MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Phonetica' source. Thu, 26 Nov 2009 15:55:22 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2834711&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19776664%26dopt%3DAbstract This study examined effects of phonemic vowel length and speaking rate, two factors that affect vowel duration, on the first and second formants of all vowels in Japanese. The aim was to delineate the aspects of formant displacement that are governed by the physiological proclivity of vowel production shared across languages, and the aspects that reveal language-specific phenomena. Acoustic analysis revealed that the phonemic long vowels occupied a more peripheral portion of the F1 x F2 vowel space than the phonemic short vowels (effect of vowel length), but effects of speaking rate were less clear. This was because of the significant interactions of the two effects: the formants of phonemic short vowels were more affected by speaking rates than the phonemic long vowels. Regression analyse... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2834711 Sun, 27 Sep 2009 02:40:02 +0100 2834711 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2834710&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19776665%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bohm T, Shattuck-Hufnagel S Earlier studies report systematic differences across speakers in the occurrence of utterance-final irregular phonation; the work reported here investigated whether human listeners remember this speaker-specific information and can access it when necessary (a prerequisite for using this cue in speaker recognition). Listeners personally familiar with the voices of the speakers were presented with pairs of speech samples: one with the original and the other with transformed final phonation type. Asked to select the member of the pair that was closer to the talker's voice, most listeners tended to choose the unmanipulated token (even though they judged them to sound essentially equally natural). This suggests that utterance-final pitch period irregulari... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2834710 Sun, 27 Sep 2009 02:40:02 +0100 2834710 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2834709&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19776666%26dopt%3DAbstract This study examined the extent to which previous experience with duration in first language (L1) vowel distinctions affects the use of duration when perceiving vowels in a second language (L2). Native speakers of Greek (where duration is not used to differentiate vowels) and Japanese (where vowels are distinguished by duration) first identified and rated the eleven English monophthongs, embedded in /bVb/ and /bVp/ contexts, in terms of their L1 categories and then carried out discrimination tests on those English vowels. The results demonstrated that both L2 groups were sensitive to durational cues when perceiving the English vowels. However, listeners were found to temporally assimilate L2 vowels to L1 category/categories. Temporal information was available in discrimination only when the... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2834709 Sun, 27 Sep 2009 02:40:02 +0100 2834709 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2834708&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19776667%26dopt%3DAbstract The objective of the current research was to conceptually and quantitatively unify these two studies. This was accomplished by showing that the opposite changes to frequency onsets of F2 transitions due to emphatic and rapid speech systematically vary as a function of the durational changes in the stop closure interval. Specifically, the decrease in coarticulation in emphatic speech is characterized by increases in F2 onsets and longer stop closures (relative to a normal baseline); the increase in coarticulation due to rapid speech shows concomitant decreases in F2 onsets coinciding with shorter stop closure intervals. Vocal tract area function simulations corresponding to emphatic and reduced speech implicitly support 'deeper' and 'shallower' closure contacts as a third factor contributin... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2834708 Sun, 27 Sep 2009 02:40:02 +0100 2834708 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2543010&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19390228%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cummins F A general account of rhythm in human behaviour is provided, according to which rhythm inheres in the affordance that a signal provides for the entrainment of movement on the part of a perceiver. This generic account is supported by an explication of the central concepts of affordance and entrainment. When viewed in this light, rhythm appears as the correct explanandum to account for coordinated behaviour in a wide variety of situations, including such core senses as dance and the production of music. Speech may appear to be only marginally rhythmical under such an account, but several experimental studies reveal that speech, too, has the potential to entrain movement. PMID: 19390228 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2543010 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 01:17:03 +0100 2543010 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2543009&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19390229%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kohler KJ Like any other aspect of spoken language, rhythm needs to be, and has been, studied from four different perspectives for a comprehensive and insightful account of its nature and functioning in speech communication: symbolic representation, production, perception, communicative function. The paper first gives an overview of the milestones in the analysis of rhythm under the headings of these four approaches over the past 70 years. This survey of the development of scientific ideas in rhythm research prepares the ground for the integration of the four strands in an interrelated framework of linguistic and speech signal analysis. On the basis of a definition of rhythm derived from the theoretical and methodological discussion, a new paradigm is outlined for future resea... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2543009 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 01:17:03 +0100 2543009 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2543008&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19390230%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews the evidence for rhythmic categorization that has emerged on the basis of rhythm metrics, and argues that the metrics are unreliable predictors of rhythm which provide no more than a crude measure of timing. It is further argued that timing is distinct from rhythm and that equating them has led to circularity and a psychologically questionable conceptualization of rhythm in speech. It is thus proposed that research on rhythm be based on the same principles for all languages, something that does not apply to the widely accepted division of languages into stress- and syllable-timed. The hypothesis is advanced that these universal principles are grouping and prominence and evidence to support it is provided. PMID: 19390230 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2543008 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 01:17:03 +0100 2543008 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2543007&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19390231%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nolan F, Asu EL The Pairwise Variability Index (PVI) has been widely used as a metric for quantifying rhythm in languages, often with a view to placing them on a continuum between notional categories of stress-timing and syllable-timing. We review the history of and rationale for the PVI, and point out three potential anomalies in the way the PVI has been applied. Following up one of these we apply the PVI to the level of the foot, and argue that stress-timing and syllable-timing are not points at either end of a continuum but orthogonal dimensions, so that a language can be (for instance) both syllable-timed and stress-timed. Results from Estonian, English, Mexican Spanish, and Castilian Spanish are presented which give some support for this view. PMID: 19390231 [PubMed -... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2543007 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 01:17:03 +0100 2543007 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2543006&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19390232%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Barry W, Andreeva B, Koreman J In a production study, Bulgarian, English and German verses with regular poetic metrical metres of different types and elicited prose utterances with varied accentual patterns are produced in textual and iterative (dada) form and measured at syllable level according to the pairwise variability index (PVI) principle. Systematic differences in PVI values show that the measure is sensitive to metrical differences. But variations for utterances with the same metrical structure and comparable measures for accentually different utterances show the measure to be insensitive to the temporal distribution of accents. A perceptual experiment with Bulgarian, English and German subjects confirms the hypothesis that the perceived strength of rhythmicity in a l... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2543006 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 01:17:03 +0100 2543006 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2543005&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19390233%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Niebuhr O A perception experiment shows for German that different global, F(0)-based speech rhythms in the context section of stimuli influence the local prominence position in the target section. This effect may be conceptualized as a perceptual adjustment of the syllables in the target section to the ones of the global rhythmic context with regard to both the prominence and the F(0) patterns. Two conclusions were drawn on this basis. First, listeners use speech rhythm to predict the perceptual properties of syllables, which is in line with the guide function that speech rhythm is assumed to have in German and other Western Germanic languages. Secondly, speech rhythm is a perceptual phenomenon, generated by a cyclic construction process that involves repetitive patterns in mu... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2543005 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 01:17:03 +0100 2543005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2543004&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19390234%26dopt%3DAbstract This study was motivated by the prospective role played by brain rhythms in speech perception. The intelligibility - in terms of word error rate - of natural-sounding, synthetically generated sentences was measured using a paradigm that alters speech-energy rhythm over a range of frequencies. The material comprised 96 semantically unpredictable sentences, each approximately 2 s long (6-8 words per sentence), generated by a high-quality text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis engine. The TTS waveform was time-compressed by a factor of 3, creating a signal with a syllable rhythm three times faster than the original, and whose intelligibility is poor (<50% words correct). A waveform with an artificial rhythm was produced by automatically segmenting the time-compressed waveform into consecutive 40-m... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2543004 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 01:17:03 +0100 2543004 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2543003&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19391303%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kohler KJ PMID: 19391303 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2543003 Sun, 28 Jun 2009 01:17:03 +0100 2543003 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1686368&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18679042%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bent T, Bradlow AR, Smith BL Two experiments examined production and perception of English temporal patterns by native and non-native participants. Experiment 1 indicated that native and non-native (L1 = Chinese) talkers differed significantly in their production of one English duration pattern (i.e., vowel lengthening before voiced versus voice-less consonants) but not another (i.e., tense versus lax vowels). Experiment 2 tested native and non-native listener identification of words that differed in voicing of the final consonant by the native and non-native talkers whose productions were substantially different in experiment 1. Results indicated that differences in native and non-native intelligibility may be partially explained by temporal pat-tern differences in vowel dura... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1686368 Thu, 07 Aug 2008 11:01:14 +0100 1686368 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1686367&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18679043%26dopt%3DAbstract This study explores the effect of accentual fall on phrase-final vowel duration in read declarative sentences of Standard Japanese. The results show that an intonational phrase-final vowel is significantly shorter when the final phrase has an accentual pitch fall than when it does not. Previous studies have reported a vowel-shortening effect for the final position of Japanese declarative sentences; the new finding reported in this paper is that this shortening effect is enhanced by the pitch fall of an accent in the sentence-final phrase. PMID: 18679043 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1686367 Thu, 07 Aug 2008 11:01:14 +0100 1686367 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1686366&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18679044%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schwab S, Miller JL, Grosjean F, Mondini M Two experiments were conducted to determine whether listeners' ability to use allophonic variation to identify word boundaries is influenced by speaking rate. Listeners in both experiments were presented two-word sequences (such as great eyes) spoken by naturally fast and naturally slow talkers; in one experiment the sequences were presented in quiet and in the other they were presented in noise. The listeners' task was to identify the intended sequence from among four choices with alternative segmentations (e.g. great eyes, gray ties, great ties, gray eyes). In both experiments performance was worse for the sequences produced by the naturally fast talkers than for those produced by the naturally slow talkers. This finding suggests th... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1686366 Thu, 07 Aug 2008 11:01:14 +0100 1686366 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1494441&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18523364%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kohler KJ Laughing is examined auditorily and acoustico-graphically, on the basis of exemplary speech data from spontaneous German dialogues, as pulmonic air stream modulation for communicative functions, paying attention to fine phonetic detail in interactional context. These phonetic case descriptions of laughing phenomena in speaker interaction in a small corpus have as their goal to create an awareness of the phonetic and functional parameters that need to be considered in the future acquisition, acoustic analysis and statistical evaluation of large spontaneous databases. PMID: 18523364 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1494441 Thu, 05 Jun 2008 17:06:44 +0100 1494441 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1494440&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18523365%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fox RA, Jacewicz E, Feth LL The present experiments examine the potential role of auditory spectral integration and spectral center of gravity (COG) effects in the perception of initial formant transitions in the syllables [da]-[ga] and [t(h)a]-[k(h)a]. Of interest is whether the place distinction for stops in these syllables can be cued by a 'virtual F3 transition' in which the percept of a frequency transition is produced by a dynamically changing COG. Listeners perceived the virtual F3 transitions comparably with actual F3 transitions although the former were less salient a cue. However, in a separate experiment, static 'virtual F3 bursts' were not as effective as actual F3 bursts in cueing the alveolar-velar place distinction. These results indicate that virtual F3 transit... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1494440 Thu, 05 Jun 2008 17:06:44 +0100 1494440 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1494439&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18523366%26dopt%3DAbstract This study investigates how prosodic strengthening is kinematically manifested in V-to-V lingual movement in English CV#CV context (where # is a prosodic boundary). Results showed that both boundary and accent gave rise to a kind of prosodic strengthening (showing spatial and temporal expansion), but exact kinematic patterns of prosodic strengthening were different as a function of the type of gesture (tongue lowering versus raising) associated with different vowels (/i/to-/Ealpha/ vs. /Ealpha/-to-/i/) and the source of prosodic strengthening (boundary versus accentuation). This implies that speakers must know about prosodic structure and differentiate the two sources of prosodic strengthening in a systematic finegrained fashion. From a theoretical point of view regarding a mass-spring ges... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1494439 Thu, 05 Jun 2008 17:06:44 +0100 1494439 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1494438&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18523367%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kawahara S, Shinya T In previous studies of Japanese intonational phonology, levels of prosodic constituents above the Major Phrase have not received much attention. This paper argues that at least two prosodic levels exist above the Major Phrase in Japanese. Through a detailed investigation of the intonation of gapping and coordination in Japanese, we argue that each syntactic clause projects its own Intonational Phrase, while an entire sentence constitutes one Utterance. We show that the Intonational Phrase is characterized by tonal lowering, creakiness and a pause in final position, as well as a distinctive large initial rise and pitch reset at its beginning. The Utterance defines a domain of declination, and it is signaled by an even larger initial rise, as well as a phras... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1494438 Thu, 05 Jun 2008 17:06:44 +0100 1494438 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1494437&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18523368%26dopt%3DAbstract This study reports general and language-specific patterns in phoneme identification. In a series of phoneme monitoring experiments, Castilian Spanish, Catalan, Dutch, English, and Polish listeners identified vowel, fricative, and stop consonant targets that are phonemic in all these languages, embedded in nonsense words. Fricatives were generally identified more slowly than vowels, while the speed of identification for stop consonants was highly dependent on the onset of the measurements. Moreover, listeners' response latencies and accuracy in detecting a phoneme correlated with the number of categories within that phoneme's class in the listener's native phoneme repertoire: more native categories slowed listeners down and decreased their accuracy. We excluded the possibility that this eff... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1494437 Thu, 05 Jun 2008 17:06:44 +0100 1494437 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=928844&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17914278%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abramson AS, Nye PW, Luangthongkum T Some Khmu' dialects have phonologically distinctive voice registers. Auditory observations have claimed a stable distinction between clear voice and high pitch for Register 1 and breathy voice and low pitch for Register 2 in the Khmu' Rawk dialect of northern Thailand. Word pairs distinguished only by register were recorded by 25 native speakers. Acoustic analysis yielded F0 and overall amplitude contours, frequencies of F1 and F2 in quasi-steady states of the vowels, relative intensities of higher harmonics to that of the first harmonic, and vowel durations. When circumstances caused early attention to perception testing, the words of only 8 speakers had been analyzed for properties other than amplitude and F0. Since the only significant f... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=928844 Fri, 05 Oct 2007 13:04:26 +0100 928844 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=928843&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17914279%26dopt%3DAbstract This study demonstrates the effectiveness of ultrasound as a technique in phonetic research, making possible the analysis of tongue surface movement for large amounts of data from multiple subjects. PMID: 17914279 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=928843 Fri, 05 Oct 2007 13:04:26 +0100 928843 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=928842&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17914280%26dopt%3DAbstract This study addressed whether acoustic variability and category overlap in non-native speech contribute to difficulty in its recognition, and more generally whether the benefits of exposure to acoustic variability during categorization training are stable across differences in category confusability. Three experiments considered a set of Spanish-accented English productions. The set was seen to pose learning and recognition difficulty (experiment 1) and was more variable and confusable than a parallel set of native productions (experiment 2). A training study (experiment 3) probed the relative contributions of category central tendency and variability to difficulty in vowel identification using derived inventories in which these dimensions were manipulated based on the results of experiment... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=928842 Fri, 05 Oct 2007 13:04:26 +0100 928842 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=928841&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17914281%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Delvaux V, Soquet A This paper deals with the influence of ambient speech on individual speech productions. A methodological framework is defined to gather the experimental data necessary to feed computer models simulating self-organisation in phonological systems. Two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1 was run on French native speakers from two regiolects of Belgium: two from Liège and two from Brussels. When exposed to the way of speaking of the other regiolect via loudspeakers, the speakers of one regiolect produced vowels that were significantly different from their typical realisations, and significantly closer to the way of speaking specific of the other regiolect. Experiment 2 achieved a replication of the results for 8 Mons speakers hearing a Liège sp... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=928841 Fri, 05 Oct 2007 13:04:26 +0100 928841 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=928840&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17914282%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Niebuhr O Based on the phonology of the Kiel Intonation Model (KIM), a tripartite opposition of German intonation is investigated: early, medial, and late peaks. These intonation categories, which can be projected onto H + L*, H*, and L* + H in the AM framework, are described in the KIM as rising-falling F(0) peak patterns differentiated by their synchronization with the accented-vowel onset. Perception experiments were carried out, showing that the function-based identification of the peak categories is not only influenced by peak synchronization, but also by peak shape and height. While the complete spectrum of findings is not covered by the current phonological modelling, the findings corroborate the existence of all three categories in German intonation and support the ide... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=928840 Fri, 05 Oct 2007 13:04:26 +0100 928840 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896232&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17435393%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Recasens D, Espinosa A The present study reports electropalatographic and acoustic data on the positional and contextual characteristics of alveolar taps and trills in Majorcan, Valencian and Eastern Catalan. The two consonant classes are invariably opposed by degree of tongue dorsum contact and F2, but only differentiated by place of articulation when constriction location for the trill is sufficiently retracted. Trills are produced with less than three contacts and may exhibit a single contact in utterance-initial position and, less often, in /Cr, VrV/ sequences. Word-final and, to a lesser extent, preconsonantal rhotics are implemented as taps in Majorcan and Valencian, and strengthened into trills in Eastern Catalan. Moreover, there appears to be an inverse relationship be... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896232 Tue, 25 Sep 2007 01:04:13 +0100 896232 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896231&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17435394%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gu W, Hirose K, Fujisaki H As one of the major Chinese dialects, Cantonese has a tone system consisting of nine lexical tones and three additional changed tones, which is considerably more complex than that of Mandarin. The most important acoustic feature characterizing these tones is the contour of the voice fundamental frequency (the F(0) contour). In this article we present an approach to modeling F(0) contours of Cantonese utterances, based on an extension of the command-response model. Analysis-bysynthesis of F(0) contours of the utterances with a fixed carrier frame, in which a target syllable with each tone type is embedded, shows that each tone type can be represented by a specific pattern (polarity, timing, and amplitude) of tone commands. These patterns are found to ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896231 Tue, 25 Sep 2007 01:04:13 +0100 896231 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=571028&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=33564&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.karger.com%2Fproduktedb%2Fprodukte.asp%3Fdoi%3D84159 Phonetica 2004;61:220-233 (DOI:10.1159/000084159) (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=571028 Thu, 26 Apr 2007 15:35:02 +0100 571028 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=571027&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=33564&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.karger.com%2Fproduktedb%2Fprodukte.asp%3Fdoi%3D84158 Phonetica 2004;61:201-219 (DOI:10.1159/000084158) (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=571027 Thu, 26 Apr 2007 15:35:02 +0100 571027 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=527045&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=33564&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.karger.com%2Fproduktedb%2Fprodukte.asp%3Fdoi%3D85154 Phonetica 2004;61:252-253 (DOI:10.1159/000085154) (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=527045 Sat, 07 Apr 2007 13:20:02 +0100 527045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=500280&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=33564&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.karger.com%2Fproduktedb%2Fprodukte.asp%3Fdoi%3D84160 Phonetica 2004;61:234-251 (DOI:10.1159/000084160) (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=500280 Mon, 26 Mar 2007 02:10:01 +0100 500280 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=402006&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=33564&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.karger.com%2Fproduktedb%2Fprodukte.asp%3Fdoi%3D85155 Phonetica 2004;61:254-255 (DOI:10.1159/000085155) (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=402006 Wed, 07 Feb 2007 14:20:02 +0100 402006 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=402005&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=33564&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.karger.com%2Fproduktedb%2Fprodukte.asp%3Fdoi%3D85156 Phonetica 2004;61:256-256 (DOI:10.1159/000085156) (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=402005 Wed, 07 Feb 2007 14:20:02 +0100 402005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896242&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16514273%26dopt%3DAbstract This study examines acoustic and articulatory EMA data of two female speakers (American and Japanese) spontaneously producing emotional speech while engaged in an informal telephone-type conversation. A set of control data in which the speakers imitated or read the original emotional utterance was also recorded; for the American speaker, the intonation pattern was also imitated. The results suggest (1) acoustic and articulatory characteristics of spontaneous sad speech differ from that of read speech or imitated intonation speech, (2) spontaneous sad speech and imitated sad speech seem to have similar acoustic characteristics (high F(0), changed F(1) as well as voice quality), but articulation is different in terms of lip, jaw and tongue positions, and (3) speech that is rated highly by li... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896242 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 896242 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896241&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16514274%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Airas M, Alku P Emotions in short vowel segments of continuous speech were analysed using inverse filtering and a recently developed glottal flow parameter, the normalised amplitude quotient (NAQ). Simulated emotion portrayals were produced by 9 professional stage actors. Separated /a:/ vowel segments were inverse filtered and parameterized using NAQ. Statistical analyses showed significant differences among most of the emotions studied. Results also demonstrated clear gender differences. Inverse filtering, together with NAQ, was shown to be a promising method for the analysis of emotional content in continuous speech. PMID: 16514274 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896241 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 896241 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896240&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16514275%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chen Y, Xu Y Many weak elements in speech, such as schwa in English and neutral tone in Standard Chinese, are commonly assumed to be unspecified or underspecified phonologically. The surface phonetic values of these elements are assumed to derive from interpolation between the adjacent phonologically specified elements or from the spreading of the contextual phonological features. In the present study, we re-evaluate this view by investigating detailed F(0) contours of neutral-tone syllables in Standard Chinese, which are widely accepted as toneless underlyingly. We recorded sentences containing 0-3 consecutive neutral-tone syllables at two speaking rates with two focus conditions. Results of the experiment indicate that neutral-tone syllables do have a target that is independ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896240 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 896240 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896239&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17028458%26dopt%3DAbstract In this study, 28 different [#CeC-] sequences are examined to define appropriate acoustic criteria for 'elision', to establish whether elision is a deletion process or the endpoint of a continuum of increasing overlap, and to discover whether elision rates vary for individual speakers. Results suggest that the acoustic patterns for elision are consistent with an overlap account. Individual speakers differ as to whether they increase elision only at faster speech rates, or elide regardless of rate. Phonotactic legality per se does not affect elision rates, but speech rate may affect the phonological system by causing a modification of the standard timing relationships among gestures. PMID: 17028458 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896239 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 896239 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896238&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17028459%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kochetov A The hypothesis 'licensing by cue' by Steriade holds that phonological contrasts are maintained in environments that provide better acoustic cues to the contrasts and are neutralized in environments that provide poorer acoustic cues or no cues. This paper tests the hypothesis by examining the distribution of a phonological contrast--the Russian plain/palatalized coronal stops /t/ and /tj/ in various syllable-final contexts. The results of a series of acoustic and perceptual experiments presented in this paper provide some support for the hypothesis: the relative salience of releases in different word boundary contexts (_#k > _#n, _#s) correlates strongly with the general patterns of neutralization of the contrast in similar word-internal contexts (_k > _n, _s) ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896238 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 896238 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896237&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17028460%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leyden K, van Heuven VJ The aim of this study is to find experimental support for impressionistic claims that there are prosodic differences between the dialects of Orkney and Shetland. It was found that native listeners had no difficulty in discriminating between Orkney and Shetland dialects when presented with speech fragments containing only melodic information. The results of a subsequent acoustic investigation revealed that there is a striking difference in pitch-peak location, which can be characterised as a shift in the location of the entire rise, i.e. both the onset and the peak. Shetland has early alignment, whereas the accent-lending rise in Orkney occurs late, so that in disyllabic words with initial stress the pitch peak does not coincide with the stressed syllabl... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896237 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 896237 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896236&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17028461%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Payne E, Eftychiou E This paper presents an experimental investigation of durational variation in lexical and post-lexical geminate alveolar laterals, under different stress conditions, in Cypriot Greek. Lexical geminates are found to be longer than post-lexicals, and both geminates and non-geminates are longer in word-initial position. The durational distinction is robust in all conditions, but particularly for word-initial lexical geminates. Post-lexical geminates and word-initial lexical geminates are significantly longer when pre-stress. Word-initial geminates are longer when preceded by a word-final nasal (the condition for post-lexical gemination), thus creating a kind of 'supergeminate' consonant and indicating that word-final nasals are not deleted, as has previously b... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896236 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 896236 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896235&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17293643%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mitterer H Vowel normalization in speech perception was investigated in three experiments. The range of the second formant in a carrier phrase was manipulated and this affected the perception of a target vowel in a compensatory fashion: A low F2 range in the carrier phrase made it more likely that the target vowel was perceived as a front vowel, that is, with a high F2. Recent experiments indicated that this effect might be moderated by the lexical status of the constituents of the carrier phrase. Manipulation of the lexical status in the present experiments, however, did not affect vowel normalization. In contrast, the range of vowels in the carrier phrase did influence vowel normalization. If the carrier phrase consisted of mid-to-high front vowels only, vowel categories shi... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896235 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 896235 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896234&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17293644%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ota M The two word accents in Stockholm Swedish (Accent I and Accent II) are distinguished by a consistent falling pitch contour on the stressed syllable of Accent II words. The current study presents new types of evidence that this feature of word accent can be systematically found in words produced by 16- to 18-month-old Swedish-speaking children. Compared to other disyllabic productions, the stressed syllable in Accent II words have a larger F0 decline, more sequences of high-low turning points identified by a stylized contour algorithm and an earlier F0 peak. In addition, a negative correlation is found between the value of F0 peak and F0 change in the stressed syllable. Taken together, these findings indicate that children learning Swedish have internalized a subtle but l... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896234 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 896234 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896233&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D17293645%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Boula de Mareüil P, Vieru-Dimulescu B The general goal of this study was to expand our understanding of what is meant by 'foreign accent'. More specifically, it deals with the role of prosody (timing and melody), which has rarely been examined. New technologies, including diphone speech synthesis (experiment 1) and speech manipulation (experiment 2), are used to study the relative importance of prosody in what is perceived as a foreign accent. The methodology we propose, based on the prosody transplantation paradigm, can be applied to different languages or language varieties. Here, it is applied to Spanish and Italian. We built up a dozen sentences which are spoken in almost the same way in both languages (e.g. ha visto la casa del presidente americano 'you/(s)he saw the... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896233 Sun, 01 Jan 2006 05:00:00 +0100 896233 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896253&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16391495%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Liu F, Xu Y Despite much research, disagreements abound regarding the detailed characteristics of question intonation in different languages or even in the same language. The present study investigates question intonation in Mandarin by also considering the role of focus that is frequently ignored in previous research. In experiment 1, native speakers of Mandarin produced statements, yes/no questions, particle questions, wh-questions, rhetorical questions and confirmation questions with narrow focus on the initial, medial or final word of the sentence, or on none of the words. Detailed F(0) contour analyses showed that focus generated the same pitch range modification in questions as in statements, i.e., expanding the pitch range of the focused word, suppressing (compressing a... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896253 Fri, 01 Apr 2005 05:00:00 +0100 896253 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896252&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16391496%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kohler KJ A new research paradigm is applied to F(0) synchronization with articulation, in peak and valley contours, under four principles: (a) Timing of F(0) contours enters the definitions of the pitch categories. (b) These phonetic exponents are linked to communicative functions. (c) The listener plays a pivotal role. (d) Contextualization of test stimuli is essential for pitch data collection. Data are presented and interpreted from an experimental investigation of the substance-function relationship in the perception of peak and valley shift series by German listeners, using the semantic differential technique. The findings of the substance-function relationship are explained with reference to the frequency code and to auditory enhancement,i.e. syntagmatic contrast of hig... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896252 Fri, 01 Apr 2005 05:00:00 +0100 896252 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896251&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16391497%26dopt%3DAbstract This study explores whether speaker emotion influences communicative effectiveness. Two hundred participants rated their current emotional state and gave a description of a route on a simple map. The quality of the linguistic content of the descriptions was assessed using Latent Semantic Analysis. Six hundred participants provided route drawings based on the map descriptions. Median route deviation served as a measure of communicative effectiveness. Eighty additional participants rated invariant parts of the descriptions for perceived speaker happiness. Path analysis revealed that while speaker emotion did not affect the linguistic content of the descriptions, it had an effect on communicative effectiveness both through the effects of vocal cues directly as well as mediated by perceived ha... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896251 Fri, 01 Apr 2005 05:00:00 +0100 896251 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896250&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16391498%26dopt%3DAbstract We describe and exemplify a methodology for providing an integrated account of the communicative function of parametric phonetic detail and its relationship with interactional organization. We exemplify our analytic approach by documenting two different phonetic designs of stand-alone 'so' in a corpus of recorded American English telephone conversations. These two designs - which encompass particular loudness, pitch and laryngeal characteristics - correlate with different communicative functions and have different consequences for the interactional- sequential organization of the talk. We argue that if phonology is to be truly concerned with function and linguistic contrast, we need to induce those functions and domains of contrast from a thorough going phonetic and sequential analysis of ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896250 Fri, 01 Apr 2005 05:00:00 +0100 896250 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896249&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16391499%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Plug L This paper presents the results of an investigation into the distribution of phonetic variants of the Dutch discourse marker eigenlijk, combining phonetic and conversation analytic methods. The paper shows that the phonetic form of eigenlijk depends to some extent on the sequential environment in which the item is used; moreover, it shows that in the case of two such environments, the forms of eigenlijk are representative of tempo and reduction patterns spanning entire turns or turn-constructional units. These patterns can be related to the interactive function of the turns; thus, the findings presented here contribute to our as yet limited knowledge of the phonetic correlates of communicative actions. PMID: 16391499 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896249 Fri, 01 Apr 2005 05:00:00 +0100 896249 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896248&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16391500%26dopt%3DAbstract This study investigates the relationship between word repetition, predictability from neighbouring words, and articulatory reduction in Dutch. For the seven most frequent words ending in the adjectival suffix -lijk, 40 occurrences were randomly selected from a large database of face-to-face conversations. Analysis of the selected tokens showed that the degree of articulatory reduction (as measured by duration and number of realized segments) was affected by repetition, predictability from the previous word and predictability from the following word. Interestingly, not all of these effects were significant across morphemes and tar-get words. Repetition effects were limited to suffixes, while effects of predictability from the previous word were restricted to the stems of two of the seven ta... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896248 Fri, 01 Apr 2005 05:00:00 +0100 896248 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896247&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16391501%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ogden R, Routarinne S This paper considers the communicative function of final rises in Finnish conversational talk between pairs of teenage girls. Final rises are fairly common, occurring approximately twice a minute, predominantly on declaratives and in narrative sequences. We briefly consider the interplay between voice quality (known to be a marker of transition relevance) and rising intonation in Finnish. We argue that in narrative sequences, rising terminals manage two main interactional tasks: they provide a place for a coparticipant to mark recipiency, and they project more talk by the current speaker. Using a methodology which combines phonetic observation with conversation analysis, we demonstrate participants' orientation to these functions. PMID: 16391501 [PubM... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896247 Fri, 01 Apr 2005 05:00:00 +0100 896247 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896246&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16391502%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dombrowski E, Niebuhr O Acoustic features and communicative functions of phrase-final F(0) rises starting before an accented-vowel onset are analysed in a corpus of German unscripted speech. Two conversational conditions are examined: turn-yielding and turn-holding. The most important feature distinguishing rises in these two conditions is the range proportion, which differentiates between two patterns as follows: (1) raised pitch on the accented syllable and restrained pitch movement in the tail of the contour, (2) lowered pitch on the accented syllable and extended pitch movement in the tail. The first pattern is seen as a restrictive gesture, e.g. preventing the dialogue partner from turn taking. The second one is viewed as an activating gesture, inviting the coparticipant ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896246 Fri, 01 Apr 2005 05:00:00 +0100 896246 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896245&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16391503%26dopt%3DAbstract This study investigates an intonation contour of German whose status has not been established yet: a globally falling contour with a slight rise at the very end of the phrase (FSR). The contour may be said to lie on a phonetic continuum between falling (F) and falling-rising (FR) contours. It is hypothesized that F, FR and FSR differ with respect to their communicative functions: F is terminal, FR is non-terminal, and FSR is pseudo-terminal, respectively. The hypotheses were tested in two steps. First, measurements in a labelled corpus of spontaneous speech provided the necessary background information on the phonetics of the contours. In the second step, the general hypothesis was approached in a perceptual experiment using the paradigm of a semantic differential: 49 listeners judged 17 s... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896245 Fri, 01 Apr 2005 05:00:00 +0100 896245 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896244&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16391504%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Edlund J, Heldner M This paper investigates prosodic aspects of turn-taking in conversation with a view to improving the efficiency of identifying relevant places at which a machine can legitimately begin to talk to a human interlocutor. It examines the relationship between interaction control, the communicative function of which is to regulate the flow of information between interlocutors, and its phonetic manifestation. Specifically, the listener's perception of such interaction control phenomena is modelled. Algorithms for automatic online extraction of prosodic phenomena liable to be relevant for interaction control, such as silent pauses and intonation patterns, are presented and evaluated in experiments using Swedish map task data. We show that the automatically extracte... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896244 Fri, 01 Apr 2005 05:00:00 +0100 896244 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896243&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16391505%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pouplier M, Hardcastle W It is well known that speech errors in normal and aphasic speakers share certain key characteristics. Traditionally, many of these errors are regarded as serial misorderings of abstract phonological segments, which maintain the phonetic well-formedness of the utterance. The current paper brings together the results of several articulatory studies undertaken independently for both subject populations. These show that, in an error, instead of one segment substituting for another, two segments are often produced simultaneously even though only one segment may be heard. Such data pose problems for current models of speech production by suggesting that the commonly assumed dichotomous distinction between phonological and phonetic errors may not be tenable i... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896243 Fri, 01 Apr 2005 05:00:00 +0100 896243 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896255&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16116301%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Quené H, Port RF Certain types of speech, e.g. lists of words or numbers, are usually spoken with highly regular inter-stress timing. The main hypothesis of this study (derived from the Dynamic Attending Theory) is that listeners attend in particular to speech events at these regular time points. Better timing regularity should improve spoken-word perception. Previous studies have suggested only a weak effect of speech rhythm on spoken-word perception, but the timing of inter-stress intervals was not controlled in these studies. A phoneme monitoring experiment is reported, in which listeners heard lists of disyllabic words in which the timing of the stressed vowels was either regular (with equidistant inter-stress intervals) or irregular. In addition, metrical expectancy ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896255 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 896255 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896254&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D16116302%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Padgett J, Tabain M Russian exhibits a rich pattern of phonological vowel reduction, by which some vowel contrasts are neutralized in unstressed syllables. Recent work in phonology suggests a mechanism by which phonetic vowel reduction--compression of the overall vowel space due to target undershoot--might lead to patterns like Russian. Presenting acoustic data from 9 speakers of Russian, we use Euclidean distance measures, measures of F1-F0 and F2-F1, and Bayesian classification to provide a basic picture of how the overall vowel space, as well as the distribution of vowels, change as stress is reduced. We are particularly interested in whether contraction of the vowel space in unstressed positions is primarily due to raising, and in whether contrasting pairs of vowels are ev... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896254 Sat, 01 Jan 2005 05:00:00 +0100 896254 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896259&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15824486%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Hirataa Y, Lambacher SG Five groups of native Japanese listeners were assigned to five conditions differing in word-external contexts. In the Intact condition, three types of target disyllables, /mVmV/, /mV:mV/, and /mVmV:/ were spoken in a carrier sentence at two speaking rates. In the other four conditions, the target disyllables of the Intact condition were excised from the original carrier sentence (Excised); embedded in the carrier sentence of the other rate (Mismatch); presented only with the preceding three syllables (Preceding), and presented only with the following three syllables (Following). The accuracy for identifying the word types was higher for the Intact than Excised and Mismatch conditions, indicating that the presence of the carrier sentence with an appropri... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896259 Fri, 01 Oct 2004 04:00:00 +0100 896259 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896258&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15824487%26dopt%3DAbstract This study examined the manner in which French speakers used some acoustic correlates to produce the stop voicing distinction in French sentences when syllables containing syllable initial and -final stops were between vowels (/pa_a/) and between voiceless fricatives (/pas_s/). Data analyses revealed that /b, d, g/ were longer, were more frequently phonated, and were preceded by longer vowels than /p, t, k/ in three conditions: syllable-initial stops between vowels and between voiceless fricatives and syllable-final stops between vowels. When a voiceless fricative /s/ followed /b, d, g/, the voicing contrast was reduced as a result of complete regressive voicing assimilation, achieved by the concomitant devoicing of /b, d, g/ closures and the significant reduction in voicing-related differ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896258 Fri, 01 Oct 2004 04:00:00 +0100 896258 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896257&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15824488%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gick B, Wilson I, Koch K, Cook C The possible existence of language-specific articulatory settings (underlying or default articulator positions) has long been discussed, but these have proven elusive to direct measurement. This paper presents two experiments using X-ray data of 5 English and 5 French subjects linking articulatory setting to speech rest position, which is measurable without segmental interference. Results of the first experiment show that speech rest position is significantly different across languages at 5 measurement locations in the vocal tract, and is similar to previously described language-specific articulatory settings. The second experiment shows that the accuracy of achievement of speech rest position is similar to that of a specified vowel target (/i/... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896257 Fri, 01 Oct 2004 04:00:00 +0100 896257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896256&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15824489%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kim H The present study aimed to explore the place of articulation of the Korean (pulmonic egressive) lenis, aspirated and fortis affricates /c, c(h), c'/ in comparison with that of the coronal plosive counterparts /t, t(h), t'/. For this purpose, a stroboscopiccine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiment was conducted to examine not only where oral contact and constriction occur during oral closure and at its release, but also which part of the tongue is involved and how the apex, the blade and the body of the tongue are positioned as a function of time. Based on the results of the MRI experiment, we propose that the affricates should be classified as alveolar like the plosives but that they could be different in tongue shapes during oral closure and at its release: the a... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896256 Fri, 01 Oct 2004 04:00:00 +0100 896256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896265&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15662105%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tsukada K, Birdsong D, Mack M, Sung H, Bialystok E, Flege J The aim of this study was to evaluate the acquisition of statistical properties of a second language (L2). Stop consonants are permitted in word-final position in both English and Korean, but they are variably released in English and invariably unreleased in Korean. Native Korean (K) adults and children living in North America and age-matched native English (E) speakers repeated English words ending in released tokens of /t/ and /k/ at two times separated by 1.2 years. The judgments of E-speaking listeners were used to determine if the stimuli were repeated with audible release bursts. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed fewer final releases for K than E adults, and fewer releases for /t/ (but not /k/) for K than E children.... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896265 Thu, 01 Apr 2004 05:00:00 +0100 896265 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896264&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15662106%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schwab S, Grosjean F Non-native speakers of a second language often report that the speech rate in that language is faster than the rate in their own language. So as to compare speech rate perception by native (French) and non-native (Swiss German) speakers, and to determine if rate estimation by non-native speakers is correlated with their level of comprehension, we asked two groups of 96 participants, native and non-native speakers of French, to listen to short stories read at slow, medium and fast rates. They were asked to answer a few comprehension questions and to give an estimate of the speech rate. The results obtained show that there is indeed a difference between the two groups: the faster the physical speech rate, the greater the impression of speed in the non-native... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896264 Thu, 01 Apr 2004 05:00:00 +0100 896264 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896263&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15662107%26dopt%3DAbstract This study investigates the extent to which phonetic voicing is maintained in word-final clusters composed of an underlying voiced stop followed by nonsyllabic /l/ or /r/ in Majorcan Catalan. Electropalatographic and acoustic data for five speakers of this Catalan dialect reveal that, in agreement with the non-syllabic status of the liquid, voicing for /l/ is only available if occurring during the preceding stop. The rhotic is always phonetically voiceless. Speakers differ regarding the extent to which they keep the underlying stop voicing distinction and the production strategies they use for that purpose. This distinction is highly robust and distributed over the entire syllable in nasal-stop-/l/ clusters for some speakers, but much less clear or absent for those speakers who devoice /l/... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896263 Thu, 01 Apr 2004 05:00:00 +0100 896263 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896262&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15662108%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Michaud A The evolution from final obstruents to final glottal stop and then to rhyme glottalization (i.e. from /at/ to /a?/, then to /a'/) is a well-established general trend in the history of the Sino-Tibetan language family and beyond. It has further been shown by laryngoscopy that in three languages which retain the nonreleased syllable-final obstruents /p/, /t/ and /k/ (Standard Thai, and two Chinese dialects), these obstruents are often accompanied by a glottal stop. The present research raises the issue whether there is another typological possibility: can nonreleased final obstruents be accompanied consistently by modal phonation, without glottal stop? Analysis of electroglottographic recordings of 126 syllables in two carrier sentences spoken by 4 speakers shows that,... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896262 Thu, 01 Apr 2004 05:00:00 +0100 896262 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896261&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15662109%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abramson AS, L-Thongkum T, Nye PW Analyses of the perceptual and acoustic characteristics of the Register 1 ('clear') versus Register 2 ('breathy') distinction have been carried out on the Kuai dialect of Suai, a Mon-Khmer language. The perception results were obtained from five-parameter synthesized stimuli. They showed that the primary parameter underlying the distinction is the frequency of onset of laryngeal excitation (F0). One other parameter making a significant contribution was the open quotient. The F0 result was confirmed by an acoustic analysis of eight pairs of natural utterances produced by native speakers. We conclude that the Suai language is in a state of flux with respect to the voice registers, although the distinction has not disappeared. The perceptual data... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896261 Thu, 01 Apr 2004 05:00:00 +0100 896261 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896260&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15675037%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Abramson AS PMID: 15675037 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896260 Thu, 01 Apr 2004 05:00:00 +0100 896260 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896267&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15258455%26dopt%3DAbstract This study investigated stop + vowel coarticulation as a coding mechanism for differentiation of stop place categories in an F2-defined stimulus space. Locus equations (LEs) were used to index the extent of coarticulation in three contexts: (1) onset stop + vowel utterances [.CV]; (2) within-syllable vowel + coda stop utterances [VC#], and (3) across-syllable/word coda stop + vowel utterances [C#V]. Five speakers of American English and 2 speakers of Persian produced [CV1.CV2] (English and Persian), [tV1C#V2t] (English) and [dV1C#V2t] (Persian) tokens with voiced labial, alveolar/dental, and velar stops surrounded by a variety of vowels. In the across-syllable/word boundary condition [C#V2] the extent of anticipatory coarticulation was much reduced relative to traditionally measured onset ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896267 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 896267 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896266&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15258456%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Butcher A, Tabain M In this paper we provide an overview of dorsovelar articulations and acoustics in several Australian Aboriginal languages, and we compare these results with data from English. We examine languages that have a single dorsal, as well as languages that have two dorsal places of articulation. Using direct palatography and F2 transition measures, we show that Australian languages appear to have a distinct velar target for each of the three major vowel contexts, with a high degree of coarticulation between each velar allophone and its following vowel target, whilst English has only two velar targets--back and non-back, with a lower degree of coarticulation between velar allophones and their corresponding vowel targets. Thus, whilst the range of allophonic variati... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896266 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 05:00:00 +0100 896266 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896270&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15004493%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fulop SA, Ladefoged P, Liu F, Vossen R Yeyi has the largest known inventory of click sounds in the Bantu language family. It is now entering a moribund state, and this paper documents a variety of acoustic and distributional details of the clicks found in the speech of 13 Yeyi speakers by presenting sound inventories, spectrograms, palatograms, and related acoustic data. The durations of the closure and release phases of the clicks were measured, and an analysis demonstrates that the two duration measures together are statistically able to distinguish the dental, alveolar, palatal, and lateral clicks from one another. A second quantitative study examines the discriminability of the four click places using solely the anterior burst power spectra, as parametrized using the first... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896270 Wed, 01 Oct 2003 04:00:00 +0100 896270 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896269&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15004494%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rietveld T, Vermillion P The aim of this experiment was to assess empirically listeners' behaviour in characterising pitch contours with the label pitch register. The motivation for this assessment was initiated by the conflicting use of the term register in speech science and intonology. The findings reported here indicate that pitch register would more appropriately be associated with the position of the low pitch targets and the mean value of the tonal contour. In addition, the importance of the reference frequency (the lowest F(0) of a speaker) and the distance between H and L targets have been found to be weaker than previously assumed. PMID: 15004494 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896269 Wed, 01 Oct 2003 04:00:00 +0100 896269 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896268&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D15004495%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Whiteside SP, Rixon E This case study reports on an acoustic investigation of the motor speech characteristics of a set of young adult male monozygotic (MZ) twins and compares them to those of an age- and sex-matched sibling who participated in the study 2 years later to match for demographic factors. Coarticulation patterns were investigated from read samples of consonant-vowel sequences in monosyllabic words containing a variety of consonants and vowels. This was done by examining F(2) vowel onsets and F(2) vowel targets, plotted as F(2) locus equations. Data were processed for between-sibling differences using a number of statistical tests. Results indicated that the MZ twins displayed F(2) parameters and coarticulation patterns which were more similar than those of their a... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896268 Wed, 01 Oct 2003 04:00:00 +0100 896268 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896273&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14571059%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Plug L, Ogden R This paper describes the phonetic exponents of rhoticity in postvocalic position in the speech of 4 young adult speakers of Standard Dutch. In addition to describing aspects of the segmental realisation of /r/, the paper focusses on parametric differences between rhymes with and without postvocalic /r/ in the material under consideration, presenting both impressionistic observations and instrumental measurements. Results of the investigation suggest that parametric analysis is a crucial complement to segmental classification, in providing insights into the relation between segmental realisations and 'contextual effects' of /r/, the phonetics of /r/ deletion and similarities and differences between rhotics cross-linguistically. PMID: 14571059 [PubMed - index... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896273 Tue, 01 Jul 2003 04:00:00 +0100 896273 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896272&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14571060%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Traunmüller H, Krull D The Estonian language with its elaborate system of contrasts in quantity, whose essentials are described in the paper, is used to investigate human perception of distinctive contrasts in the duration of vowels, consonants and larger units. In the experiments reported, the speaking rate of a preceding or following syllable was manipulated in addition to that of a target V, C or VC sequence that carried a quantity distinction in disyllabic words. The results confirmed that the second syllable in such words, in particular the duration of its vowel, serves as a reference, but they showed segments of additional syllables to contribute in the same direction. The results provided no support for ascribing quantity to any larger units than phonetic segments.... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896272 Tue, 01 Jul 2003 04:00:00 +0100 896272 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896271&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D14571061%26dopt%3DAbstract This study supports claims of a relationship between speech perception and phonology with evidence from a crosslinguistic perception experiment involving /h/ deletion in Turkish. Turkish /h/ is often deleted in fast speech, but only in a specific set of segmental contexts which defy traditional explanation. It is shown that /h/ deletes in environments where lower perceptibility is predicted. The results of the perception experiment verify these predictions and further show that language background has a significant impact on speech perception. Finally, this perceptual account of Turkish /h/ deletion points to an empirical means of testing the conflicting hypotheses that perception is active in the synchronic grammar or that its influence is limited to diachrony. PMID: 14571061 [PubMed ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896271 Tue, 01 Jul 2003 04:00:00 +0100 896271 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896276&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12853714%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Myers S In Kinyarwanda (Bantu, Rwanda), a high tone can occur on either the first or the second mora of a syllable. A study of f0 timing in the language was undertaken to determine how such a contrast is realized phonetically, and how this realization is affected by phrase position, word position, and distance from a following high tone. The study also aimed to explore a reported effect of 'tone anticipation' (raising of pitch in a syllable before a high tone) in the language. The study found significant effects of the position of a tone within the syllable, its position within the phrase, and its position with respect to following high tones. Models of f0 timing in Kinyarwanda are proposed, demonstrating the role of moras in phonetic implementation of tone. These models clari... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896276 Tue, 01 Apr 2003 05:00:00 +0100 896276 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896275&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12853715%26dopt%3DAbstract This study investigates vowel productions of 20 Quichua-Spanish bilinguals, differing in age of Spanish acquisition, and 5 monolingual Spanish speakers. While the vowel systems of simultaneous, early, and some mid bilinguals all showed significant plasticity, there were important differences in the kind, as well as the extent, of this adaptability. Simultaneous bilinguals differed from early bilinguals in that they were able to partition the vowel space in a more fine-grained way to accommodate the vowels of their two languages. Early and some mid bilinguals acquired Spanish vowels, whereas late bilinguals did not. It was also found that acquiring Spanish vowels could affect the production of native Quichua vowels. The Quichua vowels were produced higher by bilinguals who had acquired Span... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896275 Tue, 01 Apr 2003 05:00:00 +0100 896275 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896274&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12853716%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Benkí JR English nonsense consonant-vowel-consonant syllables were presented at four different signal-to-noise ratios for recognition. Information theory methods are used to analyze the response data according to segment type and phonological feature, and are consistent with previous studies showing that the consonantal contrast of voicing is more robust than place of articulation, word-initial consonants are more robust than word-final consonants, and that vowel height is more robust than vowel backing. Asymmetrical confusions are also analyzed, indicating a bias toward front vowels over back vowels. The results are interpreted as parts of phonetic explanations for synchronic and diachronic phonological patterns. PMID: 12853716 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source:... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896274 Tue, 01 Apr 2003 05:00:00 +0100 896274 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896279&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12802086%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sugito M This paper examines onset times of prosodic and segmental transitions with corresponding sternohyoid muscle activity in the speech of Osaka Japanese. The synchronization between prosodic and segmental control occurs in words combining a close vowel followed, directly or indirectly, by an open vowel with High-Low accent, including words with devoiced accented vowels. Both segmental and prosodic control mechanisms are associated with the activity of the sternohyoid muscle. We discuss how the observed segmental-prosodic timing relation can be interpreted in terms of muscle contraction control. PMID: 12802086 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896279 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 896279 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896278&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12802087%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Engstrand O, Williams K, Lacerda F Previous studies of infants' babbling have reported contradictory results as to the extent and timing of discernible phonetic influences of the ambient language. In the present experiment, five experienced phoneticians were asked to listen for ambient language effects on vocalizations produced by American and Swedish 12- and 18-month-olds (with 8 children in each language and age group), and to motivate their decisions in terms of word or phonetic cue perception. Group results indicated that listeners did not perceive effects of ambient language on pure babbles for either of the two age groups, whereas a clear effect appeared in both age groups given a more liberal definition of babbling. This is taken to suggest that results of ambient langu... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896278 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 896278 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896277&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12802088%26dopt%3DAbstract This study utilized two conversational speech databases to generate statistics about the frequency of occurrence of schwa deletion. Overall, the results showed a low frequency of schwa deletion in conversational American English. We investigated a number of factors that could have a potential effect on the propensity to delete schwa. The most pervasive factor was stress environment (pre-stress vs. post-stress), which showed a greater frequency of schwa deletion in the post-stress environment. The results are discussed with reference to processing spoken words and the role for corpus statistics in constraining models of word recognition. PMID: 12802088 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896277 Wed, 01 Jan 2003 05:00:00 +0100 896277 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896282&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12486313%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Esposito A This paper reports an acoustic study of CV sequences in Italian (where C is /b, d, g, p, t, k/ and V is one of the seven Italian vowels in stressed position). It explores the effects of vowel height, consonantal voicing, and place of articulation on a number of acoustic attributes of vowels (duration, f(0), F(1)), and on the duration of the preceding stop closure, VOT and RVOT (defined as the interval from C release to the acoustic vowel onset). The aim is to provide, for Italian, a comprehensive account of all the various interactions between consonantal voicing, vowel height and consonant place on the above acoustic attributes in order to propose an explanation for such effects, and to compare the present results and interpretations with previous explanations and ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896282 Tue, 01 Oct 2002 04:00:00 +0100 896282 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896281&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12486314%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smith BL Individual subjects have been found to show considerable variation in the extent to which they manifest certain temporal patterns of English in their speech. Because at least some differences across speakers appear to be related to the fact that some subjects typically talk faster/slower than others, the present investigation examined variability in temporal patterns by having subjects produce target stimuli in sentences spoken at normal and fast rates. The results from these manipulations of speaking rate generally supported previous findings related to temporal patterns as a function of 'natural' variations in rate of speech. That is, there was considerable variability among the 15 subjects in the normal speaking rate condition in the extent to which temporal parame... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896281 Tue, 01 Oct 2002 04:00:00 +0100 896281 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896280&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12486315%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lindblom B, Sussman HM, Modarresi G, Burlingame E While the existence of the trough effect is unquestioned, its theoretical significance is unknown. A multifaceted instrumental approach - spectrographic, cineradiographic, and vocal tract modeling - was used to document the trough effect in open (V.CV) and closed (VC.V) syllable forms using a symmetrical vowel context surrounding labial stops. Collectively, the results document the trough phenomenon as a momentary deactivation of tongue and/or lip movement after V1 and continuing into the stop closure. This empirical event suggests a segment-by-segment activation pattern as opposed to a diphthongal vowel-to-vowel trajectory with an independent and superimposed consonantal gesture. Quantitative models of VCV coarticulation must ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896280 Tue, 01 Oct 2002 04:00:00 +0100 896280 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896287&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12232462%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Davis BL, MacNeilage PF, Matyear CL Comparison was made between performance-based and competence-based approaches to the understanding of first word production. The performance-related frame/content approach is representative of the biological/functional perspective of phonetics in seeking explanations based on motor, perceptual and cognitive aspects of speech actions. From this perspective, intrasyllabic consonant-vowel (CV) co-occurrence patterns and intersyllabic sequence patterns are viewed as reflective of biomechanical constraints emerging from mandibular oscillation cycles. A labial-coronal sequence effect involved, in addition, the problem of interfacing the lexicon with the motor system, as well as the additional problem of initiation of movement complexes. Competence... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896287 Mon, 01 Apr 2002 05:00:00 +0100 896287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896286&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12232463%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Slud E, Stone M, Smith PJ, Goldstein M This paper uses principal components (PC) analysis to represent coronal tongue contours for the 11 vowels of English in two consonant contexts (/s/, /l/), based upon five replicated measurements in three sessions for each of 6 subjects. Curves from multiple sessions and speakers were overlaid before analysis onto a common (x, y) coordinate system by extensive preprocessing of the curves including: extension (padding) or truncation within session, translation, and truncation to a common x range. Four PCs plus a mean level allow accurate representation of coronal tongue curves, but PC shapes depend strongly on the degree of padding or truncation. The PCs successfully reduced the dimensionality of the curves and reflected vowel height, conso... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896286 Mon, 01 Apr 2002 05:00:00 +0100 896286 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896285&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12232464%26dopt%3DAbstract This study examined formant, jaw and tongue dorsum measurements from X-ray microbeam recordings of American English speakers producing emphasized vs. unemphasized words containing high-front, mid-front and low vowels. For emphasized vowels, the jaw position, regardless of vowel height, was lower, while the tongue dorsum had a more extreme articulation in the direction of the phonological specification of the vowel. For emphasized low vowels, the tongue dorsum position was lower with the acoustic consequence of F1 and F2 bunched closer together. For emphasized high and mid-front vowels, the tongue was more forward with the acoustic consequence of F1 and F2 spread more apart. These findings are interpreted within acoustic models of speech production. They also provide empirical data which ha... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896285 Mon, 01 Apr 2002 05:00:00 +0100 896285 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896284&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12232465%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jessen M The phonetic manifestation of distinctive plosive types and click accompaniments in Xhosa was investigated with measurements of voice onset time (VOT), closure duration, voicing during closure, and burst amplitude. There is a high degree of interspeaker as well as token-to-token variability in the voiceless unaspirated plosives and clicks concerning their pronunciation with or without audible ejection. The plosives are much more frequently ejective than the corresponding clicks. If present, ejection is manifested by increased VOT, burst amplitude, or both. Duration of voicing during closure is substantial only in the implosive, but not in the 'voiced' plosives and clicks. After nasals the percentage of voicing during closure is high in 'voiced' plosives due to the ver... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896284 Mon, 01 Apr 2002 05:00:00 +0100 896284 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896283&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D12232466%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rietveld T, Haan J, Heijmans L, Gussenhoven C In this article, two hypotheses were tested to explain attitudinal ratings like SURPRISE, SUGGESTION, REMINDER etc. of four rising nuclear contours observed in a Dutch question corpus and described as (a) H*L H%, (b) H* H%, (c) L*H H% and (d) L* H%. According to one hypothesis, the middle tones in (a) and (c) should be parcelled out, such that their absence produces contours (b) and (d), respectively, predicting communality of meaning within (a, c) that excludes (b, d). That is, (b, d) could be viewed as undershot variants of (a, c), with undershoot expressing a shade of meaning different from that of the fully realised pitch accents. This hypothesis was not confirmed by the data, though. The other hypothesis was based on the conce... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896283 Mon, 01 Apr 2002 05:00:00 +0100 896283 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896291&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11961418%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van Leyden K In Shetland dialect, the northernmost branch of Lowland Scots, stressed monosyllables, when closed by a consonant, generally contain either a durationally short vowel followed by a durationally long consonant, or a long vowel followed by a short consonant. This feature, first described in the 1950s, can most likely be ascribed to the Scandinavian substratum of the dialect. Although several experimental investigations into the duration of Scottish vowels have been carried out recently, most of them in the light of the Scottish vowel length rule, none of them so far have looked at Shetland dialect or the relationship between the duration of the vowel and the final consonant. In the present study we will examine vowel and final consonant duration in monosyllabic word... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896291 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 05:00:00 +0100 896291 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896290&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11961419%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tabain M The appropriateness of using locus equations in a study of voiceless consonants is examined. The consonants investigated are the stops /t k/ and the fricatives /theta s integral/. The slope value of the locus equation, indicating degree of coarticulation in the CV syllable, is compared with electropalatographic (EPG) data on coarticulation. It is shown that, overall, there is a very poor correlation between locus equation and EPG data as regards coarticulation. It is also shown that more accurate locus equation results - in terms of their correlation with EPG data - are obtained for stop consonants when F2 onset is sampled at stop release, rather than at the onset of voicing for the vowel. Finally, results for the voiceless consonants are compared with results for the... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896290 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 05:00:00 +0100 896290 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896289&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11961420%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gick B A study of early X-ray footage of 4 subjects was conducted to test the prediction that there may be a midpharyngeal constriction in American English schwa. Results show a significant constriction during schwa relative to lingual rest position for all 4 speakers. This evidence contradicts views of American English schwa as having no articulatory target or place features, as well as those which have suggested a neutral target throughout the vocal tract. These findings, however, support claims connecting English schwa with reduced /r/. In addition to the basic effect 1 subject showed a bimodal pattern in schwa, which may indicate that this subject has distinct schwas in lexical vs. functional words, a property that has also been observed with respect to /r/ in r-vocalizing... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896289 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 05:00:00 +0100 896289 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896288&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11961421%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Piske T, Flege JE, MacKay IR, Meador D The primary aim of this study was to determine if fluent early bilinguals who are highly experienced in their second language (L2) can produce L2 vowels in a way that is indistinguishable from native speakers' vowels. The subjects were native speakers of Italian who began learning English when they immigrated to Canada as children or adults ('early' vs. 'late' bilinguals). The early bilinguals were subdivided into groups differing in amount of continued L1 use (early-low vs. early-high). In experiment 1, native English-speaking listeners rated 11 English vowels for goodness. As expected, the late bilinguals' vowels received significantly lower ratings than the early bilinguals' vowels did. Some of the early-high subjects' vowels received ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896288 Tue, 01 Jan 2002 05:00:00 +0100 896288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896294&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11641630%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fletcher J, Harringtonb J It is usually claimed that statement high rises in Australian English are more or less phonetically identical to yes/no question rises. In this paper, statement high rises and question rises were examined in a corpus of controlled spontaneous speech (i.e. map task dialogues) to see if this is the case. It appears that speakers in this study used different kinds of rises for declaratives and questions. The majority of statement high rises were realized with a low pitch accent onset, whereas almost all question rises were produced with high pitch accent onsets. High-range fall-rises also appeared to be used by some speakers in the same way as statement high rises. Implications of these findings for the current ToBI analysis of Australian English are con... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896294 Mon, 01 Oct 2001 04:00:00 +0100 896294 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896293&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11641631%26dopt%3DAbstract Consonant length, stød and morae in standard Danish. Phonetica. 2001 Oct-Dec;58(4):230-53 Authors: Grønnum N, Basbøll H After a brief summary of Hans Basbøll's mora analysis of Danish stød, the results of an acoustic analysis of--primarily--consonant duration are reported. In natural running speech postvocalic stød bearing (moraic) sonorant consonants are not--as might be expected from previous investigations--systematically longer across positions than the corresponding stødless (non-moraic) consonants; therefore, in modern standard Copenhagen Danish, the moraic/non-moraic distinction in consonants is qualitative, not straightforwardly quantitative, as it is in vowels. Further, the results of an analysis of consonant duration in schwa assimil... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896293 Mon, 01 Oct 2001 04:00:00 +0100 896293 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896292&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11641632%26dopt%3DAbstract This study examined the distribution of allophonic variants [t], [I] or [U], of medial /t/ using a corpus of conversational speech. We utilized a large conversational speech database to generate statistics about the frequency of occurrence of medial flaps. Results confirmed the prevalence of flapping in American English. Low frequency words showed a redistribution of variants from [U] to [t] compared to dominant flapping in high frequency words. A similar redistribution of variant production occurred for morphologically complex words (e.g. dirty) compared with morphologically simple words (e.g. water). A second analysis examining vowel length prior to medial /t/ and medial /d/ showed that, while both stops were pronounced as a flap, the vowel preceding medial /d/ tended to the longer. Thes... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896292 Mon, 01 Oct 2001 04:00:00 +0100 896292 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896298&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11423783%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cho T This paper examines the effects of morpheme boundaries on intergestural timing, and demonstrates that low-level phonetic realization is influenced by morphological structure, i.e. compounding and affixation. It reports two experiments, one using electromagnetic midsagittal articulography (EMA) and one electropalatography (EPG), examining Korean data. The results of the EMA study show that intergestural timing is less variable for adjacent gestures across the word boundary inside a lexicalized compound than inside a nonlexicalized compound, and inside a monomorphemic word than across a morpheme boundary. The EPG study (which examined the timing in palatalization of a coronal) shows that both [ti] and [ni] have more variability in gestural timing when heteromorphemic than ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896298 Sun, 01 Jul 2001 04:00:00 +0100 896298 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896297&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11423784%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carré R, Ainsworth WA, Jospa P, Maeda S, Pasdeloup V In this paper, the perceptual effects of vowel-to-vowel transitions determined by different temporal variations of model parameters which specify the shapes of the vocal tract area function are investigated. It is shown that, (a) the method of deformation of the vocal tract area function between two targets can be perceptually important and (b) conversely, within certain limits, the time course of parameters from one state to another, and the precise synchronization of two parameters is not important for the correct identification of a vowel series. These characteristics are necessary but not sufficient to prove the existence of a phonetic gesture percept. PMID: 11423784 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phone... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896297 Sun, 01 Jul 2001 04:00:00 +0100 896297 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896296&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11423785%26dopt%3DAbstract This study contributes to the debate by providing acoustic evidence supporting the minimal contrast between /i/ and /w/ in Bora. The results indicate that these phonemes have identical F1 values, but /i/ yields higher F2 and F3 measurements than /w/, in keeping with their reported difference in backness. PMID: 11423785 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896296 Sun, 01 Jul 2001 04:00:00 +0100 896296 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896295&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11423786%26dopt%3DAbstract This study reports on an investigation into the voice onset time (VOT) patterns of the plosives /p b t d/ in a group of 30 children aged 7 (n = 10), 9 (n = 10) and 11 (n = 10) years. Equal numbers of girls and boys participated in the study. Each child named a series of letter objects to elicit /p b t d/ in a syllable onset position with a fixed vowel context. VOT data were examined for age, sex and plosive differences with the following hypotheses: Firstly, that there would be sex differences in the VOT patterns of preadolescent children. Secondly, that the sex differences in VOT patterns would be linked to age and development, and that these would eventually become marked by the age of 11 years, by which time adult-like VOT values should have been achieved. Finally, that the extent of se... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896295 Sun, 01 Jul 2001 04:00:00 +0100 896295 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896303&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11096367%26dopt%3DAbstract This article reviews the hypotheses, the means of testing them, and the results of nearly 40 years of experimental work on mora-timing in Japanese, and suggests directions for future work in this area. PMID: 11096367 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896303 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 896303 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896302&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11096368%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Xu Y Fundamental frequency (F0) peak delay (henceforth peak delay) refers to the phenomenon that an F0 peak sometimes occurs after the syllable it is associated with either lexically or prosodically. Although peak delay has been reported for various languages, the mechanism of its occurrence has so far remained unclear. In Mandarin, peak delay has been found to occur regularly in the rising (R) tone but not in the high (H) tone. The present study investigates the underlying mechanisms of peak delay by examining its relationship with tone, tonal context, and speech rate. An experiment was conducted to test the possibility that peak delay may occur also in the H tone in Mandarin if the H-carrying syllable is sufficiently shortened. Native speakers of Mandarin Chinese recorded th... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896302 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 896302 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896301&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11096369%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cruttenden A There has been little systematic description of the intonation of English accents other than RP and General American. In the first part of this article the characteristics of the tones of Mancunian intonation are described together with a functional categorisation of these tones, in which a dichotomy is proposed between Open and Closed varieties. In the second part the description is related to the current model of intonation known as ToBI and the inadequacies of a representation of Mancunian tones in a standard and a modified form of ToBI are revealed. A more radical modification of the ToBI approach based on tonal features is proposed. PMID: 11096369 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896301 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 896301 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896300&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11096370%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Johnson K, Martin J Eight speakers (4 male and 4 female) of the Muskogee dialect of Creek pronounced a set of words illustrating the vowels and diphthongs of Creek. These recordings were analyzed acoustically and data on vowel duration and vowel formant frequencies are presented in this paper. The ratio of the durations of dictinctively long and short vowels was 1.8. This ratio showed a sex difference, being larger for female speakers than it was for male speakers. Final lengthening was also observed: both distinctively long and short vowels were longer in word-final position than in word-initial position. The vowel formant data showed two additive, orthogonal phonetic vowel reduction processes: short vowel centralization and positional reduction. Short vowel centralization ha... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896300 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 896300 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896299&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11096371%26dopt%3DAbstract This study examined the identification of English consonants in noise by native speakers of Italian. The effect of age of first exposure to English was evaluated by comparing three groups of subjects who continued to use Italian relatively often but differed according to their age of arrival (AOA) in Canada from Italy (early: 7, mid: 14, late: 19 years). The subjects in the late group made more errors identifying word-initial consonants than subjects in the early group did; however, the effect of AOA was nonsignificant for word-final stops. The effect of amount of native language (L1) use was evaluated by comparing two groups of early bilinguals who were matched for AOA (mean = 7 years) but differed according to self-reported percentage use of Italian (early: 32%, early-low: 8%). The early... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896299 Mon, 01 Jan 2001 05:00:00 +0100 896299 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896324&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992131%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kohler KJ This paper looks at patterns of reduction and elaboration in speech production, taking the phenomenon of plosive-related glottalization in German spontaneous speech, on the basis of the 'Kiel Corpus', as its point of departure, and proposes general principles of human speech to explain them. This is followed by an enquiry into the nature of a production-perception link, based on complementary data from perceptual experiments. A hypothesis is put forward as to how listeners cope with the enormous phonetic variability of spoken language and how this ability may be acquired. Finally, the need for a new paradigm of phonetic analysis and phonological systematization is stressed, as a prerequisite to dealing adequately and in an insightful way with the production and perce... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896324 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896324 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896323&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992132%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sundberg J Emotional expressivity in singing is examined by comparing neutral and expressive performances of a set of music excerpts as performed by a professional baritone singer. Both the neutral and the expressive versions showed considerable deviations from the nominal description represented by the score. Much of these differences can be accounted for in terms of the application of two basic principles, grouping, i.e. marking of the hierarchical structure, and differentiation, i.e. enhancing the differences between tone categories. The expressive versions differed from the neutral versions with respect to a number of acoustic characteristics. In the expressive versions, the structure and the tone category differences were marked more clearly. Furthermore, the singer empha... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896323 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896322&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992133%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fant G, Kruckenberg A, Liljencrants J One aim of our study is to discuss some of the relations of prosodic parameters to the speech production process, e.g. how speech intensity is related to the vocal tract filter and the voice source and the underlying aerodynamics. A specific problem of phonetic interest is the role of subglottal pressure and fundamental frequency as intensity determinants and their covariation in speech. Our speech analysis displays, incorporating perceptually scaled syllable prominence, are suitable for multilevel studies of speech parameters. A new intensity parameter, SPLH, related to sonority is introduced. In combination with the standard sound pressure level it provides information on the voice source spectral slope. In Swedish, high long stressed vo... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896322 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896322 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896321&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992134%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fujimura O The Converter and Distributor (C/D) model is a generative description of articulatory gesture organization for utterances. Its input comprises specifications for syllables by features, a paraphonologically augmented metrical structure, and system parameters for utterance conditions. A syllable-boundary pulse train is computed as a time function representing the skeletal rhythmic structure of the utterance. Control functions for articulators are computed by superimposing consonantal elemental gestures onto the base function, which includes voicing, vocalic, mandibular, and tonal functions associated with the pulse train. A preliminary analysis of microbeam data for experimental dialogues, using jaw opening as an approximate measure of the syllable magnitude, inferred... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896321 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896321 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896320&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992135%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stevens KN The consonantal segments that underlie an utterance are manifested in the acoustic signal by abrupt discontinuities or dislocations in the spectral pattern. There are potentially two such discontinuities for each consonant, corresponding to the formation and release of a constriction in the oral cavity by the lips, the tongue blade, or the tongue body. Acoustic cues for the various consonant features of place, voicing and nasality reside in the signal in quite different forms on the two sides of each acoustic discontinuity. Examples of these diverse cues and their origin in acoustic theory are reviewed, with special attention to place features and features related to the laryngeal state and to nasalization. A listener appears to have the ability to integrate these d... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896320 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896320 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896319&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992136%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carré R, Divenyi PL The phenomenon of vowel reduction is investigated by modeling 'gesture reduction' with the use of the Distinctive Region Model (DRM). First, a definition is proposed for the term gesture, i.e. an acoustically efficient command aimed at deforming, in the time domain, the area function of the vocal tract. Second, tests are reported on the perception of vowel-to-vowel transitions obtained with reduced gestures. These tests show that a dual representation of formant transitions is required to explain the reduction phenomenon: the trajectory in the F(1)-F(2) plane and the time course of the formant changes. The results also suggest that time-domain integration of the trajectories constitutes an integral part of the auditory processing of transitions. Percep... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896319 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896319 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896318&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992137%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Holt LL, Kluender KR PMID: 10992137 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896318 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896318 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896317&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992138%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Johnson K The 'hyperspace effect' in vowel perception may be taken as evidence that adaptive dispersion is an active perceptual process. However, a previous study tested for adaptive dispersion in isolated vowel stimuli spoken in a voice unfamiliar to the listeners. The experiment reported in this paper addressed both of these potential concerns and found that both consonant context and talker familiarity modulate the hyperspace effect. However, the reductions induced by context and familiarity were slight. Listeners' preferred perceptual spaces remained hyperarticulated relative to the production vowel space. PMID: 10992138 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896317 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896317 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896316&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992139%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lotto AJ Purported units of speech, e.g. phonemes or features, are essentially categories. The assignment of phonemic (or phonetic) identity is a process of categorization: potentially discriminable speech sounds are treated in an equivalent manner. Unfortunately the extensive literature on human categorization has typically focused on simple visual categories that are defined by the presence or absence of discrete features. Speech categories are much more complex. They are often defined by continuous values across a variety of imperfectly valid features. In this paper, several kinds of categories are distinguished and studies using human subjects, animal subjects and computational models are presented that endeavor to describe the structure and development of the sort of comp... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896316 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896316 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896315&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992140%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sjölander S Rarely, animals do what they do because they are aware of the function of the behaviour or its outcome. Instead, they will very often perform behaviour out of context, spontaneously, as play. The impression (strengthened by introspection in the human species) is that they do it because they get some kind of internal reward. Nevertheless, such seemingly meaningless behaviour may have an ultimate function to adjust behavioural programs to the body, to practice, to perfect the execution of the behaviour. If the proximate reason for doing what the animal does may be to attain a pleasurable state, the ultimate, evolutionary reason may still be that increased practice will give some gain in fitness. If one presupposes internal rewarding and punishing systems as inte... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896315 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896315 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896314&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992141%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tecumseh Fitch W For more than a century it has been noted that the adult human vocal tract differs from that of other mammals, in that the resting position of the larynx is much lower in humans. While animals habitually breathe with the larynx inserted into the nasal cavity, adult humans are unable to do this. This anatomical difference has been cited as an important factor limiting the vocal potential of nonhuman animals, because the low larynx of humans allows a wider range of vocal tract shapes and thus formant patterns than is available to other species. However, it is not clear that the static anatomy of dead animals provides an accurate guide to the phonetic potential of the living animal's vocal tract. Here I present X-ray video observations of four mammal species (dog... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896314 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896314 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896313&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992142%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pandy MG, Anderson FC A three-dimensional model of the body was used to simulate two different motor tasks: vertical jumping and normal walking on level ground. The pattern of muscle excitations, body motions, and ground-reaction forces for each task were calculated using dynamic optimization theory. For jumping, the performance criterion was to maximize the height reached by the center of mass of the body; for walking, the measure of performance was metabolic energy consumed per meter walked. Quantitative comparisons of the simulation results with experimental data obtained from people indicate that the model reproduces the salient features of maximum-height jumping and normal walking on the level. Analyses of the model solutions will allow detailed explanations to be given a... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896313 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896313 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896312&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992143%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Davis BL, MacNeilage PF Understanding the potential relationships between perception and production is crucial to explanation of the nature of early speech acquisition. The 'embodiment' perspective suggests that mental activity in general cannot be understood outside of the context of body activities. Indeed, universal motor factors seem to be more responsible for the distribution of early production preferences regarding consonant place and manner, and use of the vowel space than the often considerable cross-language differences in input available to the perceptual system. However, there is evidence for a perceptual basis to the establishment of a language-appropriate balance of oral-to-nasal output by the beginning of babbling, illustrating the necessary contribution of 'ext... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896312 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896312 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896311&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992144%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fernald A The intelligibility of a word in continuous speech depends on the clarity of the word and on linguistic and nonlinguistic contextual information available to the listener. Despite limited knowledge of language and the world, infants in the first 2 years are already beginning to make use of contextual information in processing speech. Adults interacting with infants tend to modify their speech in ways that serve to maximize predictability for the immature listener by highlighting focussed words and using frequent repetition and formulaic utterances. Infant-directed speech is viewed as a form of 'hyperspeech' which facilities comprehension, not by modifying phonetic properties of individual words but rather by providing contextual support on perceptual levels accessibl... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896311 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896311 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896310&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992145%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vihman MM, Velleman SL Although it is generally accepted that phonological development is grounded in phonetic learning, there is less agreement for the proposition supported here, that the first phonological structuring constitutes a developmental discontinuity. Data from the phonetic and lexical learning of Finnish consonant duration are presented to illustrate the role of (1) child selection of adult words for early context-supported production based on phonetic learning and (2) child adaptation of adult words to an idiosyncratic template for later production as part of an incipient system. We argue that the latter, but not the former, reflects the construction of a first phonology. PMID: 10992145 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896310 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896310 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896309&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992146%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Diehl RL This paper examines three auditory hypotheses concerning the location of category boundaries among vowel sounds. The first hypothesis claims that category boundaries tend to occur in a region corresponding to a 3-Bark separation between adjacent spectral peaks. According to the second hypothesis, vowel category boundaries are determined by the combined effects of the Bark distances between adjacent spectral peaks but that the weight of each of these effects is inversely related to the individual sizes of the Bark distances. In a series of perceptual experiments, each of these hypotheses was found to account for some category boundaries in American English but not others. The third hypothesis, which has received preliminary support from studies in our laboratory and el... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896309 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896309 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896308&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992147%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Studdert-Kennedy M The paper argues that the discrete phonetic segments on which language is raised are subjective gestural structures that emerge ontogenetically (and perhaps emerged evolutionarily) from the process of imitating a quasi-continuous acoustic signal with a neuroanatomically segmented and somatotopically organized vocal machinery. Evidence cited for somatotopic organization includes the perceptual salience in the speech signal of information specifying place of articulation, as revealed both by sine wave speech and by the pattern of errors in children's early words. PMID: 10992147 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896308 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896308 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896307&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992148%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: MacNeilage PF, Davis BL A comparison of babbling and early speech, word patterns of languages, and, in one instance, a protolanguage corpus, reveals three basic movement patterns: (1) a 'Frame' provided by the cycles of mandibular oscillation underlying the basic mouth close-open alternation of speech; this Frame appears in relatively 'pure' form in the tendency for labial consonants to co-occur with central vowels; (2) two other intracyclical consonant-vowel (CV) co-occurrence patterns sharing the alternation: coronal consonants with front vowels and dorsal consonants with back vowels; (3) an intercyclical tendency towards a labial consonant-vowel-coronal consonant (LC) sequence preference for word initiation. The first two patterns were derived from oral movement capabilitie... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896307 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896307 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896306&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10992149%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lindblom B In this paper fragments of a theory of emergent phonology are presented. Phonological patterns are seen as products of cultural evolution adapted to universal biological constraints on listening, speaking and learning. It is proposed that children develop adult phonology thanks to the interaction of the emergent patterning of phonetic content and the adaptive organization of sound structure. Emergence - here used in the technical sense of qualitatively new development - is illustrated with examples from the study of perception, motor mechanisms and memory encoding. In this framework, there is no split between 'behavioral phonetics' and 'abstract phonology'. Phonology differs qualitatively from phonetics in that it represents a new, more complex and higher level of o... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896306 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896306 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896305&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11041773%26dopt%3DAbstract Publications Björn Lindblom. Phonetica. 2000 Apr-Dec;57(2-4):315-21 Authors: PMID: 11041773 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896305 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896305 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896304&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D11041774%26dopt%3DAbstract Emergence and adaptation: studies in speech communication and language development. Proceedings of a symposium dedicated to Björn Lindblom onhis 65th birthday. Stockholm, 17-19 June 1999. Phonetica. 2000 Apr-Dec;57(2-4):83-322 Authors: PMID: 11041774 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896304 Sat, 01 Apr 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896304 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896328&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10867571%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Studdert-Kennedy M PMID: 10867571 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896328 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896328 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896327&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10867568%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Byrd D Recent work has demonstrated that progressively stronger prosodic boundaries result in increasing amounts of lengthening for consonant gestures, both preceding and following the boundary. The present experiment extends these earlier findings by considering kinematic data collected with a magnetometer to determine (1) if vocalic gestures demonstrate lengthening patterns comparable to those of consonantal gestures due to adjacent prosodic boundaries, and (2) if the relative timing of consonant and vowel gestures is affected by adjacent boundaries. A magnetometer system was used to track articulator movements of 3 speakers producing sentences in which a /... C(1)V(1)(#)C(2)V(2).../ sequence was embedded with varying medial boundaries. All subjects demonstrated lengthening ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896327 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896327 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896326&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10867569%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schouten ME, Peeters WJ The aim was to find a psychophysical explanation for the perception, by naive listeners, of diphthongs as single vowels, even though they are essentially formant movements. Subjects were asked to match sinusoidal tone and resonance glides around 1,000 Hz with two connected steady-state tones or resonances whose frequencies could be controlled independently. The expectation was that short glides (below 120 ms) would give rise to single perceptual events without any movement in a particular direction, so that the two matching steady-state patterns would not show any frequency direction either; long resonance glides (above 120 ms), on the other hand, were expected to be perceived as rising or falling and matched accordingly. The results showed an effect of... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896326 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896325&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10867570%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jacobsen B The main purpose is to investigate whether stress is a relevant category in Greenlandic word prosody. I focus on tonal and durational parameters. The data material consists of word lists read aloud seven times by two subjects. The main findings are: (1) The prosodic characteristics of words can be explained in either tonal or durational terms. (2) The four different syllable types (of different 'weight') are distinguished in durational terms; further, there appears to be only a tripartite system of short, long and overlong. (3) There are intra-syllabic as well as inter-syllabic rhythmical adjustments. It is concluded that Greenlandic prosody does not include an autonomous stress category, either tonal or durational parameters alone will do. And although Greenlandic ... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896325 Sat, 01 Jan 2000 05:00:00 +0100 896325 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896330&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10450077%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smith BL, Kenney MK A general conclusion that has emerged from the collective results of a number of studies regarding acoustic characteristics of children's speech production development is that both the duration and temporal variability of segments, words, and phrases tend to decrease as one considers increasingly older groups of children. While this conclusion is largely appropriate when considering averages for groups of children studied across intervals of several years, the limited amount of longitudinal data that exists suggests that similar patterns may not routinely be observed in the development of individual children, especially when shorter time periods are involved. Cross-sectional, acoustic studies have provided important general descriptions of speech production... Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896330 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 05:00:00 +0100 896330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=896329&cid=s_36273_52_f&fid=36273&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D10450078%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jackson MT PMID: 10450078 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Phonetica) Phonetica journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=896329 Fri, 01 Jan 1999 05:00:00 +0100 896329