MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Parasite Immunology' source. Tue, 07 Feb 2012 00:43:18 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5577289&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2012.01353.x AbstractHelminths and their products can suppress the host immune response which may benefit parasite survival. Trichinella spiralis can establish chronic infections in a wide range of mammalian hosts including humans and mice. Here, we aim at studying the effect of T. spiralis muscle larvae excretory/secretory products (TspES) on the functionality of DC and T cell activation. We found that TspES suppress in vitro DC maturation induced by both S‐ and R‐form LPS from enterobacteria. Using different TLR agonists, we show that the suppressive effect of TspES on DC maturation is restricted to TLR4. These helminth products also interfere with the expression of several genes related to the TLR‐mediated signal transduction pathways. In order to investigate the effect of TspES on T cell acti... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5577289 Sun, 08 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5577289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5605051&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2012.01355.x SummaryThe molecular mechanisms that underlie poor birth outcomes in malaria during pregnancy remain poorly defined. To assess the role of host immune responses, mice known to respond differentially to Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection were studied. Following infection at day 0 of pregnancy, A/J mice developed significantly higher parasitemia than C57BL/6 (B6) mice and succumbed to infection. Both strains had evidence of parasite accumulation in the placenta at mid‐gestation and aborted, with significantly higher embryo loss in infected A/J mice on day 9. While infection‐induced systemic tumor necrosis factor and interleukin‐1β in the latter were significantly higher at day 11, day 10 IL‐10 levels were higher in B6 mice. No differences in levels of splenic lymphocyte subsets, neutr... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5605051 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5605051 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5577288&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2012.01354.x This study defined the crucial roles of signaling components involved in G. lamblia‐induced cytokine production in human epithelial cells. Incubation of the gastrointestinal cell‐line HT‐29 with G. lamblia GS trophozoites triggered production of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α. IL‐8 production was not significantly decreased by physically separating the HT‐29 cells and G. lamblia GS trophozoites. Indeed, treatment of HT‐29 with G. lamblia excretory‐secretory products (ESP) induced IL‐8 production. Electrophoretic mobility gel shift and transfection assays using mutagenized IL‐8 promoter reporter plasmids indicated that IL‐8 production by G. lamblia ESP occurs through activation of two transcriptional factors, nuclear factor kappaB (N... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5577288 Sun, 01 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5577288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5550447&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01352.x SummaryWithania somnifera is an Ayurvedic Indian medicinal plant whose immunomodulatory activities have been widely used as a home remedy for several ailments. We recently observed immunostimulatory properties in the root extracts of chemotypes NMITLI‐101, NMITLI‐118, NMITLI‐128 and pure withanolide, Withaferin A. In the present study, we evaluated the potential immunoprophylactic efficacies of these extracts against an infective pathogen. Our results show that administration of aqueous ethanol extracts (10 mg/kg) and Withaferin A (0.3 mg/kg), 7 days before and after challenge with human filarial parasite Brugia malayi offer differential protection in Mastomys coucha with chemotype 101R offering best protection (53.57%) as compared to other chemotypes. Our findings also demonstrate t... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5550447 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 01:27:49 +0100 5550447 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5550448&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01351.x AbstractAmerican cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) has different clinical manifestations and those are dependent on the immunological status of the host. Since CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and its mediators play a fundamental role in the host response to Leishmania and that there is also a search for antigenic molecules to be used as future vaccines and tools for prognostic tests, this study characterized ACL patients immune response after stimulation with soluble and insoluble fractions of L. (V.) braziliensis. We demonstrated a prevailing production of the Th2 cytokines, IL‐4 and IL‐10, and a specific production of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α in patients before treatment. There was also a predominance of CD4+ T cells and a small percentage CD8+ T cells. The insoluble antigenic fraction primarily stim... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5550448 Wed, 28 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5550448 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5502122&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01348.x (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5502122 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 19:38:45 +0100 5502122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5502121&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01345.x SummaryType I interferons (IFN‐α and IFN‐β) are crucial determinants of the host immune response and tick saliva modulates this response, thus facilitating the transmission of tickborne pathogens. The current study therefore examines the effect of Ixodes ricinus tick saliva on IFN‐β signalling in murine dendritic cells using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Borrelia afzelii spirochaetes as inducers. Activated dendritic cells secret IFN that activates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT‐1). Our results show that Borrelia‐induced activation of STAT‐1 was suppressed by tick saliva. As the amount of secreted IFN‐β was not influenced by tick saliva, the results indicated that saliva affected the interferon pathway at the IFN receptor or downstream of it. By us... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5502121 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 19:38:42 +0100 5502121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5502120&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01343.x SummaryMucosal Leishmaniasis (ML) may occur in both nasal and oral mucosa. However, despite the impressive tissue destruction, little is known about the oral involvement. To compare some changes underlying inflammation in oral and nasal ML, we performed immunohistochemistry on mucosal tissue of 20 patients with ML (nasal [n = 12]; oral [n = 8] lesions) and 20 healthy donors using antibodies that recognize inflammatory markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD22, CD68, neutrophil elastase, CD1a, CLA, Ki67, Bcl‐2, NOS2, CD62E, Fas and FasL). A significantly larger number of cells, mainly T cells and macrophages, were observed in lesions than in healthy tissue. In addition, high nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) expression was associated with a reduced detection of parasites, highlighting the importa... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5502120 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 19:38:40 +0100 5502120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5502119&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01334.x SummaryThe present work describes the isolation and purification of two Leishmania chagasi (= syn. Leishmania infantum) recombinant proteins, rLci2B and rLci1A, and their use in the development of an immunoassay for the diagnostic of canine leishmaniasis. After protein expression and cell disruption, rLci2B was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography, whereas rLci1A, expressed as an inclusion body, was treated with urea and purified by anion‐exchange chromatography. Homogeneities were ascertained by denaturing gel electrophoresis (MW rLci2B = 46 370; MWrLci1A = 88 400), isoelectric focusing (pI rLci2B = 5·91; pI rLci1A = 6·01) and Western blot. An indirect ELISA was developed using the purified antigens rLci2B ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5502119 Wed, 14 Dec 2011 19:38:35 +0100 5502119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5493122&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01350.x AbstractFilarial infections remain a major public health and socio‐economic problem across the tropics, despite considerable effort to reduce disease burden or regionally eliminate the infection with mass drug administration programs. The sustainability of these programs is now open to question due to a range of issues, not least of which is emerging evidence for drug resistance. Vaccination, if developed appropriately, remains the most cost‐effective means of long term disease control. The rationale for the feasibility of vaccination against filarial parasites including onchocerciasis (river blindness, Onchocerca volvulus) and lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi) is founded on evidence both from humans and animal models for the development of protecti... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5493122 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5493122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5484259&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01349.x AbstractSchistosome research has entered the genomic era with the publications reporting the S. mansoni and S. japonicum genomes. Schistosome genomics is motivated by the need for new control tools. However, much can also be learned about the biology of Schistosoma, which is a tractable experimental model. In this paper, we review the recent achievements in the field of schistosome research and discuss future perspectives on genomics and how it can be integrated in a usable format, on the genetic mapping and how it has improved the genome assembly and provided new research approaches, on how epigenetics provides interesting insights into the biology of the species and on new functional genomics tools that will contribute to the understanding of the function of genes, many of which are para... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5484259 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5484259 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466065&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01347.x AbstractThe decoding of the Tritryp reference genomes nearly seven years ago provided a first peek into the biology of pathogenic trypanosomatids and a blueprint that has paved the way for genome‐wide studies. Although 60‐70% of the predicted protein coding genes in Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania major remain unannotated, the functional genomics landscape is rapidly changing. Facilitated by the advent of next‐generation sequencing technologies, improved structural and functional annotation and genes and their products are emerging. Information is also growing for interactions between cellular components as transcriptomes, regulatory networks and metabolomes are characterized, ushering in a new era of systems biology. Simultaneously, the launch of comparative seq... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466065 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5466065 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5438059&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01346.x (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5438059 Wed, 23 Nov 2011 17:49:29 +0100 5438059 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5428833&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01345.x SummaryType I interferons (IFN‐α and IFN‐β) are crucial determinants of the host immune response and tick saliva modulates this response thus facilitating the transmission of tick‐borne pathogens. The current study therefore examines the effect of Ixodes ricinus tick saliva on IFN‐β signaling in murine dendritic cells using lipopolysacharide (LPS) and Borrelia afzelii spirochetes as inducers. Activated dendritic cells secret IFN that activates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT‐1). Our results show that Borrelia‐induced activation of STAT‐1 was suppressed by tick saliva. As the amount of secreted IFN‐β was not influenced by tick saliva, the results indicated that saliva affected the interferon pathway at the IFN receptor or downstream of it. By usi... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5428833 Sun, 20 Nov 2011 18:02:31 +0100 5428833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5428835&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01343.x SummaryMucosal Leishmaniasis (ML) may occur in both nasal and oral mucosa. However, despite the impressive tissue destruction, little is known about the oral involvement. To compare some changes underlying inflammation in oral and nasal ML, we performed immunohistochemistry on mucosal tissue of 20 ML patients (nasal [n=12]; oral [n=8] lesions) and 20 healthy donors using antibodies that recognize inflammatory markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD22, CD68, neutrophil elastase, CD1a, CLA, Ki67, Bcl‐2, NOS2, CD62E, Fas, and FasL). A significantly larger number of cells, mainly T cells and macrophages, were observed in lesions than in healthy tissue. In addition, high NOS2 expression was associated with a reduced detection of parasites, highlighting the importance of NOS2 for parasite elimination. Oral... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5428835 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5428835 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5428834&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01344.x AbstractFilarial nematode parasites, the causative agents of a spectrum of acute and chronic diseases including lymphatic filariasis and river blindness, threaten the wellbeing and livelihood of hundreds of millions of people in the developing regions of the world. The 2007 publication on a draft assembly of the 95 Mb genome of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi ‐ representing the first helminth parasite genome to be sequenced – has been followed in rapid succession by projects that have resulted in the genome sequencing of six additional filarial species, seven non‐filarial nematode parasites of animals and nearly thirty plant parasitic and free‐living species. Parallel to the genomic sequencing, transcriptomic and proteomic projects have facilitated genome annotation, expa... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5428834 Fri, 18 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5428834 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5405063&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01335.x This study aims at relating Toll‐like receptors (TLR) and human systemic cytokines in patients with chronic cystic echinococcosis (CE). By real‐time fluorescent quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction, we measured the expression level of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and using ELISA, we detected the cytokines IFN‐γ, IL‐12p70, IL‐10, IL‐4 and IL‐17A from 34 chronic CE cases (four patients with biliary leakage; four patients with secondary location including three in lung and one in bone) and 22 healthy controls (HC). TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression were significantly higher in the CE group (P < 0·05); levels of serum IL‐10, IL‐4 and IL‐12p70 in patients with CE were significantly higher than those in contr... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5405063 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 16:56:12 +0100 5405063 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5377397&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01341.x Summary:Although immunity to Echinococcus granulosus in sheep has been shown to be antibody‐mediated and complement‐dependent, and can be passively transferred in colostrum, in animals vaccinated with EG95 the relationship between protection against an oral challenge infection with E.granulosus eggs, and anti‐EG95 IgG ELISA absorbance values at the time of challenge, has not been satisfactorily proven.Using a combination of results from three EG95 vaccination trials, we have found that the IgG ELISA absorbance at the time of challenge infection explains approximately 50% (P<0.001) of the variability in the percentage protection against an oral challenge with E.granulosus eggs (transformed with arc‐sin). (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5377397 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5377397 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5377396&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01342.x AbstractThe diversity of biology in nematodes is reflected in the diversity of their genomes. Parasitic species in particular have evolved mechanisms to invade and outwit their hosts, and these offer opportunities for the development of control measures. Genomic analyses can reveal the molecular underpinnings of phenotypes such as parasitism, and thus initiate and support research programmes that explore the manipulation of host and parasite physiologies to achieve favourable outcomes. Wide sampling across nematode diversity allows phylogenetically‐informed formulation of research hypotheses, identification of core features shared by all species, or important evolutionary novelties present in isolated clades. Many nematode species have been investigated through the use of the expressed s... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5377396 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5377396 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5311877&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01315.x SummaryAbsence of an effective Th‐1 response has been demonstrated as a major cause for the disease pathology among patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Defining strategies to prevent the development of Th‐2 response and/or initiate/activate effective Th‐1 response may be of help to reduce the growing incidence of drug unresponsiveness. Adenosine, which is considered as an endogenous anti‐inflammatory agent is generated in injured/inflamed tissues by the enzymatic catabolism of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and it suppresses inflammatory responses of essentially all immune cells. The extracellular adenosine‐producing pathway comprises two major enzymes CD39 (ATP→ADP→AMP) and CD73 (AMP→Adenosine). In contrast, the adenosine‐degrading pathway contains only one major e... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5311877 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 19:22:08 +0100 5311877 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5311876&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01326.x SummaryHelminth parasite infections are associated with predominant Th2‐type cytokine responses, and parasite glycoconjugates have been recognized as partially responsible for such immune bias. It has been proved that Echinococcus granulosus evokes a Th2‐type cytokine pattern characterized by a high production of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6 and IL‐10, and no or mild IFN‐γ levels in animal models and in patients with cystic echinococcosis, respectively. Here, we show that E4+ (a glycoconjugate‐enriched fraction from E. granulosus protoscolex) stimulated the secretion of a high concentration of IL‐6, followed by IL‐10 and TNF‐α by normal peritoneal B cells. We determined that E4+ bound to the surface of peritoneal B cells and induced their activation and, also, triggered the di... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5311876 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 19:22:07 +0100 5311876 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5311875&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01331.x SummaryCarboxy‐terminus of merozoite surface protein‐1 (MSP‐119) is the major protein on the surface of the plasmodial merozoite that acts as one of the most important blood‐stage vaccine candidates. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the immune responses when either two recombinant antigens (rPvMSP‐119 + rPfMSP‐119) or two plasmid constructs (pcDNA3.1 hygro‐PvMSP‐119 + pcDNA3.1 hygro‐PfMSP‐119) were administered in combination at a single site in mice by using different immunization strategies (protein/protein, DNA/DNA and DNA/protein) at weeks 0, 5 and 8. All mice were monitored for the level of MSP‐119‐specific antibody for up to 40 weeks. The inclusion of both recombinant antigens in a vaccine mixture could not inhibit induction of anti... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5311875 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 19:22:03 +0100 5311875 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5311873&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01340.x AbstractThe first draft of the human malaria parasite’s genome was released in 2002. Since then, the malaria scientific community has witnessed a steady embrace of new and powerful functional genomic studies. Over the years, these approaches have slowly revolutionized malaria research and enabled the comprehensive, unbiased investigation of various aspects of the parasite’s biology. These genome‐wide analyses delivered a refined annotation of the parasite’s genome, a better knowledge of its RNA, proteins, and metabolite derivatives, and fostered the discovery of new vaccine and drug targets.Despite the positive impacts of these genomic studies, most research and investment still focus on protein targets, drugs and vaccine candidates that were known before the publication of the par... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5311873 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 19:21:19 +0100 5311873 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5311874&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01339.x SummaryDengue viruses (DENV; family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) are transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and can cause dengue fever (DF), a relatively benign disease, or more severe dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). Arthropod saliva contains proteins delivered into the bite wound that can modulate the host haemostatic and immune responses to facilitate the intake of a blood meal. The potential effects on DENV infection of previous exposure to Ae. aegypti salivary proteins has not been investigated. We collected Ae. aegypti saliva, concentrated the proteins, and fractionated them by non‐denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). By use of immunoblots we analysed reactivity with the mosquito salivary proteins (MSP) of sera from 96 Thai children diagnosed with secondary DEN... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5311874 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5311874 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5302249&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01338.x In this study, we tested whether culture supernatants of VEC incubated with Trichomonas vaginalis (TCM) could stimulate mast cells. When VECs (MS74) were incubated with live trichomonads, IL‐8, IL‐6 and MCP‐1 expressions increased in the TCM, and mast cells (HMC‐1) and human neutrophils migrated more actively towards the TCM. Also, when the TCM was added to mast cells, β‐hexosaminidase and cytokines (IL‐8 & TNF‐α) expressions were increased. Moreover, the culture supernatant of mast cells incubated with TCM (M‐TCM) had more increased chemotactic activity for neutrophils than that of TCM. We conclude that inflammatory mediators made by VECs in response to activation by T. vaginalis activate and attract mast cells, and then stimulate them to induce neutrophil migration.... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5302249 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5302249 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5270004&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01337.x SummaryCryptocaryon irritans is one of the most important ectoparasites of marine fish. To identify the potential role of immune‐related genes in anti‐parasitic immune responses in fish, we monitored the expression change of IL‐8, COX‐2, C‐type lectin and transferrin in local and systemic immune organs of orange‐spotted grouper post C. irritans infection. IL‐8 expression was up‐regulated during the course of infection in the skin, while COX‐2 and transferrin expression was up‐regulated in the gill. COX‐2 expression was significantly down‐regulated in the spleen (0.7‐5% of its control) and head kidney (0.5‐4% of its control) post primary infection. Transferrin expression was also down‐regulated in the spleen and head kidney from 6 h to 5 d post primary infectio... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5270004 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5270004 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5270005&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01336.x SummaryGalectin‐11 (LGALS11) has been suggested to play an important role in protective immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants. However, in cattle this molecule has not been characterized in detail. In the current study, it was shown that transcription of LGALS11 was highly inducible in the bovine abomasal mucosa after an Ostertagia ostertagi infection. LGALS11 protein expression was also increased in the abomasal mucosa following O. ostertagi infection and localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm of epithelial cells and the mucus. Using in vitro abomasal epithelial cell cultures it was shown that LGALS11 induction was associated with the proliferative and dedifferentiated status of cells. However, LGALS11 was not induced following stimulation with O. ostertagi excretory�... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5270005 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5270005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5234581&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01334.x SummaryThe present work describes the isolation and purification of two Leishmania chagasi (= syn. Leishmania infantum) recombinant proteins, rLci2B and rLci1A, and their use in the development of an immunoassay for the diagnostic of canine leismaniasis. After protein expression and cell disruption, rLci2B was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography followed by size exclusion chromatography, whereas rLci1A, expressed as an inclusion body, was treated with urea and purified by anion exchange chromatography. Homogeneities were ascertained by denaturing gel electrophoresis (MW rLci2B = 46370; MWrLci1A= 88400), isoelectric focusing (pI rLci2B = 5.91; pI rLci1A= 6.01) and western blot. An indirect ELISA assay was developed using the purified antigens rLci2B and rLci1A and a leisma... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5234581 Tue, 20 Sep 2011 08:18:04 +0100 5234581 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5234582&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01335.x This study aims at relating Toll‐like receptors (TLR) and human systemic cytokines in patient with chronic cystic echinococcosis (CE). By real‐time fluorescent quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction we measured the expression level of TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and using ELISA we detected the cytokines IFN‐γ, IL‐12p70, IL‐10, IL‐4, IL‐17A from 34 chronic CE cases (4 patients with biliary leakage; 4 patients with secondary location including 3 in lung and 1 in bone) and 22 healthy controls (HC). TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the CE group (P<0.05); levels of serum IL‐10, IL‐4 and IL‐12p70 in the CE patients were significantly higher than those of in controls (P<0.05). There were... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5234582 Mon, 19 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5234582 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220006&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01320.x This study aimed at characterizing the cytokine‐inducing activity of Leishmania infantum LeIF [Leishmania (L.) infantum (LieIF)] and at defining the fragments necessary for inducing cytokine secretion. Eleven rationally designed recombinant polypeptides, corresponding to the entire LeIF protein or parts of it, were expressed and used to stimulate monocytes from healthy individuals. Leishmania (L.) infantum was able to induce IL‐12p70, IL‐10 and TNF‐α secretion in human monocytes. In addition, both amino‐ (1–226) and carboxyl‐terminal (196–403) parts of the protein were shown to induce significant levels of the three cytokines analysed. However, IL‐12p70‐inducing activity was not significant when monocytes were stimulated with the fragments 129–226 and 129–261, infe... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220006 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:06:57 +0100 5220006 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220005&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01318.x In conclusion, the results of our study indicated that co‐administration of rectal BCG and ALM induced protective type 1 immune responses against L. major infection. This safe and effective mucosal vaccine could be useful in prevention of human leishmaniasis infections. (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220005 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:06:53 +0100 5220005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220004&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01323.x SummaryA ConcanavilinA (ConA)‐binding fraction of a detergent‐soluble membrane extract from Teladorsagia circumcincta (formerly Ostertagia circumcincta) fourth‐stage larvae was isolated, and two vaccine trials were conducted with this preparation in groups of 7 worm‐free sheep. All groups were challenged with a total of 5000 T. circumcincta larvae from 1 week after the final immunization and protection assessed by comparing the egg and worm counts, and length of developing worms, of the immunized groups with their respective controls. Immunization with the ConA‐binding antigen induced high‐titre serum antibody responses in both trials. However, no significant reduction in either egg count or worm burdens was observed in the vaccinated groups in either trial. It was concluded... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220004 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:06:52 +0100 5220004 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220003&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01316.x SummarySpirocerca lupi is a nematode that infects the dog’s oesophagus and promotes the formation of an inflammatory fibroblastic nodule that progresses to sarcoma in approximately 25% of cases. Spirocercosis‐associated oesophageal sarcoma is an excellent and under‐utilized spontaneous model of parasite‐associated malignancy. The inflammatory infiltrate of paraffin‐embedded, non‐neoplastic oesophageal nodules (n = 46), neoplastic nodules (n = 25) and normal oesophagus (n = 14) was examined by immunohistochemistry using MAC387 (myeloid cells), CD3 (T cells), Pax5 (B cells) and FoxP3 (T regulatory cells) antibodies. Myeloid cells predominated in 70% of nodules, in pockets around the worms’ migratory tracts and in necro‐ulcerative areas in neoplastic cases. T cells... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220003 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:06:50 +0100 5220003 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220002&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01308.x In this study, we further examined the mechanism by which DCs contribute to inhibition of allergy. Our results showed that DCs from SJ‐infected mice (SJDCs) produced significantly higher levels of IL‐10 compared to those from naive control mice (NDCs). Adoptive transfer of SJDCs, unlike NDCs, significantly increased CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells and CD4+CD25+IL‐10+ T cells regulatory T‐cell responses in vivo. This was correlated with significantly reduced production of IL‐4 and IL‐5 by CD4+ T cells, eotaxin in lung tissues and reduced airway allergic inflammation in the SJDC recipients following allergen sensitization and challenge. These data suggest that helminth infection may induce tolerogenic DCs that can inhibit the development of airway allergic inflammation through enhancing ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220002 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:06:47 +0100 5220002 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5220001&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01332.x AbstractInteraction between mouse dendritic cells (DCs) and Borrelia afzelii spirochetes was monitored on three different levels: phagocytosis of spirochetes by DCs, production of cytokines by Borrelia‐stimulated DCs and the ability of Borrelia‐exposed DCs to activate specific CD4+ T lymphocytes. The effect of Ixodes ricinus tick saliva on each of these interactions was examined. Tick saliva was shown to decrease the number of phagocytosing DCs. The ability of Borrelia‐exposed DCs to induce both proliferation and IL‐2 production by specific CD4+ T cells was significantly reduced by tick saliva. And surprisingly, we have shown an inhibitory effect of tick saliva on the production of both Th1 (TNF‐α and IL‐6) and Th2 (IL‐10) cytokines by DCs. Our data reveal a complex inhibito... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5220001 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 11:06:10 +0100 5220001 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5234583&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01333.x In conclusion, CD38 is important for neutrophils migration during hepatic amoebiasis, and in turn these cells play an important role in the innate immune response. (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5234583 Thu, 15 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5234583 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5156945&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01326.x SummaryHelminth parasite infections are associated with predominant Th2‐type cytokine responses, and parasite glycoconjugates have been recognized as partially responsible for such immune bias. It has been proved that Echinococcus granulosus evokes a Th2‐type cytokine pattern characterized by a high production of IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6 and IL‐10, and no or mild IFN‐γ levels in animal models and in cystic echinococcosis patients, respectively. Here we show that E4+ (a glycoconjugate‐enriched fraction from E. granulosus protoscolex) stimulated the secretion of a high concentration of IL‐6, followed by IL‐10 and TNF‐α by normal peritoneal B cells. We determined that E4+ bound to the surface of peritoneal B cells and induced their activation and, also, triggered the different... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5156945 Thu, 25 Aug 2011 10:42:15 +0100 5156945 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5156947&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01330.x SUMMARYSchistosomiasis remains one of the most common human helminthiases, despite the availability of an effective drug against the causative parasites. Drug treatment programs have several limitations, and it is likely that a vaccine is required for their effective control. While decades of vaccine development has seen the discovery and testing of several candidate antigens, none have shown consistent and acceptable high‐levels of protection. The migrating larval stages are susceptible to immunity, however few larval‐specific antigens have been discovered; hence there is a need to identify novel larval‐specific antigens, which may prove to be more efficacious than existing targets. Immunomics, a relatively new field developed to cope with the recent large influx of biological infor... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5156947 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5156947 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5156946&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01331.x SummaryCarboxy‐terminus of merozoite surface protein‐1(MSP‐119) is the major protein on the surface of the plasmodial merozoite that acts as one of the most important blood stage vaccine candidates. The present investigation was designed to evaluate the immune responses when either two recombinant antigens (rPvMSP‐119 + rPfMSP‐119) or two plasmid constructs (pcDNA3.1 hygro‐PvMSP‐119 + pcDNA3.1 hygro‐PfMSP‐119) were administered in combination at a single site in mice by using different immunization strategies (protein/protein, DNA/DNA and DNA/protein) at weeks 0, 5 and 8. All mice were monitored for the level of MSP‐119‐specific antibody for up to 40 weeks. The inclusion of both recombinant antigens in a vaccine mixture could not inhibit induction of antibodies to the... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5156946 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5156946 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5156950&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01328.x AbstractLipid antigens of Leishmania donovani like lipophosphoglycans are shown as a potent ligand for the activation of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. It is reported that activation of iNKT cells augments the disease pathology in experimental visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In the present study, we demonstrate enrichment of iNKT cells in the bone marrow, one of the disease sites among VL patients. (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5156950 Wed, 17 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5156950 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5156949&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01327.x ABSTRACTThe innate immune system is the first line of defense against infection by pathogenic bacteria, virus and parasites, and is also responsible for initiating an adaptive immune response. In contrast to the receptors of adaptive immunity (TCRs and antibodies) which are generated by gene recombination, receptors of the innate immune system are encoded in the germline and are thus inherited from generation to generation. Although evolutionarily selected, the genes encoding the innate recognition receptors show variations among individuals, and these polymorphisms may have an impact on the ability of an individual to deal with an infection. In recent years, several polymorphisms have been identified in innate recognition receptors, and efforts are being made to determine if these polymor... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5156949 Wed, 17 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5156949 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5156948&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01329.x SUMMARYCerebral malaria is a major pathological complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection in humans. Epidemiological observations have suggested that the clinical evolution of P. falciparum infections may be influenced by the concurrent presence of another Plasmodium species. Infection of susceptible mouse strains with P. berghei ANKA (PbA) provides an experimental model of cerebral malaria which has been extensively used to identify different components of the immune system involved in cerebral malaria. This model has also been employed to investigate the influence of experimental mixed‐Plasmodium‐species infections on the expression of cerebral malaria; PbA‐induced cerebral malaria is completely inhibited by the simultaneous presence of P. yoelii yoelii 17X clone 1.1 parasite... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5156948 Wed, 17 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5156948 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5124792&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01307.x In this study, cytokine gene expression, analysed by real‐time RT‐PCR, at the maternal (caruncle) and foetal placenta (cotyledon) of heifers infected at 110 days of gestation by intravenous inoculation of N. caninum tachyzoites was compared with the responses in uninfected heifers. Animals were euthanized 3 weeks after infection. Upregulated Th1, Th2 and T‐regulatory (Treg) cytokine gene expression was observed in both the maternal and the foetal placenta in the infected group. In the caruncle of infected animals, the main changes included upregulation of IFN‐γ, IL‐12p40, IL‐6 and IL‐10. In the cotyledon, the main changes included upregulation of IFN‐γ and downregulation of TGF‐β, being the later the only cytokine downregulated in the infected group. The observed ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5124792 Sat, 13 Aug 2011 09:06:46 +0100 5124792 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5124791&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01298.x SummaryA genetic dissection approach was employed to determine whether the IL‐2 receptor complex (IL‐2R) comprised of α, β and γ chains is required for the suppression of Plasmodium chabaudi adami parasitemia. Blood‐stage infections in IL‐2Rγc−/y mice failed to cure with parasitemia remaining elevated for >50 days indicating the IL‐2Rγc through which all members of the γc family of cytokines signal has an essential role in protective immunity against blood‐stage malarial parasites. In contrast, the curing of parasitemia in IL‐2/15Rβ−/− mice, deficient in both IL‐2 and IL‐15 signalling was significantly delayed but did occur, indicating that neither cytokine plays an essential role in parasite clearance. Moreover, the observation that the time course of p... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5124791 Sat, 13 Aug 2011 09:06:38 +0100 5124791 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5124790&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01305.x This study examines the local and systemic immune responses of sheep during Fasciola infection and demonstrates that different anatomical tissues display distinct cytokine profiles consistent with liver fluke migration. The study also reveals a significant difference in the cytokine and antibody profiles of ITT sheep infected with F. gigantica compared with F. hepatica, with a higher ratio of IL‐4/IFN‐γ mRNA expression and specific IgG1/IgG2 antibodies strongly correlating with pathology. Interestingly, the significant type‐1 cytokine profile occurred in the lymph node closest to the site of infection at a time when the effective immune response against F. gigantica liver flukes is thought to occur. When the same F. gigantica infection in the resistant ITT sheep was compared wit... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5124790 Sat, 13 Aug 2011 09:06:34 +0100 5124790 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5124789&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01309.x SummaryThe present study investigated the effect of β‐1,3/1,6‐glucan on growth, haematology, innate immunity and resistance against dactylogyrids on the spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus). Fish were fed during 5 weeks with commercial diet (control group) and same diet supplemented with three levels of β‐glucans (0·05%, 0·1% and 0·5%/kg feed). The results showed that at concentrations of 0·05% and 0·1%, fish growth was enhanced, and in weeks 2 and 4, an increase in cellular responses such as percentage of monocytes, neutrophils, respiratory burst activity and nitric oxide activity was observed. In diet with 0·5%β‐glucans, changes were registered at the end of the experiment. At week 2, 0·05%β‐glucans showed the best response to most of the analysed parameters. I... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5124789 Sat, 13 Aug 2011 09:06:32 +0100 5124789 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5124788&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01303.x SummaryIntraperitoneal larval infection (alveolar echinococcosis, AE) with Echinococcus multilocularis in mice impairs host immunity. Metacestode metabolites may modulate immunity putatively via dendritic cells. During murine AE, a relative increase of peritoneal DCs (pe‐DCs) in infected mice (AE‐pe‐DCs; 4% of total peritoneal cells) as compared to control mice (naïve pe‐DCs; 2%) became apparent in our study. The differentiation of AE‐pe‐DCs into TGF‐β‐expressing cells and the higher level of IL‐4 than IFN‐γ/IL‐2 mRNA expression in AE‐CD4+pe‐T cells indicated a Th2 orientation. Analysis of major accessory molecule expression on pe‐DCs from AE‐infected mice revealed that CD80 and CD86 were down‐regulated on AE‐pe‐DCs, while ICAM‐1(CD54) remained prac... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5124788 Sat, 13 Aug 2011 09:06:30 +0100 5124788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5094817&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01325.x AbstractInvasive amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica is a major global health problem. Virulence is a rare outcome of infection, occurring in fewer than 1 in 10 infections. Not all strains of the parasite are equally virulent and understanding the mechanisms and causes of virulence is an important goal of Entamoeba research. The sequencing of the genome of E. histolytica and the related avirulent species Entamoeba dispar has allowed whole‐genome scale analyses of genetic divergence and differential gene expression to be undertaken. These studies have helped elucidate mechanisms of virulence and identified genes differentially expressed in virulent and avirulent parasites. Here we review the current status of the E. histolytica and E. dispar genomes and the findings of a number of ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5094817 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5094817 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5076975&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01324.x SummaryKnowledge of immunity enables us to predict that the reactions set in response to infection with helminth would prevent concomitant disease driven by an opposing spectrum of immune events. In another way the immune response generated to combat the helminth infection could counteract the immunopathological reactions that drive autoimmune diseases. Rodent model systems recapitulate many aspects of human autoimmune diseases and have been enormously useful in defining mechanisms of immunopathology after infection.From this theoretical perspective, many researchers have proved that infection with a variety of helminth can ameliorate disease in murine model systems. Thus, helminth‐evoked Th2 events were shown to improve disorders in which Th1 events predominated.The raised question, can... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5076975 Sat, 30 Jul 2011 03:57:56 +0100 5076975 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5076980&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01319.x SUMMARYCharacterization of the first tapeworm genome, Echinococcus multilocularis, is now nearly complete and genome assemblies of E. granulosus, Taenia solium and Hymenolepis microstoma are in advanced draft versions. These initiatives herald the beginning of a genomic era in cestodology and underpin a diverse set of research agendas targeting both basic and applied aspects of tapeworm biology. We discuss progress in the genomics of these species, provide insights into the presence and composition of immunologically relevant gene families, including the antigen B‐ and EG95/45W families, and discuss chemogenomic approaches towards the development of novel chemotherapeutics against cestode diseases. In addition, we discuss the evolution of tapeworm parasites and introduce research progr... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5076980 Tue, 26 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5076980 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5076979&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01320.x This study aimed at characterizing the cytokine‐inducing activity of L. infantum LeIF (LieIF) and at defining the fragments necessary for inducing cytokine secretion. Eleven rationally‐designed recombinant polypeptides, corresponding to the entire LeIF protein or parts of it, were expressed and used to stimulate monocytes from healthy individuals. LieIF was able to induce IL‐12p70, IL‐10 and TNF‐α secretion in human monocytes. In addition, both amino‐ (1‐226) and carboxyl‐terminal (196‐403) parts of the protein were shown to induce significant levels of the three cytokines analyzed. However, IL‐12p70‐inducing activity was not significant when monocytes were stimulated with the fragments 129‐226 and 129‐261, inferring that IL‐12p70 inducing activity was primaril... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5076979 Tue, 26 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5076979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5076978&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01321.x SummaryStimulation of neutrophils may potentiate immunity to Leishmania major. CpG containing oligodeoxinucleotide (ODN) have immune stimulatory effects and have been suggested as adjuvants and therapeutics to potentiate efficacy of vaccines and treatments against leishmaniasis. Here, we examined the stimulatory effect of synthetic ODN containing CpG motifs class A and B on cytokine production by neutrophils. Neutrophils from healthy donors responded to CpG‐ODN type A, but not to class B, with secretion of IL‐8 and following GM‐CSF pretreatment with TNF‐α production. To test if neutrophil responses were altered in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and to better understand the role of neutrophils in susceptibility and resistance to disease, we evaluated cytokine responses in GM‐CSF pr... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5076978 Tue, 26 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5076978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5076977&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01322.x In this study we specifically investigated the influence of antigens derived from different life stages of the helminth Trichinella spiralis on the polarization of naive CD4+ T cells by dendritic cells. Results obtained from C57BL/6 mice showed that Trichinella spiralis derived antigens have the capacity to induce bone marrow derived dendritic cells to acquire an incompletely mature phenotype that promotes a significant proliferation of naive CD4+ T cells and a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine profile with the predominance of Th2 cytokines. Increased production of IL‐4, IL‐9, IL‐10 and IL‐13 accompanied,increased IFN‐γ. Furthermore, dendritic cells pulsed with Trichinella spiralis antigens did not induce an increase in the population of Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. Although other helminth a... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5076977 Tue, 26 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5076977 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5076976&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01323.x SUMMARYA ConcanavilinA (ConA) binding fraction of a detergent soluble membrane extract from Teladorsagia circumcincta (formerly Ostertagia circumcincta) fourth stage larvae was isolated and two vaccine trials were conducted with this preparation in groups of 7 worm free sheep. All groups were challenged with a total of 5000 T. circumcincta larvae from one week after the final immunisation and protection assessed by comparing the egg and worm counts, and length of developing worms, of the immunised groups with their respective controls.Immunisation with the ConA binding antigen induced high titre serum antibody responses in both trials. However, no significant reduction in either egg count or worm burdens was observed in the vaccinated groups in either trial.It was concluded that detergent ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5076976 Tue, 26 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5076976 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5057507&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01318.x In conclusion, the results of the our study indicated that co‐administration of rectal BCG and ALM induced protective type 1 immune responses against L. major infection. This safe and effective mucosal vaccine could be useful in prevention of human leishmaniasis infections. (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5057507 Sun, 24 Jul 2011 05:49:33 +0100 5057507 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5049115&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01317.x SummaryInfections with parasitic nematodes are of significant welfare and economic importance worldwide and, due to the emergence of anthelmintic resistance this has lead to alternative methods of parasite control being required. Vaccination offers a feasible alternative control and the majority of research has focused on the production of recombinant versions of native antigens previously identified as protective in vaccinated animals. Attempts at the production of protective recombinant sub‐unit vaccines have been hindered, however, as these antigens have invariably failed to replicate the same level of protective immune response as seen with the native versions. It has been proposed that these failures are due to the fact that the recombinant proteins do not contain the appropriate po... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5049115 Fri, 22 Jul 2011 01:08:19 +0100 5049115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5049116&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01316.x SummarySpirocerca lupi is a nematode that infects the dog’s esophagus and promotes the formation of an inflammatory fibroblastic nodule that progresses to sarcoma in approximately 25% of cases. Spirocercosis‐associated esophageal sarcoma is an excellent and under‐utilized spontaneous model of parasite‐associated malignancy.The inflammatory infiltrate of paraffin‐embedded non‐neoplastic esophageal nodules (n=46), neoplastic nodules (n=25) and normal esophagus (n=14) was examined by immunohistochemistry using MAC387 (myeloid cells), CD3 (T cells), Pax5 (B cells) and FoxP3 (T regulatory cells) antibodies, Myeloid cells predominated in 70% of nodules in pockets around the worms’ migratory tracts and in necro‐ulcerative areas in neoplastic cases. T cells predominated in 23% of c... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5049116 Mon, 18 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5049116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5035791&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01286.x SummaryTrypanosomes are protozoan parasites of medical and veterinary importance. It is well established that different species, subspecies and strains of trypanosome can cause very different disease in the mammalian host, exemplified by the two human‐infective subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei that cause either acute or chronic disease. We are beginning to understand how the host response shapes the course of the disease and how genetic variation in the host can be a factor in disease severity, particularly in the mouse model, but until recently the role of parasite genetic variation that determines differential disease outcome has been a neglected area. This review will discuss the recent advances in this field, covering both our current knowledge of the T. brucei genes involved and th... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5035791 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 20:43:56 +0100 5035791 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5035790&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01287.x SummarySince first identified, human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness has been described as invariably fatal. Increasing data however argue that infection by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the causative agent of HAT, results in a wide range of outcomes in its human host and importantly that a number of subjects in endemic areas are apparently able to control infection to low levels, undetectable by the classical parasitological tests used in the field. Thus, trypanotolerance seems to occur in humans as has already been described in cattle or in the rodent experimental models of infection. This review focuses on the description of the diversity of outcomes resulting from T. b. gambiense in humans and on the host factors involved. The consequences/impacts on HAT epidemiolo... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5035790 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 20:43:55 +0100 5035790 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5035789&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01293.x SummaryAfrican trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects a variety of mammals, including humans, on the sub‐Saharan African continent. To understand the diverse parameters that govern the host–parasite–vector interactions, mouse models for the disease have proven to be a cornerstone. Despite the fact that most trypanosomes cannot be considered natural pathogens for rodents, experimental infections in mice have shed a tremendous amount of light on the general biology of these parasites and their interaction with and evasion of the mammalian immune system. Different aspects including inflammation, vaccine failure, antigenic variation, resistance/sensitivity to normal human serum and the influence of tsetse compounds on parasite transmission have all been addressed using mouse... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5035789 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 20:43:54 +0100 5035789 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5007317&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01314.x This study included 260 patients from Colombia who were serologically positive for Trypanosoma cruzi antigens (cardiomyopathic, n = 130; asymptomatic, n = 130). Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) restriction fragment length polymorphism or sequence specific primer methods. We found statistically significant differences in the distribution of the IL4RA +148 AA (p = 0.025, OR = 1.89, CI = 1.04‐3.43) genotype when comparing asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. No statistically significant differences in the genotype and allele frequency of IL4 and IL10 gene polymorphisms between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were observed. Our experimental evidence suggests that the IL4RA +148AA genotype has a weak association with the development of chagasic cardiomyopat... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5007317 Mon, 04 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5007317 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5007316&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01315.x AbstractAbsence of an effective Th‐1 response has been demonstrated as a major cause for the disease pathology among visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients. Defining strategies to prevent the development of Th‐2 response and/or initiate/activate effective Th‐1 response may be of help to reduce the growing incidence of drug unresponsiveness. Adenosine considered as an endogenous anti‐inflammatory agent, is generated in injured/inflamed tissues by the enzymatic catabolism of adenosine tri‐phosphate (ATP) and it suppresses inflammatory responses of essentially all immune cells. The extracellular adenosine producing pathway comprises two major enzymes CD39 (ATP→ADP→AMP) and CD73 (AMP→Adenosine). In contrast, the adenosine degrading pathway contains only one major enzyme adenosine... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5007316 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5007316 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4992116&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01312.x AbstractRecent years have witnessed an explosion in the amount of genomic information available for Toxoplasma gondii and other closely related pathogens. These data, many of which have been made publicly available prior to publication, have facilitated a wide variety of functional genomics studies. In this review we provide a brief overview of existing database tools for querying the Toxoplasma genome and associated genome‐wide data and review recent publications that have been facilitated by these data. Topics covered include strain comparisons and quantitative trait loci mapping, gene expression analyses during the cell cycle as well as during parasite differentiation, and proteomics. (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4992116 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4992116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4992115&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01313.x SUMMARYOstertagia ostertagi is one of the most important gastrointestinal parasites infecting millions of cattle in temperate climate areas. Since infection leads to significant losses in productivity, farmers are pushed, due to the on‐going intensification of the livestock production systems, to frequently administer anthelmintics in order to minimize the exposure of their animals to this parasite. However, whether such approach is sustainable in the long term, especially in an era of emerging drug resistance and global climatic changes, is still a matter of debate. Immunological control of worm infections through vaccination is often put forward as the most rational and cost‐effective alternative for anthelmintics to control helminth infections. However, the development of an immunol... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4992115 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4992115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4983951&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01310.x AbstractScuticociliatosis caused by Philasterides dicentrarchi is one of the most severe diseases of farmed turbot, Psetta maxima (L.). Immunized fish showed elevated levels of specific antibodies (Ab), which caused the destruction of parasites through activation of complement by the alternative and classical pathways (ACP and CCP). By using affinity chromatography on bacitracin‐sepharose columns, we demonstrated the existence of high levels of parasite proteinases in the serum and, to a lesser extent, in the ascitic fluid of experimentally infected fish, and the absence of such proteinases in the serum of uninfected fish. Serum from uninfected fish displayed haemolytic activity against sheep red blood cells. However, incubation of this serum with parasite proteinases led to a decrease i... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4983951 Thu, 30 Jun 2011 14:57:16 +0100 4983951 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4983956&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01305.x This study examines the local and systemic immune responses of sheep during Fasciola infection and demonstrates that different anatomical tissues display distinct cytokine profiles consistent with liver fluke migration. The study also reveals a significant difference in the cytokine and antibody profiles of ITT sheep infected with F. gigantica compared to F. hepatica, with a higher ratio of IL‐4/IFN‐γ mRNA expression and specific IgG1/IgG2 antibodies strongly correlating with pathology. Interestingly, the significant type‐1 cytokine profile occurred in the lymph node closest to the site of infection at a time when the effective immune response against F. gigantica liver flukes is thought to occur. When the same F. gigantica infection in the resistant ITT sheep was compared with the ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4983956 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4983956 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4983955&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01306.x SummaryAs research on parasitic helminths is moving into the post‐genomic era, an enormous effort is directed towards deciphering gene function and to achieve gene annotation. The sequences that are available in public databases undoubtedly hold information that can be utilised for new interventions and control but the exploitation of these resources has until recently remained difficult. Only now with the emergence of methods to genetically manipulate and transform parasitic worms will it be possible to gain a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in nutrition, metabolism, developmental switches/maturation, and interaction with the host immune system. This review focuses on functional genomics approaches in parasitic helminths that are currently used, to highl... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4983955 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4983955 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4983954&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01307.x In this study, cytokine gene expression, analyzed by real time RT‐PCR, at the maternal (caruncle) and foetal placenta (cotyledon) of heifers infected at 110 days of gestation by intravenous inoculation of N. caninum tachyzoites was compared to the responses in uninfected heifers. Animals were euthanized 3 weeks after infection. Up‐regulated Th1, Th2 and T regulatory (Treg) cytokine gene expression was observed in both the maternal and the foetal placenta in the infected group. In the caruncle of infected animals the main changes included up‐regulation of IFN‐γ, IL‐12p40, IL‐6 and IL‐10. In the cotyledon the main changes included up‐regulation of IFN‐γ and down‐regulation of TGF‐β, being the later the only cytokine down‐regulated in the infected group. The observe... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4983954 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4983954 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4983953&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01308.x AbstractOur and others’ previous studies have shown that Schistosoma japonicum (SJ) infection can inhibit allergic reactions. Moreover, we found that adoptive transfer of dendritic cells (DCs) from inhibited mice showed a similar inhibitory effect on allergy, suggesting a critical role of DCs in SJ infected mediated inhibition of allergy. In the present study, we further examined the mechanism by which DCs contribute to inhibition of allergy. Our results showed that DCs from SJ‐infected mice (SJDCs) produced significantly higher levels of IL‐10 compared to those from naive control mice (NDCs). Adoptive transfer of SJDCs, unlike NDCs, significantly increased CD4+CD25+Foxp3+T cells and CD4+ CD25+IL‐10+ T cells regulatory T cell responses in vivo. This was correlated with significantl... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4983953 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4983953 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4983952&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01309.x SummaryThe present study investigated the effect of β‐1,3/1,6‐glucan on growth, haematology, innate immunity and resistance against dactylogyrids on the spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus). Fish were fed during five weeks with commercial diet (control group) and same diet supplemented with three levels of β‐glucans (0.05%, 0.1% y 0.5%/kg feed). The results showed that at concentrations of 0.05% and 0.1%, fish growth was enhanced and in week 2 and 4, an increased of cellular responses as: percentage of monocytes, neutrophils, respiratory burst activity, and nitric oxide activity were observed. In diet with 0.5%β‐glucans, changes were registered at the end of the experiment. 0.05%β‐glucans showed the best response to most of the analyzed parameters at week 2. In a second t... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4983952 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4983952 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4975124&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01311.x This article reviews the impact that sequencing technologies has had on genomics and how it has shaped the parasitic helminth genome sequencing initiative at WTSI. (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4975124 Tue, 28 Jun 2011 20:55:21 +0100 4975124 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4933167&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01300.x SummaryAlternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) have key roles in the immune response to a variety of gastrointestinal helminths such as Heligmosomoides bakeri and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In addition, AAMs have been implicated in the resolution of infection‐induced pathology in Schistosoma mansoni infection. AAMs exert their activity in part via the enzyme arginase‐1 (Arg1), which hydrolyses l‐arginine into urea and ornithine, and can supply precursor substrate for proline and polyamine production. Trichuris muris is a worm that resides in the large intestine with resistance being characterized by a Th2 T‐cell response, which drives alternatively activated macrophage production in the local environment of the infection. To investigate the role of AAMs in T. muris infection... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4933167 Thu, 16 Jun 2011 23:01:10 +0100 4933167 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4933166&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01299.x This study investigated anti‐PfMSP6 responses in P. falciparum‐infected individuals from the Peruvian Amazon, using two different PfMSP6 N‐terminal allele antigens and a single C‐terminal domain antigen, and compared the responses with both PfMSP6 genotyping data and anti‐PfMSP3 response data that had been previously generated for the same samples. Anti‐PfMSP6 responses were detected despite the low transmission setting, but were less frequent and of considerably lower intensity than anti‐PfMSP3 responses. There was a positive correlation between anti‐PfMSP3 and PfMSP6 responses, suggesting that the possibility that PfMSP3 family antigens could induce cross‐reactive responses requires further detailed investigation. (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4933166 Thu, 16 Jun 2011 23:01:10 +0100 4933166 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4933165&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01297.x SummaryNaegleria fowleri, a free‐living amoeba, is the causative pathogen of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in humans and experimental mice. N. fowleri is capable of destroying tissues and host cells through lytic necrosis. However, the mechanism by which N. fowleri induces host cell death is unknown. Electron microscopy indicated that incubation of Jurkat T cells with N. fowleri trophozoites induced necrotic morphology of the Jurkat T cells. N. fowleri also induced cytoskeletal protein cleavage, extensive poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase hydrolysis and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Although no activation of caspase‐3 was observed in Jurkat T cells co‐incubated with amoebae, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were strongly generated by NADPH oxidase (NOX). Pret... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4933165 Thu, 16 Jun 2011 23:01:09 +0100 4933165 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4933164&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01295.x SummaryA vaccine containing integral membrane glycoproteins from the intestine of Haemonchus contortus was evaluated in four groups of nine worm‐free calves challenged with either 8000 H. contortus or Haemonchus placei infective larvae. Vaccinates received 50 μg of the antigen and 1 mg QuilA adjuvant three times 21 days apart, while the controls got adjuvant alone. The calves were challenged 7 days after the last immunization and killed for worm counts 43 days later. Immunization resulted in high titre antibodies against the vaccine antigens and significant reduction in egg output and worm numbers of both challenge species, compared with control calves. It was concluded that vaccination of calves with native parasite gut membrane glycoproteins obtained from H. contortus conf... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4933164 Thu, 16 Jun 2011 23:01:08 +0100 4933164 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4871356&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01304.x SummaryThe advent and integration of high‐throughput ‘‐omics’ technologies (e.g. genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, glycomics and lipidomics) are revolutionizing the way biology is done, allowing the systems biology of organisms to be explored. These technologies are now providing unique opportunities for global, molecular investigations of parasites. For example, studies of a transcriptome (all transcripts in an organism, tissue or cell) have become instrumental in providing insights into aspects of gene expression, regulation and function in a parasite, which is a major step to understanding its biology. The purpose of this article was to review recent applications of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technologies and bioinformatic tools to large‐scale invest... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4871356 Fri, 27 May 2011 23:57:56 +0100 4871356 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861839&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01303.x SUMMARYIntraperitoneal larval infection (alveolar echinococcosis, AE) with Echinococcus multilocularis in mice impairs host immunity. Metacestode metabolites may modulate immunity putatively via dendritic cells. During murine AE, a relative increase of peritoneal DCs (pe‐DCs) in infected mice (AE‐pe‐DCs; 4% of total peritoneal cells) as compared to control mice (naïve pe‐DCs; 2%) became apparent in our study. The differentiation of AE‐pe‐DCs into TGF‐β‐expressing‐cells and the higher level of IL‐4 than IFN‐γ/IL‐2 mRNA‐expression in AE‐CD4+pe‐Tcells indicated a Th2‐orientation. Analysis of major accessory‐molecule‐expression on pe‐DCs from AE‐infected mice revealed that CD80 and CD86 were down regulated on AE‐pe‐DCs, while ICAM‐1(CD54) remain... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861839 Thu, 26 May 2011 00:16:21 +0100 4861839 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861840&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01302.x (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861840 Mon, 23 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4861840 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4840509&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01301.x (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4840509 Thu, 19 May 2011 21:36:28 +0100 4840509 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4840512&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01298.x SUMMARYA genetic dissection approach was employed to determine whether the IL‐2 receptor complex (IL‐2R) comprised of α, β and γ chains is required for the suppression of Plasmodium chabaudi adami parasitemia. Blood‐stage infections in IL‐2Rγc‐/ymice failed to cure with parasitemia remaining elevated for >50 days indicating the IL‐2Rγcthrough which all members of the γcfamily of cytokines signal, has an essential role in protective immunity against blood‐stage malaria parasites. In contrast, the curing of parasitemia in IL‐2/15Rβ‐/‐mice, deficient in both IL‐2 and IL‐15 signaling was significantly delayed but did occur, indicating that neither cytokine plays an essential role in parasite clearance. Moreover, the observation that the time‐course of parasi... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4840512 Tue, 17 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4840512 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4840511&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01299.x This study investigated anti‐PfMSP6 responses in P. falciparum infected individuals from the Peruvian Amazon, using two different PfMSP6 N‐terminal allele antigens and a single C‐terminal domain antigen, and compared the responses with both PfMSP6 genotyping data and anti‐PfMSP3 response data that had been previously generated for the same samples. Anti‐PfMSP6 responses were detected despite the low transmission setting, but were less frequent and of considerably lower intensity than anti‐PfMSP3 responses. There was a positive correlation between anti‐PfMSP3 and PfMSP6 responses, suggesting that the possibility that PfMSP3 family antigens could induce cross‐reactive responses requires further detailed investigation. (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4840511 Tue, 17 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4840511 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4840510&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01300.x AbstractAlternatively‐activated macrophages (AAMs) have key roles in the immune response to a variety of gastrointestinal helminths such as Heligmosomoides bakeri and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. In addition AAMs have been implicated in the resolution of infection‐induced pathology in Schistosoma mansoni infection. AAM exert their activity in part via the enzyme arginase‐1 (Arg1), which hydrolyzes L‐arginine into urea and ornithine, and can supply precursor substrate for proline and polyamine production. Trichuris muris is a worm that resides in the large intestine with resistance being characterized by a Th2 T cell response, which drives AAM production in the local environment of the infection. In order to investigate the role of AAMs in T. muris infection, we used independent ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4840510 Tue, 17 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4840510 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812536&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01282.x SummaryThe knowledge on immune mechanisms of chronic urticaria (CU) at the cytokine level is widely scarce. We compared pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory as well as Th1‐ and Th2‐associated serum cytokine levels in two phenotypes of CU: associated with (CU+) and without (CU−) sensitization against Anisakis simplex, a ubiquitous fish parasite, that has been associated with acute urticaria in gastro‐allergic anisakiasis (GAA) and with CU+. Thirteen CU+ and 19 CU− patients were compared with 13 GAA patients and 15 control subjects for cytokines, measured by cytometric bead array. Urticaria activity score was positively correlated with IL‐6 in CU−. Serum levels of IL‐10 were lower in CU+ and CU− with respect to the control group. Median IFN‐γ was lower in all urticaria groups.... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812536 Thu, 12 May 2011 07:18:23 +0100 4812536 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812535&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01290.x In this study, we investigated the specific proteases involved in the degradation of cytoskeletal proteins during Jurkat T‐cell death induced by E. histolytica. Amoebic trophozoites induced marked degradation of paxillin, Cas, vimentin, vinculin and talin, as well as α‐ or β‐spectrin, in Jurkat T cells. The cleavage effects of E. histolytica were strongly retarded by pretreatment with a calpain inhibitor, but not with a pan‐caspase inhibitor. In addition, calpain knockdown with siRNA in Jurkat T cells effectively inhibited E. histolytica‐induced PARP, paxillin, α‐spectrin, β‐spectrin and talin degradation, as compared to scrambled siRNA. These results suggest that calpain plays a crucial role in the cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins during cell death induced by E. his... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812535 Thu, 12 May 2011 07:18:22 +0100 4812535 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812534&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01289.x SummaryAppropriate adjuvant, proper antigen(s) and a suitable formulation are required to develop stable, safe and immunogenic vaccines. Leishmanial cysteine proteinase type I (CPB) is a promising vaccine candidate; nevertheless, it requires a delivery system to induce a potent immune response. Herein, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been applied for CPB [with and without C‐terminal extension (CTE)] formulation to utilize as a vaccine against Leishmania major infection in C57BL/6 mice. Therefore, SLN‐CPB and SLN‐CPB−CTE formulations were prepared from cetyl palmitate and cholesterol, using melt emulsification method. After intraperitoneal vaccination and subsequent L. major challenge, a strong antigen‐specific T‐helper type 1 (Th1) immune response was induced compared to ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812534 Thu, 12 May 2011 07:18:20 +0100 4812534 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812533&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01285.x This study examined the levels of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in the CSF of dogs using gelatin zymography to verify possible alterations in these enzymes during natural systemic infection with Leishmania chagasi. Latent and active forms of MMP‐2 were detected in some dogs of both groups, with high levels in the control group. In contrast, latent and active forms of MMP‐9 were detected only in some animals with leishmaniasis. These results clearly demonstrate that MMP‐9 is elevated in CSF of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Although these results are preliminary, they suggest that MMP‐9 might play a role in disruption of blood–brain barrier and/or blood–CSF barrier. While the presence of MMPs in CSF is not a condition exclusive to VL, their presence and persistence in CSF supports... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812533 Thu, 12 May 2011 07:18:19 +0100 4812533 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4812532&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01283.x SummaryNeurocysticercosis (NC), caused by Taenia solium metacestode, infects the central nervous system and is a devastating parasitic infection. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, imaging, serology and epidemiology. Current markers present variable sensitivity and specificity, frequent cross‐reactions and are not able to discriminate NC clinical forms. The aim of this study was to select mimotopes of T. solium metacestode antigens that may be used in NC immunodiagnosis, specifically to discriminate between active and inactive forms. A random peptide phage display library was screened against IgY from chickens immunized with total saline extract from T. solium metacestodes and validated against 110 serum samples, classified into active NC (18), inactive NC (22), cross‐reactive parasitic... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4812532 Thu, 12 May 2011 07:18:18 +0100 4812532 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4774983&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01296.x SUMMARYFree‐living Naegleria fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans and animals. To examine the effect of immunisation with Nfa1 protein on experimental murine PAM due to N. fowleri, BALB/c mice were intra‐peritoneally or intra‐nasally immunised with a recombinant Nfa1 protein. We analysed Nfa1‐specific antibody and cytokine induction, and the mean survival time of infected mice. Mice immunised intra‐peritoneally or intra‐nasally with rNfa1 protein developed specific IgG, IgA and IgE antibodies; the IgG response was dominated by IgG1, followed by IgG2b, IgG2a and IgG3. High levels of the Th1 cytokine, IFN‐γ, and the regulatory cytokine, IL‐10, were also induced. The mean survival time of mice immunised intra‐peritoneally with rNfa1 protein was... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4774983 Sun, 01 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4774983 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4774982&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01297.x SUMMARYNaegleria fowleri, a free‐living amoeba, is the causative pathogen of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in humans and experimental mice. N. fowleri is capable of destroying tissues and host cells through lytic necrosis. However, the mechanism by which N. fowleri induces host cell death is unknown. Electron microscopy indicated that incubation of Jurkat T cells with live N. fowleri trophozoites induced necrotic morphology of the Jurkat T cells. N. fowleri also induced cytoskeletal protein cleavage, extensive poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase hydrolysis, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Although no activation of caspase‐3 was observed in Jurkat T cells co‐incubated with amoebae, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were strongly generated by NADPH oxidase (NOX). Pr... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4774982 Sat, 30 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4774982 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4758376&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01295.x ABSTRACTA vaccine containing integral membrane glycoproteins from the intestine of Haemonchus contortus was evaluated in 4 groups of 9 worm free calves challenged with either 8,000 H. contortus or Haemonchus placei infective larvae. Vaccinates received 50 μg of the antigen and 1mg QuilA adjuvant three times 21 days apart, while the controls got adjuvant alone. The calves were challenged 7 days after the last immunization and killed for worm counts 43 days later. Immunization resulted in high titre antibodies against the vaccine antigens and significant reduction in egg output and worm numbers of both challenge species, compared to control calves. It was concluded that vaccination of calves with native parasite gut membrane glycoproteins obtained from H. contortus conferred protection agai... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4758376 Thu, 28 Apr 2011 05:22:55 +0100 4758376 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4744716&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01294.x SummaryThe diseases caused by trypanosomes are medically and economically devastating to the population of sub‐Saharan Africa. Parasites of the genus Trypanosoma, infect both humans, causing African sleeping sickness, and livestock, causing Nagana. The development of effective treatment strategies has suffered from the severe side effects of approved drugs, resistance and major difficulties in delivering drugs. Antimicrobial peptides are ubiquitous components of immune defense and are being rigorously pursued as novel sources of new therapeutics for a variety of pathogens. Here we review the role of antimicrobial peptides in the innate immune response of the tsetse fly to African trypanosomes, catalogue trypanocidal antimicrobial peptides from diverse organisms and highlight the suscepti... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4744716 Sun, 24 Apr 2011 06:08:03 +0100 4744716 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4704206&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01293.x AbstractAfrican trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease that affects a variety of mammals, including humans, on the sub‐Saharan African continent. In order to understand the diverse parameters that govern the host‐parasite‐vector interactions, mouse models for the disease have proven to be a corner stone. Despite the fact that most trypanosomes cannot be considered as natural pathogens for rodents, experimental infections in mice have shed a tremendous amount of light on the general biology of these parasites and their interaction with and evasion of the mammalian immune system. Different aspects including inflammation, vaccine failure, antigenic variation, resistance/sensitivity to normal human serum and the influence of tsetse compounds on parasite transmission have all been address... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4704206 Wed, 13 Apr 2011 06:46:30 +0100 4704206 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4704207&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01292.x Abstract:Anti‐serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E was assessed by the ImmunoCAP system and compared to anti‐serum IgG assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot. The ImmunoCAP system revealed very high specificity (1 false positive out of 110 healthy individuals), low cross‐reactivity (1 false positive out of 58 patients with other diseases), and decreased sensitivity (73.55%). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis displayed a beneficial diagnostic value with high accuracy. Comparison of the ImmunoCAP system with ELISA and western blot showed significantly higher specificity and significantly lower cross‐reactivity compared with the ELISA. Examination of sera from 155 patients with CE showed varying levels of anti‐IgE (range, 0.01–118.33 kUA/L). ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4704207 Sun, 10 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4704207 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4692925&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01281.x We examined the immune response of rabbits to primary infections of the gastrointestinal nematodes Trichostrongylus retortaeformis and Graphidium strigosum under controlled conditions for 120 days post‐challenge. Results showed that rabbits developed a robust and effective immune response against T. retortaeformis and abundance quickly decreased in the duodenum and was completely cleared in the remaining sections of the small intestine within 4 months. Infected individuals exhibited an initial strong inflammatory response (IFN‐γ), IL‐4 expression also increased and was coupled to a rapid serum and mucus IgG and IgA and eosinophilia. Strong IL‐4, serum IgA and IgG responses and eosinophilia were also observed against G. strigosum. However, parasite abundance remained consiste... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4692925 Sat, 09 Apr 2011 05:10:13 +0100 4692925 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4626534&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01291.x SUMMARYSingle units of O‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), usually components of nuclear and cytoplasmatic proteins, are present at the C‐Terminal domain of cruzipain (Cz), a lysosomal major antigen from Trypanosoma cruzi. On the other hand, antibodies directed against some self‐antigens like myosin are associated with Chagas heart disease. The participation of O‐GlcNAc moieties in the molecular antigenicity of Cz was determined using GlcNAc linked to aprotinin by ELISA. The immune cross‐reactivity between cruzipain and myosin is mainly focused in the C‐T domain. ELISA inhibition assays using rabbit sera specific for Cz and C‐T in conjunction with immunogold electronmicroscopy analysis of heart tissues from mice immunized with C‐T confronted with polyclonal rabbit sera... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4626534 Thu, 24 Mar 2011 03:48:56 +0100 4626534 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4626535&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01290.x SUMMARYEntamoeba histolytica is known to induce host cell death via activation of calpain and caspases. In the present study, we investigated the specific proteases involved in the degradation of cytoskeletal‐associated proteins during Jurkat T cell death induced by E. histolytica. Amoebic trophozoites induced marked degradation of paxillin, Cas, vimentin, vinculin, and talin, as well as α‐ or β‐spectrin, in Jurkat T cells. The cleavage effects of E. histolytica were strongly retarded by pretreatment with a calpain inhibitor, but not with a pan‐caspase inhibitor. In addition, calpain knockdown with siRNA in Jurkat T cells effectively inhibited E. histolytica‐induced PARP, paxillin, α‐spectrin, β‐spectrin and talin degradation in Jurkat T cells, as compared to scrambled si... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4626535 Wed, 23 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4626535 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4600141&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01289.x SummaryAppropriate adjuvant, proper antigen(s) and a suitable formulation are required to develop stable, safe and immunogenic vaccines. Leishmanial cysteine proteinase type I (CPB) is a promising vaccine candidate; nevertheless it requires a delivery system to induce a potent immune response. Herein, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been applied for CPB (with and without C‐Terminal Extension, CTE) formulation to utilize as a vaccine against Leishmania major (L. major) infection in C57BL/6 mice. Therefore, SLN‐CPB and SLN‐CPB‐CTE formulations were prepared from cetyl palmitate and cholesterol, using melt emulsification method. After intra‐peritoneal vaccination and subsequent L. major challenge, a strong antigen‐specific T‐helper type 1 (Th1) immune response was induced c... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4600141 Thu, 17 Mar 2011 02:29:11 +0100 4600141 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4574842&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01274.x SummaryTo determine whether purified Ascaris suum haemoglobin (AsHb) is a suitable vaccine candidate for the control of Ascaris infections, pigs were vaccinated with AsHb in combination with QuilA adjuvant and challenged with A. suum eggs. The number of liver lesions and worms in the intestine was assessed on day 14, 28 and 56 post‐infection (p.i.). No significant differences were found in the number of worms recovered between vaccinated and control pigs on any of these days. However, significantly more white spots were counted on the livers of vaccinated pigs on day 14 (+86%) and day 28 (+118%) p.i. compared with nonvaccinated controls. To investigate whether the increased immunoreactivity against the liver stage L3s in vaccinated pigs was triggered by and directed against AsHb, the tr... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4574842 Sat, 12 Mar 2011 02:48:25 +0100 4574842 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4574841&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01272.x SummaryTryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway is dependent on the enzyme Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO). Expression of IDO is upregulated in a number of inflammatory settings such as wounding and infection, and the resulting local tryptophan depletion may inhibit the replication of intracellular pathogens. Indo gene expression is upregulated in the gut during chronic infection with the mouse whipworm Trichuris muris. We demonstrate an increase in the rate of colonic epithelial cell turnover after inhibition of IDO in T. muris‐infected SCID mice, leading to a significant expulsion of parasite burden. We identify the goblet cell as a novel source of IDO and present data revealing a new role for IDO in the regulation of epithelial cell turnover post‐infectious challenge. (... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4574841 Sat, 12 Mar 2011 02:48:25 +0100 4574841 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4574840&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01273.x SummaryEndemic regions for the pathogenic nematode Strongyloides and parasitic protist Leishmania overlap and therefore co‐infections with both parasites frequently occur. As the Th2 and Th1 immune responses necessary to efficiently control Strongyloides and Leishmania infections are known to counterregulate each other, we analysed the outcome of co‐infection in the murine system. Here, we show that Leishmania major‐specific Th1 responses partially suppressed the nematode‐induced Th2 response in co‐infected mice. Despite this modulation, successful expulsion of gut dwelling Strongyloides was not suppressed in mice with pre‐existing or subsequent Leishmania infection. A pre‐existing Strongyloides infection, in contrast, did not interfere with efficient type‐1 responses but e... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4574840 Sat, 12 Mar 2011 02:48:23 +0100 4574840 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4574839&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01271.x SummaryThe role of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the development of a protective immune response against Cryptosporidium muris infection was studied by the reconstitution of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with well‐defined populations of either naive or immune CD8+ or CD4+ T lymphocytes. Adoptive transfer of both naive and immune CD4+ T lymphocyte subpopulations protects SCID mice against cryptosporidiosis. Moreover, a significant biological impact of activated CD8+ T cells against gastric cryptosporidiosis was observed. The significant difference in the course and intensity of the infection in reconstituted SCID mice was found to be dependent on the protective function of both the CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell populations transferred. While SCID mice reconstituted with either imm... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4574839 Sat, 12 Mar 2011 02:48:22 +0100 4574839 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4565643&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01288.x SummaryNematode infections such as Ascariasis are important health problems in underdeveloped countries, most of them located in the tropics where environmental conditions also promote the perennial co‐exposure to high concentrations of domestic mite allergens. Allergic diseases are common and most of asthmatic patients exhibit a predominant and strong IgE sensitization to mites. It is unknown whether co‐exposure to Ascaris lumbricoides and the domestic mites Blomia tropicalis and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus potentiates Th2 responses and IgE sensitization, thereby modifying the natural history of allergy. Recently, we obtained experimental evidence of a high cross‐reactivity between the allergenic extracts of these invertebrates, involving well known allergens such as tropomyosin ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4565643 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4565643 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4559774&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01287.x AbstractSince first identified, Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness has been described as invariably fatal. Increasing data however argue that infection by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, the causative agent of HAT, results in a wide range of outcomes in its human host and importantly that a number of subjects in endemic areas are apparently able to control infection to low levels, undetectable by the classical parasitological tests used in the field. Thus trypanotolerance seems to occur in humans as has already been described in cattle or in the rodent experimental models of infection. This review focuses on the description of the diversity of outcomes resulting from T.b. gambiense in humans and on the host factors involved. The consequences/impacts on HAT epidemiology ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4559774 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4559774 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4540291&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01286.x SummaryTrypanosomes are protozoan parasites of medical and veterinary importance. It is well established that different species, sub‐species and strains of trypanosome can cause very different disease in the mammalian host, exemplified by the two human‐infective subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei that cause either acute or chronic disease. We are beginning to understand how the host response shapes the course of the disease and how genetic variation in the host can be a factor in disease severity, particularly in the mouse model, but until recently the role of parasite genetic variation that determines differential disease outcome has been a neglected area. This review will discuss the recent advances in this field, covering both our current knowledge of the T. brucei genes involved and ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4540291 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4540291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4498110&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01285.x This study examined the levels of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in the CSF of dogs using gelatin zymography to verify possible alterations in these enzymes during natural systemic infection with Leishmania chagasi. Latent and active forms of MMP‐2 were detected in some dogs of both groups, with high levels in the control group. In contrast, latent and active forms of MMP‐9 were detected only in some animals with leishmaniasis. These results clearly demonstrate that MMP‐9 is elevated in CSF of dogs with VL. Although these results are preliminary, they suggest that MMP‐9 might play a role in disruption of blood‐brain‐barrier and/or blood‐CSF‐barrier. While the presence of MMPs in CSF is not a condition exclusive to VL, their presence and persistence in CSF supports the hypothesis of an... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4498110 Sun, 20 Feb 2011 01:57:55 +0100 4498110 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4489173&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01284.x In this study, we delineate the role of the innate immunoreceptor TREM‐1 in the parasite Schistosoma mansoni infection model from early to late (chronic) phases of infection. Flow cytometry analysis revealed gradual increase in the production of TREM‐1 protein on CD11b+ myeloid cells, with maximum production at five weeks p.i.. Similar results in the pattern of TREM‐1 mRNA expressions in splenic CD11b+ cells from infected mice were obtained by real‐time PCR . However, unlike in spleen, the TREM‐1 mRNA expression in liver tissue showed no significant increase throughout the infection, including periods of maximum production of parasite eggs. Administration of schistosoma egg homogenate antigen (SEA) to stimulate J774A.1 cells inhibited TREM‐1 expression on the surface indicating... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4489173 Fri, 18 Feb 2011 01:50:52 +0100 4489173 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4489174&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01283.x SummaryNeurocysticercosis (NC), caused by Taenia solium metacestode, infects the central nervous system, and is a devastating parasitic infection. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, imaging, serology and epidemiology. Current markers present variable sensitivity and specificity, frequent cross‐reactions, and are not able to discriminate NC clinical forms. The aim of this study was to select mimotopes of T. solium metacestode antigens that may be used in NC immunodiagnosis, specifically to discriminate between active and inactive forms. A random peptide phage display library was screened against IgY from chickens immunized with total saline extract from T. solium metacestodes and validated against 110 serum samples, classified into active NC (18), inactive NC (22), cross‐reactive parasitic... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4489174 Wed, 16 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4489174 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4459542&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01264.x SummarySeeking biomarkers reflecting disease development in cystic echinococcosis (CE), we used a proteomic approach linked to immunological characterisation for the identification of respective antigens. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) of sheep hydatid fluid, followed by immunoblot analysis (IB) with sera from patients with distinct phases of disease, enabled us to identify by mass spectrometry heat shock protein 20 (HSP20) as a potential marker of active CE. Using IB, antibodies specific to the 34 kDa band of HSP20 were detected in sera from 61/95 (64%) patients with CE, but not in sera from healthy subjects. IB revealed anti‐HSP20 antibodies in a higher percentage of sera from patients with active disease than in sera from patients with inactive disease (81 vs. 24%; P... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4459542 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:55:07 +0100 4459542 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4459541&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01268.x In this study, we investigated the TCR diversity and activation of CD4+ T cells in a nonhealing model associated with L. amazonensis (La) infection and a self‐healing model associated with L. braziliensis (Lb) infection. While marked expansion in the absolute number of several subsets was observed in Lb‐infected mice, the percentages of TCR Vβ+ CD4+‐cell subsets were comparable in draining LN‐ and lesion‐derived T cells in two infection models. We found that multiple TCR Vβ CD4+T cells contributed collectively and comparably to IFN‐γ production and that the overall levels of IFN‐γ production positively correlated with the control of Lb infection. Moreover, pre‐infection with Lb parasites provided cross‐protection against secondary La infection, owing to an enhance... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4459541 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:55:05 +0100 4459541 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4459540&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01262.x In this study to evaluate the in vitro effect of the anti‐apoptotic property of H. bakeri antigen on T cells, apoptosis of these cells was induced by glucocorticoids‐dexamethasone (Dex). Excretory–secretory (ES) antigen of the nematode prevented Dex‐induced apoptosis in CD4‐positive T cells with CD4+CD25− and CD4+CD25High phenotype by Bcl‐2 protein expression. Contrary to the effect on CD4‐positive T cells, survival of CD8+ T cells was not connected with expression of Bcl‐2 protein. This suggest that H. bakeri antigen modulates CD4‐positive T cell sensitivity to glucocorticoid‐induced apoptosis by induction of Bcl‐2 protein. (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4459540 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:55:05 +0100 4459540 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4459539&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01260.x SummaryMerozoite surface protein 2 (MSP‐2), a very immunogenic malaria antigen, is a highly polymorphic 45–53 kDa merozoite surface protein, which is regarded as a promising vaccine candidate. The highly polymorphic nature of MSP‐2 suggests that the molecule can be involved in protective immunity against malaria. The antibody responses to MSP‐2 antigen are mostly directed against polymorphic and dimorphic regions of the protein. The current study aimed at testing the reactivity of human sera from a malaria‐endemic area of Gambia against MSP‐2 regions 2, 3 and 4 compared to crude schizont extract in a period of 20 years. The age‐dependent immunity was analysed in a manner of cross‐sectional study (the data of the first visit) and also a longitudinal study design (analysi... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4459539 Fri, 11 Feb 2011 00:55:04 +0100 4459539 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4450007&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01282.x Conclusions:  Different urticaria phenotypes are associated with distinct serum cytokine levels. (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4450007 Tue, 01 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4450007 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4405309&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01281.x We examined the immune response of rabbits to primary infections of the gastrointestinal nematodes Trichostrongylus retortaeformis and Graphidium strigosum under controlled conditions for 120 days post challenge. Results showed that rabbits developed a robust and effective immune response against T. retortaeformis, abundance quickly decreased in the duodenum and was completely cleared in the remaining sections of the small intestine within 4 months. Infected individuals exhibited an initial strong inflammatory response (IFN‐γ), IL‐4 expression also increased and was coupled to a rapid serum and mucus IgG and IgA and eosinophilia. Strong IL‐4, serum IgA and IgG responses and eosinophilia were also observed against G. strigosum. However, parasite abundance remained consistently high t... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4405309 Fri, 28 Jan 2011 00:00:29 +0100 4405309 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4393888&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01280.x ABSTRACTUnlike other protozoan parasites, African trypanosomes never enter the host cell at any stage of their development. Instead, these parasites swim freely in the immunologically hostile host tissue fluids. During the course of infection, a complex interaction between the host immune responses and trypanosome survival strategies occurs. Continued contacts with the host’s immune system occurring during the course of infection could have provided strong selection pressure for African trypanosomes to evolve very sophisticated mechanisms to evade immune killing in order to survive the hostile immunological environment in the infected host. This review discusses some of the documented immunological evasion mechanisms African trypanosomes employ for their survival and perpetuity. (Source:... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4393888 Tue, 25 Jan 2011 11:37:03 +0100 4393888 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4377229&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01279.x In this study we evaluated the effect of multiple infections with Strongyloides venezuelensis on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. Multiple infections before EAE induction were not able to change the evolution of the disease. No alterations were observed in weight loss, clinical score and inflammation intensity at the central nervous system. The presence of significant levels of parasite specific IgG1 but not IgG2b suggested a Th2 polarization. However, the percentage and absolute number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells was not changed, being their levels in the spleen and lymph nodes of infected rats, comparable to the ones found in normal animals. These results suggest that a Th2 polarized response without concomitant expansion of Foxp3+ regulato... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4377229 Fri, 21 Jan 2011 00:22:55 +0100 4377229 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4342740&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01256.x AbstractCutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is characterized by high production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and development of pathology. Individuals with subclinical L. braziliensis infection (SC) have a positive skin test to leishmania, but do not develop disease. We evaluated whether the downregulation of inflammatory response in SC is mediated by IL‐10 and IL‐27 and whether IL‐17 is associated with control of infection. Participants include SC individuals, patients with CL and healthy subjects. Cytokines protein and mRNA were detected by ELISA and real‐time PCR. IFN‐γ and TNF‐α levels were higher in CL than in SC group. The IL‐10 levels and mRNA for IL‐10 were similar in both SC and CL. mRNA for IL‐27 was increased in cells from SC after stimulation with L. brazilien... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4342740 Fri, 14 Jan 2011 01:04:27 +0100 4342740 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4342739&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01259.x SummaryPrevious studies have implicated reactive antibodies to the low molecular weight rhoptry‐associated proteins (RAP‐1, RAP‐2/RSP‐2 and RAP‐3) in erythroid cell destruction during Plasmodium falciparum infection. In this pilot study, the frequency, specificity and functional capacity of naturally acquired anti‐RAP‐2/RSP‐2 antibodies were investigated in the sera of anaemic and nonanaemic malaria‐infected Cameroonian children. All sera recognized RAP‐2/RSP‐2 by FACS, irrespective of the clinical status of the subjects. However, the anaemic children showed higher levels of IgG antibodies than the nonanaemic group, while both groups showed similar levels of IgM antibodies. Only few individuals had detectable levels of RAP‐2/RSP‐2‐specific IgG1 and IgG3 subclass... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4342739 Fri, 14 Jan 2011 01:04:25 +0100 4342739 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4342738&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01253.x SummaryThe 63‐ kDa antigen of Leishmania donovani is a membrane‐anchored matrix metalloprotease that has been shown to be involved in the infection process. We have shown that this antigen alone generates a Th1 type of protective response that is partial but when the animals are primed with the antigen along with the Hsp70, the level of protection is raised significantly, which is demonstrated by a considerable reduction in parasite load of immunized animals when compared to the infected controls. Delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses to leishmanin were measured as an index of cell‐mediated immune response and were found to be higher in immunized animals when compared to the infected controls, the maximum being in the animals immunized with cocktail of both the antigens. Maximu... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4342738 Fri, 14 Jan 2011 01:04:24 +0100 4342738 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4318053&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2011.01278.x SummaryA cDNA representing the gene Teladorsagia circumcincta apyrase‐1 (Tci‐apy‐1) was isolated, by PCR, from a T. circumcincta fourth stage larval (L4) cDNA library. The closest orthologue of this gene is a Ca2+‐dependent apyrase from Ostertagia ostertagi, with 92% amino acid identity across all 339 residues. Tci‐apy‐1 is transcribed in a stage‐specific manner, the transcript being predominant in L4, detectable in the adult cDNA, but absent from eggs and infective third stage larvae (L3). The protein, Tci‐APY‐1, was detected by immunoblotting in extracts of L4 nematodes and was present in excretory/secretory products from the same developmental stage. A recombinant version of Tci‐APY‐1 was expressed in bacteria as an active enzyme which hydrolysed nucleoside triphos... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4318053 Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4318053 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4298472&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01277.x SummaryTrypanosoma congolense strains have been shown to differ in their virulence both between subgroups and within the Savannah subgroup between strains. This review revisits these findings and complements them with information on the virulence of T. congolense Savannah subgroup strains isolated from cattle (domestic transmission cycle) in different geographical areas and of strains isolated in protected areas where trypanotolerant wildlife species are the reservoir of the trypanosomes (sylvatic transmission cycle). The virulence of a total of 62 T. congolense Savannah subgroup strains (50 domestic and 12 sylvatic), determined using a standard protocol in mice, was compared. Virulence varied substantially between strains with, depending on the strain, the median survival time of infected... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4298472 Thu, 30 Dec 2010 09:27:41 +0100 4298472 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4293721&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01276.x In conclusion, rAs‐MIF appears to ameliorate DSS‐induced colitis, and may prove useful as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of intestinal inflammatory disease. (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4293721 Wed, 29 Dec 2010 04:44:58 +0100 4293721 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4258363&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01245.x SummaryThe neuro‐immune network, in which the vagus nerve is involved, provides feedback between its afferent branches for signalling central nervous system from sites of injury through cytokines and its efferent branches, which release acetylcholine, an anti‐inflammatory neurotransmitter. For gain insight into the parasympathetic mechanisms participating in the inflammatory response in the liver, we studied the effects of a vagotomy on the innate immune response in hamsters with amoebic liver abscess. At 7 days post‐infection, compared to the control, liver parasympathectomy resulted in a larger abscess size, a greater production of collagen fibres, fewer trophozoites, increased serum levels of IL‐10 and IFN‐γ and increased numbers of IL‐10 and IFN‐γ‐positive cells in ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4258363 Tue, 14 Dec 2010 21:41:20 +0100 4258363 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4258362&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01252.x SummaryAmoebic liver abscess (ALA) is the most important extraintestinal complication of Entamoeba histolytica infection. Amoebic liver abscess development causes severe destruction of the liver tissue concomitant with a strong inflammatory reaction. We analyse the in situ expression of TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, 1L‐8 and IL‐10 at different stages of ALA development in a susceptible animal model. Results showed that after inoculation, neutrophils (PMN) and some macrophages infiltrated the liver and were positive for TNF‐α and IFN‐γ at the acute phase of amoeba infection. The presence of these cytokines was transient and decreased as tissue damage progressed. In contrast, IL‐1β and IL‐8 were detected mainly in neutrophils and macrophages from the periods of acute infectio... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4258362 Tue, 14 Dec 2010 21:41:19 +0100 4258362 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4258361&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01247.x SummaryThe pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is complicated. In our previous studies, TLR4 was found involved in the process of infection by Acanthamoeba in human corneal cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) signalling pathway in Wistar rats challenged with Acanthamoeba. The rat model of AK was established. Corneas were collected and analysed by real‐time PCR to assess the mRNA levels of TLR 2, 4, myeloid differentiation protein (MyD)88, nuclear factor (NF)‐κB, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), interleukin (IL)‐8, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interferon (IFN) –β. Immunocytochemistry and Western blot were conducted to examine the proteins of TLR2, TLR4, p‐Erk1/2 and p‐IκB. Specific inhibi... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4258361 Tue, 14 Dec 2010 21:41:15 +0100 4258361 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4150481&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01272.x AbstractTryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway is dependent on the enzyme Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO). Expression of IDO is upregulated in a number of inflammatory settings such as wounding and infection and the resulting local tryptophan depletion may inhibit the replication of intracellular pathogens. Indo gene expression is upregulated in the gut during chronic infection with the mouse whipworm Trichuris muris. We demonstrate an increase in the rate of colonic epithelial cell turnover after inhibition of IDO in T. muris‐infected SCID mice, leading to a significant expulsion of parasite burden. We identify the goblet cell as a novel source of IDO and present data revealing a new role for IDO in the regulation of epithelial cell turnover post infectious challenge. ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4150481 Tue, 09 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4150481 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4150480&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01273.x SummaryEndemic regions for the pathogenic nematode Strongyloides and parasitic protist Leishmania overlap and therefore co‐infections with both parasites frequently occur. As the Th2 and Th1 immune responses necessary to efficiently control Strongyloides and Leishmania infections are known to counter regulate each other, we analyzed the outcome of co‐infection in the murine system. Here we show that L. major specific Th1 responses partially suppressed the nematode induced Th2 response in co‐infected mice. Despite this modulation, successful expulsion of gut dwelling Strongyloides was not suppressed in mice with pre‐existing or subsequent Leishmania infection. A pre‐existing Strongyloides infection, in contrast, did not interfere with efficient type‐1 responses but even increase... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4150480 Tue, 09 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4150480 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4138902&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01267.x AbstractWe have previously shown that antibody responses directed to Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface protein (MSP)‐1, ‐2 and glutamate‐rich protein (GLURP) are associated with anti‐malarial protection in residents of the Niakhar area of Senegal. In the same area, urinary schistosomiasis is frequent and we therefore assessed the possible influence of Schistosoma haematobium infection on these protective anti‐malarial IgG responses. After adjustment for confounders, we found that the levels of IgG1 directed to MSP1 and GLURP were significantly lower in helminth carriers. The higher circulating levels of interleukin (IL)‐10 present in the plasma of co‐infected individuals was associated with decreased anti‐plasmodial IgG responses, particularly of those directed to MSP... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4138902 Fri, 05 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4138902 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4138901&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01268.x In this study, we investigated the TCR diversity and activation of CD4+ T cells in a non‐healing model associated with L. amazonensis (La) infection and a self‐healing model associated with L. braziliensis (Lb) infection. While marked expansion in the absolute number of several subsets was observed in Lb‐infected mice, the percentages of TCR Vβ+ CD4+ cell subsets were comparable in draining LN‐ and lesion‐derived T cells in two infection models. We found that multiple TCR Vβ CD4+ T cells contributed collectively and comparably to IFN‐γ production, and that the overall levels of IFN‐γ production positively correlated to the control of Lb infection. Moreover, pre‐infection with Lb parasites provided cross‐protection against secondary La infection, due to an enhanced mag... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4138901 Fri, 05 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4138901 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4138900&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01269.x In this study, we purified spores from heavily infected human or monkey feces by serial salt‐Percoll‐sucrose‐iodixanol centrifugation and the purity of spores was confirmed by FACS and scanning electron microscopy. Exposure of dendritic cells to E. bieneusi spores induced up‐regulation of the surface markers and production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. The cytokine production was independent of Toll‐like receptor 4, but MyD88‐dependent, since dendritic cells from MyD88 knockout mice failed to secrete these pro‐inflammatory cytokines, whereas dendritic cells from C3H/HeJ (a Toll‐like receptor 4 mutant) were activated by E. bieneusi and secreted these cytokines. Furthermore, MyD88 deficient mice were susceptible to E. bieneusi infection, in contrast to wild type mice which... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4138900 Fri, 05 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4138900 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4207214&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01275.x SUMMARYDuring amebic invasion, neutrophils are a key component in either protecting against invading trophozoites or contributing to tissue damage. Upon degranulating or being lysed, neutrophils release toxic substances that can kill amebas as well as damage host tissue. In a previous study we identified a protein from nonspecifically stimulated peritoneal exudates of hamster that has peroxidase and marked amebicidal activity. In the current study we analyzed the in vitro amebicidal effect of purified hamster MPO. The results demonstrate that MPO must bind directly to the surface of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites in order to carry out amebicidal activity by using the H2O2 produced by the amebas themselves. MPO‐incubated amebas showed important morphological and ultrastructural altera... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4207214 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4207214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4202947&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01274.x SummaryTo determine whether purified Ascaris suum hemoglobin (AsHb) is a suitable vaccine candidate for the control of Ascaris infections, pigs were vaccinated with AsHb in combination with QuilA adjuvant and challenged with A. suum eggs. The number of liver lesions and worms in the intestine was assessed on day 14, 28, and 56 post‐infection (p.i.). No significant differences were found in the number of worms recovered between vaccinated and control pigs on any of these days. However, significantly more white spots were counted on the livers of vaccinated pigs on day 14 (+86%) and day 28 (+118%) p.i. compared with non‐vaccinated controls. To investigate whether the increased immunoreactivity against the liver stage L3s in vaccinated pigs was triggered by and directed against AsHb, the ... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4202947 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4202947 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4150479&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01271.x AbstractThe role of CD4+ and CD8+ T‐lymphocytes in the development of a protective immune response against Cryptosporidium muris infection was studied by the reconstitution of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with well‐defined populations of either naive or immune CD8+ or CD4+ T‐lymphocytes. Adoptive transfer of both naive and immune CD4+ T‐lymphocyte subpopulations protects SCID mice against cryptosporidiosis. Moreover, a significant biological impact of activated CD8+ T‐cells against gastric cryptosporidiosis was observed. The significant difference in the course and intensity of the infection in reconstituted SCID mice was found to be dependent on the protective function of both the CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell populations transferred. While SCID mice reconstituted with e... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4150479 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4150479 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4138899&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01270.x AbstractSchistosoma haematobium antigen recognition profiles of the human isotypes IgA, IgE, IgG1 and IgG4 were compared by image analysis of western blots. Adult worm antigens separated by 2‐dimensional gel electrophoresis were probed with pooled sera from Zimbabweans resident in a S. haematobium endemic area, followed by identification of individual antigenic parasite proteins using mass spectrometry. Overall, IgG1 reacted with the largest number of antigens, followed by IgE and IgA which detected the same number, while IgG4 detected the fewest antigens. IgE recognised all the antigens reactive with IgG4 as well as an additional four antigens; an isoform of 28kDaGST, phosphoglycerate kinase, actin 1 and calreticulin. IgG1 additionally recognised fatty acid binding protein, triose‐pho... Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4138899 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4138899 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4105209&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01266.x Summary (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4105209 Tue, 26 Oct 2010 11:23:20 +0100 4105209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4081665&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01265.x ABSTRACT (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4081665 Tue, 19 Oct 2010 20:32:47 +0100 4081665 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4065006&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01261.x (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4065006 Thu, 14 Oct 2010 09:56:43 +0100 4065006 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4065005&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01239.x Summary (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4065005 Thu, 14 Oct 2010 09:56:42 +0100 4065005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4065004&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01244.x Summary (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4065004 Thu, 14 Oct 2010 09:56:41 +0100 4065004 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4065003&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01240.x Summary (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4065003 Thu, 14 Oct 2010 09:56:41 +0100 4065003 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4065002&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01242.x Summary (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4065002 Thu, 14 Oct 2010 09:56:40 +0100 4065002 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4081666&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01264.x SUMMARY (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4081666 Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4081666 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4036161&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01263.x SUMMARY (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4036161 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4036161 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4012286&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01262.x SUMMARY (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4012286 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4012286 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3986604&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01260.x SUMMARY (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3986604 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3986604 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3920475&cid=s_33911_141_f&fid=33911&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3024.2010.01259.x (Source: Parasite Immunology) Parasite Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3920475 Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3920475 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