MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Personality and Social Psychology Review' source. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 02:32:18 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5646433&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22291044%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews the literature on sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) in light of growing evidence from evolutionary biology that many personality differences in nonhuman species involve being more or less responsive, reactive, flexible, or sensitive to the environment. After briefly defining SPS, it first discusses how biologists studying animal personality have conceptualized this general environmental sensitivity. Second, it reviews relevant previous human personality/temperament work, focusing on crossover interactions (where a trait generates positive or negative outcomes depending on the environment), and traits relevant to specific hypothesized aspects of SPS: inhibition of behavior, sensitivity to stimuli, depth of processing, and emotional/physiological reactivity. Third, it... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5646433 Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5646433 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5646432&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22291045%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Klein SB Abstract The author argues that the self is a multifaceted entity that does not easily submit to clear and precise description. The aspect of self studied by most investigators is actually a subset of the cognitive and neural underpinnings of "self" and not the "self" of first-person subjectivity. The author then looks at the dominant theoretical treatment of human long-term memory-the systems approach-and examines how the construct of "self" is situated in this framework. Finally, he reviews the best-known paradigm for exploring the role of self in memory-the self-reference effect (SRE) manipulation. He argues that there is not one SRE but rather a family of related SREs that are influenced by a variety of variables and contexts. Accordingly, researchers must exe... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5646432 Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5646432 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5586553&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22241796%26dopt%3DAbstract Protesters as "Passionate Economists": A Dynamic Dual Pathway Model of Approach Coping With Collective Disadvantage. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2012 Jan 12; Authors: van Zomeren M, Leach CW, Spears R Abstract To explain the psychology behind individuals' motivation to participate in collective action against collective disadvantage (e.g., protest marches), the authors introduce a dynamic dual pathway model of approach coping that integrates many common explanations of collective action (i.e., group identity, unfairness, anger, social support, and efficacy). It conceptualizes collective action as the outcome of two distinct processes: emotion-focused and problem-focused approach coping. The former revolves around the experience of group-based anger (based in appraised external bl... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5586553 Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5586553 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5556692&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22202149%26dopt%3DAbstract This article frames human sociality through the superorganisms metaphor by systematically reviewing the superorganismic features of human psychology. These features include (1) mechanisms to integrate individual units, (2) mechanisms to achieve unity of action, (3) low levels of heritable within-group variation, (4) a common fate, and (5) mechanisms to resolve conflicts of interest in the collective's favor. It is concluded that human beings have a capacity to partly and flexibly display each of these superorganismic properties. Group identification is a key mechanism that activates human superorganismic properties, and threats to the group a key activating condition. This metaphor organizes diverse aspects of human psychology (e.g., normative conformity, social identity processes, religio... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5556692 Tue, 27 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5556692 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5542504&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D22194251%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smith HJ, Pettigrew TF, Pippin GM, Bialosiewicz S Abstract Relative deprivation (RD) is the judgment that one is worse off compared to some standard accompanied by feelings of anger and resentment. Social scientists use RD to predict a wide range of significant outcome variables: collective action, individual achievement and deviance, intergroup attitudes, and physical and mental health. But the results are often weak and inconsistent. The authors draw on a theoretical and meta-analytic review (210 studies composing 293 independent samples, 421 tests, and 186,073 respondents) to present a model that integrates group and individual RD. RD measures that (a) include justice-related affect, (b) match the outcome level of analysis, and (c) use higher quality measures yield sign... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5542504 Thu, 22 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5542504 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207243&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21896790%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lu L, Yuan YC, McLeod PL Abstract This meta-analysis summarized findings from 65 studies using the hidden profile paradigm (101 independent effects, 3,189 groups). Results showed (a) groups mentioned two standard deviations more pieces of common information than unique information; (b) hidden profile groups were eight times less likely to find the solution than were groups having full information; (c) two measures of information pooling, including the percentage of unique information mentioned out of total available information (the information coverage measure) and the percentage of unique information out of total discussion (the discussion focus measure), were positively related to decision quality, but the effect of information coverage was stronger than that of discuss... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207243 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5207243 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207242&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21896791%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beedie CJ, Lane AM Abstract The strength model suggests that self-control relies on a limited resource. One candidate for this resource is glucose. Counter to the proposals of the glucose hypothesis, this study argues that the resource issue is one of allocation, not of limited supply. It addresses the argument from three perspectives: the evolution of mental processes at the species level, the adaptation of these same processes at the individual level, and the physiology of glucose transport. It is argued here that the brain has both sufficient resources and resource delivery mechanisms with which to support self-control but that these resources are allocated in accordance with personal priorities. As an alternative to the limited resource model, the current study propose... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207242 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5207242 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207245&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21885855%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Haslam SA, Reicher SD Abstract There is a general tendency for social psychologists to focus on processes of oppression rather than resistance. This is exemplified and entrenched by the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE). Consequently, researchers and commentators have come to see domination, tyranny, and abuse as natural or inevitable in the world at large. Challenging this view, research suggests that where members of low-status groups are bound together by a sense of shared social identity, this can be the basis for effective leadership and organization that allows them to counteract stress, secure support, challenge authority, and promote social change in even the most extreme of situations. This view is supported by a review of experimental research-notably the SPE and ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207245 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5207245 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207244&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21885856%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Khaleque A, Rohner RP Abstract Three questions drawn from parental acceptance-rejection theory were addressed: (a) Are children's perceptions of parental acceptance transnationally associated with specific personality dispositions? (b) Are adults' remembrances of parental acceptance in childhood transnationally associated with these personality dispositions? and (c) Do relations between parental acceptance and offspring's personality dispositions vary by gender of parents? All studies used the child and adult versions of the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaires (PARQ) for Mothers and for Fathers, as well as the child and adult versions of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ). Results showed that both maternal and paternal acceptance in childhood correlate... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207244 Thu, 01 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5207244 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5182659&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21878607%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de Ridder DT, Lensvelt-Mulders G, Finkenauer C, Stok FM, Baumeister RF Abstract Given assertions of the theoretical, empirical, and practical importance of self-control, this meta-analytic study sought to review evidence concerning the relationship between dispositional self-control and behavior. The authors provide a brief overview over prominent theories of self-control, identifying implicit assumptions surrounding the effects of self-control that warrant empirical testing. They report the results of a meta-analysis of 102 studies (total N = 32,648) investigating the behavioral effects of self-control using the Self-Control Scale, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and the Low Self-Control Scale. A small to medium positive effect of self-control on behavior was found for t... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5182659 Mon, 29 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5182659 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5182658&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21878608%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Young SG, Hugenberg K, Bernstein MJ, Sacco DF Abstract Although humans possess well-developed face processing expertise, face processing is nevertheless subject to a variety of biases. Perhaps the best known of these biases is the Cross-Race Effect-the tendency to have more accurate recognition for same-race than cross-race faces. The current work reviews the evidence for and provides a critical review of theories of the Cross-Race Effect, including perceptual expertise and social cognitive accounts of the bias. The authors conclude that recent hybrid models of the Cross-Race Effect, which combine elements of both perceptual expertise and social cognitive frameworks, provide an opportunity for theoretical synthesis and advancement not afforded by independent expertise or s... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5182658 Mon, 29 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5182658 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5169323&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21868495%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Crocker J Abstract Interpersonal dynamics of self-esteem are explored. The author proposes that the desire to be seen as having positive qualities and avoid being seen as having dreaded qualities paradoxically leads to lowered self-esteem and lowered regard from others through its adverse effects on interpersonal relationships. The author also argues that the human capacity to transcend concerns with the images others hold of oneself, through caring about the well-being of other people, paradoxically leads to higher self-esteem and regard from others through its salutary effects on relationships. Data from two recent studies demonstrate these paradoxical effects and prompt questions about the nature of persons and situations, research methods, and the union between persona... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5169323 Wed, 24 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5169323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5146366&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21846835%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Swaab RI, Galinsky AD, Medvec V, Diermeier DA Abstract Two quantitative meta-analyses examined how the presence of visual channels, vocal channels, and synchronicity influences the quality of outcomes in negotiations and group decision making. A qualitative review of the literature found that the effects of communication channels vary widely and that existing theories do not sufficiently account for these contradictory findings. To parsimoniously encompass the full range of existing data, the authors created the communication orientation model, which proposes that the impact of communication channels is shaped by communicators' orientations to cooperate or not. Two meta-analyses-conducted separately for negotiations and decision making-provide strong support for this model... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5146366 Mon, 15 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5146366 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5146367&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21844287%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Davies K, Tropp LR, Aron A, Pettigrew TF, Wright SC Abstract This work identifies how cross-group friendships are conceptualized and measured in intergroup research, investigates which operationalizations yield the strongest effects on intergroup attitudes, explores potential moderators, and discusses the theoretical importance of the findings. Prior meta-analyses have provided initial evidence that cross-group friendships are especially powerful forms of intergroup contact. Although studies of cross-group friendship have grown considerably in recent years, varied assessments leave us without a clear understanding of how different operationalizations affect relationships between friendship and attitudes. With a greatly expanded database of relevant studies, the authors com... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5146367 Sun, 14 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5146367 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4984849&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21700795%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hamamura T Individualism-collectivism is one of the best researched dimensions of culture in psychology. One frequently asked but underexamined question regards its cross-temporal changes: Are cultures becoming individualistic? One influential theory of cultural change, modernization theory, predicts the rise of individualism as a consequence of economic growth. Findings from past research are generally consistent with this theory, but there is also a body of evidence suggesting its limitations. To examine these issues, cross-temporal analyses of individualism-collectivism in the United States and Japan were conducted. Diverging patterns of cultural changes were found across indices: In both countries, some of the obtained indices showed rising individualism over the past seve... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4984849 Wed, 22 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4984849 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4984850&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21693670%26dopt%3DAbstract Temporal Interpersonal Emotion Systems: The "TIES" That Form Relationships. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2011 Jun 21; Authors: Butler EA Emotion is often framed as an intrapersonal system comprised of subcomponents such as experience, behavior, and physiology that interact over time to give rise to emotional states. What is missing is that many emotions occur in the context of social interaction or ongoing relationships. When this happens, the result can be conceptualized as a temporal interpersonal emotion system (TIES) in which the subcomponents of emotion interact not only within the individual but across the partners as well. The present review (a) suggests that TIES can be understood in terms of the characteristics of dynamic systems, (b) reviews examples from diverse research th... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4984850 Mon, 20 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4984850 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4984851&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21685152%26dopt%3DAbstract This article describes some of the conceptual and empirical limitations of defining self-control as the effortful inhibition of impulses. The present article instead advocates for a dual-motive conceptualization, which describes self-control as the process of advancing distal rather than proximal motivations when the two compete. Effortful impulse inhibition in this model represents only one of many means by which people promote their self-control efforts. Adopting a dual-motive approach offers new insight and proposes several new research directions. This article discusses these implications and calls for psychologists to reconsider the way self-control is currently understood. PMID: 21685152 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4984851 Thu, 16 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4984851 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4378200&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21233326%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sheppes G, Gross JJ It is often said that timing is everything. The process model of emotion regulation has taken this aphorism to heart, suggesting that down-regulating emotions before they are "up and running" is always easier than down-regulating emotions once they have gathered force (i.e., generic timing hypothesis). But does timing (i.e., emotion intensity) matter equally for all forms of regulation? In this article, the authors offer an alternative process-specific timing hypothesis, in which emotion-generative and emotion-regulatory processes compete at either earlier or later stages of information processing. Regulation strategies that target early processing stages require minimal effort. Therefore, their efficacy should be relatively unaffected by emotion intensity.... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4378200 Thu, 13 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4378200 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4237577&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21131431%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Busseri MA, Sadava SW Subjective well-being (SWB) comprises a global evaluation of life satisfaction and positive and negative affective reactions to one's life. Despite the apparent simplicity of this tripartite model, the structure of SWB remains in question. In the present review, the authors identify five prominent structural conceptualizations in which SWB is cast variously as three separate components, a hierarchical construct, a causal system, a composite, and as configurations of components. Supporting evidence for each of these models is reviewed, strengths and weaknesses are evaluated, and commonalities and discrepancies among approaches are described. The authors demonstrate how current ambiguities concerning the tripartite structure of SWB have fundamental implicat... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4237577 Fri, 03 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4237577 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4130784&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D21041535%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Weiner B, Osborne D, Rudolph U An attributional analysis of reactions to poverty is presented. The article begins by discussing the perceived causes of poverty and their taxonomic properties (locus, stability, and controllability). One antecedent of causal beliefs, political ideology, is then examined in detail, followed by a review of the effects of causal beliefs on emotions and behavior. It is contended that helping the poor is a moral issue, but the moral evaluation concerns the targeted recipient of aid rather than the potential help giver. Persons perceived as responsible for their plight, a dominant construal for conservatives, elicit anger and neglect. In contrast, those seen as not responsible for their financial hardship, an outlook predominantly endorsed by liberals... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4130784 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4130784 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4022486&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20876791%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 20876791 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4022486 Fri, 01 Oct 2010 22:50:06 +0100 4022486 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3936489&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20807858%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rawn CD, Vohs KD People will smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, binge eat, drink coffee, eat chili peppers, fail tests, steal, ingest illicit drugs, engage in violent and sadistic actions including killing, have sex, and seek to become HIV positive for the sake of interpersonal acceptance. The self-control for personal harm model reconceptualizes behaviors that have both urge and control components as demonstrating either successful or failed self-control, depending on the incipient urge. The model underscores the role of expected social rewards as an important incentive for which people sometimes engage in personally risky and aversive behaviors despite feeling that they would rather avoid the behaviors and attendant harm. Research from diverse perspectives converges to show th... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3936489 Mon, 30 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3936489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3889550&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20716643%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cross SE, Hardin EE, Gercek-Swing B Since the publication of Markus and Kitayama's pivotal article on culture and the self, the concepts of independent, relational, and interdependent self-construal have become important constructs in cultural psychology and research on the self. The authors review the history of these constructs, their measurement and manipulation, and their roles in cognition, emotion, motivation, and social behavior. They make suggestions for future research and point to problems still to be sorted out. Researchers interested in these constructs have many opportunities to make important contributions to the literature in a variety of fields, including health psychology, education, counseling, and international relations. PMID: 20716643 [PubMed - as supp... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3889550 Mon, 16 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3889550 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3889549&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20716644%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Masi CM, Chen HY, Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT Social and demographic trends are placing an increasing number of adults at risk for loneliness, an established risk factor for physical and mental illness. The growing costs of loneliness have led to a number of loneliness reduction interventions. Qualitative reviews have identified four primary intervention strategies: (a) improving social skills, (b) enhancing social support, (c) increasing opportunities for social contact, and (d) addressing maladaptive social cognition. An integrative meta-analysis of loneliness reduction interventions was conducted to quantify the effects of each strategy and to examine the potential role of moderator variables. Results revealed that single-group pre-post and nonrandomized comparison studies yiel... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3889549 Mon, 16 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3889549 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3831694&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20688954%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Konrath SH, O'Brien EH, Hsing C The current study examines changes over time in a commonly used measure of dispositional empathy. A cross-temporal meta-analysis was conducted on 72 samples of American college students who completed at least one of the four subscales (Empathic Concern, Perspective Taking, Fantasy, and Personal Distress) of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) between 1979 and 2009 (total N = 13,737). Overall, the authors found changes in the most prototypically empathic subscales of the IRI: Empathic Concern was most sharply dropping, followed by Perspective Taking. The IRI Fantasy and Personal Distress subscales exhibited no changes over time. Additional analyses found that the declines in Perspective Taking and Empathic Concern are relatively recent pheno... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3831694 Wed, 04 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3831694 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3763396&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20631397%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vandellen MR, Campbell WK, Hoyle RR, Bradfield EK Much research has identified how people react to receiving threatening information about the self. The purpose of this article is to discuss such experiences in the context of a model of state self-esteem regulation. The authors propose that people engage in one of three regulatory responses to threat: compensation, resistance, and breaking. They conduct a meta-analysis aimed to examine when people engage in each of these three responses to threat and how trait self-esteem affects the selection and success of selecting each regulatory response. Furthermore, the authors test six theoretical models that might explain why responses to ego threat vary across level of trait self-esteem.The models for differences between people with ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3763396 Tue, 13 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3763396 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3657192&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20539023%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McConnell AR The multiple self-aspects framework (MSF) conceives of the self-concept as a collection of multiple, context-dependent selves. From this perspective, five principles are derived, addressing issues such as how context activates particular regions of self-knowledge and how self-relevant feedback affects self-evaluations and affect. Support for these principles is discussed. Furthermore, the MSF advances several novel predictions, including how active self-aspects filter one's experiences and perceptions, how the impact of chronic accessibility is more circumscribed than previously realized, and how self-concept representation modulates the experience of affect. In addition, the MSF helps integrate isolated lines of research within several diverse literatures, includ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3657192 Wed, 09 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3657192 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3632608&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20519698%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abele S, Stasser G, Chartier C Conflicts between individual and collective interests are ubiquitous in social life. Experimental studies have investigated the resolution of such conflicts using public goods games with either continuous or step-level payoff functions. Game theory and social interdependence theory identify consequential differences between these two types of games. Continuous function games are prime examples of social dilemmas because they always contain a conflict between individual and collective interests, whereas step-level games can be construed as social coordination games. Step-level games often provide opportunities for coordinated solutions that benefit both the collective and the individuals. For this and other reasons, the authors conclude that one c... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3632608 Tue, 01 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3632608 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3612481&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20505161%26dopt%3DAbstract This article focuses on a contradiction in Bandura's rebuttal. Specifically, Bandura has argued (a) expected outcomes cannot causally influence self-efficacy, but (b) self-efficacy judgments remain valid when causally influenced by expected outcomes. While the debate regarding outcome expectancies and self-efficacy has subsided in recent years, the inattention to this contradiction has led to a disproportionate focus on self-efficacy as a causal determinant of behavior at the expense of expected outcomes. PMID: 20505161 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3612481 Tue, 25 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3612481 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3594427&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20495111%26dopt%3DAbstract This article addresses this gap by jointly reviewing moderators of the reliance on both subtle affective feelings and cognitive feelings of ease-of-retrieval. The review revealed that moderators of the reliance on affective and cognitive feelings are remarkably similar and can be grouped into five major categories: (a) the salience of the feelings, (b) the representativeness of the feelings for the target, (c) the relevance of the feelings to the judgment, (d) the evaluative malleability of the judgment, and (e) the level of processing intensity. Based on the reviewed evidence, it is concluded that the use of feelings as information is a frequent event and a generally sensible judgmental strategy rather than a constant source of error. Avenues for future research are discussed. PMID: 2... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3594427 Thu, 20 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3594427 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3528347&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20435799%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kwang T, Swann WB Some contemporary theorists contend that the desire for self-enhancement is prepotent and more powerful than rival motives such as self-verification. If so, then even people with negative self-views will embrace positive evaluations. The authors tested this proposition by conducting a meta-analytic review of the relevant literature. The data provided ample evidence of self-enhancement strivings but little evidence of its prepotency. Instead, the evidence suggested that both motives are influential but control different response classes. In addition, other motives may sometimes come into play. For example, when rejection risk is high, people seem to abandon self-verification strivings, apparently in an effort to gratify their desire for communion. However, whe... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3528347 Thu, 29 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3528347 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3528346&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20435800%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sulloway FJ, Zweigenhaft RL According to expectations derived from evolutionary theory, younger siblings are more likely than older siblings to participate in high-risk activities. The authors test this hypothesis by conducting a meta-analysis of 24 previous studies involving birth order and participation in dangerous sports. The odds of laterborns engaging in such activities were 1.48 times greater than for firstborns (N = 8,340). The authors also analyze performance data on 700 brothers who played major league baseball. Consistent with their greater expected propensity for risk taking, younger brothers were 10.6 times more likely to attempt the high-risk activity of base stealing and 3.2 times more likely to steal bases successfully (odds ratios). In addition, younger brothe... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3528346 Thu, 29 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3528346 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3528345&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20435801%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Spencer-Rodgers J, Williams MJ, Peng K Since the publication of Peng and Nisbett's seminal paper on dialectical thinking, a substantial amount of empirical research has replicated and expanded on the core finding that people differ in the degree to which they view the world as inherently contradictory and in constant flux. Dialectical thinkers (who are more often members of East Asian thanWestern cultures) show greater expectation of change in tasks related to explanation and prediction and greater tolerance of contradiction in tasks involving the reconciliation of contradictory information. The authors show how these effects are manifested in the domains of the self, emotional experience, psychological well-being, attitudes and evaluations, social categorization and perceptio... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3528345 Thu, 29 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3528345 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3528344&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20435802%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Graziano WG, Habashi MM Examined at the behavioral level, prejudice and helping appear as qualitatively different and perhaps mutually incompatible social behaviors. As a result, the literatures on prejudice and helping evolved largely independent of each other. When they are examined at the process level, however, underlying similarities appear. Furthermore, when anomalies are examined within each of these two separate literatures, similarities become more apparent. Finally, the personality dimension of agreeableness is systematically related to both prejudice and helping. The authors propose that many forms of prejudice and helping are expressions of underlying processes of self-regulation and social accommodation. After discussing several other social-cognitive approaches t... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3528344 Thu, 29 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3528344 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3528343&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20435803%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kaiser FG, Byrka K, Hartig T Because people often say one thing and do another, social psychologists have abandoned the idea of a simple or axiomatic connection between attitude and behavior. Nearly 50 years ago, however, Donald Campbell proposed that the root of the seeming inconsistency between attitude and behavior lies in disregard of behavioral costs. According to Campbell, attitude-behavior gaps are empirical chimeras. Verbal claims and other overt behaviors regarding an attitude object all arise from one "behavioral disposition." In this article, the authors present the constituents of and evidence for a paradigm for attitude research that describes individual behavior as a function of a person's attitude level and the costs of the specific behavior involved. In the aut... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3528343 Thu, 29 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3528343 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3528342&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20435804%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wadlinger HA, Isaacowitz DM Empirical studies have frequently linked negative attentional biases with attentional dysfunction and negative moods; however, far less research has focused on how attentional deployment can be an adaptive strategy that regulates emotional experience. The authors argue that attention may be an invaluable tool for promoting emotion regulation. Accordingly, they present evidence that selective attention to positive information reflects emotion regulation and that regulating attention is a critical component of the emotion regulatory process. Furthermore, attentional regulation can be successfully trained through repeated practice. The authors ultimately propose a model of attention training methodologies integrating attention-dependent emotion regulat... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3528342 Thu, 29 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3528342 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3528341&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20435805%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Campbell A Despite a general consensus that oxytocin (OT) has prosocial effects, there is no clear agreement on how these effects are achieved. Human research on OT is reviewed under three broad research initiatives: attachment and trust, social memory, and fear reduction. As an organizing perspective for scholars' current knowledge, a tentative model of the causes and effects of alterations in OT level is proposed. The model must remain provisional until conceptual and methodological problems are addressed that arise from a failure to distinguish between traits and states, differing research paradigms used in relation to OT as an independent versus dependent variable, and the possibility that OT effects depend on the initial emotional state of the individual. Social and perso... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3528341 Thu, 29 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3528341 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3528340&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20435806%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zell E, Alicke MD The local dominance effect is the tendency for comparisons with a few, discrete individuals to have a greater influence on self-assessments than comparisons with larger aggregates. This review presents a series of recent studies that demonstrate the local dominance effect. The authors offer two primary explanations for the effect and consider alternatives including social categorization and the abstract versus concrete nature of local versus general comparisons. They then discuss moderators of the effect including physical proximity and self-enhancement. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications of the effect are discussed and potential future directions in this research line are proposed. PMID: 20435806 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Sour... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3528340 Thu, 29 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3528340 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3528339&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20435807%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McCrae RR, Kurtz JE, Yamagata S, Terracciano A The authors examined data (N = 34,108) on the differential reliability and validity of facet scales from the NEO Inventories. They evaluated the extent to which (a) psychometric properties of facet scales are generalizable across ages, cultures, and methods of measurement, and, (b) validity criteria are associated with different forms of reliability. Composite estimates of facet scale stability, heritability, and cross-observer validity were broadly generalizable. Two estimates of retest reliability were independent predictors of the three validity criteria; none of three estimates of internal consistency was. Available evidence suggests the same pattern of results for other personality inventories. Internal consistency of scales ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3528339 Thu, 29 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3528339 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3528338&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20435808%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hopwood CJ, Donnellan MB Personality trait inventories often perform poorly when their structure is evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The authors demonstrate poor CFA fit for several widely used personality measures with documented evidence of criterion-related validity but also show that some measures perform well from an exploratory factor analytic perspective. In light of these results, the authors suggest that the failure of these measures to fit CFA models is because of the inherent complexity of personality, issues related to its measurement, and issues related to the application and interpretation of CFA models. This leads to three recommendations for researchers interested in the structure and assessment of personality traits: (a) utilize and report on... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3528338 Thu, 29 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3528338 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3359713&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20220208%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gluszek A, Dovidio JF The present review seeks to bridge research on accents, stigma, and communication by examining the empirical literature on nonnative accents, considering the perspectives of both speakers and listeners. The authors suggest that an accent, or one's manner of pronunciation, differs from other types of stigma. They consider the role of communicative processes in the manner in which accents influence people and identify social and contextual factors related to accents that affect the speaker, the listener, and the interaction between them. The authors propose a framework of stigma of accents and possible future avenues of research to examine the social psychological and communicative effects of accents. They also discuss implications for stigma of other types... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3359713 Wed, 10 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3359713 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3259779&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20142435%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kenny DA, West TV The authors examined the consistency of person perception in two domains: agreement (i.e., do two raters of the same person agree?) and similarity (i.e., does a perceiver view two persons as similar to one another?). In each domain, they compared self-judgments with judgments not involving the self (i.e., self-other agreement vs. consensus, in the case of agreement, and assumed similarity vs. assimilation, in the case of similarity). In a meta-analysis of 24 studies, they examined the effects of several moderating variables on each type of judgment. In general, moderators exerted similar effects irrespective of whether judgments of the self were involved. Group size did have stronger effects on self-other agreement and assumed similarity than on consensus and... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3259779 Mon, 08 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3259779 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3198703&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20089847%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ysseldyk R, Matheson K, Anisman H As a social identity anchored in a system of guiding beliefs and symbols, religion ought to serve a uniquely powerful function in shaping psychological and social processes. Religious identification offers a distinctive "sacred" worldview and "eternal" group membership, unmatched by identification with other social groups. Thus, religiosity might be explained, at least partially, by the marked cognitive and emotional value that religious group membership provides. The uniqueness of a positive social group, grounded in a belief system that offers epistemological and ontological certainty, lends religious identity a twofold advantage for the promotion of well-being. However, that uniqueness may have equally negative impacts when religious identi... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3198703 Sat, 23 Jan 2010 11:54:08 +0100 3198703 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3198702&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20089848%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Graham J, Haidt J Social psychologists have often followed other scientists in treating religiosity primarily as a set of beliefs held by individuals. But, beliefs are only one facet of this complex and multidimensional construct. The authors argue that social psychology can best contribute to scholarship on religion by being relentlessly social. They begin with a social-functionalist approach in which beliefs, rituals, and other aspects of religious practice are best understood as means of creating a moral community. They discuss the ways that religion is intertwined with five moral foundations, in particular the group-focused "binding" foundations of Ingroup/loyalty, Authority/respect, Purity/sanctity. The authors use this theoretical perspective to address three mysteries a... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3198702 Sat, 23 Jan 2010 11:54:05 +0100 3198702 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3134122&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20040614%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kay AC, Gaucher D, McGregor I, Nash K The authors review experimental evidence that religious conviction can be a defensive source of compensatory control when personal or external sources of control are low.They show evidence that (a) belief in religious deities and secular institutions can serve as external forms of control that can compensate for manipulations that lower personal control and (b) religious conviction can also serve as compensatory personal control after experimental manipulations that lower other forms of personal or external control.The authors review dispositional factors that differentially orient individuals toward external or personal varieties of compensatory control and conclude that compensatory religious conviction can be a flexible source of person... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3134122 Tue, 29 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3134122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3121737&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20032455%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sedikides C PMID: 20032455 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3121737 Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3121737 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3111952&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20023208%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Granqvist P, Mikulincer M, Shaver PR The authors review findings from the psychology of religion showing that believers' perceived relationships with God meet the definitional criteria for attachment relationships. They also review evidence for associations between aspects of religion and individual differences in interpersonal attachment security and insecurity. They focus on two developmental pathways to religion. The first is a "compensation" pathway involving distress regulation in the context of insecure attachment and past experiences of insensitive caregiving. Research suggests that religion as compensation might set in motion an "earned security" process for individuals who are insecure with respect to attachment. The second is a "correspondence" pathway based on secur... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3111952 Fri, 18 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3111952 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3111951&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20023209%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Saroglou V Individual differences in religiousness can be partly explained as a cultural adaptation of two basic personality traits, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. This argument is supported by a meta-analysis of 71 samples (N = 21,715) from 19 countries and a review of the literature on personality and religion. Beyond variations in effect magnitude as a function of moderators, the main personality characteristics of religiousness (Agreeableness and Conscientiousness) are consistent across different religious dimensions, contexts (gender, age, cohort, and country), and personality measures, models, and levels, and they seem to predict religiousness rather than be influenced by it. The copresence of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness sheds light on other explanations of... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3111951 Fri, 18 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3111951 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3111950&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20023210%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dechêne A, Stahl C, Hansen J, Wänke M Repetition has been shown to increase subjective truth ratings of trivia statements. This truth effect can be measured in two ways: (a) as the increase in subjective truth from the first to the second encounter (within-items criterion) and (b) as the difference in truth ratings between repeated and other new statements (between-items criterion). Qualitative differences are assumed between the processes underlying both criteria.A meta-analysis of the truth effect was conducted that compared the two criteria. In all, 51 studies of the repetition-induced truth effect were included in the analysis. Results indicate that the between-items effect is larger than the within-items effect. Moderator analyses reveal that several moderators ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3111950 Fri, 18 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3111950 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3107004&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20018983%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hall DL, Matz DC, Wood W A meta-analytic review of past research evaluated the link between religiosity and racism in the United States since the Civil Rights Act. Religious racism partly reflects intergroup dynamics.That is, a strong religious in-group identity was associated with derogation of racial out-groups. Other races might be treated as out-groups because religion is practiced largely within race, because training in a religious in-group identity promotes general ethnocentrism, and because different others appear to be in competition for resources. In addition, religious racism is tied to basic life values of social conformity and respect for tradition. In support, individuals who were religious for reasons of conformity and tradition expressed racism that declined in... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3107004 Wed, 16 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3107004 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3045582&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19949046%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Koole SL, McCullough ME, Kuhl J, Roelofsma PH To maintain religious standards, individuals must frequently endure aversive or forsake pleasurable experiences.Yet religious individuals on average display higher levels of emotional well-being compared to nonreligious individuals.The present article seeks to resolve this paradox by suggesting that many forms of religion may facilitate a self-regulatory mode that is flexible, efficient, and largely unconscious. In this implicit mode of self-regulation, religious individuals may be able to strive for high standards and simultaneously maintain high emotional well-being.A review of the empirical literature confirmed that religious stimuli and practices foster implicit self-regulation, particularly among individuals who fully internal... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3045582 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3045582 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3036108&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19940283%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sedikides C, Gebauer JE In a meta-analysis, the authors test the theoretical formulation that religiosity is a means for self-enhancement. The authors operationalized self-enhancement as socially desirable responding (SDR) and focused on three facets of religiosity: intrinsic, extrinsic, and religion-as-quest. Importantly, they assessed two moderators of the relation between SDR and religiosity. Macrolevel culture reflected countries that varied in degree of religiosity (from high to low: United States, Canada, United Kingdom). Micro-level culture reflected U.S. universities high (Christian) versus low (secular) on religiosity. The results were generally consistent with the theoretical formulation. Both macro-level and micro-level culture moderated the relation between SDR and... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3036108 Wed, 25 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3036108 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3036107&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19940284%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vail KE, Rothschild ZK, Weise DR, Solomon S, Pyszczynski T, Greenberg J From a terror management theory (TMT) perspective, religion serves to manage the potential terror engendered by the uniquely human awareness of death by affording a sense of psychological security and hope of immortality.Although secular beliefs can also serve a terror management function, religious beliefs are particularly well suited to mitigate death anxiety because they are all encompassing,rely on concepts that are not easily disconfirmed,and promise literal immortality.Research is reviewed demonstrating that mortality salience produces increased belief in afterlife, supernatural agency, human ascension from nature, and spiritual distinctions between mind and body.The social costs and benefits of reli... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3036107 Wed, 25 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3036107 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3017466&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19926831%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gray K, Wegner DM Believing in God requires not only a leap of faith but also an extension of people's normal capacity to perceive the minds of others. Usually, people perceive minds of all kinds by trying to understand their conscious experience (what it is like to be them) and their agency (what they can do). Although humans are perceived to have both agency and experience, humans appear to see God as possessing agency, but not experience. God's unique mind is due, the authors suggest, to the uniquely moral role He occupies. In this article, the authors propose that God is seen as the ultimate moral agent, the entity people blame and praise when they receive anomalous harm and help. Support for this proposition comes from research on mind perception, morality, and moral type... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3017466 Thu, 19 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3017466 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2880769&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19815492%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Oishi S, Kesebir S, Snyder BH For the first half of the 20th century, sociology was one of the closest allies of social psychology. Over the past four decades, however, the connection with sociology has weakened, whereas new connections with neighboring disciplines (e.g., biology, economics, political science) have formed. Along the way, the sociological perspective has been largely lost in mainstream social psychology in the United States. Most social psychologists today are not concerned with collective phenomena and do not investigate social structural factors (e.g., residential mobility, socioeconomic status, dominant religion, political systems). Even when the social structural factors are included in the analysis, psychologists typically treat them as individual differen... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2880769 Sun, 11 Oct 2009 17:46:07 +0100 2880769 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2880768&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19815493%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 19815493 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2880768 Sun, 11 Oct 2009 17:46:05 +0100 2880768 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2834508&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19778939%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Trawalter S, Richeson JA, Shelton JN The social psychological literature maintains unequivocally that interracial contact is stressful. Yet research and theory have rarely considered how stress may shape behavior during interracial interactions. To address this empirical and theoretical gap, the authors propose a framework for understanding and predicting behavior during interracial interactions rooted in the stress and coping literature. Specifically, they propose that individuals often appraise interracial interactions as a threat, experience stress, and therefore cope-they antagonize, avoid, freeze, or engage. In other words, the behavioral dynamics of interracial interactions can be understood as initial stress reactions and subsequent coping responses. After articulating ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2834508 Wed, 23 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2834508 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2828682&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19770347%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Blackhart GC, Knowles ML, Nelson BC, Baumeister RF Competing predictions about the effect of social exclusion were tested by meta-analyzing findings from studies of interpersonal rejection, ostracism, and similar procedures. Rejection appears to cause a significant shift toward a more negative emotional state. Typically, however, the result was an emotionally neutral state marked by low levels of both positive and negative affect. Acceptance caused a slight increase in positive mood and a moderate increase in self-esteem. Selfesteem among rejected persons was no different from neutral controls. These findings are discussed in terms of belongingness motivation, sociometer theory, affective numbing, and self-esteem defenses. PMID: 19770347 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2828682 Sun, 20 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2828682 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2801710&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19755664%26dopt%3DAbstract This article explores the synergies between recent developments in the social identity of helping, and advantaged groups' prosocial emotion. The authors review the literature on the potential of guilt, sympathy, and outrage to transform advantaged groups' apathy into positive action. They place this research into a novel framework by exploring the ways these emotions shape group processes to produce action strategies that emphasize either social cohesion or social change. These prosocial emotions have a critical but underrecognized role in creating contexts of in-group inclusion or exclusion, shaping normative content and meaning, and informing group interests. Furthermore, these distinctions provide a useful way of differentiating commonly discussed emotions. The authors conclude that the... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2801710 Mon, 14 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2801710 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2734103&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19700736%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: David O, Bar-Tal D The present article delineates the complex structure of collective identity by incorporating two levels of analysis. The first, the micro level, pertains to individual society members' recognition of and categorization as belonging to a group, with the accompanying cognitive, emotional, and behavioral consequences. The second, the macro level, pertains to the notion of collective identity that denotes the shared awareness by constituents of a society of being members of a collective. This level is founded on two pillars: One pillar consists of generic features that characterize the collective identity. These features apply to macro-level collectives and allow a comparison among them. The other pillar is particular and consists of content characteristics that... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2734103 Thu, 20 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2734103 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2672390&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19648508%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews research on ego threat, discusses experimental manipulations that confound ego threat with other processes, and makes recommendations regarding the use of ego threat as a construct in personality and social psychology. PMID: 19648508 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2672390 Thu, 30 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2672390 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2658233&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19638628%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Alter AL, Oppenheimer DM Processing fluency, or the subjective experience of ease with which people process information, reliably influences people's judgments across a broad range of social dimensions. Experimenters have manipulated processing fluency using a vast array of techniques, which, despite their diversity, produce remarkably similar judgmental consequences. For example, people similarly judge stimuli that are semantically primed (conceptual fluency), visually clear (perceptual fluency), and phonologically simple (linguistic fluency) as more true than their less fluent counterparts. The authors offer the first comprehensive review of such mechanisms and their implications for judgment and decision making. Because every cognition falls along a continuum from effortles... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2658233 Mon, 27 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2658233 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2631420&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19622800%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Thomas EF, McGarty C, Mavor KI In this article the authors explore the social psychological processes underpinning sustainable commitment to a social or political cause. Drawing on recent developments in the collective action, identity formation, and social norm literatures, they advance a new model to understand sustainable commitment to action. The normative alignment model suggests that one solution to promoting ongoing commitment to collective action lies in crafting a social identity with a relevant pattern of norms for emotion, efficacy, and action. Rather than viewing group emotion, collective efficacy, and action as group products, the authors conceptualize norms about these as contributing to a dynamic system of meaning, which can shape ongoing commitment to a cause. ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2631420 Mon, 20 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2631420 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2571678&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19571118%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wade-Benzoni KA, Tost LP Some of the most important issues in society today affect more than one generation of people. In this article, the authors offer a conceptual overview and integration of the research on intergenerational dilemmas-decisions that entail a tradeoff between one's own self-interest in the present and the interests of other people in the future. Intergenerational decisions are characterized by a combination of intertemporal (i.e., behaviors that affect the future) and interpersonal (i.e., behaviors that affect other people) components. Research on intergenerational dilemmas identifies factors that emerge from these dimensions and how they interact with each other to influence intergenerational beneficence. Critically, phenomena that result from the intersect... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2571678 Tue, 30 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2571678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2539055&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19401595%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brosnan SF, Newton-Fisher NE, van Vugt M Social and personality psychology and behavioral primatology both enjoy long histories of research aimed at uncovering the proximate and ultimate determinants of primate-human and nonhuman-social behavior. Although they share research themes, methodologies, and theories, and although their studied species are closely related, there is currently very little interaction between the fields. This separation means that researchers in these disciplines miss out on opportunities to advance understanding by combining insights from both fields. Social and personality psychologists also miss the opportunity for a phylogenetic analysis. The time has come to integrate perspectives on primate social psychology. Here, the authors provide a historical... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2539055 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2539055 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2539054&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19458345%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ashton MC, Lee K, Goldberg LR, de Vries RE Scales that measure the Big Five personality factors are often substantially intercorrelated. These correlations are sometimes interpreted as implying the existence of two higher order factors of personality. The authors show that correlations between measures of broad personality factors do not necessarily imply the existence of higher order factors and might instead be due to variables that represent same-signed blends of orthogonal factors. Therefore, the hypotheses of higher order factors and blended variables can only be tested with data on lower level personality variables that define the personality factors. The authors compared the higher order factor model and the blended variable model in three participant samples using the ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2539054 Thu, 30 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2539054 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2315912&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19351887%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Van Egeren LF Neurobehavioral studies of human and animal temperament have shed light on how individual personality traits influence human actions. This approach, however, leaves open questions about how the entire system of traits and temperaments function together to exercise control. To address this key issue, I describe a cybernetic model of control and then apply it to the Big Five (B5) personality traits. Employing evidence from descriptive trait terms, temperamental behavioral processes associated with traits, and empirical correlates of traits, I relate distinct cybernetic processes of self-regulation to the B5 traits. The B5 traits broadly parallel basic cybernetic self-regulation processes. For example, the core behavior activation property of the B5 Extraversion tra... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2315912 Tue, 07 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2315912 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2164336&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19193927%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews the literature focusing on the relationship between perceived threat to life and risk-taking behaviors. The review of empirical data, garnered from field studies and controlled experiments, suggests that personal threat to life results in elevated risk-taking behavior. To account for these findings, this review proposes a number of theoretical explanations. These frameworks are grounded in divergent conceptual models: coping with stress, emotion regulation, replenishing of lost resources through self-enhancement, modifications of key parameters of cognitive processing of risky outcomes, and neurocognitive mechanisms. The review concludes with a number of methodological considerations, as well as directions for future work in this promising area of research. PMID: 1... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2164336 Wed, 04 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2164336 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2111236&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19144903%26dopt%3DAbstract Commonality and the complexity of "we": social attitudes and social change. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2009 Feb;13(1):3-20 Authors: Dovidio JF, Gaertner SL, Saguy T The present article explores the complex role of collective identities in the development of intergroup biases and disparities, in interventions to improve orientations toward members of other groups, and in inhibiting or facilitating social action. The article revolves around the common ingroup identity model, examining general empirical support but also acknowledging potential limitations and emphasizing new insights and extensions. It proposes that the motivations of majority group members to preserve a system that advantages them and the motivations of minority group members to enhance their status have direct implic... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2111236 Sat, 17 Jan 2009 12:59:13 +0100 2111236 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2111235&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19144904%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van Harreveld F, van der Pligt J, de Liver YN People are generally averse toward conflict between beliefs and/or feelings underlying their attitudes-that is, attitudinal ambivalence. This review integrates literature on attitudinal ambivalence with theories on decision making and coping strategies to gain a better understanding of when and how people deal with feelings of ambivalence. First it shows that ambivalence is experienced as being particularly unpleasant when the ambivalent attitude holder is confronted with the necessity to make a choice concerning the ambivalent attitude object; then, incongruent evaluative components of the attitude become accessible, and feelings of uncertainty about the potential outcomes arise, which may involve the anticipation of aversive emot... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2111235 Sat, 17 Jan 2009 12:59:08 +0100 2111235 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2111234&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19144905%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cooper WH, Withey MJ A conventional wisdom in personality and social psychology and organizational behavior is that personality matters most in weak situations and least in strong situations. The authors trace the origins of this claim and examine the evidence for the personality-dampening effect of strong situations. The authors identify the gap between claim and evidence and suggest an agenda for future research. PMID: 19144905 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2111234 Sat, 17 Jan 2009 12:59:04 +0100 2111234 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2076117&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19114503%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fiori M In this article, the author provides a framework to guide research in emotional intelligence. Studies conducted up to the present bear on a conception of emotional intelligence as pertaining to the domain of consciousness and investigate the construct with a correlational approach. As an alternative, the author explores processes underlying emotional intelligence, introducing the distinction between conscious and automatic processing as a potential source of variability in emotionally intelligent behavior. Empirical literature is reviewed to support the central hypothesis that individual differences in emotional intelligence may be best understood by considering the way individuals automatically process emotional stimuli. Providing directions for research, the author e... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2076117 Mon, 29 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2076117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1887119&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18927471%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Subasic E, Reynolds KJ, Turner JC Social and political change involves a challenge to the status quo in intergroup power relations. Traditionally, the social psychology of social change has focused on disadvantaged minority groups collectively challenging the decisions, actions, and policies of those in positions of established authority. In contrast, this article presents a political solidarity model of social change that explores the process by which members of the majority challenge the authority in solidarity with the minority. It is argued that political solidarity as a social change process involves a contest between the authority and the minority over the meaning of a shared (higher order) identity with the majority. When identity ceases to be shared with the authority ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1887119 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 15:26:08 +0100 1887119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1887118&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18927472%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews these literatures and evidence and preliminary findings that suggest in some contexts self-esteem and cardiac vagal tone may exert an influence on each other. Last, the article discusses theoretical and applied health implications of this potential physiological connection to self-esteem. PMID: 18927472 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1887118 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 15:26:05 +0100 1887118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1887117&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18927473%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 18927473 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1887117 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 15:26:02 +0100 1887117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1830156&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18812499%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Reis HT The concept of situation has a long and venerable history in social psychology. The author argues that recent approaches to the concept of situation have confused certain important elements. Herein, the author proposes that attention to three of these elements will reinvigorate the concept of situation in social psychology: (a) that the analysis of situations should begin with their objective features; (b) that situations should be conceptualized as affordances; and (c) that the interpersonal core of situations, in particular the extent to which they are influenced by relationships, is the proper and most profitable focus for social psychology. These elements are consistent with recent developments in the study of situated social cognition and may help better define so... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1830156 Tue, 23 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1830156 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1643241&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18641385%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sibley CG, Duckitt J Despite a substantial literature examining personality, prejudice, and related constructs such as Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), there have been no systematic reviews in this area. The authors reviewed and meta-analyzed 71 studies (N = 22,068 participants) investigating relationships between Big Five dimensions of personality, RWA, SDO, and prejudice. RWA was predicted by low Openness to Experience but also Conscientiousness, whereas SDO was predicted by low Agreeableness and also weakly by low Openness to Experience. Consistent with a dual-process motivational model of ideology and prejudice, the effects of Agreeableness on prejudice were fully mediated by SDO, and those of Openness to Experience were largely med... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1643241 Tue, 22 Jul 2008 16:10:11 +0100 1643241 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1643240&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18641386%26dopt%3DAbstract We present an instrument for assessing the four modes of identification and review initial empirical findings that validate the proposed model and show its utility in understanding antecedents and consequences of identification. PMID: 18641386 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1643240 Tue, 22 Jul 2008 16:10:06 +0100 1643240 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1643239&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18641387%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: PMID: 18641387 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1643239 Tue, 22 Jul 2008 16:10:01 +0100 1643239 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557513&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18544711%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leue A, Beauducel A J. A. Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) has produced a wealth of quasi-experimental studies in more than 35 years of research on personality and reinforcement sensitivity. The present meta-analysis builds on this literature by investigating RST in conflict and nonconflict reinforcement tasks in humans. Based on random-effects meta-analysis, we confirmed RST predictions of performance parameters (e.g., number of responses, reaction time) in reinforcement tasks for impulsivity- and anxiety-related traits. In studies on anxiety-related traits, the effect size variance was smaller for conflict tasks than for nonconflict tasks. A larger mean effect size and a larger variability of effect sizes were found for conflict compared to nonconflict tasks in ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557513 Tue, 10 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1557513 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557512&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18544712%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morling B, Lamoreaux M Although cultural psychology is the study of how sociocultural environments and psychological processes coconstruct each other, the field has traditionally emphasized measures of the psychological over the sociocultural. Here, the authors call attention to a growing trend of measuring the sociocultural environment. They present a quantitative review of studies that measure cultural differences in "cultural products": tangible, public representations of culture such as advertising or popular texts. They found that cultural products that come from Western cultures (mostly the United States) are more individualistic, and less collectivistic, than cultural products that come from collectivistic cultures (including Korea, Japan, China, and Mexico). The effect... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557512 Tue, 10 Jun 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1557512 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557514&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18469303%26dopt%3DAbstract This article presents a tripartite model of identity that integrates cognitive, social, and cultural levels of analysis in a multimethod framework. With a focus on content, structure, and process, identity is defined as ideology cognized through the individual engagement with discourse, made manifest in a personal narrative constructed and reconstructed across the life course, and scripted in and through social interaction and social practice. This approach to the study of identity challenges personality and social psychologists to consider a cultural psychology framework that focuses on the relationship between master narratives and personal narratives of identity, recognizes the value of a developmental perspective, and uses ethnographic and idiographic methods. Research in personality a... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557514 Fri, 09 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1557514 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557518&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453474%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Woike BA A functional framework explains the influence of implicit and explicit motives on autobiographical memory. Personality motives at different levels of awareness are differentially activated by the social context and, in turn, engage memory processes. Research shows that these motives influence both what and how autobiographical events are remembered. Specifically, implicit motives modulate encoding and recall of emotional experiences, vivid memories, and event-specific knowledge through nonconscious organizing strategies that facilitate affective end states. Explicit motives modulate encoding and recall of events linked to self-concept stability change, as well as routine experiences and general event scripts that represent typical self-attributed behaviors that facili... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557518 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1557518 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557517&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453475%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ackerman JM, Kenrick DT Social living provides opportunities for cooperative interdependence and concomitant opportunities to obtain help from others in times of need. Nevertheless, people frequently refuse help from others, even when it would be beneficial. Decisions to accept or reject aid offers may provide a window into the adaptive trade-offs recipients make between costs and benefits in different key domains of social life. Following from evolutionary and ecological perspectives, we consider how help-recipient decision making might reflect qualitatively different threats to goal attainment within six fundamental domains of social life (coalition formation, status, self-protection, mate acquisition, mate retention, and familial care). Accepting help from another person is... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557517 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1557517 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557516&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453476%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sbarra DA, Hazan C An integrative framework is proposed for understanding how multiple biological and psychological systems are regulated in the context of adult attachment relationships, dysregulated by separation and loss experiences, and, potentially, re-regulated through individual recovery efforts. Evidence is reviewed for a coregulatory model of normative attachment, defined as a pattern of interwoven physiology between romantic partners that results from the conditioning of biological reward systems and the emergence of felt security within adult pair bonds. The loss of coregulation can portend a state of biobehavioral dysregulation, ranging from diffuse psychophysiological arousal and disorganization to a full-blown (and highly organized) stress response. The major tas... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557516 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1557516 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557515&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453477%26dopt%3DAbstract This article provides an updated account of the functional theory of counterfactual thinking, suggesting that such thoughts are best explained in terms of their role in behavior regulation and performance improvement. The article reviews a wide range of cognitive experiments indicating that counterfactual thoughts may influence behavior by either of two routes: a content-specific pathway (which involves specific informational effects on behavioral intentions, which then influence behavior) and a content-neutral pathway (which involves indirect effects via affect, mind-sets, or motivation). The functional theory is particularly useful in organizing recent findings regarding counterfactual thinking and mental health. The article concludes by considering the connections to other theoretical c... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557515 Thu, 01 May 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1557515 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557522&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453470%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wilkowski BM, Robinson MD Cognitive processing approaches to personality have gained momentum in recent years, and the present review uses such a cognitive approach to understand individual differences in anger and reactive aggression. Because several relevant cognitive models have been proposed in separate literatures, a purpose of this review is to integrate such material and evaluate the consistency of relations obtained to date. The analysis reveals that processes related to automatic hostile interpretations, ruminative attention, and effortful control appear to be important contributors to individual differences in angry reactivity. Memory accessibility processes, by contrast, failed to exhibit a consistent relationship with trait anger. This review concludes with the pro... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557522 Fri, 01 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1557522 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557521&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453471%26dopt%3DAbstract This article expands the view of groups as information processors into a motivated information processing in groups (MIP-G) model by emphasizing, first, the mixed-motive structure of many group tasks and, second, the idea that individuals engage in more or less deliberate information search and processing. The MIP-G model postulates that social motivation drives the kind of information group members attend to, encode, and retrieve and that epistemic motivation drives the degree to which new information is sought and attended to, encoded, and retrieved. Social motivation and epistemic motivation are expected to influence, alone and in combination, generating problem solutions, disseminating information, and negotiating joint decisions. The MIP-G model integrates the influence of many indivi... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557521 Fri, 01 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1557521 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557520&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453472%26dopt%3DAbstract This article proposes a normative conflict model, which distinguishes between nonconformity due to dissent (challenging norms to change them) and nonconformity due to disengagement (distancing oneself from the group). The normative conflict model predicts that strongly identified members are likely to challenge group norms when they experience conflict between norms and important alternate standards for behavior, in particular when they perceive norms as being harmful to the group. Data in support of the model are reviewed, mechanisms by which external variables may influence dissent in social groups are elaborated, and the model is linked to contemporary perspectives on collective identity. PMID: 18453472 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557520 Fri, 01 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1557520 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557519&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453473%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Holtgraves TM, Kashima Y Social cognition is meant to examine the process of meaningful social interaction. Despite the central involvement of language in this process, language has not received the focal attention that it deserves. Conceptualizing meaningful social interaction as the process of construction and exchange of meaning, the authors argue that language can be productively construed as a semiotic tool, a tool for meaning making and exchange, and that language use can produce unintended consequences in its users. First, the article shows a particular instance of language use to be a collaborative process that influences the representation of meaning in the speaker, the listener, and the collective that includes both the speaker and listener. It then argues that langu... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557519 Fri, 01 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1557519 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557525&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453466%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gailliot MT, Baumeister RF Past research indicates that self-control relies on some sort of limited energy source. This review suggests that blood glucose is one important part of the energy source of self-control. Acts of self-control deplete relatively large amounts of glucose. Self-control failures are more likely when glucose is low or cannot be mobilized effectively to the brain (i.e., when insulin is low or insensitive). Restoring glucose to a sufficient level typically improves self-control. Numerous self-control behaviors fit this pattern, including controlling attention, regulating emotions, quitting smoking, coping with stress, resisting impulsivity, and refraining from criminal and aggressive behavior. Alcohol reduces glucose throughout the brain and body and likewi... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557525 Thu, 01 Nov 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1557525 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557524&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453467%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leaper C, Ayres MM Three separate sets of meta-analyses were conducted of studies testing for gender differences in adults' talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech. Across independent samples, statistically significant but negligible average effects sizes were obtained with all three language constructs: Contrary to the prediction, men were more talkative (d = -.14) than were women. As expected, men used more assertive speech (d = .09), whereas women used more affiliative speech (d = .12). In addition, 17 moderator variables were tested that included aspects of the interactive context (e.g., familiarity, gender composition, activity), measurement qualities (e.g., operational definition, observation length), and publication characteristics (e.g., author gender, ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557524 Thu, 01 Nov 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1557524 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557523&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453468%26dopt%3DAbstract This article presents a model of social identity development and integration in the self. Classic intergroup theories (e.g., social identity theory, self-categorization theory) address the situational, short-term changes in social identities. Although these theories identify the contextual and environmental factors that explain situational changes in social identification, the intraindividual processes underlying developmental changes in social identities and their integration within the self remain to be identified. Relying on recent intergroup models as well as on developmental (i.e., neo-Piagetian) and social cognitive frameworks, this article proposes a four-stage model that explains the specific processes by which multiple social identities develop intraindividually and become integra... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557523 Thu, 01 Nov 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1557523 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557529&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453462%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Förster J, Liberman N, Friedman RS Countless studies have recently purported to demonstrate effects of goal priming; however, it is difficult to muster unambiguous support for the claims of these studies because of the lack of clear criteria for determining whether goals, as opposed to alternative varieties of mental representations, have indeed been activated. Therefore, the authors offer theoretical guidelines that may help distinguish between semantic, procedural, and goal priming. Seven principles that are hallmarks of self-regulatory processes are proposed: Goal-priming effects (a) involve value, (b) involve postattainment decrements in motivation, (c) involve gradients as a function of distance to the goal, (d) are proportional to the product of expectancy and value... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557529 Wed, 01 Aug 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1557529 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557528&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453463%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wheeler SC, Demarree KG, Petty RE In this article, the authors review research showing the different roles that the self-concept can play in affecting prime-to-behavior effects. As an organizing framework, an Active-Self account of stereotype, trait, and exemplar prime-to-behavior effects is presented. According to this view, such primes can influence people's behavior by creating changes in the active self-concept, either by invoking a biased subset of chronic self-content or by introducing new material into the active self-concept. The authors show how involvement of the active self-concept can increase, decrease, or reverse the effects of primes and describe how individual differences in responsiveness of the self to change and usage of the self in guiding behavior (e.g., s... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557528 Wed, 01 Aug 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1557528 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557527&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453464%26dopt%3DAbstract This article is focused on the growing empirical emphasis on connections between narrative and self-development. The authors propose a process model of self-development in which storytelling is at the heart of both stability and change in the self. Specifically, we focus on how situated stories help develop and maintain the self with reciprocal impacts on enduring aspects of self, specifically self-concept and the life story. This article emphasizes the research that has shown how autobiographical stories affect the self and provides a direction for future work to maximize the potential of narrative approaches to studying processes of self-development. PMID: 18453464 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557527 Wed, 01 Aug 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1557527 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557526&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453465%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews models of social influence from a number of fields, categorizing them using four conceptual dimensions to delineate the universe of possible models. The goal is to encourage interdisciplinary collaborations to build models that incorporate the detailed, microlevel understanding of influence processes derived from focused laboratory studies but contextualized in ways that recognize how multidirectional, dynamic influences are situated in people's social networks and relationships. PMID: 18453465 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557526 Wed, 01 Aug 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1557526 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557533&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453458%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Shapiro JR, Neuberg SL More than 100 articles have examined the construct of stereotype threat and its implications. However, stereotype threat seems to mean different things to different researchers and has been employed to describe and explain processes and phenomena that appear to be fundamentally distinct. Complementing existing models, the authors posit a Multi-Threat Framework in which six qualitatively distinct stereotype threats arise from the intersection of two dimensions--the target of the threat (the self/one's group) and the source of the threat (the self/outgroup others/ingroup others). The authors propose that these threats constitute the core of the broader stereotype threat construct and provide the foundation for understanding additional, as of yet uncharacte... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557533 Tue, 01 May 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1557533 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557532&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453459%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kurzban R, Aktipis CA A modular view of the mind implies that there is no unitary "self" and that the mind consists of a set of informationally encapsulated systems, many of which have functions associated with navigating an inherently ambiguous and competitive social world. It is proposed that there are a set of cognitive mechanisms--a social cognitive interface (SCI)--designed for strategic manipulation of others' representations of one's traits, abilities, and prospects. Although constrained by plausibility, these mechanisms are not necessarily designed to maximize accuracy or to maintain consistency with other encapsulated representational systems. The modular view provides a useful framework for talking about multiple phenomena previously discussed under the rubric of the... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557532 Tue, 01 May 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1557532 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557531&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453460%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ashton MC, Lee K The authors argue that a new six-dimensional framework for personality structure--the HEXACO model--constitutes a viable alternative to the well-known Big Five or five-factor model. The new model is consistent with the cross-culturally replicated finding of a common six-dimensional structure containing the factors Honesty-Humility (H), Emotionality (E), eExtraversion (X), Agreeableness (A), Conscientiousness (C), and Openness to Experience (O). Also, the HEXACO model predicts several personality phenomena that are not explained within the B5/FFM, including the relations of personality factors with theoretical biologists' constructs of reciprocal and kin altruism and the patterns of sex differences in personality traits. In addition, the HEXACO model accommodat... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557531 Tue, 01 May 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1557531 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557530&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453461%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, DeWall CN, Zhang L Fear causes fleeing and thereby saves lives: this exemplifies a popular and common sense but increasingly untenable view that the direct causation of behavior is the primary function of emotion. Instead, the authors develop a theory of emotion as a feedback system whose influence on behavior is typically indirect. By providing feedback and stimulating retrospective appraisal of actions, conscious emotional states can promote learning and alter guidelines for future behavior. Behavior may also be chosen to pursue (or avoid) anticipated emotional outcomes. Rapid, automatic affective responses, in contrast to the full-blown conscious emotions, may inform cognition and behavioral choice and thereby help guide current behavior. The automat... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557530 Tue, 01 May 2007 04:00:00 +0100 1557530 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557538&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453453%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Heine SJ, Hamamura T A meta-analysis of published cross-cultural studies of self-enhancement reveals pervasive and pronounced differences between East Asians and Westerners. Across 91 comparisons, the average cross-cultural effect was d = .84. The effect emerged in all 30 methods, except for comparisons of implicit self-esteem. Within cultures, Westerners showed a clear self-serving bias (d = .87), whereas East Asians did not (d = -.01), with Asian Americans falling in between (d = .52). East Asians did self-enhance in the methods that involved comparing themselves to average but were self-critical in other methods. It was hypothesized that this inconsistency could be explained in that these methods are compromised by the "everyone is better than their group's average effect" ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557538 Thu, 01 Feb 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1557538 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557537&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453454%26dopt%3DAbstract This article extends the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) by considering the various ways in which relations of visibility to an audience can affect the public expression of identity-relevant norms (identity performance). It is suggested that social identity performance can fulfill two general functions: Affirming, conforming, or strengthening individual or group identities (the identity consolidation function) and persuading audiences into adopting specific behaviors (the mobilization function). The authors report evidence supporting these two functions of identity performance both in intragroup and intergroup contexts. They argue that through these functions, social identity performance plays a major role in the elaboration and coordination of social action. Finall... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557537 Thu, 01 Feb 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1557537 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557536&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453455%26dopt%3DAbstract This article proposes a new model to help understand the process, while comparing the process of deliberate self-persuasion with relevant theory and research. The core feature of this model is a distinction between epistemic processes, which involve attempting to form new valid attitudes, and teleologic processes, which involve self-induced attitude change but with minimal concerns for validity. The epistemic processes employ tactics of reinterpretation, reattribution, reintegration, retesting, changing comparators, and changing dimensions of comparison. The teleologic processes include suppression, preemption, distraction, and concentration. By mapping these processes, this model helps to generate many novel and testable hypotheses about the use of deliberate self-persuasion to cope with ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557536 Thu, 01 Feb 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1557536 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557535&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453456%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lodi-Smith J, Roberts BW Investing in normative, age-graded social roles has broad implications for both the individual and society. The current meta-analysis examines the way in which personality traits relate to four such investments -- work, family, religion, and volunteerism. The present study uses meta-analytic techniques (K = 94) to identify the cross-sectional patterns of relationships between social investment in these four roles and the personality trait domains of agreeableness, conscientiousness, and emotional stability. Results show that the extent of investment in social roles across these domains is positively related to agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and low psychoticism. These findings are more robust when individuals are psychologically... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557535 Thu, 01 Feb 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1557535 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557534&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18453457%26dopt%3DAbstract This article describes an alternative approach to theory building, agent-based modeling (ABM), which involves simulation of large numbers of autonomous agents that interact with each other and with a simulated environment and the observation of emergent patterns from their interactions. The authors believe that the ABM approach is better able than prevailing approaches in the field, variable-based modeling (VBM) techniques such as causal modeling, to capture types of complex, dynamic, interactive processes so important in the social world. The article elaborates several important contrasts between ABM and VBM and offers specific recommendations for learning more and applying the ABM approach. PMID: 18453457 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Revie... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557534 Thu, 01 Feb 2007 05:00:00 +0100 1557534 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557558&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16430326%26dopt%3DAbstract This article offers a new approach to Asch's (1956) influential studies relating physical and social perception. Drawing on research on values, conversational pragmatics, cross-cultural comparisons, and negotiation, the authors challenge the normative assumptions that have led psychologists to interpret the studies in terms of conformity. A values-pragmatics account is offered that suggests that participants attempt to realize multiple values (e.g., truth, social solidarity) in an inherently frustrating situation by tacitly varying patterns of dissent and agreement to communicate larger scale truths and cooperative intentions. Alternative theories (e.g., embarrassment, attribution) are compared and empirical implications of the values-pragmatics account are evaluated. The possibility of mu... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557558 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557558 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557557&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16430327%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Barrett LF In this article, I introduce an emotion paradox: People believe that they know an emotion when they see it, and as a consequence assume that emotions are discrete events that can be recognized with some degree of accuracy, but scientists have yet to produce a set of clear and consistent criteria for indicating when an emotion is present and when it is not. I propose one solution to this paradox: People experience an emotion when they conceptualize an instance of affective feeling. In this view, the experience of emotion is an act of categorization, guided by embodied knowledge about emotion. The result is a model of emotion experience that has much in common with the social psychological literature on person perception and with literature on embodied conceptual know... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557557 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557557 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557556&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16430328%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Haselton MG, Nettle D Human cognition is often biased, from judgments of the time of impact of approaching objects all the way through to estimations of social outcomes in the future. We propose these effects and a host of others may all be understood from an evolutionary psychological perspective. In this article, we elaborate error management theory (EMT; Haselton & Buss, 2000). EMT predicts that if judgments are made under uncertainty, and the costs of false positive and false negative errors have been asymmetric over evolutionary history, selection should have favored a bias toward making the least costly error. This perspective integrates a diverse array of effects under a single explanatory umbrella, and it yields new content-specific predictions. PMID: 16430328 ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557556 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557556 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557555&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16430329%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Horowitz LM, Wilson KR, Turan B, Zolotsev P, Constantino MJ, Henderson L Circumplex models have organized interpersonal behavior along 2 orthogonal dimensions--communion (which emphasizes connection between people) and agency (which emphasizes one person's influence over the other). However, many empirical studies have disconfirmed certain predictions from these models. We therefore revised the model in 4 ways that highlight interpersonal motives. In our revision: (a) the negative pole of communion is indifference, not hostility; (b) a given behavior invites (not evokes) a desired reaction from the partner; (c) the complement of a behavior is a reaction that would satisfy the motive behind that behavior; (d) noncomplementary reactions induce negative affect. If the motive is u... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557555 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557555 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557554&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16768649%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Heine SJ, Proulx T, Vohs KD The meaning maintenance model (MMM) proposes that people have a need for meaning; that is, a need to perceive events through a prism of mental representations of expected relations that organizes their perceptions of the world. When people's sense of meaning is threatened, they reaffirm alternative representations as a way to regain meaning-a process termed fluid compensation. According to the model, people can reaffirm meaning in domains that are different from the domain in which the threat occurred. Evidence for fluid compensation can be observed following a variety of psychological threats, including most especially threats to the self, such as self-esteem threats, feelings of uncertainty, interpersonal rejection, and mortality salience. People ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557554 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557554 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557553&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16768650%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews the literature on the relationship between interpersonal rejection and aggression. Four bodies of research are summarized: laboratory experiments that manipulate rejection, rejection among adults in everyday life, rejection in childhood, and individual differences that may moderate the relationship. The theoretical mechanisms behind the effect are then explored. Possible explanations for why rejection leads to anger and aggression include: rejection as a source of pain, rejection as a source of frustration, rejection as a threat to self-esteem, mood improvement following aggression, aggression as social influence, aggression as a means of reestablishing control, retribution, disinhibition, and loss of self-control. PMID: 16768650 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Sou... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557553 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557553 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557552&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16768651%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Archer J In developed western nations, both sexes commit acts of physical aggression against their partners. Data from 16 nations showed that this pattern did not generalize to all nations. The magnitude and direction of the sex difference was highly correlated with national-level variations in gender empowerment and individualism-collectivism. As gender equality and individualism increased, the sex difference in partner violence moved in the direction of lesser female victimization and greater male victimization. A second analysis of 52 nations showed that 3 indexes of women's victimization were also inversely correlated with gender equality and individualism. Sexist attitudes and relative approval of wife beating were also associated with women's victimization rates, but gen... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557552 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557552 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557551&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16768652%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vazire S, Funder DC Currently prominent models of narcissism (e.g., Morf and Rhodewalt, 2001) primarily explain narcissists' self-defeating behaviors in terms of conscious cognitive and affective processes. We propose that the disposition of impulsivity may also play an important role. We offer 2 forms of evidence. First, we present a meta-analysis demonstrating a strong positive relationship between narcissism and impulsivity. Second, we review and reinterpret the literature on 3 hallmarks of narcissism: self-enhancement, aggression, and negative long-term outcomes. Our reinterpretation argues that impulsivity provides a more parsimonious explanation for at least some of narcissists' self-defeating behavior than do existing models. These 2 sources of evidence suggest that nar... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557551 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557551 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557550&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16768653%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews a number of the authors' recent and unpublished studies that demonstrate a robust positive correlation between prototypicality and attractiveness across diverse categories, and that systematically explore several hypotheses about the ultimate, that is, evolutionary, origins of this bias. A tentative dual-origin explanation is offered, in which prototypes of animal categories are preferred as a generalization of a mate-selection adaptation designed for human faces; coincidentally prototypes of artifacts (and possibly natural, nonanimal categories) are preferred by virtue of their subjective familiarity. PMID: 16768653 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557550 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557550 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557549&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16859437%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nijstad BA, Stroebe W A model called search for ideas in associative memory (SIAM) is proposed to account for various research findings in the area of group idea generation. The model assumes that idea generation is a repeated search for ideas in associative memory, which proceeds in 2 stages (knowledge activation and idea production), and is controlled through negative feedback loops and cognitive failures (trials in which no idea is generated). We show that (a) turn taking (production blocking) interferes with both stages of the process; (b) ideas suggested by others aid the activation of problem-relevant knowledge; and (c) cognitive failures are important determinants of brainstorming persistence, satisfaction, and enjoyment. Implications for group decision making and group... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557549 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557549 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557548&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16859438%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bond CF, DePaulo BM We analyze the accuracy of deception judgments, synthesizing research results from 206 documents and 24,483 judges. In relevant studies, people attempt to discriminate lies from truths in real time with no special aids or training. In these circumstances, people achieve an average of 54% correct lie-truth judgments, correctly classifying 47% of lies as deceptive and 61% of truths as nondeceptive. Relative to cross-judge differences in accuracy, mean lie-truth discrimination abilities are nontrivial, with a mean accuracy d of roughly .40. This produces an effect that is at roughly the 60th percentile in size, relative to others that have been meta-analyzed by social psychologists. Alternative indexes of lie-truth discrimination accuracy correlate highly with... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557548 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557548 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557547&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16859439%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nes LS, Segerstrom SC The relation between dispositional optimism and better adjustment to diverse stressors may be attributable to optimism's effects on coping strategies. A meta-analytic review (K = 50, N = 11,629) examined the impact of dispositional optimism on coping. Dispositional optimism was found to be positively associated with approach coping strategies aiming to eliminate, reduce, or manage stressors or emotions (r = .17), and negatively associated with avoidance coping strategies seeking to ignore, avoid, or withdraw from stressors or emotions (r = -.21). Effect sizes were larger for the distinction between approach and avoidance coping strategies than for that between problem and emotion-focused coping. Meta-analytic findings also indicate that optimists may adju... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557547 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557547 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557546&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16859440%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Haslam N The concept of dehumanization lacks a systematic theoretical basis, and research that addresses it has yet to be integrated. Manifestations and theories of dehumanization are reviewed, and a new model is developed. Two forms of dehumanization are proposed, involving the denial to others of 2 distinct senses of humanness: characteristics that are uniquely human and those that constitute human nature. Denying uniquely human attributes to others represents them as animal-like, and denying human nature to others represents them as objects or automata. Cognitive underpinnings of the "animalistic" and "mechanistic" forms of dehumanization are proposed. An expanded sense of dehumanization emerges, in which the phenomenon is not unitary, is not restricted to the intergroup co... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557546 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557546 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557545&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16859441%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Frey FE, Tropp LR Recent research has begun to examine people's expectations for how they are viewed in intergroup contexts, yet little work has considered how these metaperceptions relate to those that emerge in interpersonal contexts. As we extend research on metaperceptions into the intergroup realm, we must address several important conceptual issues. In this article, we provide a general overview of research on interpersonal metaperceptions, along with many factors that are likely to affect whether peo-ple think they are viewed as individuals or as group members. We also consider how metaperceptions are likely to be formed differently in interpersonal and inter group contexts, and depending on the group membership of the perceiver We then explore the consequences of diffe... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557545 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557545 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557544&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17201589%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kenny DA, West TV, Malloy TE, Albright L We examine the advantages and disadvantages of 2 types of analyses used in interpersonal perception studies: componential and noncomponential. Componential analysis of interpersonal perception data (Kenny, 1994) partitions a judgment into components and then estimates the variances of and the correlations between these components. A noncomponential analysis uses raw scores to analyze interpersonal perception data. Three different research areas are investigated: consensus of perceptions across social contexts, reciprocity of attraction, and individual differences in self-enhancement. Finally, we consider criticisms of componential analysis. We conclude that interpersonal perception data necessarily have components (e.g., perceiver, targ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557544 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557544 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557543&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17201590%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stoeber J, Otto K Almost 30 years ago, Hamachek (1978) suggested that 2 forms of perfectionism be distinguished, a positive form labeled "normal perfectionism" and a negative form labeled "neurotic perfectionism." Focusing on the positive, we present an overview of the different empirical conceptions of the 2 forms of perfectionism and a common framework for the 2 basic approaches: the dimensional approach differentiating 2 dimensions of perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns) and the group-based approach differentiating 2 groups of perfectionists (healthy perfectionists and unhealthy perfectionists). Moreover, we review the evidence demonstrating that (a) perfectionistic strivings are associated with positive characteristics and (b) healthy perf... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557543 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557543 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557542&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17201591%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smillie LD, Pickering AD, Jackson CJ In this article, we review recent modifications to Jeffrey Gray's (1973, 1991) reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST), and attempt to draw implications for psychometric measurement of personality traits. First, we consider Gray and McNaughton's (2000) functional revisions to the biobehavioral systems of RST. Second, we evaluate recent clarifications relating to interdependent effects that these systems may have on behavior, in addition to or in place of separable effects (e.g., Corr, 2001; Pickering, 1997). Finally, we consider ambiguities regarding the exact trait dimension to which Gray's "reward system" corresponds. From this review, we suggest that future work is needed to distinguish psychometric measures of (a) fear from anxiety and (... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557542 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557542 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557541&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17201592%26dopt%3DAbstract This article examines the relationship between intergroup threat and negative outgroup attitudes. We first qualitatively review the intergroup threat literature, describing the shift from competing theories toward more integrated approaches, such as the integrated threat theory (ITT; W. G. Stephan and Stephan, 2000). The types of threats discussed include: realistic threat, symbolic threat, intergroup anxiety, negative stereotypes, group esteem threat, and distinctiveness threat. We then conducted a quantitative meta-analysis examining the relationships between various intergroup threats and outgroup attitudes. The meta-analysis, involving 95 samples, revealed that 5 different threat types had a positive relationship with negative outgroup attitudes. Additionally, outgroup status moderated... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557541 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557541 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557540&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17201593%26dopt%3DAbstract This article uses the vast psychological literature on leadership as a database to test several evolutionary hypotheses about the origins of leadership and followership in humans. As expected, leadership correlates with initiative taking, trait measures of intelligence, specific task competencies, and several indicators of generosity. The review finds no link between leadership and dominance. The evolutionary analysis accounts for reliable age, health, and sex differences in leadership emergence. In general, evolutionary theory provides a useful, integrative framework for studying leader-follower relationships and generates various novel research hypotheses. PMID: 17201593 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557540 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557540 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557539&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17201594%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe how ingroup identification, outgroup entitativity, and other variables, such as group power, influence vicarious retribution. We conclude by considering a variety of conflict reduction strategies in light of this new theoretical framework. PMID: 17201594 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557539 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 1557539 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557575&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15745861%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Saucier DA, Miller CT, Doucet N The amount of help given to Blacks versus Whites is often assumed to reflect underlying levels of racism (or lack thereof). This meta-analysis assessed discrimination against Blacks in helping studies. The overall effect size for the 48 hypothesis tests did not show universal discrimination against Blacks (d = .03, p = .103). However, consistent with the predictions of aversive racism, discrimination against Blacks was more likely when participants could rationalize decisions not to help with reasons having nothing to do with race. Specifically, when helping was lengthier, riskier, more difficult, more effortful, and when potential helpers were further away from targets, less help was given to Blacks than to Whites. Interestingly, discrimination... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557575 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557575 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557574&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15745862%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schimmack U, Oishi S, Diener E Oyserman, Coon, and Kemmelmeier's (2002) meta-analysis suggested problems in the measurement of individualism and collectivism. Studies using Hofstede's individualism scores show little convergent validity with more recent measures of individualism and collectivism. We propose that the lack of convergent validity is due to national differences in response styles. Whereas Hofstede statistically controlled for response styles, Oyserman et al.'s meta-analysis relied on uncorrected ratings. Data from an international student survey demonstrated convergent validity between Hofstede's individualism dimension and horizontal individualism when response styles were statistically controlled, whereas uncorrected scores correlated highly with the individuali... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557574 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557574 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557573&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15745863%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Robbins JM, Krueger JI Social projection is the tendency to expect similarities between oneself and others. A review of the literature and a meta-analysis reveal that projection is stronger when people make judgments about ingroups than when they make judgments about outgroups. Analysis of moderator variables further reveals that ingroup projection is stronger for laboratory groups than for real social categories. The mode of analysis (i.e., nomothetic vs. idiographic) and the order of judgments (i.e., self or group judged first) have no discernable effects. Outgroup projection is positive, but small in size. Together, these findings support the view that projection can serve as an egocentric heuristic for inductive reasoning. The greater strength of ingroup projection can con... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557573 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557573 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557572&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15745864%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cohen AB, Hall DE, Koenig HG, Meador KG The traditional interpretation of "intrinsic" religiousness has fostered an unchallenged assumption that normative and substantive religious motivation is inherently individual and personal. Social motives for religiousness and structured practices have been characterized as "extrinsic" and as lacking in formative significance. We argue that this view is most applicable in American Protestant religions, and hence existing religious motivation scales reflect a distinctly American Protestant view. We then show that social motives and structured ritual practices are, in fact, as normative as individual motivations in several religious traditions. In particular, we describe the social practices and motives normative for Judaism and certain s... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557572 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557572 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557571&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15745865%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sagarin BJ In a recent article, Harris (2003) concluded that the data do not support the existence of evolved sex differences in jealousy. Harris' review correctly identifies fatal flaws in three lines of evidence (spousal abuse, homicide, morbid jealousy), but her criticism of two other lines of evidence (self-report responses, psychophysiological measures) is based, in part, on a mischaracterization of the evolutionary psychological theory and a misunderstanding of the empirical implications of the theory. When interpreted according to the correct criterion (i.e., an interaction between sex and infidelity type), self-report studies (both forced-choice and non-forced choice) offer strong support for the existence of sex differences in jealousy. Psychophysiological data also o... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557571 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557571 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557570&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15869377%26dopt%3DAbstract This article critiques personality approaches, focusing primarily on authoritarianism and secondarily on social dominance, and defends a model that explains the 2 variables in terms of discrete group processes. According to the Dual Group Processes model, SDO reflects category differentiation, which involves the evaluation of individuals on the basis of their category membership. RWA reflects normative differentiation, which involves the evaluation of ingroup members on the basis of their prototypicality. Authoritarian aggression-whether against ethnic minorities or other targets-is conceptualized as an intragroup phenomenon, involving the rejection of perceived antinorm deviants who threaten the longevity or legitimacy of social norms. PMID: 15869377 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (So... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557570 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557570 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557569&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15869378%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Park B, Judd CM For the past 40 years, social psychological research on stereotyping and prejudice in the United States has been dominated by the social cognition perspective, which has emphasized the important role of basic categorization processes in intergroup dynamics. An inadvertent consequence of this approach has been a disproportionate focus on social categorization as a causal factor in intergroup animosity and, accordingly, an emphasis on approaches that minimize category distinctions as the solution to intergroup conflict. Though recognizing the crucial function of categorization, we question existing support for the hypothesis that the perception of strong group differences necessarily results in greater intergroup bias. Given that it is neither feasible nor ultima... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557569 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557569 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557568&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15869379%26dopt%3DAbstract This article shows that 35 years of empirical research on teacher expectations justifies the following conclusions: (a) Self-fulfilling prophecies in the classroom do occur, but these effects are typically small, they do not accumulate greatly across perceivers or over time, and they may be more likely to dissipate than accumulate; (b) powerful self-fulfilling prophecies may selectively occur among students from stigmatized social groups; (c) whether self-fulfilling prophecies affect intelligence, and whether they in general do more harm than good, remains unclear, and (d) teacher expectations may predict student outcomes more because these expectations are accurate than because they are self-fulfilling. Implications for future research, the role of self-fulfilling prophecies in social pro... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557568 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557568 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557567&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15869380%26dopt%3DAbstract This article presents a conceptual and empirical overview of stigma research, delineates the unique contributions that have been made by conducting interactive studies, and proposes what can be further learned by conducting more of such research. PMID: 15869380 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557567 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557567 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557566&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16083360%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Niedenthal PM, Barsalou LW, Winkielman P, Krauth-Gruber S, Ric F Findings in the social psychology literatures on attitudes, social perception, and emotion demonstrate that social information processing involves embodiment, where embodiment refers both to actual bodily states and to simulations of experience in the brain's modality-specific systems for perception, action, and introspection. We show that embodiment underlies social information processing when the perceiver interacts with actual social objects (online cognition) and when the perceiver represents social objects in their absence (offline cognition). Although many empirical demonstrations of social embodiment exist, no particularly compelling account of them has been offered. We propose that theories of embodied co... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557566 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557566 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557565&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16083361%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Archer J, Coyne SM Over the last decade, researchers have found that girls may be just as aggressive as boys when manipulative forms of aggression, such as gossiping and spreading rumors, are included. These forms of aggression are known by 3 different names: indirect aggression, relational aggression, and social aggression. This review examines their commonalities and differences, and concludes that they are essentially the same form of aggression. We show that analogous forms are not found in other species. We offer a functional account: indirect aggression is an alternative strategy to direct aggression, enacted when the costs of direct aggression are high, and whose aim is to socially exclude, or harm the social status of, a victim. In this light, we consider sex differenc... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557565 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557565 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557564&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16083362%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses a recurrent connectionist network, simulating empirical phenomena usually explained by current dual-process approaches of attitudes, thereby focusing on the processing mechanisms that may underlie both central and peripheral routes of persuasion. Major findings in attitude formation and change involving both processing modes are reviewed and modeled from a connectionist perspective. We use an autoassociative network architecture with a linear activation update and the delta learning algorithm for adjusting the connection weights. The network is applied to well-known experiments involving deliberative attitude formation, as well as the use of heuristics of length, consensus, expertise, and mood. All these empirical phenomena are successfully reproduced in the simulati... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557564 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557564 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557563&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16223353%26dopt%3DAbstract This article addresses the debate between emotion-expression and motive-communication approaches to facial movements, focusing on Ekman's (1972) and Fridlund's (1994) contrasting models and their historical antecedents. Available evidence suggests that the presence of others either reduces or increases facial responses, depending on the quality and strength of the emotional manipulation and on the nature of the relationship between interactants. Although both display rules and social motives provide viable explanations of audience "inhibition" effects, some audience facilitation effects are less easily accommodated within an emotion-expression perspective. In particular, emotion is not a sufficient condition for a corresponding "expression," even discounting explicit regulation, and, appar... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557563 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557563 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557562&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16223354%26dopt%3DAbstract This article begins by reviewing processes underlying this dimension from the perspectives of several personality theories. Some cases of constraint reflect inhibition due to anxiety, but some theories suggest other roots for constraint. Theories from developmental psychology accommodate both possibilities by positing 2 sorts of control over action. These modes of influence strongly resemble those predicated in some personality theories and also 2 modes of function that are asserted by some cognitive and social psychological theories. Several further literatures are considered, to which 2-mode models seem to contribute meaningfully. The article closes by addressing questions raised by these ideas, including whether the issue of impulse versus constraint applies to avoidance as well as to a... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557562 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557562 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557561&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16223355%26dopt%3DAbstract "Personality and social psychology": retrospections and aspirations. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2005;9(4):334-40 Authors: Smith MB Drawing on 6 decades of participant observation in personality and social psychology, this article provides comments on the qualities of the founding generation at mid-20th century (e.g., Allport, Lewin, Murphy, Murray, Newcomb, and Sherif). Their breadth, commitment to a humane science, and interest in its social applications have since been in short supply. The juncture of personality psychology and social psychology has become problematic. Reasons for this are explored. Holistic personology may presently find a more congenial setting in life span developmental psychology than in social psychology. PMID: 16223355 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Sou... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557561 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557561 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557560&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16223356%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Correll J, Park B Drawing on theories of social comparison, realistic group conflict, and social identity, we present an integrative model designed to describe the psychological utility of social groups. We review diverse motivations that group membership may satisfy (e.g., the need for acceptance or ideological consensus) and attempt to link these particular needs to a global concern for self-worth. We then examine several factors hypothesized to influence an ingroup's utility in the eyes of its members. Attempting to unite our understanding of (a) why groups are needed and (b) what kinds of groups are useful in meeting those needs, a proposed model of the ingroup as a social resource (MISR) suggests that the dimensions of perceived value, entitativity, and identification int... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557560 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557560 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557559&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16223357%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Newson L, Postmes T, Lea SE, Webley P As societies modernize, they go through what has become known as "the demographic transition;" couples begin to limit the size of their families. Models to explain this change assume that reproductive behavior is either under individual control or under social control. The evidence that social influence plays a role in the control of reproduction is strong, but the models cannot adequately explain why the development of small family norms always accompanies modernization. We suggest that the widening of social networks, which has been found to occur with modernization, is sufficient to explain the change in reproductive norms if it is assumed that (a) advice and comment on reproduction that passes among kin is more likely to encourage the ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557559 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 1557559 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557578&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15710559%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Berntson GG, Cacioppo JT Social psychology and psychobiology have a rich historical connection, although over the last half century these two disciplines have seemingly become estranged. To a significant extent, that alienation arose from an archaic and nonviable model of behavioral biology that retarded the development of both disciplines. With the emergence of modern biological perspectives, this impediment no longer limits fruitful collaborations among social psychologists and psychobiologists. Indeed, some of the most exciting contemporary developments are emerging from the areas of social neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, and behavioral neuroscience. We review the history of links between social psychology and psychobiology, the factors that led to the segregation of ... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557578 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 05:00:00 +0100 1557578 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557577&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15710560%26dopt%3DAbstract This article integrates recent work in cognitive and developmental psychology into a framework for studying how and why tellers proffer and make sense of momentous emotional events, and how families and friends collude in self-making. Promising areas for future research include individual differences in readiness for memory telling, gendered ecologies of memory telling, the developmental significance of parents' stories, and reconciling personal memories and personality traits. Personal memory telling is not just for fun and entertainment, but, more important, drives social and emotional development in concrete moments of social life. PMID: 15710560 [PubMed] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557577 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 05:00:00 +0100 1557577 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557576&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15710561%26dopt%3DAbstract This article introduces complementarity theory, which explains the psychology of cultural diversity as a product of evolved social proclivities that enable-and require-people to coordinate action in culture-specific ways. The theory presents evolutionary processes and psychological mechanisms that may account for the cultural variability of social coordination devices such as language, relational models, rituals, moral interpretations of misfortune, taboos, religion, marriage, and descent systems. Human fitness and well-being depend on social coordination characterized by complementarity among the participants' actions. This complementarity is based primarily on coordination devices derived from the conjunction of cultural paradigms and specific, highly structured, evolved proclivities. Th... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557576 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 05:00:00 +0100 1557576 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557607&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15647142%26dopt%3DAbstract This article presents a review and conceptual analysis of the concept of deservingness that incorporates the effects of personal values, perceived responsibility, ingroup-outgroup relations, and like-dislike relations. Selected studies show that reactions to another's success or failure and to the rise or fall of "tall poppies" or high achievers depends on the degree to which the positive or negative outcome is seen to be deserved; that individual differences in personal values and in value syndromes may be assumed to affect deservingness via the subjective values assigned to actions and outcomes; that group membership, status, interpersonal liking-disliking, and perceived moral character also affect judgments of deservingness; and that deservingness is a key variable that mediates how obs... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557607 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 05:00:00 +0100 1557607 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557606&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15647143%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Guglielmi RS Many early studies of prejudice adopted psychophysiological measures as a way to circumvent the limitations of self-report instruments. Despite serious methodological weaknesses, that literature consistently points to the value of physiological probes as nonreactive indexes of affective responses to target stimuli. Possible reasons for the virtual abandonment of psychophysiological approaches in the study of prejudice over the last 15 years are outlined, and their reintroduction is advocated on methodological and conceptual grounds. Theoretical perspectives and empirical research in a closely related area, the psychophysiology of emotion, are reviewed and the implications of this literature for the study of prejudice are discussed. Several psychophysiological appr... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557606 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 05:00:00 +0100 1557606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557605&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15647144%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mummendey A, Wenzel M In this article, we present a theoretical approach to social discrimination on the one hand and intergroup relations characterized by tolerance and plurality on the other hand. Central to the analysis is the question of how members deal with intergroup difference. If the outgroup's difference is judged to be non-normative and inferior, devaluation, discrimination, and hostility are likely responses toward the outgroup. Judging the outgroup's difference to be normative or positive leads to acceptance and appreciation of this group. Following self-categorization theory, the criteria being norms and values for judging intergroup differences are derived from the superordinate category that is perceived to include both groups. More specifically, they are deriv... Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557605 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 05:00:00 +0100 1557605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1557604&cid=s_37218_36_f&fid=37218&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15647145%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Brehm JW A theory is outlined that assumes that emotions are motivational states with the special function of producing adaptation to situational conditions. The theory assumes that the emotional system lies in the central nervous system, that it is fast to react, able to change quickly from one emotional state to another, produces only one emotion at a time, and that the intensity of that emotion is a nonmonotonic function of deterrence to the aim of the emotion. Supporting data from several experimental tests are reported, and selected theoretical problems are discussed. PMID: 15647145 [PubMed] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review) Personality and Social Psychology Review journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1557604 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 05:00:00 +0100 1557604