimization approach under the universally accepted neo-Darwinian paradigm, which is a combination of the classical Darwinian evolutionary theory, the selectionism of Weismann, and the genetics of Mendel. Evolutionary algorithms are a maj... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5310617 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 09:15:46 +0100 5310617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5310616&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fijdsn%2F2011%2F428290%2F Though capillary sensor networks have the advantage of reporting punctual estimations of their sensed quantity, it is often useful for the nodes to know the overall average value of the same quantity. This is required, for example, when the network can make autonomous decisions. Several algorithms exist for solving the averaging problem in a distributed manner. Their efficiency can be measured by the number of iterations needed to converge to the average sensed value. In this paper, we consider two point-to-point and one point-to-multipoint distributed averaging algorithms that can be seen as variants of the same averaging solution. We define a set of analytical tools to evaluate the performance of these algorithms and to optimize their parameters in such a way to accelerate convergence. W... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5310616 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 09:15:46 +0100 5310616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5310615&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fjnm%2F2011%2F540540%2F In this paper the possibility of production of nanocrystalline WC single-phase by mechanical milling has been investigated. The raw materials containing tungsten and carbon with WC as nucleation were milled in a planetary ball mill and sampled in different times. Studies showed that after 75 hours of milling the WC with W2C was produced and remained constant in higher milling time. Adding WC to raw materials at the beginning process leads to the fact that after 50 hours of milling only WC was synthesized without undesirable W2C phase. This material remained stable until higher times of milling too. From broadening of XRD peaks, the crystalline size in synthesized WC was estimated in nanometer scale which lower than the system containing primary WC, and it means that the strain in this syst... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5310615 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 09:15:46 +0100 5310615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5310614&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fmi%2F2011%2F913802%2F Th17 cells have been implicated in a number of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The phospholipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF) is found in increased concentrations in inflammatory lesions and has been shown to induce IL-6 production. We investigated whether PAF could affect the development of Th17 cells. Picomolar concentrations of PAF induced IL-23, IL-6, and IL-1β expression in monocyte-derived Langerhans cells (LCs) and in keratinocytes. Moreover, when LC were pretreated with PAF and then cocultured with anti-CD3- and anti-CD28-activated T cells, the latter developed a Th17 phenotype, with a significant increase in the expression of the transcriptional regulator RORγt and enhanced expression of IL-17, IL-21, and IL-22. PAF-induced Th17 development was preven... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5310614 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 09:15:46 +0100 5310614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5310613&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fmpe%2F2011%2F258734%2F Hydromagnetic flow between two horizontal plates in a rotating system, where the lower plate is a stretching sheet and the upper is a porous solid plate, is analyzed. Heat transfer in an electrically conducting fluid bonded by two parallel plates is studied in the presence of viscous dissipation. The equations of conservation of mass and momentum and energy are reduced to a nonlinear ordinary differential equations system. Homotopy perturbation method is used to get complete analytic solution for velocity and temperature profiles. Results show an acceptable agreement between this method results and numerical solution. Also the effects of different parameters are discussed through graphs. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5310613 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 09:15:46 +0100 5310613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5310612&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fjammc%2F2011%2F957805%2F One novel electrochemical immunosensor was constructed by immobilizing capture antibody of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP Ab1) on a nafion/nanogold-particle modified glassy carbon electrode. With a sandwich immunoassay, one DNA-derived magnetic nanoprobe, simplified as DNA/(ZMPs—HRP-AFP Ab2)n, was employed for the detection of AFP. The fabricated procedure of the proposed biosensor was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The performance and factors influencing the performance of the biosensor were also evaluated. Under optimal conditions, the developed biosensor exhibited a well-defined electrochemical behavior toward the reduction of AFP ranging from 0.01 to 200 ng/mL with a detection limit of 4 pg/mL (S/N=3). The biosensor was appli... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5310612 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 09:15:46 +0100 5310612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5310611&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fijdsn%2F2011%2F928958%2F The constrained power source given by batteries has become one of the biggest hurdles for wireless sensor networks to prevail. A common technique to reduce energy consumption is to put sensors to sleep between duties. It leads to a tradeoff between making a fewer number of observations for saving energy while obtaining sufficient and more valuable sensing information. In this paper, we employ two model-based approaches for tackling the sensor scheduling problem. The first approach is to apply our corrected VoIDP algorithm on a chain graphical model for selecting a subset of observations that minimizes the overall uncertainty. The second approach is to find a selection of observations based on Gaussian process model that maximizes the entropy and the mutual information criteria, respectivel... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5310611 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 09:15:46 +0100 5310611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5301697&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fijac%2F2011%2F124917%2F The objective of the current study was to develop a validated stability-indicating assay method (SIAM) for risperidone after subjecting it to forced decomposition under hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis, and thermal stress conditions. The liquid chromatographic separation was achieved isocratically on a symmetry C18 column (5 μm size, 250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) using a mobile phase containing methanol: acetonitrile (80 : 20, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and UV detection at 280 nm. Retention time of risperidone was found to be 3.35±0.01. The method was linear over the concentration range of 10–60 μg/mL(r2=0.998) with a limit of detection and quantitation of 1.79 and 5.44 μg/mL, respectively. The ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5301697 Mon, 10 Oct 2011 07:45:07 +0100 5301697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5281320&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fijde%2F2011%2F738509%2F We study the Camassa-Holm (CH) equation and recently introduced μCH equation from the geometric point of view. We show that Kupershmidt deformations of these equations describe pseudospherical surfaces and hence are geometrically integrable. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5281320 Tue, 04 Oct 2011 07:16:49 +0100 5281320 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5217621&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fmrt%2F2011%2F107987%2F Conclusion. Most pregnant women in the post conflict IDP camps have relatively high knowledge about malaria transmission, signs, symptoms, and consequences during pregnancy. However, majority of respondents had misconception about the cause of malaria while a few had misconception about the mode of malaria transmission. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5217621 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 09:11:05 +0100 5217621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5194755&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fecam%2F2012%2F563958%2F The deficient and excess pulse qualities (DEPs) are the two representatives of the deficiency and excess syndromes, respectively. Despite its importance in the objectification of pulse diagnosis, a reliable classification model for the DEPs has not been reported to date. In this work, we propose a classification method for the DEPs based on a clinical study. First, through factor analysis and Fisher's discriminant analysis, we show that all the pulse amplitudes obtained at various applied pressures at Chon, Gwan, and Cheok contribute on equal orders of magnitude in the determination of the DEPs. Then, we discuss that the pulse pressure or the average pulse amplitude is appropriate for describing the collective behaviors of the pulse amplitudes and a simple and reliable classification c... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5194755 Mon, 05 Sep 2011 12:00:09 +0100 5194755 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991681&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fisrn%2Fendocrinology%2F2011%2F171460%2F Conclusions. Indices of endocrine impairment seem to be the most relevant determinants of left ventricular hypotrophy in anorectic patients, apparently independent of reduced hemodynamic load and BMI. In particular, IGF/GH ratio and FT3 seem to particularly affect left ventricular mass in this population. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991681 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991681 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991680&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fprt%2F2011%2F650320%2F Optimal sedation and analgesia are of key importance in intensive care. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of sedoanalgesia and outcome parameters in regimens containing midazolam and either fentanyl or remifentanil. A prospective, randomized, open-label, controlled trial was carried out in the ICU unit of a large teaching hospital in Istanbul over a 9-month period. Thirty-four patients were randomly allocated to receive either a remifentanil-midazolam regimen (R group, n=17) or a fentanyl-midazolam regimen (F group, n=17). A strong correlation between Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS) and Ramsey Scale (RS) measurements was observed. Comparatively, remifentanil provided significantly more potent and rapid analgesia based on Behavioral-Physiological Scale (BPS) measuremen... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991680 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991680 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991679&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fmi%2F2011%2F745340%2F We present evidence for a novel biphasic role of lipoxinA4 on the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated lung fibroblasts, whereby LXA4 has an anti-inflammatory and proresolving activity in lung fibroblasts following LPS stimulation. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991679 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991679 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991678&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fpm%2F2011%2F748038%2F Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of severe lower respiratory tract diseases (bronchiolitis and pneumonia) during infancy and early childhood. There is increasing evidence which indicates that severe pulmonary disease caused by RSV infection in infancy is associated with recurrent wheezing and development of asthma later in childhood. However, the underlying mechanisms linking RSV infection to persistent airway hyperresponsiveness and dysfunction are not fully defined. To study these processes in ways which are not available in humans, animal models have been established and have provided valuable insight into the pathophysiology of RSV-induced disease. In this paper, we discuss experimental models of RSV infection in mice and highlight a new investigative approach in whi... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991678 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991677&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fjl%2F2011%2F783976%2F Obesity with associated comorbidities is currently a worldwide epidemic and among the most challenging health conditions in the 21st century. A major metabolic consequence of obesity is insulin resistance which underlies the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of obesity and metabolic syndrome. It comprises a disease spectrum ranging from simple steatosis (fatty liver), through nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to fibrosis, and ultimately liver cirrhosis. Abnormality in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism accompanied by chronic inflammation is the central pathway for the development of metabolic syndrome-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and NAFLD. This paper focuses on pathogeni... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991677 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991676&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fcriid%2F2011%2F935041%2F Due to the life-prolonging effects of combination antiretroviral therapy, many people with HIV are living longer. However, this enhanced longevity is often mirrored by increased disability resulting from HIV and/or the adverse effects of medication. Management of HIV-positive patients is further complicated by comorbidities related to aging, including bone and joint disorders. In this paper, we describe the nonsurgical management of an HIV-positive patient with premature onset of severe osteonecrosis of the knee. A 50-year-old man who had been HIV-positive for 16 years and on combination antiretroviral therapy for 11 years presented to his family physician with extreme discomfort in his right knee. He was diagnosed with osteonecrosis of the right knee, but resisted total knee arthroplasty ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991676 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991675&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fcriid%2F2011%2F972096%2F We report a case of GBS with fatal outcome during HIV seroconversion. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991675 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991674&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fcrig%2F2011%2F945181%2F We report a case of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma coexisting with a mantle cell lymphoma involving cervical and mediastinal lymph node. It is important to recognize this synchronous occurrence histopathologically and to be aware of the existence of “in situ” MCL. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991674 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991673&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fcritran%2F2011%2F654792%2F We report the clinical course and outcome of an adult liver transplant recipient whose posttransplant period was complicated by chronic hepatitis E, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and cellular rejection of the graft. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991673 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991672&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fisrn%2Ftoxicology%2F2011%2F515724%2F The development of automobile emission reduction technologies has decreased dramatically the particle concentration in emissions; however, there is a possibility that unexpected harmful chemicals are formed in emissions due to new technologies and fuels. Therefore, we attempted to develop new and efficient toxicity prediction models for the myriad environmental pollutants including those in automobile emissions. We chose 54 compounds related to engine exhaust and, by use of the DNA microarray, examined their effect on gene expression in human lung cells. We focused on IL-8 as a proinflammatory cytokine and developed a prediction model with quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) for the IL-8 gene expression by using an in silico system. Our results demonstrate that this model s... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991672 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991671&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fisrn%2Fma%2F2011%2F610549%2F In this paper, we prove several inclusion relations associated with the (n,δ) neighborhoods of some subclasses of starlike and convex functions with negative coefficients. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991671 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991670&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fdrt%2F2011%2F143045%2F Conclusions. Our study indicates that lower level of Optimism, Negative Affectivity, and poor Family Cohesion factors were implicated to contribute to depression in Chinese adolescents. Lower level of optimism and negative affectivity may be crucial associated factors of depression among these samples. our findings pointed to the importance of broad screening and intervention of vulnerable population. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991670 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991669&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Femi%2F2011%2F483242%2F Conclusion. With only brief training on how to recognize wall motion abnormalities on echocardiograms, EPs showed significant improvement in ability to identify wall motion abnormalities. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991669 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991669 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991668&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fusr%2F2011%2F497524%2F This paper investigates the impact of anthropogenic heat on formation of urban heat island (UHI) and also determines which factors can directly affect energy use in the city. It explores literally the conceptual framework of confliction between anthropogenic heat and urban structure, which produced UHI intensity and affected energy consumption balance. It then discusses how these two factors can be affected and gives implication to the city and then focuses on whether actions should be taken for balancing adaptation and mitigation of UHI effects. It will be concluded by making the three important strategies to minimise the impact of UHI on energy consumption: landscaping, using albedo materials on external surfaces of buildings and urban areas, and promoting natural ventilation. (Source: P... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991668 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991668 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991667&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fijd%2F2011%2F864183%2F To evaluate the sealing capability of external hexagon implant systems and assess the marginal fit, two groups (n=10 each) were employed: SIN (Sistema de Implantes Nacional, Brazil) and Osseotite, (Biomet 3i, USA). Sealing capability was determined by placing 0.7 μL of 1% acid-red solution in the implant wells before the torque of their respective abutments. Specimens were then placed into 2.5 mL vials filled with 1.3 mL of distilled water with the implant-abutment interface submerged. Three samples of 100 μL water were collected at previously determinate times. The absorbance was measured with a spectrophotometer, and the data were analyzed by Two-way ANOVA (P<.05) and Tukey's test. Marginal fit was determined using SEM. Leakage was... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991667 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991666&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fcriid%2F2011%2F932608%2F The tuberculosis of the ear is rare, and in most cases the clinical picture resembles that of a chronic otitis media. The diagnosis is often delayed, and this can lead to irreversible complications such as hearing loss and/or facial paralysis. In view of its rare occurrence, we report a case of primary tuberculous otitis media in a 87-year-old female patient. The diagnosis was made on the basis of both histological and microbiological findings. In particular, gene amplification techniques such as real-time polymerase chain reaction are useful method for rapid diagnosis and detecting tuberculous bacilli usually present at very low number. Early diagnosis is essential for the prompt institution of antituberculous therapy. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991666 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991666 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991665&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fijcb%2F2011%2F978583%2F Heterogeneity among cells that constitute a solid tumor is important in determining disease progression. Our previous work established that, within a population of metastatic colonic tumor cells, there are minor subpopulations of cells with stable differences in their intrinsic mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and that these differences in ΔΨm are linked to tumorigenic phenotype. Here we expanded this work to investigate primary mammary, as well as colonic, tumor cell lines. We show that within a primary mammary tumor cell population, and in both primary and metastatic colonic tumor cell populations, there are subpopulations of cells with significant stable variations in intrinsic ΔΨm. In each of these 3 tumor cell populations, cells w... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991665 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991665 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991664&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fav%2F2011%2F249640%2F Alphaviruses are small, enveloped viruses, ~70 nm in diameter, containing a single-stranded, positive-sense, RNA genome. Viruses belonging to this genus are predominantly arthropod-borne viruses, known to cause disease in humans. Their potential threat to human health was most recently exemplified by the 2005 Chikungunya virus outbreak in La Reunion, highlighting the necessity to understand events in the life-cycle of these medically important human pathogens. The replication and propagation of viruses is dependent on entry into permissive cells. Viral entry is initiated by attachment of virions to cells, leading to internalization, and uncoating to release genetic material for replication and propagation. Studies on alphaviruses have revealed entry via a receptor-mediated, end... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991664 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991664 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991663&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fcrid%2F2011%2F263813%2F Gingival recession is the exposure of root surfaces due to apical migration of the gingival tissue margins. The principal objectives of treating a gingival recession are to achieve better esthetics and reduce hypersensitivity. The gingival biotype is an important modifying factor in the treatment of gingival recession. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the significance of changing the soft tissue biotype to a more favorable one while attempting root coverage, to achieve more stable and long-lasting results using subepithelial connective tissue graft. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991663 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991663 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991662&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fcrid%2F2011%2F568246%2F We report the first case reported of MM adjacent to a mandibular dental implant in a patient who developed BRONJ in the same area after intravenous zoledronate treatment. We discuss possible pathogeny of this particular and interesting phenomena. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991662 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991661&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fecam%2F2011%2F965016%2F Seed oil of Brucea javanica (BJO) is extracted from the seeds of herb medicine Brucea javanica (L.), and its emulsion formulation (BJOE) has been used clinically to treat carcinomas for many years in China. The antileukemia potential of BJO was investigated in human acute myeloid leukemia cell lines (AML) U937 and HL-60 in vitro and in a mouse U937 xenograft tumor model. BJO induced AML cell apoptosis through activation of caspase-8 and modulation of apoptosis-related proteins. Meanwhile, the inhibition of survivin and XIAP increased the cytotoxicity of BJO. Consistent with these findings, BJO also increased subG1 phase cells and cause PARP cleavage in AML patients' leukemia cells. In contrast, only weak cytotoxicity of BJO was found in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of healthy vo... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991661 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991660&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fjam%2F2011%2F142923%2F We describe the implementation of our feature extraction and demonstrate our new techniques on synthetic data sets of order 2, 3 and 4. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991660 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991659&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fisrn%2Fgastroenterology%2F2011%2F509251%2F The role of surveillance endoscopic followup in colectomized patients with long standing total colitis is controversial. Here, we aimed to clarify its usefulness for the early detection of dysplasia and cancer in this group of patients. Ninety-seven colectomised UC patients followedup by surveillance endoscopy were retrospectively investigated by reviewing the pathological reports. Patients had received either subtotal colectomy and ileo-rectal anastomosis (IRA) or total proctocolectomy and ileal anal anastomosis (IPAA). Definite dysplasia was diagnosed in 4 patients, who had received IRA; among them, 2 were carcinoma with submucosal invasion, and one was a high-grade dysplasia. Postoperative surveillance endoscopy is useful for the detection of early cancer in the remaining colonic mucosa... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991659 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991659 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991658&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fjdd%2F2011%2F426813%2F Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a relatively common occurrence (20–30%) that delays discharge and, if persistent, can lead to serious complications. The incidence of PONV is a function of patient characteristics, the type and duration of surgery, the type of anesthesia, and the choice of pre-, intra-, and postoperative pharmacotherapy. There are no completely effective antiemetic agents for this condition, but recommendations for treatment strategies are separately available for pediatric and adult patients. Left unclear is whether adolescents should be guided by the pediatric or the adult recommendations. We review the developmental physiology of the relevant physiological factors (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination). We also review the clinical eviden... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991658 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991658 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991657&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fcrirad%2F2011%2F164316%2F We present a case of a patient who presented with tension pneumocephalus and unconventional treatment that resulted in clinical improvement of his symptoms and radiographic resolution of his condition. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991657 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991657 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4991656&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fcrirad%2F2011%2F692405%2F We present organizing pneumonia by paragonimiasis and coexistent aspergilloma manifested as a pulmonary irregular nodule on CT. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4991656 Sat, 02 Jul 2011 14:08:39 +0100 4991656 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4959221&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fprt%2F2011%2F239501%2F Conclusion.The study did not meet the primary endpoint; although many subjects' pain was not adequately controlled at inclusion, their pain may have improved with continued paracetamol or NSAID treatment. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4959221 Thu, 23 Jun 2011 06:13:25 +0100 4959221 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4959220&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fcdr%2F2011%2F267186%2F This paper examines the discriminant effect of mothers' and fathers' attachment working models, the quality of their relationships in everyday settings, and children's social abilities on children's peer acceptance. Participants were thirty-four 7–9 year olds, their mothers, and fathers. Interactions were observed at home and coded on global measures of positive, negative, controlling, disconfirming, correcting behaviors, and neutral conversation. Parents' IWM were assessed by the AAI. Children's peer acceptance and behavioral orientations as a measure of a child's social competence at school were assessed by sociometric techniques. By using both traditional statistical analyses and a multidimensional scaling approach (MDS), in terms of “similarity s... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4959220 Thu, 23 Jun 2011 06:13:25 +0100 4959220 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4959219&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fedu%2F2011%2F532737%2F This paper investigated the effect of teacher quality, represented by teacher level characteristics, on mathematics gain scores employing a three-level hierarchical linear model (HLM) through value-added model (VAM) approach. The analysis investigated significant predictors at student, teacher, and school levels for predicting students' gain scores and also estimated d-type effect sizes at teacher and school levels. We found the significant effects of teacher's mathematics content certification, teacher experience, and the interaction effects of mathematics content certification with student level predictors. Although school poverty significantly predicted students' gain scores, the school level effect was relatively small. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4959219 Thu, 23 Jun 2011 06:13:25 +0100 4959219 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4959218&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fjgr%2F2011%2F245408%2F Very abundant remains of Bos primigenius have been recovered in the early Late Pleistocene site of Avetrana (southern Italy). The site is characterized by a karst filling originated from a series of almost coeval depositional events. This discovery represents a rare record in the early Late Pleistocene of southern Europe. Biometrical analysis of the metapodial bones of aurochs from Avetrana gave the cue to examine the evolutive trend of the species in southern Europe, from the Middle Pleistocene to Holocene. This trend is characterized by an increase in size of the metapodial bones from Middle Pleistocene to early Late Pleistocene and to a decrease in size of the same during the late Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Also, the variations in size are competed by change in shape of the metapodi... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4959218 Thu, 23 Jun 2011 06:13:25 +0100 4959218 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4852208&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fijfm%2F2011%2F173705%2F This paper focuses on the current best-evidence-based clinical practices and controversies surrounding folic acid supplementation/fortification for the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs) during early pregnancy. The paper also discusses the controversies surrounding the effect of folic acid on the prevention as well as the promotion of cancer. Sufficient data is available to safely conclude that folic acid reduces the risk of NTDs during pregnancy; however, a safe dosage has not yet been calculated for the rest of the population. More research is necessary to study the complete role of folic acid in human growth and development. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4852208 Mon, 23 May 2011 15:49:30 +0100 4852208 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4852207&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Faaa%2F2011%2F518719%2F This paper presents an investigation of asymptotic properties of a stochastic predator-prey model with modified Leslie-Gower response. We obtain the global existence of positive unique solution of the stochastic model. That is, the solution of the system is positive and not to explode to infinity in a finite time. And we show some asymptotic properties of the stochastic system. Moreover, the sufficient conditions for persistence in mean and extinction are obtained. Finally we work out some figures to illustrate our main results. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4852207 Mon, 23 May 2011 15:49:30 +0100 4852207 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4731944&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fisrn%2Fsurgery%2F2011%2F970361%2F The management of exudative retinal detachment in Coats disease can be very difficult with variable results. A case is presented of a 12 year old boy who was diagnosed with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa with an associated “Coat's Response”. The patient had a marked reduction in his left visual acuity due to intragel and subhyaloid haemorrhage as well as exudative retinal detachment. This was managed successfully with vitrectomy and endolaser, resulting in clearance of the haemorrhage and flattening of the retina. In our experience endolaser should be considered as viable therapeutic option in the management of this condition. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4731944 Wed, 20 Apr 2011 14:01:40 +0100 4731944 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4722907&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fmpe%2F2011%2F452671%2Fabs%2F Adaptive feedback controllers based on Lyapunov's direct method for chaos control and hybrid projective synchronization (HPS) of a novel 3D chaotic system are proposed. Especially, the controller can be simplified ulteriorly into a single scalar one to achieve complete synchronization. The HPS between two nearly identical chaotic systems with unknown parameters is also studied, and adaptive parameter update laws are developed. Numerical simulations are demonstrated to verify the effectiveness of the control strategies. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4722907 Mon, 18 Apr 2011 14:27:50 +0100 4722907 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4722906&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fbcri%2F2011%2F459839%2F Oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant system have been implicated in the pathophysiology of diverse disease states. The phytochemical screening and antioxidant property of fresh leaves of Vitex doniana and Mucuna pruriens, used in the management and treatment of various diseases, were studied. The extracts (ethanol and distilled water) were screened for the presence of phytochemicals, and their inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical was used to evaluate their free radical scavenging activity. Liver levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4) treated albino rats were also used to assess the antioxidant activity of the extracts. The animals were treated with 250 mg/kg body weight of the extrac... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4722906 Mon, 18 Apr 2011 14:27:50 +0100 4722906 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4722905&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fijno%2F2011%2F946319%2F A new approximation for the distribution of the probability ratio in a sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) using noncoherent integration across a full code period is presented. The new approximation is valid for the carrier-to-noise power ratios (C/N0) typically encountered in GPS acquisition (20 dB-Hz ≤ C/N0 ≤ 50 dB-Hz), and it allows accurate theoretical performance analysis of the SPRT to be carried out for signals in this C/N0 range, eliminating the need for lengthy simulations for each scenario under investigation. Thus, the SPRT performance can be readily compared to that of other acquisition strategies for receiver design. Previous approximations in the literature are not valid in the range 20 dB-Hz ≤ C/N0 ≤ 50 dB-Hz. ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4722905 Mon, 18 Apr 2011 14:27:50 +0100 4722905 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4722904&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fecam%2F2011%2F192381%2F This study shows that ABM does not cause problems in most patients within laboratory parameters at the dosages tested over 6 months. This trial supports previous evidence that the ABM product is generally safe, excluding possible allergic reaction. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4722904 Mon, 18 Apr 2011 14:27:50 +0100 4722904 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4535398&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fbvp%2F2011%2F743135%2F This paper generalises the work done in Currie and Love (2010), where we studied the effect of applying two Crum-type transformations to a weighted second-order difference equation with various combinations of Dirichlet, non-Dirichlet, and affine λ-dependent boundary conditions at the end points, where λ is the eigenparameter. We now consider general λ-dependent boundary conditions. In particular we show, using one of the Crum-type transformations, that it is possible to go up and down a hierarchy of boundary value problems keeping the form of the second-order difference equation constant but possibly increasing or decreasing the dependence on λ of the boundary conditions at each step. In addition, we show that the transformed boundary value problem either gains... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4535398 Wed, 02 Mar 2011 11:35:57 +0100 4535398 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4516620&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F153252.html Isoflavone intake through foods and dietary supplements has both health advocates and critics. The latter come from a concern about the estrogenic effects of isoflavones in certain species. However, careful removal of isoflavones and other estrogens from the diet of rodents leads to the metabolic syndrome. These results suggest that isoflavones have other mechanisms of action, potentially those involving regulation of fatty acid metabolism via the nuclear receptors PPARα and PPARγ. The goal of this paper was to examine the evidence for isoflavone/PPAR signaling and to identify diseases in which such signaling would have an important impact. It is therefore of note that investigators using a chemical structure approach to discover PPAR ligands identified isoflavones as the best ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4516620 Fri, 25 Feb 2011 00:28:04 +0100 4516620 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4293031&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F193019.html We have investigated the effects of WY14643, a potent peroxisome proliferator activator receptor-α (PPAR-α) agonist, in a rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were lightly anaesthetized with pentobarbitone (35 mg/kg). Sterile, 2-0 black braided silk thread was placed around the cervix of the lower left first molar and knotted medially. Animals received WY14643 (1 mg/kg i.p, daily for eight days). Eighths days after placement of the ligature, we evaluated several markers of inflammation such us (1) myeloperoxidase activity, (2) a cytokines and adhesion molecules expression, (3) NF-κB expression, (4) iNOS expression, (5) the nitration of tyrosine residues, (6) activation of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, (7... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4293031 Wed, 29 Dec 2010 02:25:52 +0100 4293031 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4293030&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F571783.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorδ (PPARδ) regulates a multiplicity of physiological processes associated with glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation, and proliferation. One or more of these processes likely create risk factors associated with the ability of PPARδ agonists to promote tumorigenesis in some organs. In the present study, we describe a new gastric tumor mouse model that is dependent on the potent and highly selective PPARδ agonist GW501516 following carcinogen administration. The progression of gastric tumorigenesis was rapid as determined by magnetic resonance imaging and resulted in highly metastatic squamous cell carcinomas of the forestomach within two months. Tumorigenesis was associated with gene expression signatures indicati... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4293030 Wed, 29 Dec 2010 02:25:52 +0100 4293030 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4280648&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F104705.html PPARs are members of the steroid hormone nuclear receptor superfamily and play an important role in regulating inflammation as well as lipid metabolism. The PPAR subfamily has been defined as PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, each with different ligands, target genes, and biological roles. PPARs regulate the expression of target inflammatory genes through mechanisms involving both transactivation and transrepression. The anti-inflammatory properties of PPAR agonists have led to the investigation of PPAR functions in regulating autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This paper will summarize some of the general mechanisms by which PPARs regulate inflammatory gene expression and focus on the recent advances of PPAR regulation of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. (Source: PP... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4280648 Thu, 23 Dec 2010 02:05:04 +0100 4280648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4196203&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F129173.html PPAR-α, PPAR-β, and PPAR-γ, and RXR in conjunction with PGC-1α and SIRT1, activate oxidative metabolism genes determining insulin sensitivity. In utero, hypoxia is commonly observed in Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR), and reduced insulin sensitivity is often observed in these infants as adults. We sought to investigate how changes in oxygen tension might directly impact muscle PPAR regulation of oxidative genes. Following eight days in culture at 1% oxygen, C2C12 muscle myoblasts displayed a reduction of PGC-1α, PPAR-α, and RXR-α mRNA, as well as CPT-1b and UCP-2 mRNA. SIRT1 and PGC-1α protein was reduced, and PPAR-γ protein increased. The addition of a PPAR-β agonist (L165,041) for the final 24 hours of 1&#37... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4196203 Wed, 24 Nov 2010 14:55:17 +0100 4196203 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4142402&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F345098.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α, a member of a large nuclear receptor superfamily, plays a major role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. Recently, PPARα activation has been shown to confer additional benefits on endothelial function, kidney function, and anti-inflammation, suggesting that PPARα agonists may be good candidates for treating acute renal failure. In clinical application, PPAR-α activators, such as hypolipidemic drugs in fibric acid class, were proven to have therapeutic effects on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. This paper focuses on signaling pathways, ligand selectivity, and physio-pathological roles of PPARα in kidney diseases and the therapeutic utility of PPARα modulators in the treatment of ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4142402 Mon, 08 Nov 2010 09:54:31 +0100 4142402 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4124333&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F274376.html Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by growth of fluid-filled cysts predominately in kidney tubules and liver bile ducts. Currently, the clinical management of PKD is limited to cyst aspiration, surgical resection or organ transplantation. Based on an observation that PPARγ agonists such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone decrease mRNA levels of a Cl− transport protein, CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), and the Cl− secretory response to vasopressin in cultured renal cells, it is hypothesized that PPARγ agonists will inhibit cyst growth. The current studies show that a 7- or 14-week pioglitazone feeding regimen inhibits renal and hepatic bile duct cyst growth in the PCK rat, a rodent model orthologous to hu... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4124333 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 23:29:19 +0100 4124333 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4030293&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F681963.html Gemfibrozil is a widely prescribed hypolipidemic agent in humans and a peroxisome proliferator and liver carcinogen in rats. Three-month feed studies of gemfibrozil were conducted by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) in male Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats, B6C3F1 mice, and Syrian hamsters, primarily to examine mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenicity. There was morphologic evidence of peroxisome proliferation in rats and mice. Increased hepatocyte proliferation was observed in rats, primarily at the earliest time point. Increases in peroxisomal enzyme activities were greatest in rats, intermediate in mice, and least in hamsters. These studies demonstrate that rats are most responsive while hamsters are least responsive. These events are causally related to hepatotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenici... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4030293 Tue, 05 Oct 2010 09:02:49 +0100 4030293 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4030292&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F635912.html Conclusions and Implications. PPAR agonists reduce TGF-β1-modulated ECM turnover and inhibit chondrocyte activities crucial for collagen biosynthesis, and display a different inhibitory profile depending on selectivity for PPAR isotypes. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4030292 Tue, 05 Oct 2010 09:02:49 +0100 4030292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4017526&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F572405.html Tight control of storage and synthesis of glucose during nutritional transitions is essential to maintain blood glucose levels, a process in which the liver has a central role. PPARα is the master regulator of lipid metabolism during fasting, but evidence is emerging for a role of PPARα in balancing glucose homeostasis as well. By using PPARα ligands and PPARα−/− mice, several crucial genes were shown to be regulated by PPARα in a direct or indirect way. We here review recent evidence that PPARα contributes to the adaptation of hepatic carbohydrate metabolism during the fed-to-fasted or fasted-to-fed transition in rodents. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4017526 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 21:26:23 +0100 4017526 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4011452&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F794739.html Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) and a persistent environmental contaminant found in the tissues of humans and wildlife. Although blood levels of PFOS have begun to decline, health concerns remain because of the long half-life of PFOS in humans. Like other PFAAs, such as, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), PFOS is an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) and exhibits hepatocarcinogenic potential in rodents. PFOS is also a developmental toxicant in rodents where, unlike PFOA, its mode of action is independent of PPARα. Wild-type (WT) and PPARα-null (Null) mice were dosed with 0, 3, or 10 mg/kg/day PFOS for 7 days. Animals were euthanized, livers weighed, and liver samples collected for histology and prep... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4011452 Wed, 29 Sep 2010 20:20:01 +0100 4011452 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4011451&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F282896.html Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is one of the perfluoroalkyl acids found in the environment and in tissues of humans and wildlife. Prenatal exposure to PFNA negatively impacts survival and development of mice and activates the mouse and human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARα). In the current study, we used PPARα knockout (KO) and 129S1/SvlmJ wild-type (WT) mice to investigate the role of PPARα in mediating PFNA-induced in vivo effects. Pregnant KO and WT mice were dosed orally with water (vehicle control: 10 ml/kg), 0.83, 1.1, 1.5, or 2 mg/kg PFNA on gestational days (GDs) 1–18 (day of sperm plug = GD 0). Maternal weight gain, implantation, litter size, and pup weight at birth were unaffected in either strain. PFNA exposure redu... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4011451 Wed, 29 Sep 2010 20:20:01 +0100 4011451 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4002646&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F612089.html The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in the regulation of a variety of processes, ranging from inflammation and immunity to nutrient metabolism and energy homeostasis. PPARα serves as a molecular target for hypolipidemic fibrates drugs which bind the receptor with high affinity. Furthermore, PPARα binds and is activated by numerous fatty acids and fatty acid-derived compounds. PPARα governs biological processes by altering the expression of a large number of target genes. Accordingly, the specific role of PPARα is directly related to the biological function of its target genes. Here, we present an overview of the involvement of PPARα in lipid metabolism and other pathways t... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4002646 Sun, 26 Sep 2010 20:16:54 +0100 4002646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3992538&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F108632.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor that is known to play a central role in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity as well as inflammation and cell proliferation. According to the results obtained from studies on several animal models of gastrointestinal inflammation, PPARγ has been implicated in the regulation of the immune response, particularly inflammation control, and has gained importance as a potential therapeutic target in the management of gastrointestinal inflammation. In the present paper, we present the current knowledge on the role of PPARγ ligands in the gastrointestinal tract. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3992538 Thu, 23 Sep 2010 10:35:40 +0100 3992538 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3945998&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F409168.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is one of the most extensively studied ligand-inducible transcription factors (TFs), able to modulate its transcriptional activity through conformational changes. It is of particular interest because of its pleiotropic functions: it plays a crucial role in the expression of key genes involved in adipogenesis, lipid and glucid metabolism, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and cancer. Its protein isoforms, the wide number of PPARγ target genes, ligands, and coregulators contribute to determine the complexity of its function. In addition, the presence of genetic variants is likely to affect expression levels of target genes although the impact of PPARG gene variations on the expression of target genes is not fully understood.... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3945998 Thu, 09 Sep 2010 08:29:45 +0100 3945998 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3938032&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F243643.html The circadian rhythm, controlled by a complex network of cellular transcription factors, orchestrates behavior and physiology in the vast majority of animals. The circadian system is comprised of a master clock located in central nervous system with 24-hour rotation and periphery clocks to ensure optimal timing of physiology in peripheral tissues. Circadian expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily and key mediators of energy homeostasis and metabolism, is regulated by clock genes. PPARs serve as sensors of nutrient and energy/metabolism status to temporally entrain peripheral clock. Metabolism and circadian clocks are tightly intertwined: clock genes drive metabolism, and various metabolic parameters affect clock genes, ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3938032 Tue, 07 Sep 2010 08:29:22 +0100 3938032 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3935642&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F173907.html The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) plays a key role in lipid metabolism and energy combustion. Chronic activation of PPARα in rodents leads to the development of hepatocellular carcinomas. The ability of PPARα to induce expression of its target genes depends on Mediator, an evolutionarily conserved complex of cofactors and, in particular, the subunit 1 (Med1) of this complex. Here, we report the identification and characterization of PPARα-interacting cofactor (PRIC)-295 (PRIC295), a novel coactivator protein, and show that it interacts with the Med1 and Med24 subunits of the Mediator complex. PRIC295 contains 10 LXXLL signature motifs that facilitate nuclear receptor binding and interacts with PPARα and five other members of ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3935642 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 08:48:57 +0100 3935642 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3919998&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F169506.html The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are central regulators of fat metabolism, energy homeostasis, proliferation, and inflammation. The three PPAR subtypes, PPARα, β/δ, and γ activate overlapping but also very different target gene programs. This review summarizes the insights into PPAR subtype-specific transactivation provided by genome-wide studies and discusses the recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying PPAR subtype specificity with special focus on the regulatory role of AF-1. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3919998 Wed, 01 Sep 2010 08:58:39 +0100 3919998 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3898789&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F417646.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) were reported to prevent cells from stress-induced apoptosis and protect tissues against ischemia-reperfusion injury. The underlying transcriptional mechanism is unclear. Recent reports indicate that the antiapoptotic actions of ligand-activated PPARδ and PPARγ are mediated through enhanced binding of PPAR to the promoter of 14-3-3ε and upregulation of 14-3-3ε expression. We propose that ligand-activated PPARα exerts its anti-apoptotic actions via the identical pathway. The PPAR to 14-3-3 transcriptional axis plays an important role in protection of cell and tissue integrity and is a target for drug discovery. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3898789 Wed, 25 Aug 2010 08:51:57 +0100 3898789 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3884731&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F234629.html Fatty acid binding protein 5 (FABP5) delivers ligands from the cytosol directly to the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ and thus facilitates the ligation and enhances the transcriptional activity of the receptor. We show here that expression levels of both FABP5 and PPARβ/δ are correlated with the tumorigenic potential of prostate cancer cell lines. We show further that FABP5 comprises a direct target gene for PPARβ/δ and thus the binding protein and its cognate receptor are engaged in a positive feedback loop. The observations demonstrate that, similarly to effects observed in mammary carcinomas, activation of the FABP5/PPARβ/δ pathway induces PPARβ/δ target genes involved in cell survival and growth and enhances cell prolifera... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3884731 Fri, 20 Aug 2010 09:03:20 +0100 3884731 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3884730&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F937123.html PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is considered to be a major regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Though first discovered in brown adipose tissue, this coactivator has emerged as a coordinator of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle via enhanced transcription of many nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins. Stimuli such as exercise provoke the activation of signalling cascades that lead to the induction of PGC-1α. Posttranslational modifications also regulate the function of PGC-1α, with a multitude of upstream molecules targeting the protein to modify its activity and/or expression. Previous research has established a positive correlation between resistance to fatigue and skeletal muscle mitochondrial content. Recently, studies have begun to ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3884730 Fri, 20 Aug 2010 09:03:20 +0100 3884730 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3880219&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F542359.html PPARα is one of three members of the soluble nuclear receptor family called peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR). It is a sensor for changes in levels of fatty acids and their derivatives that responds to ligand binding with PPAR target gene transcription, inasmuch as it can influence physiological homeostasis, including lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in various tissues. In this paper we summarize the involvement of PPARα in the metabolically active tissues liver and skeletal muscle and provide an overview of the risks and benefits of ligand activation of PPARα, with particular consideration to interspecies differences. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3880219 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 08:57:03 +0100 3880219 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3876047&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F584296.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily and is well known to act as the molecular target for lipid-lowering drugs of the fibrate family. At the molecular level, PPARα regulates the transcription of a number of genes critical for lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. PPARα activators are further shown to reduce body weight gain and adiposity, at least in part, due to the increase of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and the decrease in levels of circulating triglycerides responsible for adipose cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia. However, these effects of the PPARα ligand fenofibrate on obesity are regulated with sexual dimorphism and seem to be influenced by the presence of functioning ovaries, sug... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3876047 Wed, 18 Aug 2010 08:52:56 +0100 3876047 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3861395&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F876049.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is the members of the nuclear receptor superfamily as a master transcriptional factor that promotes differentiation of preadipocytes by activating adipose-specific gene expression. Although PPARγ is expressed predominantly in adipose tissue and associated with adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis, PPARγ is also present in a variety of cell types including vascular cells and cardiomyocytes. Activation of PPARγ suppresses production of inflammatory cytokines, and there is accumulating data that PPARγ ligands exert antihypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiproliferative effects on vascular wall cells and cardiomyocytes. In addition, activation of PP... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3861395 Fri, 13 Aug 2010 08:45:30 +0100 3861395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3841862&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F549101.html Comprehensive studies support the notion that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, (PPARs), PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, regulate cell growth, morphogenesis, differentiation, and homeostasis. Agonists of each PPAR subtype exert their effects similarly or distinctly in different tissues such as liver, muscle, fat, and vessels. It is noteworthy that PPARα or PPARγ agonists have pharmacological effects by modulating the activity of AMPK, which is a key cellular energy sensor. However, the role of AMPK in the metabolic effects of PPAR agonists has not been thoroughly focused. Moreover, AMPK activation by PPAR agonists seems to be independent of the receptor activation. This intriguing action of PPAR agonists may account in part for the mechan... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3841862 Mon, 09 Aug 2010 12:55:07 +0100 3841862 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3826481&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F250126.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, β (also known as δ), and γ function as sensors for fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives and control important metabolic pathways involved in the maintenance of energy balance. PPARs also regulate other diverse biological processes such as development, differentiation, inflammation, and neoplasia. In the nucleus, PPARs exist as heterodimers with retinoid X receptor-α bound to DNA with corepressor molecules. Upon ligand activation, PPARs undergo conformational changes that facilitate the dissociation of corepressor molecules and invoke a spatiotemporally orchestrated recruitment of transcription cofactors including coactivators and coactivator-associated proteins. While a given nuclear receptor regulates... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3826481 Fri, 06 Aug 2010 07:46:47 +0100 3826481 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3812202&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F257835.html Activating synthetic ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), such as pioglitazone, are commonly used to treat persons with diabetes mellitus with improvement of insulin resistance. Several reports have clearly demonstrated that PPARγ ligands could inhibit colorectal cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis. Meanwhile, aberrant crypt foci (ACF) have come to be established as a biomarker of the risk of CRC in azoxymethane-treated mice and rats. In humans, ACF can be detected using magnifying colonoscopy. Previously, CRC and adenoma were used as a target for chemopreventive agents, but it needs a long time to evaluate, however, ACF can be a surrogate marker of CRC even for a brief period. In this clinical study, we investigated the chemopreventive ef... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3812202 Tue, 03 Aug 2010 08:37:36 +0100 3812202 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3808521&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F435689.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), which are known to regulate lipid homeostasis, are tightly controlled by nutrient availability, and they control nutrient handling. In this paper, we focus on how nutrients control the expression and action of PPARs and how cellular signaling events regulate the action of PPARs in metabolically active tissues (e.g., liver, skeletal muscle, heart, and white adipose tissue). We address the structure and function of the PPARs, and their interaction with other nuclear receptors, including PPAR cross-talk. We further discuss the roles played by different kinase pathways, including the extracellular signal-regulated kinases/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK MAPK), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Akt/protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), and the... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3808521 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 07:31:38 +0100 3808521 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3794040&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F368467.html The pathophysiology underlying several metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis, involves a state of chronic low-level inflammation. Evidence is now emerging that the nuclear receptor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR)β/δ ameliorates these pathologies partly through its anti-inflammatory effects. PPARβ/δ activation prevents the production of inflammatory cytokines by adipocytes, and it is involved in the acquisition of the anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages infiltrated in adipose tissue. Furthermore, PPARβ/δ ligands prevent fatty acid-induced inflammation in skeletal muscle cells, avoid the development of cardiac hypertrophy, and suppress macrophage-derived inflammation in atheroscler... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3794040 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 07:33:08 +0100 3794040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3794039&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F783273.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR α, β/δ and γ) play a key role in metabolic regulatory processes and gene regulation of cellular metabolism, particularly in the cardiovascular system. Moreover, PPARs have various extra metabolic roles, in circadian rhythms, inflammation and oxidative stress. In this review, we focus mainly on the effects of PPARs on some thermodynamic processes, which can behave either near equilibrium, or far-from-equilibrium. New functions of PPARs are reported in the arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, a human genetic heart disease. It is now possible to link the genetic desmosomal abnormalitiy to the presence of fat in the right ventricle, partly due to an overexpression of PPARγ. Moreover, PPARs are... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3794039 Wed, 28 Jul 2010 07:33:08 +0100 3794039 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3790117&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F341671.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) is a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily of ligand-activated transcriptional factors. Among other functions, PPAR-γ acts as a key regulator of the adipogenesis. Since several cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α, TGF-β) had been known to inhibit adipocyte differentiation in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), we examined the effect of these cytokines on the transactivation function of PPAR-γ. We found that the TNF-α/IL-1-activated TAK1/TAB1/NIK (NFκB-inducible kinase) signaling cascade inhibited both the adipogenesis and Tro-induced transactivation by PPAR-γ by blocking the receptor binding to the cognate DNA response elements. Furthermore, it has been shown that the noncanonical Wnts... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3790117 Tue, 27 Jul 2010 07:39:41 +0100 3790117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3790116&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F690907.html This study examines expression of PPARα, β, and γ mRNA and protein in human fetal tissues. With increasing fetal age, mRNA expression of PPARα and β increased in liver, but PPARβ decreased in heart and intestine, and PPARγ decreased in adrenal. Adult and fetal mean expression of PPARα, β, and γ mRNA did not differ in intestine, but expression was lower in fetal stomach and heart. PPARα and β mRNA in kidney and spleen, and PPARγ mRNA in lung and adrenal were lower in fetal versus adult. PPARγ in liver and PPARβ mRNA in thymus were higher in fetal versus adult. PPARα protein increased with fetal age in intestine and decreased in lung, kidney, and adrenal. PPAR&#x003... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3790116 Tue, 27 Jul 2010 07:39:41 +0100 3790116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3726365&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F601562.html Nitroalkene derivatives of nitro-oleic acid (OA-NO2) are endogenous lipid products with novel signaling properties, particularly the activation of PPARs. The goal of this proposal was to examine the therapeutic potential of this OA-NO2 in treatment of obesity and obesity-related conditions in obese Zucker rats. The animals were randomly divided to receive OA-NO2, oleic acid (OA), both at 7.5 μg/kg/d, or vehicle ethanol via osmotic mini-pumps for 2 weeks. Following OA-NO2 treatment, food intake was decreased as early as the first day and this effect appeared to persist throughout the experimental period. At day 14, body weight gain was significantly reduced by OA-NO2 treatment. This treatment significantly reduced plasma triglyceride and almost normalized plasma free fatty aci... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3726365 Tue, 06 Jul 2010 07:27:29 +0100 3726365 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3709942&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F806538.html Dysfunction of macro- and microvessels is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cardio-renovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. Renal failure and impairment of renal function due to vasoconstriction of the glomerular arteriole in diabetic nephropathy leads to renal volume retention and increase in plasma homocysteine level. Homocysteine, which is a nonprotein amino acid, at elevated levels is an independent cardio-renovascular risk factor. Homocysteine induces oxidative injury of vascular endothelial cells, involved in matrix remodeling through modulation of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) axis, and increased formation and accumulation of extracellular matrix protein, such as collagen. In ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3709942 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 07:25:36 +0100 3709942 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3709941&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F917312.html The previous results suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR)-α, an intracellular transcription factor activated by fatty acids, plays a role in control of inflammation. There is persuasive epidemiological and experimental evidence that dietary polyphenols have anti-inflammatory activity. In this regard, it has been demonstrated that verbascoside (VB) functions as intracellular radical scavenger and reduces the microscopic and macroscopic signs of experimental colitis. With the aim to characterize the role of PPAR-α in VB-mediated anti-inflammatory activity, we tested the efficacy of VB in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease induced by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, comparing mice lacking PPAR-α (PPAR-αKO) with wild typ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3709941 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 07:25:36 +0100 3709941 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3709940&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F621069.html The interleukin-10 gene-deficient (Il10-/-) mouse is a model of human inflammatory bowel disease and Ppara has been identified as one of the key genes involved in regulation of colitis in the bacterially inoculated Il10-/- model. The aims were to (1) characterize colitis onset and progression using a histopathological, transcriptomic, and proteomic approach and (2) investigate links between PPARα and IL10 using gene network analysis. Bacterial inoculation resulted in severe colitis in Il10-/- mice from 10 to 12 weeks of age. Innate and adaptive immune responses showed differences in gene expression relating to colitis severity. Actin cytoskeleton dynamics, innate immunity, and apoptosis-linked gene and protein expression data suggested a delayed remodeling process in 12-week-old Il1... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3709940 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 07:25:36 +0100 3709940 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3665424&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F541927.html This article reviews the effects of PPARγ agonists in relationship with various pathogenic steps that occur during the course of FOP by reviewing the particularly rich literature on the effects of Rosiglitazone, to underscore their relevance to FOP and to consider possible adverse effects. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3665424 Wed, 16 Jun 2010 14:58:38 +0100 3665424 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3658515&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F703735.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of a steroid hormone receptor superfamily that responds to changes in lipid and glucose homeostasis. Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor subtype γ (PPARγ) has received much attention as the target for antidiabetic drugs, as well as its role in responding to endogenous compounds such as prostaglandin J2. However, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), the synthetic agonists of the PPARγ are tightly associated with fluid retention and edema, as potentially serious side effects. The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) represents the rate limiting step for sodium absorption in the renal collecting duct. Consequently, ENaC is a central effector impacting systemic blood volume and pressure. The role of PPARγ ago... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3658515 Mon, 14 Jun 2010 15:14:54 +0100 3658515 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3640167&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F536415.html (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3640167 Tue, 08 Jun 2010 15:03:44 +0100 3640167 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3640166&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F698730.html Recent research has revealed roles for the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) family of transcription factors in blood pressure regulation, expanding the possible therapeutic use of PPAR ligands. PPARα and PPARγ modulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), a major regulator of systemic blood pressure and interstitial fluid volume by transcriptional control of renin, angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT-R1). Blockade of RAAS is an important therapeutic target in hypertension management and attenuates microvascular damage, glomerular inflammation and left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients and also show antidiabetic effects. The mechanisms underlying the benefits of RAAS inhibition appea... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3640166 Tue, 08 Jun 2010 15:03:44 +0100 3640166 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3624764&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F483958.html Several herbal plants improve medical conditions. Such plants contain many bioactive phytochemicals. Terpenoids (also called “isoprenoids”) constitute one of the largest families of natural products accounting for more than 40,000 individual compounds of both primary and secondary metabolisms. In particular, terpenoids are contained in many herbal plants, and several terpenoids have been shown to be available for pharmaceutical applications, for example, artemisinin and taxol as malaria and cancer medicines, respectively. Various terpenoids are contained in many plants for not only herbal use but also dietary use. In this paper, we describe several bioactive terpenoids contained in herbal or dietary plants, which can modulate the activities of ligand-dependent transcription fac... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3624764 Thu, 03 Jun 2010 14:58:59 +0100 3624764 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3576753&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F467053.html Studies using PPARγ agonists in mouse skin have suggested that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is irrelevant to cutaneous photobiology. However, in several epithelial cell lines, ultraviolet B (UVB) has been shown to induce the nonenzymatic production of oxidized phospholipids that act as PPARγ agonists. UVB is also a potent inducer of prostaglandin E2  (PGE2) production and COX-2 expression in keratinocytes and PPARγ is coupled to increased PGE2 production in other cell lines. In this current study, we demonstrate that PPARγ agonists, but not PPARα or PPARβ/δ agonists, induce PGE2 production and COX-2 expression in primary human keratinocytes (PHKs). Importantly, PPARγ agonist-induced C... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3576753 Wed, 19 May 2010 14:57:00 +0100 3576753 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3493729&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F970164.html The kinetics of metabolic and inflammatory parameters associated with obesity were evaluated in a murine diet-induced obesity (DIO) model using a diet high in fat and cholesterol. Cellular infiltration and mediator production were assessed and shown to be therapeutically modulated by the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone. C57BL/6 mice were maintained on a 45% fat/0.12% cholesterol (HF/CH) or Chow diet for 3, 6, 16, or 27 weeks. Flow cytometry was employed to monitor peripheral blood monocytes and adipose tissue macrophages (ATM). Gene expression and protein analysis methods were used to evaluate mediator production from total epididymal fat (EF), stromal vascular fraction (SVF), and sorted SVF cells. To investigate therapeutic intervention, mice were fed a HF/CH diet for 12 w... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3493729 Thu, 22 Apr 2010 15:24:23 +0100 3493729 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3419918&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F589626.html (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3419918 Tue, 30 Mar 2010 15:22:52 +0100 3419918 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3373631&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F427401.html Neuroepithelial tumors represent a heterogeneous class of human tumors including benignant and malignant tumors. The incidence of central nervous system neoplasms ranges from 3.8 to 5.1 cases per 100,000 in the population. Among malignant neuroepithelial tumors, with regard to PPAR ligands, the most extensively studied were tumors of astrocytic origin and neuroblastoma. PPARs are expressed in developing and adult neuroepithelial cells, even if with different localization and relative abundance. The majority of malignant neuroepithelial tumors have poor prognosis and do not respond to conventional therapeutic protocols, therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed. Natural and synthetic PPAR ligands may represent a starting point for the formulation of new therapeutic approaches to be u... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3373631 Wed, 17 Mar 2010 16:29:51 +0100 3373631 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3369671&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F952734.html Fatty liver disease is a common lipid metabolism disorder influenced by the combination of individual genetic makeup, drug exposure, and life-style choices that are frequently associated with metabolic syndrome, which encompasses obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistant diabetes. Common to obesity related dyslipidemia is the excessive storage of hepatic fatty acids (steatosis), due to a decrease in mitochondria β-oxidation with an increase in both peroxisomal β-oxidation, and microsomal ω-oxidation of fatty acids through peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). How steatosis increases PPARα activated gene expression of fatty acid transport proteins, peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation an... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3369671 Tue, 16 Mar 2010 17:42:35 +0100 3369671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3349712&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F438673.html PPARγ ligands have been shown to have antiproliferative effects on many cell types. We herein report that a synthetic dominant-negative (DN) PPARγ mutant functions like a growth factor to promote cell cycle progression and cell proliferation in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMCs). In quiescent CASMCs, adenovirus-expressed DN-PPARγ promoted G1→S cell cycle progression, enhanced BrdU incorporation, and increased cell proliferation. DN-PPARγ expression also markedly enhanced positive regulators of the cell cycle, increasing Rb and CDC2 phosphorylation and the expression of cyclin A, B1, D1, and MCM7. Conversely, overexpression of wild-type (WT) or constitutively-active (CA) PPARγ inhibited cell cycle progression and the activity and exp... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3349712 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 17:48:02 +0100 3349712 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3317955&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F867678.html Tumor suppressor candidate 5 (TUSC5) is a gene expressed abundantly in white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and peripheral afferent neurons. Strong adipocyte expression and increased expression following peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes suggested a role for Tusc5 in fat cell proliferation and/or metabolism. However, the regulation of Tusc5 in WAT and its potential association with obesity phenotypes remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that the TUSC5 gene is a bona fide PPARγ target and evaluated whether its WAT expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TUSC5 coding region are associated with human obesity. Induction of Tusc5 mRNA levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by troglitaz... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3317955 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 17:12:20 +0100 3317955 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3315911&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F814609.html The use of targeted cancer therapies in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents and/or radiation treatment has increased overall survival of cancer patients. However, longer survival is accompanied by increased incidence of comorbidities due, in part, to drug side effects and toxicities. It is well accepted that inflammation and tumorigenesis are linked. Because peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonists are potent mediators of anti-inflammatory responses, it was a logical extension to examine the role of PPARγ agonists in the treatment and prevention of cancer. This paper has two objectives: first to highlight the potential uses for PPARγ agonists in anticancer therapy with special emphasis on their role when used as adjuvant or combine... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3315911 Sun, 28 Feb 2010 16:02:30 +0100 3315911 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3297799&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F818945.html PPARγ activation in type 2 diabetic patients results in a marked improvement in insulin and glucose parameters, resulting from an improvement of whole-body insulin sensitivity. Adipose tissue is the major mediator of PPARγ action on insulin sensitivity. PPARγ activation in mature adipocytes induces the expression of a number of genes involved in the insulin signaling cascade, thereby improving insulin sensitivity. PPARγ is the master regulator of adipogenesis, thereby stimulating the production of small insulin-sensitive adipocytes. In addition to its importance in adipogenesis, PPARγ plays an important role in regulating lipid, metabolism in mature adipocytes by increasing fatty acid trapping. Finally, adipose tissue produces several cytokines that regul... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3297799 Tue, 23 Feb 2010 16:37:51 +0100 3297799 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3275353&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F956427.html Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common nonhematologic malignancy of bone in children and adults. Although dysregulation of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, such as Rb, p53, and the genes critical to cell cycle control, genetic stability, and apoptosis have been identified in OS, consensus genetic changes that lead to OS development are poorly understood. Disruption of the osteogenic differentiation pathway may be at least in part responsible for OS tumorigenesis. Current OS management involves chemotherapy and surgery. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists and/or retinoids can inhibit OS proliferation and induce apoptosis and may inhibit OS growth by promoting osteoblastic terminal differentiation. Thus, safe and effective PPAR agonists and/or retinoid derivatives c... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3275353 Tue, 16 Feb 2010 16:14:38 +0100 3275353 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3110651&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F785369.html Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists are widely used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Side effects of drug treatment include both fluid retention and a lowering of blood pressure. Data from animal and human studies suggest that these effects arise, at least in part, from drug-induced changes in the kidney. In order to capitalize on the positive aspect (lowering of blood pressure) and exclude the negative one (fluid retention), it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of action underlying each of the effects. When interpreted with known physiological principles, current hypotheses regarding potential mechanisms produce enigmas that are difficult to resolve. This paper is a summary of the current understanding of PPARγ agonist effects on ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3110651 Tue, 22 Dec 2009 15:53:30 +0100 3110651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3106605&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F925309.html The PPARs are integral parts of the RXR-dependent signaling networks. Many other nuclear receptor subfamily 1 members also require RXR as their obligatory heterodimerization partner and they are often co-expressed in any given tissue. Therefore, the PPARs often complete with other RXR-dependent nuclear receptors and this competition has important biological implications. Thorough understanding of this cross-talk at the molecular level is crucial to determine the detailed functional roles of the PPARs. At the level of DNA binding, most RXR heterodimers bind selectively to the well-known “DR1 to 5” DNA response elements. As a result, many heterodimers share the same DR element and must complete with each other for DNA binding. At the level of heterodimerization, the partners of R... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3106605 Sun, 20 Dec 2009 15:47:44 +0100 3106605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3043943&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F543746.html In conclusion, the PPARG Ala12Ala genotype might be associated with a higher CHD risk in men but further confirmation studies are needed. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3043943 Tue, 01 Dec 2009 18:31:14 +0100 3043943 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3043942&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F189091.html (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3043942 Tue, 01 Dec 2009 18:31:14 +0100 3043942 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3018557&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F193413.html This study investigated the role of the 5′-UTR in regulating the efficiency with which the message is translated to protein. A coupled in vitro transcription-translation assay demonstrated that PPAR-γ1, -γ2, and -γ5 are efficiently translated, whereas PPAR-γ4 and -γ7 are poorly translated. An in vivo reporter gene assay using each 5′-UTR upstream of the firefly luciferase gene showed that the 5′-UTRs for PPAR-γ1, -γ2, and -γ4 enhanced translation, whereas the 5′-UTRs for PPAR-γ5 and -γ7 inhibited translation. Models of RNA secondary structure, obtained by the mfold software, were used to explain the mechanism of regulation by each 5′-UTR. In general, it was found that the translational ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3018557 Mon, 23 Nov 2009 15:55:48 +0100 3018557 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3016892&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F528327.html The use of radiation therapy to treat cancer inevitably involves exposure of normal tissues. Although the benefits of this treatment are well established, many patients experience distressing complications due to injury to normal tissue. These side effects are related to inflammatory processes, and they decrease therapeutic benefit by increasing the overall treatment time. Emerging evidence indicates that PPARs and their ligands are important in the modulation of immune and inflammatory reactions. This paper discusses the effects of abdominal irradiation on PPARs, their role and functions in irradiation toxicity, and the possibility of using their ligands for radioprotection. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3016892 Sun, 22 Nov 2009 15:51:04 +0100 3016892 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3003195&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F801609.html PPARα is a lipid-activable transcription factor that mediates the adaptive response to fasting. Recent data indicate an important role of brain PPARα in physiological functions. However, it has not yet been shown whether PPARα in brain can be activated in the fasting state. Here we demonstrate that fasting of rats increased mRNA concentrations of typical PPARα target genes implicated in β-oxidation of fatty acids (acyl-CoA oxidase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) and ketogenesis (mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase) in pituitary gland and partially also in frontal cortex and diencephalon compared to nonfasted animals. These data strongly indicate that fasting activates PPARα in brain and... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3003195 Wed, 18 Nov 2009 16:13:15 +0100 3003195 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2995266&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F530265.html This study was performed to determine the effects of GA on total PPARγ and LPL expression levels, lipid parameters and HOMA-IR. Oral administration of 100 mg/kg GA for 24 hours resulted in an increase in insulin sensitivity with decreases in blood glucose, serum insulin and HOMA-IR. Improvement in serum lipid parameters was also observed with a decrease in triacylglycerol, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol and an elevation in HDL-cholesterol. GA administration also resulted in up-regulation of total PPARγ and LPL expression levels in the visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues, abdominal and quadriceps femoris muscles, as well as liver and kidney, with a significant up-regulation only in the visceral adipose tissue, abdominal and quadriceps femoris muscles.... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2995266 Mon, 16 Nov 2009 16:13:14 +0100 2995266 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2926786&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F476217.html Preclinical studies to predict the efficacy and safety of drugs have conventionally been conducted almost exclusively in mice and rats as rodents, despite the differences in drug metabolism between humans and rodents. Furthermore, human (h) viruses such as hepatitis viruses do not infect the rodent liver. A mouse bearing a liver in which the hepatocytes have been largely repopulated with h-hepatocytes would overcome some of these disadvantages. We have established a practical, efficient, and large-scale production system for such mice. Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that these hepatocyte-humanized mice are a useful and reliable animal model, exhibiting h-type responses in a series of in vivo drug processing (adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) experiments and in the inf... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2926786 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 16:26:31 +0100 2926786 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2926785&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F816957.html Numerous studies have indicated that PPARγ plays multiple roles such as in inflammation, cell cycle control, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis, thus PPARγ contributes to the homeostasis. Many in vitro studies have showed that ligand-induced activation of PPARγ possess antitumor effect in many cancers including CRC. However, the role of PPARγ in gastrointestinal cancers, especially in colorectal cancer, is rather controversial. Nevertheless, some recent studies with the positive results on the possible application of PPARγ ligands, such as Bezafibrate or Rosiglitazone in gastrointestinal cancers, have suggested a potential usefulness of PPARγ agonists in cancer prevention and therapy. In this review, the authors discuss the recent de... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2926785 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 16:26:31 +0100 2926785 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2924702&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F874126.html In conclusion, the p.P12A variant of the PPARγ2 may influence cardiovascular risk through effects on lipid metabolism in obese T2D Palestinian patients. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2924702 Sun, 25 Oct 2009 15:41:00 +0100 2924702 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2902725&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F729876.html Nuclear hormone receptors, including RXR and PPARγ, represent novel therapeutic targets in melanoma. We have previously shown that the DRO subline of the amelanotic melanoma A375 responds to rexinoid and thiazolidinedione (TZD) treatment in vitro and in vivo. We performed microarray analysis of A375(DRO) after TZD and combination rexinoid/TZD treatment in which the calcium binding protein S100A2 had increased expression after rexinoid or TZD treatment and a synergistic increase to combination treatment. Increased S100A2 expression is dependent on an intact PPARγ receptor, but it is not sufficient to mediate the antiproliferative effects of rexinoid/TZD treatment. Over expression of S100A2 enhanced the effect of rexinoid and TZD treatment while inhibition of S100A2 expression ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2902725 Sun, 18 Oct 2009 14:34:27 +0100 2902725 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2803430&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F234975.html Whole-brain irradiation (WBI) represents the primary mode of treatment for brain metastases; about 200 000 patients receive WBI each year in the USA. Up to 50% of adult and 100% of pediatric brain cancer patients who survive >6 months post-WBI will suffer from a progressive, cognitive impairment. At present, there are no proven long-term treatments or preventive strategies for this significant radiation-induced late effect. Recent studies suggest that the pathogenesis of radiation-induced brain injury involves WBI-mediated increases in oxidative stress and/or inflammatory responses in the brain. Therefore, anti-inflammatory strategies can be employed to modulate radiation-induced brain injury. Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated tra... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2803430 Thu, 17 Sep 2009 17:47:43 +0100 2803430 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2792732&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F748174.html In conclusion, RXR and PPAR play a central role in the onset and perpetuation of the mechanisms underling all steps of the clinical progression in ALD. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2792732 Mon, 14 Sep 2009 17:52:08 +0100 2792732 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2757069&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F861238.html Virtual screening (VS) is a discovery technique to identify novel compounds with therapeutic and preventive efficacy against disease. Our current focus is on the in silico screening and discovery of novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) agonists. It is well recognized that PPARγ agonists have therapeutic applications as insulin sensitizers in type 2 diabetes or as anti-inflammatories. VS is a cost- and time-effective means for identifying small molecules that have therapeutic potential. Our long-term goal is to devise computational approaches for testing the PPARγ-binding activity of extensive naturally occurring compound libraries prior to testing agonist activity using ligand-binding and reporter assays. This review summarizes the high potent... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2757069 Wed, 02 Sep 2009 17:52:13 +0100 2757069 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2711610&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F460764.html Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists have a significant role on glucose and fat metabolism. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are predominantly PPARγ agonists, and their primary benefit appears to be the prevention of diabetic complications by improving glycemic control and lipid profile. Recently, the cardiovascular safety of rosiglitazone was brought to center stage following meta analyses and the interim analysis of the RECORD trial. Current evidence points to rosiglitazone having a greater risk of myocardial ischemic events than placebo, metformin, or sulfonylureas. This review article discusses the mechanism of action of PPAR agonists and correlates i... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2711610 Wed, 19 Aug 2009 11:33:09 +0100 2711610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2688032&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F728941.html During phase II metabolism, a substrate is rendered more hydrophilic through the covalent attachment of an endogenous molecule. The cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) families of enzymes account for the majority of phase II metabolism in humans and animals. In general, phase II metabolism is considered to be a detoxication process, as sulfate and glucuronide conjugates are more amenable to excretion and elimination than are the parent substrates. However, certain products of phase II metabolism (e.g., unstable sulfate conjugates) are genotoxic. Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily are particularly important regulators of SULT and UGT gene transcription. In metabolically active tissues, increasing evidence supports a major role for lipid-sensing t... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2688032 Tue, 11 Aug 2009 12:02:56 +0100 2688032 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2678172&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F345320.html Breast cancer is the most prominent cancer among females in the United States. There are a number of risk factors associated with development of breast cancer, including consumption of a high-fat diet and obesity. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a cytokine upregulated in obesity whose expression is correlated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer. As a key mediator of adipogenesis and regulator of adipokine production, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is involved in PAI-1 expression from adipose tissue. We summarize the current knowledge linking PPAR-γ and PAI-1 expression to high-fat diet and obesity in the risk of breast cancer. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2678172 Fri, 07 Aug 2009 12:12:16 +0100 2678172 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2653191&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F543584.html (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2653191 Thu, 30 Jul 2009 12:18:57 +0100 2653191 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2616482&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2010%2F848645.html Using tissue microarrays (TMAs) we studied COX2/PPARG immunoreactivity in a broad spectrum of tumors focussing on clinicopathological correlations and the outcome of patients with malignant melanoma (MM). TMA-1 contained normal and tumor tissues (n=3448) from 47 organs including skin neoplasms (n=323); TMA-2 88 primary MM, 101 metastases, and 161 benign nevi. Based on a biomodulatory approach combining COX/PPAR-targeting with metronomic low-dose chemotherapy metastases of 36 patients participating in a randomized trial with metastatic (stage IV) melanoma were investigated using TMA-3. COX2/PPARG immunoreactivity significantly increased from nevi to primary MM and metastases; COX2 positivity was associated with advanced Clark levels and shorter recurrence-free survival. Patients with PPARG-... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2616482 Mon, 20 Jul 2009 12:01:36 +0100 2616482 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2597622&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F393408.html (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2597622 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 12:05:03 +0100 2597622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2597621&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F501739.html Bile acids are amphipathic molecules synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Bile acid synthesis is a major pathway for hepatic cholesterol catabolism. Bile acid synthesis generates bile flow which is important for biliary secretion of free cholesterol, endogenous metabolites, and xenobiotics. Bile acids are biological detergents that facilitate intestinal absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Recent studies suggest that bile acids are important metabolic regulators of lipid, glucose, and energy homeostasis. Agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα, PPARγ, PPARδ) regulate lipoprotein metabolism, fatty acid oxidation, glucose homeostasis and inflammation, and therefore are used as anti-diabetic drugs for treatment of dyslipidemia and i... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2597621 Tue, 14 Jul 2009 12:05:03 +0100 2597621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575879&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F101857.abs.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation decreased serum testosterone (T) in women with hyperthecosis and/or polycystic ovary syndrome and reduced the conversion of androgens to estradiol (E2) in female rats. This implies modulation of female sex steroid hormones by PPARγ. It is not clear if PPARγ modulates sex steroid hormones in diabetic males. Because PPARγ activation by thiazolidinedione increased insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes, understanding the long term impact of PPARγ activation on steroid sex hormones in males is critical. Our objective was to determine the effect of PPARγ activation on serum and intratesticular T, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and E2 concentrations in male ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575879 Tue, 07 Jul 2009 12:02:00 +0100 2575879 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575878&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F237865.abs.html In conclusion, chronic PPAR-γ therapy may predispose the cardiorenal system to a potential sequela of structural and/or functional changes that may be deleterious with regard to morbidity and mortality. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575878 Tue, 07 Jul 2009 12:02:00 +0100 2575878 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575877&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F571365.abs.html The insulin receptor (IR) plays a crucial role in mediating the metabolic and proliferative functions triggered by the peptide hormone insulin. There is considerable evidence that abnormalities in both IR expression and function may account for malignant transformation and tumour progression in some human neoplasias, including breast cancer. PPARγ is a ligand-activated, nuclear hormone receptor implicated in many pleiotropic biological functions related to cell survival and proliferation. In the last decade, PPARγ agonists—besides their known action and clinical use as insulin sensitizers—have proved to display a wide range of antineoplastic effects in cells and tissues expressing PPARγ, leading to intensive preclinical research in oncology. PPARγ an... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575877 Tue, 07 Jul 2009 12:02:00 +0100 2575877 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2575876&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F830501.html It is now well established that the development and progression of a variety of human malignancies are associated with dysregulated activity of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system. In this regard, promising drugs have been developed to target the IGF-I receptor or its ligands. These therapies are limited by the development of insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia, which in turn, may stimulate cancer growth. Novel therapeutic approaches are, therefore, required. Synthetic PPAR-γ agonists, such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), are drugs universally used as antidiabetic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition of acting as insulin sensitizers, PPAR-γ agonists mediate in vitro and in vivo pleiotropic anticancer effects. At least some of these effec... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2575876 Tue, 07 Jul 2009 12:02:00 +0100 2575876 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2552472&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2008%2F350351.html (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2552472 Mon, 29 Jun 2009 16:33:07 +0100 2552472 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2552471&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F571365.html The insulin receptor (IR) plays a crucial role in mediating the metabolic and proliferative functions triggered by the peptide hormone insulin. There is considerable evidence that abnormalities in both IR expression and function may account for malignant transformation and tumour progression in some human neoplasias, including breast cancer. PPARγ is a ligand-activated, nuclear hormone receptor implicated in many pleiotropic biological functions related to cell survival and proliferation. In the last decade, PPARγ agonists—besides their known action and clinical use as insulin sensitizers—have proved to display a wide range of antineoplastic effects in cells and tissues expressing PPARγ, leading to intensive preclinical research in oncology. PPARγ an... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2552471 Mon, 29 Jun 2009 16:33:07 +0100 2552471 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2503857&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F101857.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation decreased serum testosterone (T) in women with hyperthecosis and/or polycystic ovary syndrome and reduced the conversion of androgens to estradiol (E2) in female rats. This implies modulation of female sex steroid hormones by PPARγ. It is not clear if PPARγ modulates sex steroid hormones in diabetic males. Because PPARγ activation by thiazolidinedione increased insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes, understanding the long term impact of PPARγ activation on steroid sex hormones in males is critical. Our objective was to determine the effect of PPARγ activation on serum and intratesticular T, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and E2 concentrations in male ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2503857 Thu, 25 Jun 2009 08:48:30 +0100 2503857 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2503856&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F237865.html In conclusion, chronic PPAR-γ therapy may predispose the cardiorenal system to a potential sequela of structural and/or functional changes that may be deleterious with regard to morbidity and mortality. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2503856 Thu, 25 Jun 2009 08:48:30 +0100 2503856 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2467981&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2008%2F548178.html Conclusions. Rosiglitazone reduces chronic inflammatory responses and improves levels of markers of endothelial dysfunction in patients with diabetes and CAD. PPAR-γ agonist may have a beneficial effect on the vascular endothelium through its anti-inflammatory mechanism and may be useful as therapy in patients undergoing PCI. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2467981 Wed, 10 Jun 2009 03:19:57 +0100 2467981 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2467980&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2008%2F134059.html Lipid mediators can trigger physiological responses by activating nuclear hormone receptors, such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPARs, in turn, control the expression of networks of genes encoding proteins involved in all aspects of lipid metabolism. In addition, PPARs are tumor growth modifiers, via the regulation of cancer cell apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation, and through their action on the tumor cell environment, namely, angiogenesis, inflammation, and immune cell functions. Epidemiological studies have established that tumor progression may be exacerbated by chronic inflammation. Here, we describe the production of the lipids that act as activators of PPARs, and we review the roles of these receptors in inflammation and cancer. Finally, we c... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2467980 Wed, 10 Jun 2009 03:19:57 +0100 2467980 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2467979&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2008%2F316306.html Statins increase peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) mRNA expression, but the mechanism of this increased PPARα production remains elusive. To examine the regulation of PPARα production, we examined the effect of 7 statins (atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin) on human PPARα promoter activity, mRNA expression, nuclear protein levels, and transcriptional activity. The main results are as follows. (1) Majority of statins enhanced PPARα promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner in HepG2 cells transfected with the human PPARα promoter. This enhancement may be mediated by statin-induced HNF-4α. (2) PPARα mRNA expression was increased by statin... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2467979 Wed, 10 Jun 2009 03:19:57 +0100 2467979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2467978&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F507141.html Lipodystrophy and metabolic alterations are major complications of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients. In vitro studies using cultured murine and human adipocytes revealed that some protease inhibitors (PIs) and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were implicated to a different extent in adipose cell dysfunction and that a chronic incubation with some PIs decreased mRNA and protein expression of PPARγ. Defective lamin A maturation linked to PI inhibitory activity could impede the nuclear translocation of SREBP1c, therefore, reducing PPARγ expression. Adipose cell function was partially restored by the PPARγ agonists, thiazolidinediones. Adverse effects of PIs and NRTIs have also been reported in macrophages, a cell type that coexists with, ... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2467978 Wed, 10 Jun 2009 03:19:57 +0100 2467978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2467977&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2009%2F483485.html Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are associated with hepatitis C virus infection. A wealth of clinical and experimental data suggests that the virus is directly interfering with the insulin signalling in hepatocytes. In the case of at least one viral genotype (the type 3a), insulin resistance seems to be directly mediated by the downregulation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Whether and how this interaction may be manipulated pharmacologically, in order to improve the responsiveness to antivirals of insulin resistant chronic hepatitis C, patients remain to be fully explored. (Source: PPAR Research) PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2467977 Wed, 10 Jun 2009 03:19:57 +0100 2467977 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2467976&cid=s_37048_62_f&fid=37048&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindawi.com%2Fjournals%2Fppar%2F2008%2F164163.html Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors belong to the superfamily of ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription factors, which include three subtypes: PPAR-α, β/δ, and γ. PPAR-δ, play important roles in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation as well as tissue wound and repair. Emerging evidence has also demonstrated that PPAR-δ is implicated in lipids and glucose metabolism. Most recently, the direct effects of PPAR-δ on cardiovascular processes such as endothelial function and angiogenesis have also been investigated. Therefore, it is suggested that PPAR-δ may have critical roles in cardiovascular pathophysiology and is a potential target for therapeutic intervention of cardiovascular disorders such as atheroscler... PPAR Research journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2467976 Wed, 10 Jun 2009 03:19:57 +0100 2467976