Physiological and Biochemical Zoology via MedWorm.com MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Physiological and Biochemical Zoology' source. Thu, 09 Feb 2012 23:39:10 +0100 Interrelations among Immune Defense Indexes Reflect Major Components of the Immune System in a Free-Living Vertebrate http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594273&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F663311%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 85, Issue 1, Page 1-10, January 2012. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594273 Wed, 11 Jan 2012 22:50:21 +0100 5594273 No Effect of Carotenoid Supplementation on Phytohemagglutinin Response or Body Condition of Nestling House Wrens http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594275&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F663353%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 85, Issue 1, Page 21-28, January 2012. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594275 Wed, 11 Jan 2012 22:30:06 +0100 5594275 Tissue Carbon Incorporation Rates and Diet-to-Tissue Discrimination in Ectotherms: Tortoises Are Really Slow http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594282&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F663867%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 85, Issue 1, Page 96-105, January 2012. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594282 Wed, 11 Jan 2012 22:29:57 +0100 5594282 Effect of Dietary Restriction on Immune Response of Laboratory Mice Divergently Selected for Basal Metabolic Rate http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594278&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F663696%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 85, Issue 1, Page 51-61, January 2012. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594278 Wed, 11 Jan 2012 22:29:52 +0100 5594278 Cocoon and Epidermis of Australian Cyclorana Frogs Differ in Composition of Lipid Classes That Affect Water Loss http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594277&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F663695%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 85, Issue 1, Page 40-50, January 2012. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594277 Wed, 11 Jan 2012 22:29:49 +0100 5594277 Determining Seabird Body Condition Using Nonlethal Measures http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594281&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F663832%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 85, Issue 1, Page 85-95, January 2012. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594281 Wed, 11 Jan 2012 22:29:44 +0100 5594281 Sex and Proximity to Reproductive Maturity Influence the Survival, Final Maturation, and Blood Physiology of Pacific Salmon When Exposed to High Temperature during a Simulated Migration http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594279&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F663770%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 85, Issue 1, Page 62-73, January 2012. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594279 Wed, 11 Jan 2012 22:29:41 +0100 5594279 Expression Analysis of Glycerol Synthesis–Related Liver Transcripts in Rainbow Smelt (Osmerus mordax) Exposed to a Controlled Decrease in Temperature http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594280&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F663771%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 85, Issue 1, Page 74-84, January 2012. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594280 Wed, 11 Jan 2012 22:29:39 +0100 5594280 Impact of Body Reserves on Energy Expenditure, Water Flux, and Mating Success in Breeding Male Northern Elephant Seals http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594274&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F663634%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 85, Issue 1, Page 11-20, January 2012. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594274 Wed, 11 Jan 2012 22:29:35 +0100 5594274 Neural Thermal Performance in Porcelain Crabs, Genus Petrolisthes http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5594276&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F663633%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 85, Issue 1, Page 29-39, January 2012. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5594276 Wed, 11 Jan 2012 22:29:32 +0100 5594276 The Mean and Variance of Environmental Temperature Interact to Determine Physiological Tolerance and Fitness http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5331689&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F662551%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5331689 Wed, 19 Oct 2011 17:00:18 +0100 5331689 Gill Remodeling in Crucian Carp during Sustained Exercise and the Effect on Subsequent Swimming Performance http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5331694&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F662664%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5331694 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 19:17:02 +0100 5331694 The Relationship between Chill-Coma Onset and Recovery at the Extremes of the Thermal Window of Drosophila melanogaster http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5331693&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F662642%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5331693 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:46:38 +0100 5331693 Digestion under Duress: Nutrient Acquisition and Metabolism during Hypoxia in the Pacific Hagfish http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5331692&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F662630%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5331692 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:46:30 +0100 5331692 Structural and Functional Development of the Respiratory System in a Newborn Marsupial with Cutaneous Gas Exchange http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5331691&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F662557%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5331691 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:46:22 +0100 5331691 Regulation of Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I during Fasting in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Promotes Increased Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5331690&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F662552%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5331690 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 15:46:12 +0100 5331690 Exposure to Elevated Temperature and Pco2 Reduces Respiration Rate and Energy Status in the Periwinkle Littorina littorea http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5331695&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F662680%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5331695 Thu, 06 Oct 2011 20:27:38 +0100 5331695 Serum Leptin, Energy Budget, and Thermogenesis in Striped Hamsters Exposed to Consecutive Decreases in Ambient Temperatures http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5331696&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F662553%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5331696 Wed, 05 Oct 2011 18:01:27 +0100 5331696 Scaling of In Vivo Muscle Velocity during Feeding in the Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides (Centrarchidae) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5331697&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F662382%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5331697 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 20:46:33 +0100 5331697 Geographic Variation in the Effects of Heat Exposure on Maximum Sprint Speed and Hsp70 Expression in the Western Fence Lizard Sceloporus occidentalis http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5331698&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F662385%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5331698 Tue, 27 Sep 2011 20:44:17 +0100 5331698 Effects of Captivity and Body Condition on Plasma Corticosterone, Locomotor Behavior, and Plasma Metabolites in Curve-Billed Thrashers http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219841&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F662068%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219841 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 09:30:00 +0100 5219841 A Mass Balance Approach to Identify and Compare Differential Routing of 13C-Labeled Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins In Vivo http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219847&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F661638%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 5, Page 506-513, September/October 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219847 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 22:11:10 +0100 5219847 Erratum: Erratum: Hummingbirds Fuel Hovering Flight with Newly Ingested Sugar http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219850&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F662252%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 5, Page 533, September/October 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219850 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 22:11:03 +0100 5219850 Using A Priori Contrasts for Multivariate Repeated-Measures ANOVA to Analyze Thermoregulatory Responses of the Dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis; Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219848&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F661637%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 5, Page 514-521, September/October 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219848 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 22:10:23 +0100 5219848 Mitochondrial Metabolic Suppression in Fasting and Daily Torpor: Consequences for Reactive Oxygen Species Production http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219844&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F661639%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 5, Page 467-480, September/October 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219844 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 22:09:31 +0100 5219844 Decreasing Urea∶Trimethylamine N-Oxide Ratios with Depth in Chondrichthyes: A Physiological Depth Limit? http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219846&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F661774%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 5, Page 494-505, September/October 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219846 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 22:09:04 +0100 5219846 Reactive Oxygen Species and the Regulation of Hyperproliferation in a Colonial Hydroid http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219845&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F661952%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 5, Page 481-493, September/October 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219845 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 22:06:39 +0100 5219845 The Regulation Index: A New Method for Assessing the Relationship between Oxygen Consumption and Environmental Oxygen http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219849&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F661953%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 5, Page 522-532, September/October 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219849 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 22:04:17 +0100 5219849 Embryonic Developmental Patterns and Energy Expenditure Are Affected by Incubation Temperature in Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219842&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F661749%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 5, Page 451-457, September/October 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219842 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 22:03:31 +0100 5219842 A Physiological Perspective on Nectar-Feeding Adaptation in Phyllostomid Bats http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5219843&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Finfo%2F10.1086%2F661541%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 5, Page 458-466, September/October 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5219843 Tue, 06 Sep 2011 22:02:27 +0100 5219843 Effects of Captivity and Body Condition on Plasma Corticosterone, Locomotor Behavior, and Plasma Metabolites in Curve-Billed Thrashers http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5194861&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F662068%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5194861 Fri, 02 Sep 2011 08:03:33 +0100 5194861 Using A Priori Contrasts for Multivariate Repeated-Measures ANOVA to Analyze Thermoregulatory Responses of the Dibbler (Parantechinus apicalis; Marsupialia, Dasyuridae) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5179445&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F661637%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5179445 Fri, 26 Aug 2011 13:28:31 +0100 5179445 The Regulation Index: A New Method for Assessing the Relationship between Oxygen Consumption and Environmental Oxygen http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5156882&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F661953%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5156882 Sat, 13 Aug 2011 08:05:21 +0100 5156882 A Physiological Perspective on Nectar-Feeding Adaptation in Phyllostomid Bats http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5156883&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F661541%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5156883 Thu, 11 Aug 2011 19:59:22 +0100 5156883 A Mass Balance Approach to Identify and Compare Differential Routing of 13C-Labeled Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins In Vivo http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5118024&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F661638%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5118024 Thu, 11 Aug 2011 15:10:32 +0100 5118024 Reactive Oxygen Species and the Regulation of Hyperproliferation in a Colonial Hydroid http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5118026&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F661952%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5118026 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 19:42:32 +0100 5118026 Embryonic Developmental Patterns and Energy Expenditure Are Affected by Incubation Temperature in Wood Ducks (Aix sponsa) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5118025&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F661749%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5118025 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 19:01:33 +0100 5118025 Decreasing Urea∶Trimethylamine N-Oxide Ratios with Depth in Chondrichthyes: A Physiological Depth Limit? http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5118028&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F661774%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5118028 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 20:23:38 +0100 5118028 Mitochondrial Metabolic Suppression in Fasting and Daily Torpor: Consequences for Reactive Oxygen Species Production http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5118027&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F661639%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Ahead of Print. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5118027 Mon, 08 Aug 2011 19:15:06 +0100 5118027 The Onset Temperature of the Heat-Shock Response and Whole-Organism Thermal Tolerance Are Tightly Correlated in both Laboratory-Acclimated and Field-Acclimatized Tidepool Sculpins (Oligocottus maculosus) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5094777&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F660113%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 4, Page 341-352, July/August 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5094777 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 13:08:51 +0100 5094777 Experimental Tests of Endocrine Function in Breeding and Nonbreeding Raptors http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5094783&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F661236%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 4, Page 406-416, July/August 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5094783 Fri, 08 Jul 2011 21:12:42 +0100 5094783 Coping with Intense Reproductive Aggression in Male Arctic Ground Squirrels: The Stress Axis and Its Signature Tell Divergent Stories http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5094784&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F660809%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 4, Page 417-428, July/August 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5094784 Fri, 08 Jul 2011 21:10:29 +0100 5094784 Within-Species Digestive Tract Flexibility in Rufous-Collared Sparrows and the Climatic Variability Hypothesis http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5094780&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F660970%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 4, Page 377-384, July/August 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5094780 Fri, 08 Jul 2011 21:07:54 +0100 5094780 Effects of Sibling Competition on Growth, Oxidative Stress, and Humoral Immunity: A Two-Year Brood-Size Manipulation http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5094785&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F661080%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 4, Page 429-437, July/August 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5094785 Fri, 08 Jul 2011 21:06:06 +0100 5094785 Remodeling Mitochondrial Membranes during Arousal from Hibernation http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5094786&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F660892%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 4, Page 438-449, July/August 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5094786 Fri, 08 Jul 2011 21:05:10 +0100 5094786 The Effects of Low-Speed Swimming Following Exhaustive Exercise on Metabolic Recovery and Swimming Performance in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5094781&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F660891%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 4, Page 385-393, July/August 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5094781 Fri, 08 Jul 2011 21:04:59 +0100 5094781 Effects of Training and Testosterone on Muscle Fiber Types and Locomotor Performance in Male Six-Lined Racerunners (Aspidoscelis sexlineata) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5094782&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F660850%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 4, Page 394-405, July/August 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5094782 Fri, 08 Jul 2011 21:03:41 +0100 5094782 Molecular Analysis, Tissue Profiles, and Seasonal Patterns of Cytosolic and Mitochondrial GPDH in Freeze-Resistant Rainbow Smelt (Osmerus mordax) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5094779&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F660162%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 4, Page 363-376, July/August 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5094779 Fri, 08 Jul 2011 21:03:26 +0100 5094779 Thermal Tolerance of Antarctic Notothenioid Fishes Correlates with Level of Circulating Hemoglobin http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5094778&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F660191%3Fai%3Dqiw%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 84, Issue 4, Page 353-362, July/August 2011. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5094778 Fri, 08 Jul 2011 21:02:34 +0100 5094778 Sex-Specific Effects of Increased Incubation Demand on Innate Immunity in Black Guillemots http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4264971&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F658373%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR We examined whether increased incubation demand affected innate immunity and body condition by performing a clutch-size manipulation experiment in black guillemots (Cepphus grylle). We found that plasma from males incubating experimentally enlarged clutches exhibited significantly reduced lysis titers compared with plasma from males incubating control clutches, while this was not observed in females. The increased incubation demand also impacted agglutination titers differently in males and females, although the effect of treatment was not significant in either sex. Among all birds, lysis titers increased and haptoglobin concentrations decreased from mid- to late incubation. Natural antibody-mediated agglutination titers and body condition were highly repeatable within the incubation bout ... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4264971 Sat, 18 Dec 2010 08:07:41 +0100 4264971 Heart Position in Snakes: Response to “Phylogeny, Ecology, and Heart Position in Snakes” http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4264972&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F658082%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. AbstractHere we comment on a recent article (Gartner et al. ) that addresses previous adaptive interpretations of heart position in the context of gravity effects on blood circulation of snakes. The authors used phylogenetically based statistical methods and concluded that both habitat and phylogeny influence heart position, which they contend is relatively more posterior in arboreal compared to terrestrial species. Their result is based on measurements of heart position relative to snout-vent length, rather than total body length as in previous studies. However, gravity acts on the total length of the arterial-venous vasculature, and caudal segments of continuous blood columns cannot be ignored. Arbo... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4264972 Thu, 16 Dec 2010 20:53:19 +0100 4264972 Reply to “Heart Position in Snakes” http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4264975&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F658085%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. AbstractIn a previous paper comparing 155 species of snakes, we showed that the position of the heart relative to the head is statistically related to both habitat usage and phylogenetic position (“Phylogeny, ecology, and heart position in snakes,” Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 83:43–54). More specifically, we found that, on average, arboreal snakes in our study had hearts placed more posteriorly than terrestrial species (). In their response, Professors Lillywhite and Seymour express the concerns that readers “might be misled by this statement or conclude that gravity has no clear influence on heart position in snakes.” We do not share these concerns, and we respond to all of the is... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4264975 Thu, 16 Dec 2010 20:42:31 +0100 4264975 Basal Metabolic Rate of Endotherms Can Be Modeled Using Heat-Transfer Principles and Physiological Concepts: Reply to “Can the Basal Metabolic Rate of Endotherms Be Explained by Biophysical Modeling?” http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4264974&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F658084%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. AbstractOur recent article (Roberts et al. ) proposes a mechanistic model for the relation between basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body mass (M) in mammals. The model is based on heat-transfer principles in the form of an equation for distributed heat generation within the body. The model can also be written in the form of the allometric equation BMR = aMb, in which a is the coefficient of the mass term and b is the allometric exponent. The model generates two interesting results: it predicts that b takes the value 2/3, indicating that BMR is proportional to surface area in endotherms. It also provides an explanation of the physiological components that make up a, that is, respiratory heat loss, core-s... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4264974 Thu, 16 Dec 2010 20:42:17 +0100 4264974 Can the Basal Metabolic Rate of Endotherms Be Explained by Biophysical Modeling? Response to “A New Model for the Body Size–Metabolism Relationship” http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4264973&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F658083%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. AbstractThe physiological mechanisms that determine basal metabolic rate (BMR) of endotherms have long been debated. This journal has recently presented a new model, based on biophysical principles of heat flux through the tissues of mammals, that attempts to explain the allometric relationship between BMR and body size. We offer a critique of the model and conclude that although the model may describe the physics of heat transfer through the body, it cannot explain mechanistically the level of BMR. BMR determines some of the key variables of the model, but no combination of the variables determines BMR. The model arrives at an equation relating BMR to body mass that is similar to descriptive empirica... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4264973 Thu, 16 Dec 2010 20:42:05 +0100 4264973 Food Restriction and Refeeding Have No Effect on Cellular and Humoral Immunity in Mongolian Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4248745&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F657687%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. AbstractSmall mammals in the temperate area often face fluctuations in food availability. Changes in food availability may have a great influence on an animals’ immunity, which is important to their survival. We tested the hypothesis that cellular and humoral immunity would be suppressed by food restriction and restored to control levels by refeeding in Mongolian gerbils Meriones unguiculatus. Forty adult male gerbils were randomly divided into food-restricted (80% of baseline food intake) and food ad lib. groups. Similarly, another 40 adult male gerbils were also randomly assigned to two groups: a group for which food was restricted for 36 d and then provided ad lib. and a group that was continuous... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4248745 Fri, 10 Dec 2010 08:09:01 +0100 4248745 Behavioral Responses to Immune-System Activation in an Anuran (the Cane Toad, Bufo marinus): Field and Laboratory Studies http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4229042&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F657609%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. AbstractThe challenges posed by parasites and pathogens evoke behavioral as well as physiological responses. Such behavioral responses are poorly understood for most ectothermic species, including anuran amphibians. We quantified effects of simulated infection (via injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) on feeding, activity, and thermoregulation of cane toads Bufo marinus within their invasive range in tropical Australia. LPS injection reduced feeding rates in laboratory trials. For toads in outdoor enclosures, LPS injection reduced activity and shifted body temperature profiles. Although previous research has attributed such thermal shifts to behavioral fever (elevated body temperatures may... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4229042 Sat, 04 Dec 2010 08:07:35 +0100 4229042 Increased Cardiac Alpha-Myosin Heavy Chain in Left Atria and Decreased Myocardial Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF-I) Expression Accompany Low Heart Rate in Hibernating Grizzly Bears http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4219203&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F657589%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR We report atrium-specific decreases of 40% and 50%, respectively, in MAFBx and creatine kinase mRNA expression during hibernation. Decreased creatine kinase expression is consistent with lowered energy requirements and could relate to reduced atrial emptying function during hibernation. Taken together with our hemodynamic assessment, these data suggest a potential downregulation of atrial chamber function during hibernation to prevent fatigue and dilation due to excessive work against an optimally filled ventricle, a response unpredicted by the Frank-Starling mechanism. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4219203 Wed, 01 Dec 2010 08:07:55 +0100 4219203 The Relative Importance of Respiratory Water Loss in Scorpions Is Correlated with Species Habitat Type and Activity Pattern http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4237102&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F657688%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This study reports RWL rates and their relative importance in scorpions from two families (Buthidae and Scorpionidae), including both xeric and mesic species (or subspecies). Two of the included Buthidae were surface-dwelling species, and another inhabits empty burrows of other terrestrial arthropods. This experimental design enabled correlating RWL importance with scorpion phylogeny, habitat type, and/or homing behavior. Buthidae species exhibited significantly lower EWL rates compared with those of Scorpionidae, whereas effects of habitat type and homing behavior were not significant. Resting RWL rates were not significantly affected by scorpion phylogeny, but rates for the xeric species (totaling ∼10% of EWL rates at 30°C) were significantly lower compared with those of mesic species... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4237102 Fri, 19 Nov 2010 21:05:34 +0100 4237102 Erratum: Carbon Turnover in Tissues of a Passerine Bird: Allometry, Isotopic Clocks, and Phenotypic Flexibility in Organ Size http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4150472&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F657659%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 83, Issue 6, Page 1032, November 2010. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4150472 Mon, 08 Nov 2010 19:08:09 +0100 4150472 Cod (Gadus morhua) Cardiorespiratory Physiology and Hypoxia Tolerance following Acclimation to Low-Oxygen Conditions http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4138890&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F657286%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. AbstractPrevious research has shown that hypoxia-acclimated Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) have significantly reduced cardiac function but can consume more oxygen for a given cardiac output (Q). However, it is not known (1) which physiological changes permit a greater “oxygen pulse” (oxygen consumed per mL of blood pumped) in hypoxia-acclimated individuals or (2) whether chronic exposure to low-oxygen conditions improves the hypoxia tolerance of cod. Thus, we exposed normoxia- and hypoxia-acclimated (>6 wk at a water oxygen partial pressure [Pwo2] of ∼8–9 kPa) cod to a graded normoxia challenge until loss of equilibrium occurred while recording the following cardiorespiratory variables: oxygen co... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4138890 Fri, 05 Nov 2010 07:07:46 +0100 4138890 Ontogeny and Nutritional Status Influence Oxidative Kinetics of Nutrients and Whole-Animal Bioenergetics in Zebra Finches, Taeniopygia guttata: New Applications for 13C Breath Testing http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4133001&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F657285%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. AbstractRapidly growing animals or those that are recovering from nutritional stress may use exogenous nutrients differently from well fed adults. To test this possibility, we compared the rates of exogenous nutrient oxidation among fledgling, fasted adult, and refed adult zebra finches using a technique called breath testing, where animals are fed 13C-labeled nutrients and 13C in the exhaled breath is collected and quantified. In order to identify the possible mechanisms responsible for differences in oxidative kinetics of ingested nutrients, we also compared body mass (mb), organ mass, core body temperature (Tb), and metabolic rate (MR). We found that fasted birds had lower Tb, relative liver and in... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4133001 Wed, 03 Nov 2010 07:06:34 +0100 4133001 Ion-Deficient Environment Induces the Expression of Basolateral Chloride Channel, ClC-3-Like Protein, in Gill Mitochondrion-Rich Cells for Chloride Uptake of the Tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4196563&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F657161%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This study is the first to illustrate the exhibition of a basolateral chloride channel potentially responsible for Cl− absorption in the ion-absorbing subtype of gill MR cells of tilapia. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4196563 Tue, 02 Nov 2010 20:33:35 +0100 4196563 Thermoregulation during Flight: Body Temperature and Sensible Heat Transfer in Free-Ranging Brazilian Free-Tailed Bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4121687&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F657253%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Bat wings are important for thermoregulation, but their role in heat balance during flight is largely unknown. More than 80% of the energy consumed during flight generates heat as a by-product, and thus it is expected that bat wings should dissipate large amounts of heat to prevent hyperthermia. We measured rectal (Tr) and surface (Ts) temperatures of Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) as they emerged from and returned to their daytime roosts and calculated sensible heat transfer for different body regions (head, body, wings, and tail membrane). Bats’ Tr decreased from 36.8°C during emergence flights to 34.4°C during returns, and Ts scaled positively with ambient temperat... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4121687 Sat, 30 Oct 2010 07:06:17 +0100 4121687 A Fish Out of Water: Gill and Skin Remodeling Promotes Osmo- and Ionoregulation in the Mangrove Killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4117809&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656307%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. AbstractThe euryhaline, amphibious mangrove killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus is known to survive weeks out of water in moist environments. We tested the hypothesis that the skin is a site of osmo- and ionoregulation in K. marmoratus. We predicted that under terrestrial conditions, gill and skin remodeling would result in an enhanced role for skin and a diminished role for the gills in osmo- and ionoregulation. Fish were exposed to water—either freshwater (FW, 1‰) or hypersaline water (saltwater [SW], 45‰)—or air over a moist surface of FW or SW for 9 d and then recovered in water. When fish were emersed for 9 d, 22Na and 3H-H2O were exchanged across the cutaneous surface. Homeostasis of whole... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4117809 Fri, 29 Oct 2010 07:07:18 +0100 4117809 A New Comparative Metric for Estimating Heterothermy in Endotherms http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4117811&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656724%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. AbstractA major focus in the study of endothermic thermoregulation has been the description of thermoregulatory patterns used by various species and/or populations. Compared with ectotherms, relatively few attempts have been made to study the thermoregulation of endotherms in an adaptive framework. We believe that one of the main factors limiting this area of research has been the lack of an appropriate metric to directly compare body temperature (Tb) variation across all endothermic species. Thus, we present a simple comparative metric, the heterothermy index (HI), to quantify the expression of heterothermy by endotherms during a given time frame. Key advantages of HI are that (1) it represents a new... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4117811 Wed, 27 Oct 2010 22:31:18 +0100 4117811 Protein Synthesis, Degradation, and Retention: Mechanisms of Indeterminate Growth in Cephalopods http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4117810&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656387%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This study is the first to examine the underlying process of growth in a cephalopod, the southern dumpling squid (Euprymna tasmanica), to ascertain the mechanism by which indeterminate growth is achieved in this live-fast, die-young group of animals. This is the first study to estimate rates of protein synthesis and growth of squid from 7 to 140 d of age, providing an understanding of both the pattern and the process of growth throughout the lifetime of a squid species. Younger and smaller individuals had greater rates of protein synthesis and protein synthesis retention efficiency, as well as more RNA, than did older and larger individuals. Variation in growth rates among older, larger individuals was a function of individuals with faster growth rates having greater protein synthesis rete... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4117810 Wed, 27 Oct 2010 22:31:16 +0100 4117810 The Effect of Maternal State on the Steroid and Macronutrient Content of Lesser Black-Backed Gull Eggs http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4117812&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656568%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This study investigated the effects of maternal state and food availability on the capacity of female lesser black-backed gulls Larus fuscus to provision their eggs with macronutrients and steroid hormones. Maternal state was reduced by increasing egg-production effort, whereas extra food was provided to reverse this effect. Compared with eggs of first clutches, eggs of experimentally induced replacement clutches exhibited a lower yolk/albumen ratio and contained more yolk testosterone. During one of the three years in which the study was performed, replacement eggs also contained more 17β-estradiol. Food provisioning during the relaying interval did not affect changes in yolk/albumen ratio or steroid concentrations, but fed females produced bigger eggs in their replacement clutch. This s... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4117812 Tue, 26 Oct 2010 20:57:34 +0100 4117812 Contrasted Thermal Regimes Do Not Influence Digestion and Growth Rates in a Snake from a Temperate Climate http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4096773&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656050%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. AbstractTemperature influences almost all life-history traits. For a period of 3 mo, we placed four groups of snakes under four contrasted thermal treatments: (1) a natural regime (NR), based on daily variations (24-h cycle); (2) an accelerated regime (AR), where the thermoperiod fluctuated rapidly (12-h cycle); (3) a slow regime (SR; 48-h cycle); and (4) a cool stable regime (ZR; no fluctuation). The mean temperature, set at 23°C, was identical for the four groups. For the first three groups (NR, AR, SR), ambient temperature fluctuated between 18°C and 28°C. Relative humidity and photoperiod were constant. We recorded feeding success, digestion efficiency, growth rate, activity, and ecdysis events... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4096773 Sat, 23 Oct 2010 07:06:43 +0100 4096773 Effects of Age and Body Mass on Development of Diving Capabilities of Gray Seal Pups: Costs and Benefits of the Postweaning Fast http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4096774&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656925%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. AbstractDevelopment of adequate diving capabilities is crucial for survival of seal pups and may depend on age and body size. We tracked the diving behavior of 20 gray seal pups during their first 3 mo at sea using satellite relay data loggers. We employed quantile analysis to track upper limits of dive duration and percentage time spent diving, and lower limits of surface intervals. When pups first left the breeding colony, extreme (ninety-fifth percentile) dive duration and percentage time spent diving were positively correlated with age, but not mass, at departure. Extreme dive durations and percentage time spent diving peaked at d of age at values comparable with those of adults, but were not sust... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4096774 Fri, 22 Oct 2010 20:19:14 +0100 4096774 Physiological Responses of Free-Swimming Adult Coho Salmon to Simulated Predator and Fisheries Encounters http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4096775&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656336%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. AbstractThe responses of free-swimming adult coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to simulated predator and fisheries encounters were assessed by monitoring heart rate (fH) with implanted data loggers and periodically taking caudal blood samples. A 10- or 30-min corralling treatment was conducted to simulate conspecifics being cornered by a predator or corralled by fisheries gear without physical contact. Corralling rapidly doubled fH from ∼31 beats min−1 to a maximum of ∼60 beats min−1, regardless of the duration of the corralling. However, recovery of fH to precorralling levels was significantly faster after the 10-min corralling (7.6 h) than after the 30-min corralling (11.5 h). An exhaustive... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4096775 Wed, 20 Oct 2010 20:33:22 +0100 4096775 Energetic Costs and Thermoregulation in Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus) Pups: The Importance of Behavioral Strategies for Thermal Balance in Furred Marine Mammals http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4076853&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656426%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR In this study, I examined the importance of behavioral thermoregulation in the northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus) pup, a small-bodied endotherm that spends prolonged periods at sea. The thermal neutral zones of three weaned male northern fur seal pups (body mass range = 11.8–12.8 kg) were determined by measuring resting metabolic rate using open-flow respirometry at water temperatures ranging from 2.5° to 25.0°C. Metabolic rate averaged mL O2 kg−1 min−1 for pups resting within their thermal neutral zone; lower critical temperature was , approximately 8°C higher than the coldest sea surface temperatures encountered in northern Pacific waters. To determine whether behavioral strategies could mitigate this potential thermal limitation, I measured metabolic rate during grooming a... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4076853 Sun, 17 Oct 2010 07:14:05 +0100 4076853 Eggshell Permeability: A Standard Technique for Determining Interspecific Rates of Water Vapor Conductance http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4076854&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656287%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR We report the following results: (1) mass loss between weighing sessions was highly repeatable and consistent in all species; (2) the majority of intraspecific variability in eggshell water vapor conductance between different eggs of the same species was explained through the differences in water vapor conductance between the three eggshell parts of the same egg (B, E, and P); (3) the technique was sensitive enough to detect significant differences between the three domestic species; (4) there was no overall significant difference between water vapor conductance of museum and fresh black-headed gull eggs; (5) there was no significant difference in water vapor conductance for egg fragments taken from the same egg both between different trials and within the same trial. We conclude, therefor... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4076854 Tue, 12 Oct 2010 20:55:23 +0100 4076854 Diel Patterns of Nitrogen Excretion, Plasma Constituents, and Behavior in the Gulf Toadfish (Opsanus beta) in Laboratory versus Outdoor Mesocosm Settings http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4117813&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656427%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Nitrogen excretion by the gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) is of interest because of its high proportion of urea excretion compared with that of other teleosts. To better understand the factors influencing the timing of nitrogen excretion, the ratio of excreted urea∶ammonia, and the effector molecules regulating these processes, gulf toadfish were subjected to a series of experiments that moved them progressively from internal laboratory to outdoor mesocosm settings while assessing their behavior, nitrogen excretion patterns, levels of plasma hormones/effectors, and other parameters. In confined flux chambers in both laboratory and outdoor settings, toadfish nitrogen excretion was largely obse... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4117813 Fri, 08 Oct 2010 18:22:13 +0100 4117813 Seasonal Carryover Effects following the Administration of Cortisol to a Wild Teleost Fish http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4076855&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656286%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This study provides preliminary evidence of seasonal carryover effects in wild fish and yields insight into the ecological consequences of stress across broad temporal scales. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4076855 Fri, 08 Oct 2010 18:13:34 +0100 4076855 The Evolution of Cold Tolerance in Drosophila Larvae http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4138891&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F657147%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Temperature is a primary determinant of insect and other ectotherm distribution and activity. Physiological and behavioral adaptations allow many insects to survive at subzero temperatures, yet the evolutionary influences on insect cold tolerance are unclear. Supercooling points, basal cold tolerance, cold-tolerance strategy, and inducible cold tolerance from rapid cold-hardening or acclimation were measured in a phylogenetically independent context in larvae of 27 phylogenetically diverse Drosophila species acquired from stock collections. Supercooling capacity is attributed primarily to physical factors, such as dry mass and water mass. Species of the obscura group were more resistant to a... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4138891 Fri, 08 Oct 2010 16:55:55 +0100 4138891 Phosphorylation Events Catalyzed by Major Cell Signaling Proteins Differ in Response to Thermal and Osmotic Stress among Native (Mytilus californianus and Mytilus trossulus) and Invasive (Mytilus galloprovincialis) Species of Mussels http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4076856&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656192%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR In this study, proteins phosphorylated on consensus sequences for protein kinases A, B, and C; cyclin-dependent kinases; and mitogen-activated protein kinases, as well as the abundance of phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinase (phospho-SAPK/JNK), were quantified in order to ascertain whether phosphorylation events are divergent among native (Mytilus californianus and Mytilus trossulus) and invasive (Mytilus galloprovincialis) species of mussels that differ in their tolerance toward environmental stress. Abundances of phosphorylated substrate proteins for each of the major signaling proteins that were investigated, as well as the abundance of phospho-SAPK/JNK, differed both within and between species during thermal and osmotic stress. These data suggest that modulating protein funct... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4076856 Tue, 28 Sep 2010 16:57:08 +0100 4076856 Steve Morris http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885031&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656049%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 83, Issue 5, Page 699-701, September/October 2010. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885031 Fri, 20 Aug 2010 07:07:48 +0100 3885031 Modeling Animal Landscapes http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885032&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656181%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 83, Issue 5, Page 705-712, September/October 2010. Abstract There is an increasing need to assess the effects of climate and land‐use change on habitat quality, ideally from a mechanistic basis. The symposium “Molecules to Migration: Pressures of Life” at the Fourth International Conference in Africa for Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya, 2008, illustrated how the principles of biophysical ecology can capture the mechanistic links between organisms, climate, and other habitat features. These principles provide spatially explicit assessments of habitat quality from a physiological perspective (i.e., “animal landscapes”) that can be validated independently of the data used to derive and p... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885032 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 19:35:26 +0100 3885032 Neuropeptide Action in Insects and Crustaceans http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885042&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648470%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 83, Issue 5, Page 836-846, September/October 2010. Abstract Physiological processes are regulated by a diverse array of neuropeptides that coordinate organ systems. The neuropeptides, many of which act through G protein–coupled receptors, affect the levels of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) and Ca2+ in target tissues. In this perspective, their roles in molting, osmoregulation, metabolite utilization, and cardiovascular function are highlighted. In decapod crustaceans, inhibitory neuropeptides (molt‐inihibiting hormone and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone) suppress the molting gland through cAMP‐ and cGMP‐mediated signaling. In insects, the complex movements during ecdysis are controlled by ecdysis‐triggering hormone and a ca... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885042 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 19:35:14 +0100 3885042 Plasticity of Oxidative Metabolism in Variable Climates: Molecular Mechanisms http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885034&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F649964%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 83, Issue 5, Page 721-732, September/October 2010. Abstract Converting food to chemical energy (ATP) that is usable by cells is a principal requirement to sustain life. The rate of ATP production has to be sufficient for housekeeping functions, such as protein synthesis and maintaining membrane potentials, as well as for growth and locomotion. Energy metabolism is temperature sensitive, and animals respond to environmental variability at different temporal levels, from within‐individual to evolutionary timescales. Here we review principal molecular mechanisms that underlie control of oxidative ATP production in response to climate variability. Nuclear transcription factors and coactivators control expression of mitochondrial proteins an... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885034 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 19:35:07 +0100 3885034 Recent Advances into Understanding Some Aspects of the Structure and Function of Mammalian and Avian Lungs http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885039&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F652244%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 83, Issue 5, Page 792-807, September/October 2010. Abstract Recent findings are reported about certain aspects of the structure and function of the mammalian and avian lungs that include (a) the architecture of the air capillaries (ACs) and the blood capillaries (BCs); (b) the pulmonary blood capillary circulatory dynamics; (c) the adaptive molecular, cellular, biochemical, compositional, and developmental characteristics of the surfactant system; (d) the mechanisms of the translocation of fine and ultrafine particles across the airway epithelial barrier; and (e) the particle‐cell interactions in the pulmonary airways. In the lung of the Muscovy duck Cairina moschata, at least, the ACs are rotund structures that are interconnected by na... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885039 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 19:35:05 +0100 3885039 Physiological Mechanisms in Coping with Climate Change http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885033&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F652242%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 83, Issue 5, Page 713-720, September/October 2010. Abstract Although many studies have modeled the effects of climate change on future species distributions and extinctions, the theoretical approach most commonly used—climate envelope modeling—typically ignores the potential physiological capacity of animals to respond to climate change. We explore the consequences of the phenotypic plasticity available to animals, by examining physiological responses of free‐living animals in their natural habitats and by applying integrative, mechanistic models of heat exchange in invertebrates and humans. Specifically, we explore how behavioral, autonomic, and morphological modifications such as nocturnal activity, selective brain cooling, and bo... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885033 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 19:34:56 +0100 3885033 Biological Clocks and Regulation of Seasonal Reproduction and Migration in Birds http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885041&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F652243%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 83, Issue 5, Page 827-835, September/October 2010. Abstract Timekeeping is important at two levels: to time changes in physiology and behavior within each day and within each year. For the former, birds have a system of at least three independent circadian clocks present in the retina of the eyes, the pineal gland, and the hypothalamus. This differs from the situation in mammals in which the input, pacemaker, and output are localized in different structures. Each bird clock interacts with at least one other clock, and together, they appear to form a centralized clock system that keeps daily time. These clocks have a powerful endogenous component, and the daily light‐dark cycle entrains them to 24 h. The timing and duration of life histo... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885041 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 19:34:55 +0100 3885041 Digestive Challenges for Vertebrate Animals: Microbial Diversity, Cardiorespiratory Coupling, and Dietary Specialization http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885037&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F650472%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 83, Issue 5, Page 764-774, September/October 2010. Abstract The digestive system is the interface between the supply of food for an animal and the demand for energy and nutrients to maintain the body, to grow, and to reproduce. Digestive systems are not morphologically static but rather dynamically respond to changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of the diet and the level of food intake. In this article, we discuss three themes that affect the ability of an animal to alter digestive function in relation to novel substrates and changing food supply: (1) the fermentative digestion in herbivores, (2) the integration of cardiopulmonary and digestive functions, and (3) the evolution of dietary specialization. Herbivores consume,... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885037 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 19:34:22 +0100 3885037 First Aid Kit for Hypoxic Survival: Sensors and Strategies http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885036&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651584%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This article uses a comparative approach to assess the efficiency of adaptive strategies used by anoxia‐tolerant and hypoxia‐sensitive species to support survival during the first minutes to 1 h of oxygen deprivation. An aquatic environment is much more demanding in terms of diurnal and seasonal variations of the ambient oxygen availability from anoxia to hyperoxia than is an air environment. Therefore, fishes and aquatic turtles have developed a number of adaptive responses, which are lacking in most of the terrestrial mammals, to cope with these extreme conditions. These include efficient central and peripheral chemoreception, acute changes in respiratory rate and amplitude, and acute increase of the gas‐exchange interface. A special set of adaptive mechanisms are engaged in reduct... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885036 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 19:34:18 +0100 3885036 Niche Dimensions in Fishes: An Integrative View http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885040&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F655977%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 83, Issue 5, Page 808-826, September/October 2010. Abstract Current shifts in ecosystem composition and function emphasize the need for an understanding of the links between environmental factors and organism fitness and tolerance. The examples discussed here illustrate how recent progress in the field of comparative physiology may provide a better mechanistic understanding of the ecological concepts of the fundamental and realized niches and thus provide insights into the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance. Here we argue that, as a link between physiological and ecological indicators of organismal performance, the mechanisms shaping aerobic scope and passive tolerance set the dimensions of an animal’s niche, here defined as its capac... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885040 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 19:34:09 +0100 3885040 Functional Plasticity of the Developing Cardiovascular System: Examples from Different Vertebrates http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885038&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656004%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This article comprises exemplary studies presented at the Fourth International Conference in Africa for Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry (Maasai Mara, Kenya, 2008). It includes a brief introduction into technical advances, discusses the developing cardiovascular system of various vertebrates, and demonstrates the flexibility and plasticity of early developmental stages. Fluid forces, oxygen availability, ionic homeostasis, and the chemical environment (including, e.g., hormone concentrations or cholesterol levels) all contribute to the shaping and performance of the cardiovascular system. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885038 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 19:33:52 +0100 3885038 Hypoxia Tolerance in Animals: Biology and Application http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3885035&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648581%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 83, Issue 5, Page 733-752, September/October 2010. Abstract Many invertebrates and ectothermic vertebrates successfully cope with a fluctuating supply of ambient oxygen—and consequently, a highly variable tissue oxygenation—through increasing their antioxidant barriers. During chronic deprivation of oxygen, however, the hypometabolic defense mode of the fruit fly Drosophila, the hypoxia‐induced behavioral hypothermia of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, and the production of ethanol during anoxia by the crucian carp Carassius carassius all indicate that these animals are also capable of utilizing a suite of genetic and physiological defenses to survive otherwise lethal reductions in tissue oxygenation. Normally, much of an orga... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3885035 Thu, 19 Aug 2010 19:33:41 +0100 3885035 Niche Dimensions in Fishes: An Integrative View* http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3861696&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F655977%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Current shifts in ecosystem composition and function emphasize the need for an understanding of the links between environmental factors and organism fitness and tolerance. The examples discussed here illustrate how recent progress in the field of comparative physiology may provide a better mechanistic understanding of the ecological concepts of the fundamental and realized niches and thus provide insights into the impacts of anthropogenic disturbance. Here we argue that, as a link between physiological and ecological indicators of organismal performance, the mechanisms shaping aerobic scope and passive tolerance set the dimensions of an animal’s niche, here defined as its capacity to survi... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3861696 Fri, 13 Aug 2010 07:07:13 +0100 3861696 Long‐Term Patterns of Immune Investment by Wild Deer Mice Infected with Sin Nombre Virus http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3848667&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656215%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR The objective of our study was to examine these contrasting views of immunity by evaluating seasonal patterns of immune response and reproduction in wild populations of deer mice Peromyscus maniculatus exposed to Sin Nombre virus (SNV). Over three consecutive fall (September, October, November) and three consecutive spring (March, April, May) sampling periods, we used titration enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify virus‐specific antibody production in 48 deer mice infected with SNV. Levels of reproductive hormones were quantified using ELISA. SNV antibody titers reached their lowest level during November (geometric mean titer $[ \mathrm{GMT}\,] =420$) and their highest levels during September ($\mathrm{GMT}\,=5,545$) and May ($\mathrm{GMT}\,=3,582$), suggesting that th... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3848667 Tue, 10 Aug 2010 07:06:31 +0100 3848667 Recent Advances into Understanding Some Aspects of the Structure and Function of Mammalian and Avian Lungs* http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3826757&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F652244%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Recent findings are reported about certain aspects of the structure and function of the mammalian and avian lungs that include (a) the architecture of the air capillaries (ACs) and the blood capillaries (BCs); (b) the pulmonary blood capillary circulatory dynamics; (c) the adaptive molecular, cellular, biochemical, compositional, and developmental characteristics of the surfactant system; (d) the mechanisms of the translocation of fine and ultrafine particles across the airway epithelial barrier; and (e) the particle‐cell interactions in the pulmonary airways. In the lung of the Muscovy duck Cairina moschata, at least, the ACs are rotund structures that are interconnected by narrow cylindr... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3826757 Fri, 06 Aug 2010 07:08:04 +0100 3826757 Energetics of Lizard Embryos at Fluctuating Temperatures http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3826759&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656217%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Most animals experience fluctuations in temperature during development, but studies of energetics have ignored the potential influence of these thermal fluctuations. We measured the energetics of Sceloporus undulatus lizard embryos under two conditions that differ realistically in the mean and variance of temperature (diel cycles of 20°–30° and 20°–34°C). Our goal was to determine whether embryos in warm nests would expend more energy to develop than embryos in cool nests. We quantified metabolic rates during development, durations of incubation, and sizes at hatching. To describe changes in metabolic rate during incubation, we used the Akaike Information Criterion to determine the b... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3826759 Thu, 05 Aug 2010 20:16:21 +0100 3826759 Functional Plasticity of the Developing Cardiovascular System: Examples from Different Vertebrates* http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3826758&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656004%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This article comprises exemplary studies presented at the Fourth International Conference in Africa for Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry (Maasai Mara, Kenya, 2008). It includes a brief introduction into technical advances, discusses the developing cardiovascular system of various vertebrates, and demonstrates the flexibility and plasticity of early developmental stages. Fluid forces, oxygen availability, ionic homeostasis, and the chemical environment (including, e.g., hormone concentrations or cholesterol levels) all contribute to the shaping and performance of the cardiovascular system. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3826758 Thu, 05 Aug 2010 17:54:03 +0100 3826758 Modeling Animal Landscapes* http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3802089&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656181%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract There is an increasing need to assess the effects of climate and land‐use change on habitat quality, ideally from a mechanistic basis. The symposium “Molecules to Migration: Pressures of Life” at the Fourth International Conference in Africa for Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya, 2008, illustrated how the principles of biophysical ecology can capture the mechanistic links between organisms, climate, and other habitat features. These principles provide spatially explicit assessments of habitat quality from a physiological perspective (i.e., “animal landscapes”) that can be validated independently of the data used to derive and parameterize ... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3802089 Fri, 30 Jul 2010 07:07:53 +0100 3802089 Metabolic Rate Variation over Adult Lifetime in the Butterfly Vanessa cardui (Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae): Aging, Feeding, and Repeatability http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3848668&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656216%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Questions about the adaptive importance of metabolic rate can be approached only when measurements of differences between individuals are repeatable. We made daily measurements of CO2 production, body mass, and food uptake over the adult life span of unmated Vanessa cardui kept under constant environmental conditions in both fed and unfed treatments. Mass and CO2 production generally declined with age in both treatments, though with much day‐to‐day variability in the fed treatment. For the full samples, metabolic rate was repeatable for the unfed treatment (repeatability $r=0.60$) but not for the fed treatment ($r=0.03$). Differences between fed and unfed individuals of the same age rang... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3848668 Tue, 27 Jul 2010 20:56:16 +0100 3848668 Molecules to Migration: Pressures of Life http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3783938&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656019%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract The highly successful Fourth International Conference in Africa for Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry (ICA‐CPB) was held in the Maasai Mara National Reserve in July 2008. The theme of the meeting was “Molecules to Migration: Pressures of Life.” To enhance the theme, the venue and timing of the meeting were chosen to coincide with the arrival of approximately 1.4 million wildebeest on their annual migration from the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania. Like the three previous ICA‐CPB meetings, the discussion topics and the resulting collection of synthesia presented here were very diverse. The articles in this special collection reflect the authors’ interest in broadening our ... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3783938 Sat, 24 Jul 2010 07:06:49 +0100 3783938 The Cocoon of the Fossorial Frog Cyclorana australis Functions Primarily as a Barrier to Water Exchange with the Substrate http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3826760&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656218%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Studies of evaporative water loss using streams of dry air in the laboratory have demonstrated reduced rates in various taxa of cocooned frogs. However, because the cocoon is formed in subterranean burrows with humid microclimates and no air flow, loss of water by evaporation is likely to be negligible. In contrast, although potentially important, the influence of the cocoon on water exchange with the soil surface has not been characterized. In dry soils, there is a sizable water potential gradient between the frog and the soil; hence, we hypothesized that cocoons would play a role in reducing liquid water loss to dry substrates. Individuals of the burrowing frog Cyclorana australis (Hylidae... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3826760 Fri, 23 Jul 2010 19:31:48 +0100 3826760 Steve Morris* http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3857916&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F656049%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3857916 Tue, 20 Jul 2010 15:14:47 +0100 3857916 Biological Clocks and Regulation of Seasonal Reproduction and Migration in Birds* http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3729692&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F652243%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Timekeeping is important at two levels: to time changes in physiology and behavior within each day and within each year. For the former, birds have a system of at least three independent circadian clocks present in the retina of the eyes, the pineal gland, and the hypothalamus. This differs from the situation in mammals in which the input, pacemaker, and output are localized in different structures. Each bird clock interacts with at least one other clock, and together, they appear to form a centralized clock system that keeps daily time. These clocks have a powerful endogenous component, and the daily light‐dark cycle entrains them to 24 h. The timing and duration of life history stages th... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3729692 Wed, 07 Jul 2010 07:05:40 +0100 3729692 Plasticity of Oxidative Metabolism in Variable Climates: Molecular Mechanisms* http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3710236&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F649964%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Converting food to chemical energy (ATP) that is usable by cells is a principal requirement to sustain life. The rate of ATP production has to be sufficient for housekeeping functions, such as protein synthesis and maintaining membrane potentials, as well as for growth and locomotion. Energy metabolism is temperature sensitive, and animals respond to environmental variability at different temporal levels, from within‐individual to evolutionary timescales. Here we review principal molecular mechanisms that underlie control of oxidative ATP production in response to climate variability. Nuclear transcription factors and coactivators control expression of mitochondrial proteins and abundance ... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3710236 Wed, 30 Jun 2010 07:08:47 +0100 3710236 Digestive Challenges for Vertebrate Animals: Microbial Diversity, Cardiorespiratory Coupling, and Dietary Specialization* http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3699202&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F650472%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract The digestive system is the interface between the supply of food for an animal and the demand for energy and nutrients to maintain the body, to grow, and to reproduce. Digestive systems are not morphologically static but rather dynamically respond to changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of the diet and the level of food intake. In this article, we discuss three themes that affect the ability of an animal to alter digestive function in relation to novel substrates and changing food supply: (1) the fermentative digestion in herbivores, (2) the integration of cardiopulmonary and digestive functions, and (3) the evolution of dietary specialization. Herbivores consume, digest, and... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3699202 Sat, 26 Jun 2010 07:09:07 +0100 3699202 Physiological Mechanisms in Coping with Climate Change* http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3699204&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F652242%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Although many studies have modeled the effects of climate change on future species distributions and extinctions, the theoretical approach most commonly used—climate envelope modeling—typically ignores the potential physiological capacity of animals to respond to climate change. We explore the consequences of the phenotypic plasticity available to animals, by examining physiological responses of free‐living animals in their natural habitats and by applying integrative, mechanistic models of heat exchange in invertebrates and humans. Specifically, we explore how behavioral, autonomic, and morphological modifications such as nocturnal activity, selective brain cooling, and body color may... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3699204 Fri, 25 Jun 2010 17:53:23 +0100 3699204 First Aid Kit for Hypoxic Survival: Sensors and Strategies* http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3699203&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651584%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This article uses a comparative approach to assess the efficiency of adaptive strategies used by anoxia‐tolerant and hypoxia‐sensitive species to support survival during the first minutes to 1 h of oxygen deprivation. An aquatic environment is much more demanding in terms of diurnal and seasonal variations of the ambient oxygen availability from anoxia to hyperoxia than is an air environment. Therefore, fishes and aquatic turtles have developed a number of adaptive responses, which are lacking in most of the terrestrial mammals, to cope with these extreme conditions. These include efficient central and peripheral chemoreception, acute changes in respiratory rate and amplitude, and acute increase of the gas‐exchange interface. A special set of adaptive mechanisms are engaged in reduct... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3699203 Fri, 25 Jun 2010 17:52:32 +0100 3699203 Hypoxia Tolerance in Animals: Biology and Application* http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3683327&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648581%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Many invertebrates and ectothermic vertebrates successfully cope with a fluctuating supply of ambient oxygen—and consequently, a highly variable tissue oxygenation—through increasing their antioxidant barriers. During chronic deprivation of oxygen, however, the hypometabolic defense mode of the fruit fly Drosophila, the hypoxia‐induced behavioral hypothermia of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, and the production of ethanol during anoxia by the crucian carp Carassius carassius all indicate that these animals are also capable of utilizing a suite of genetic and physiological defenses to survive otherwise lethal reductions in tissue oxygenation. Normally, much of an organism’s gen... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3683327 Tue, 22 Jun 2010 07:08:41 +0100 3683327 Neuropeptide Action in Insects and Crustaceans* http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3665726&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648470%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Physiological processes are regulated by a diverse array of neuropeptides that coordinate organ systems. The neuropeptides, many of which act through G protein–coupled receptors, affect the levels of cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) and Ca2+ in target tissues. In this perspective, their roles in molting, osmoregulation, metabolite utilization, and cardiovascular function are highlighted. In decapod crustaceans, inhibitory neuropeptides (molt‐inihibiting hormone and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone) suppress the molting gland through cAMP‐ and cGMP‐mediated signaling. In insects, the complex movements during ecdysis are controlled by ecdysis‐triggering hormone and a cascade of dow... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3665726 Wed, 16 Jun 2010 07:08:44 +0100 3665726 Anatomical and Physiological Changes Associated with a Recent Dietary Shift in the Lizard Podarcis sicula http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3603207&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651704%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Dietary shifts have played a major role in the evolution of many vertebrates. The idea that the evolution of herbivory is physiologically constrained in squamates is challenged by a number of observations that suggest that at least some lizards can overcome the putative physiological difficulties of herbivory on evolutionary and even ecological timescales. We compared a number of morphological and physiological traits purportedly associated with plant consumption between two island populations of the lacertid lizard Podarcis sicula. Previous studies revealed considerable differences in the amount of plant material consumed between those populations. We continued the investigation of this stu... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3603207 Thu, 27 May 2010 07:10:53 +0100 3603207 Dynamics of Body Protein and the Implications for Reproduction in Captive Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) during Winter http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3595347&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F652729%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Muskoxen are considered to be obligate capital breeders because they rely exclusively on endogenous stores to reproduce. We studied 14 captive female muskoxen (not pregnant, $n=9$; pregnant, $n=5$) in February–June 2007 to assess changes in body composition and isotopic correlates of protein status (proportions of amino acid [p‐AN] and urea N [p‐UN] derived from body N). We measured body mass, body composition, and N metabolites in blood and urine between midgestation in February and early lactation (postcalving). All muskoxen lost body mass (−6% to −12%) and fat (−22% to −24%) over the winter, and pregnant muskoxen lost body protein (−6%) in late gestation. Nonpregnant anima... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3595347 Tue, 25 May 2010 07:10:48 +0100 3595347 In Cold‐Hardy Insects, Seasonal, Temperature, and Reversible Phosphorylation Controls Regulate Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3588730&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F653489%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This study documents the suppression of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA) activity in the overwintering larvae of two cold‐hardy species, the freeze‐avoiding gall moth Epiblema scudderiana and the freeze‐tolerant gall fly Eurosta solidaginis. Activity was reduced despite a lack of change in SERCA protein levels in E. solidaginis larvae over the winter and a six‐ to eightfold increase in SERCA protein in E. scudderiana. This implicated posttranslational modification as the mechanism of SERCA suppression, and in vitro incubations indicated that enzyme phosphorylation by protein kinases A, G, or C strongly reduced enzyme activity. A stable reduction in SERCA activity was also seen in cold‐acclimated larvae of both species compared with 15°C controls, with significan... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3588730 Sat, 22 May 2010 07:09:14 +0100 3588730 Influences of Sex and Activity Level on Physiological Changes in Individual Adult Sockeye Salmon during Rapid Senescence http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3581387&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F652411%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This study provides some of the first data to look at sex differences in senescence in Pacific salmon. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3581387 Thu, 20 May 2010 07:11:13 +0100 3581387 Does Incubation Temperature Fluctuation Influence Hatchling Phenotypes in Reptiles? A Test Using Parthenogenetic Geckos http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3573354&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F652245%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Many lineages of parthenogenetic organisms have persisted through significant environmental change despite the constraints imposed by their fixed genotype and limited evolutionary potential. The ability of parthenogens to occur sympatrically with sexual relatives may in part be due to phenotypic plasticity in their responses to their environment, especially with respect to incubation temperature—a maternally selected trait. Here we measured the incubation temperatures selected by two lineages of triploid parthenogenic geckos in the Heteronotia binoei complex by allowing them to deposit clutches along a thermal gradient. The average nest temperature selected was 28.4°C, with no significant... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3573354 Tue, 18 May 2010 07:09:35 +0100 3573354 The Role of Python Eggshell Permeability Dynamics in a Respiration‐Hydration Trade‐Off http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3573355&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F652425%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Parental care is taxonomically widespread because it improves developmental conditions and thus fitness of offspring. Although relatively simplistic compared with parental behaviors of other taxa, python egg‐brooding behavior exemplifies parental care because it mediates a trade‐off between embryonic respiration and hydration. However, because egg brooding increases gas‐exchange resistance between embryonic and nest environments and because female pythons do not adjust their brooding behavior in response to the increasing metabolic requirements of developing offspring, python egg brooding imposes hypoxic costs on embryos during the late stages of incubation. We conducted a series of ex... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3573355 Mon, 17 May 2010 19:26:56 +0100 3573355 In Vivo Ion Fluxes across the Eggs of Armadillidium vulgare (Oniscidea: Isopoda): The Role of the Dorsal Organ http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3563635&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651583%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract The thin‐walled, lecithotrophic eggs of land isopods (suborder Oniscidea) are brooded in a fluid‐filled maternal marsupium until a few days following the second embryonic molt. Eggs of Armadillidium vulgare possess a well‐developed dorsal organ underlying a broad silver‐staining saddle on the vitelline membrane. Based on its chloride permeability and known transport functions in planktotrophic crustaceans, we hypothesized that the dorsal organ functions in passive or active ion movements. To study this, we employed the automated scanning electrode technique with self‐referencing ion‐selective microelectrodes to measure ion fluxes across the dorsal organ and adjacent egg poles. St... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3563635 Fri, 14 May 2010 07:12:01 +0100 3563635 Hovering and Forward Flight Energetics in Anna's and Allen's Hummingbirds http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3551972&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F653477%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Aerodynamic theory predicts that the mechanical costs of flight are lowest at intermediate flight speeds; metabolic costs of flight should trend similarly if muscle efficiency is constant. We measured metabolic rates for nine Anna’s hummingbirds (Calypte anna) and two male Allen’s hummingbirds (Selasphorus sasin) feeding during flight from a free‐standing mask over a range of airspeeds. Ten of 11 birds exhibited higher metabolic costs during hovering than during flight at intermediate airspeeds, whereas one individual exhibited comparable costs at hovering and during forward flight up to speeds of ∼7 m s−1. Flight costs of all hummingbirds increased at higher airspeeds. Relative to... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3551972 Tue, 11 May 2010 07:10:33 +0100 3551972 Tissue‐Carbon Incorporation Rates in Lizards: Implications for Ecological Studies Using Stable Isotopes in Terrestrial Ectotherms http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3533589&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651585%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Carbon stable isotope (δ13C) analysis can be used to infer the origin and to estimate the flow of nutrient resources through animals and across ecological compartments. These applications require knowledge of the rates at which carbon is incorporated into animal tissues and diet‐to‐tissue discrimination factors (Δ13C). Studies of carbon dynamics in terrestrial vertebrates to date have focused almost solely on endothermic animals; ectotherms such as reptiles have received little attention. Here we determined carbon incorporation rates and Δ13C in tissues of prairie lizards (Sceloporus undulatus consobrinus) and collared lizards (Crotaphytus collaris). The smaller lizard, S. undulatus, ... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3533589 Wed, 05 May 2010 07:11:35 +0100 3533589 Integrated Postprandial Responses of the Diamondback Water Snake, Nerodia rhombifer http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3529430&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648737%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Among snakes, the magnitude to which intestinal performance is regulated with feeding and fasting is adaptively linked to their natural feeding frequency. For infrequently feeding boas and pythons, gastrointestinal form and function are widely regulated with each feeding bout. In contrast, snakes that naturally feed more frequently modestly regulate intestinal function with each meal. To further explore the postprandial responses of a frequently feeding snake and assess whether such responses are matched in magnitude, we examined the postprandial metabolic, morphologic, and functional responses of the diamondback water snake (Nerodia rhombifer) following the consumption of catfish meals equa... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3529430 Tue, 04 May 2010 07:10:12 +0100 3529430 Getting Up to Speed: Acceleration Strategies in the Florida Scrub Lizard, Sceloporus woodi http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3529431&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F653476%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This study highlights the utility of the momentum‐impulse approach to study acceleration performance and the importance of elucidating the per step contribution to acceleration capacity. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3529431 Mon, 03 May 2010 20:03:19 +0100 3529431 The Provenance of Alveolar and Parabronchial Lungs: Insights from Paleoecology and the Discovery of Cardiogenic, Unidirectional Airflow in the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3453437&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F605335%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Birds and mammals evolved greater aerobic abilities than their common ancestor had. This required expansion of the cardiopulmonary system’s capacity for gas exchange, but while directional selection for this expanded capacity resulted in extremely similar avian and mammalian hearts, strikingly different lungs arose, and the reasons for this divergence in lung morphology are not understood. In birds, gas exchange occurs in the lungs as air moves through small tubes (parabronchi) in one direction; in mammals, air flows tidally into and out of the alveoli. Here, I present a scenario for the origin of both the alveolar and parabronchial lungs that explains when and how they could have arisen b... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3453437 Fri, 09 Apr 2010 07:11:51 +0100 3453437 Phenotypic Plasticity of Locomotion Performance in the Seed Harvester Messor capensis (Formicidae) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3428700&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651387%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This study emphasizes the need to investigate a variety of performance traits rather than a single one and to expand the limited body of work on plasticity of insect locomotion. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3428700 Thu, 01 Apr 2010 07:11:25 +0100 3428700 A New Model for the Body Size–Metabolism Relationship http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3428701&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651564%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract The allometric 3/4 power relation, initially used for describing the relation between mammalian basal metabolic rate and body size, is often used as a general model for organismal design. The use of allometric regression as a model has important limitations: it is not mechanistic, it combines all physiological variables into one correlate of body size, and it combines data from several physiological states. In reassessing the use of allometric equations, we first describe problems with their use in studies of organismal design and then use a formulation for distributed net heat production and temperature distribution within the body to derive an alternative equation for the relation between ... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3428701 Wed, 31 Mar 2010 21:09:04 +0100 3428701 Physiological Condition Differentially Affects the Behavior and Survival of Two Populations of Sockeye Salmon during Their Freshwater Spawning Migration http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3424411&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F649627%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Recently, a segment of the Adams‐Shuswap sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) population initiated freshwater migration several weeks earlier than historically recorded, resulting in high mortality rates. The comigrating Chilko population maintained their historic river entry timing and did not experience elevated mortality. To test the hypothesis that population‐specific differences in physiological condition would differentially influence behavior and survival when exposed to fisheries capture stress, we physiologically sampled individuals from both populations at the onset of the freshwater phase of their reproductive migration and tracked the remainder of their migrations using radio ... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3424411 Wed, 31 Mar 2010 07:09:59 +0100 3424411 Metabolic Changes during Estivation in the Common Earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3424412&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651459%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract The common earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa survives drought by forming estivation chambers in the topsoil under even very slight reductions in soil water activity. We induced estivation in a soil of a consistency that allowed the removal of intact soil estivation chambers containing a single worm. These estivation chambers were exposed to 97% relative humidity for 30 d to simulate the effect of a severe summer drought. Gas exchange, body fluid osmolality, water balance, urea, and alanine were quantified, and whole‐body homogenates were screened for changes in small organic molecules via 1H–nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Formation of estivation chambers was associated with a dramatic... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3424412 Tue, 30 Mar 2010 20:57:41 +0100 3424412 Do Local Adaptation and the Reproductive Tactic of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Affect Offspring Metabolic Capacities? http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3420173&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F649561%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) is an iteroparous, anadromous species that exhibits some of the greatest within‐population variability in size and age at maturity of all vertebrates. In the conditional reproductive strategy of salmonids, the male reproductive tactic expressed is believed to depend on an individual male’s status relative to others in the population and therefore depends on his capacity to attain a physiological threshold, the exact nature of which is unknown. Although the threshold is influenced by local biotic and abiotic conditions, it is likely to be under genetic control. Our study examined whether the early growth, muscle metabolic capacities, routine metabolic rate... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3420173 Tue, 30 Mar 2010 07:10:12 +0100 3420173 Effects of Experimental Manipulations of Salinity and Maturation Status on the Physiological Condition and Mortality of Homing Adult Sockeye Salmon Held in a Laboratory http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3411002&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F650473%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Relatively little is known about the physiological response and mortality consequences of the return of anadromous fish to freshwater (FW). We explored the consequences of the return to FW by collecting maturing sockeye salmon from the marine waters off the mouth of the Fraser River and holding ∼50 sockeye in each of five treatments: saltwater (SW; $\mathrm{salinity}\,=28$ ppt), iso‐osmotic water (ISO; 13 ppt), FW (0 ppt), SW + gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (SW + GnRH), and FW + GnRH. Exogenous GnRH treatments were intended to accelerate maturation. Results demonstrate that gill Na+,K+ ATPase activity, sex steroid concentrations, and cortisol levels were highly responsive to experimen... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3411002 Sat, 27 Mar 2010 07:09:18 +0100 3411002 Swimming Ability and Ecological Performance of Cultured and Wild European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in Coastal Tidal Ponds http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3411003&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651099%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Locomotor performance is commonly used to predict ecological performance of animals and is often considered a proxy for Darwinian fitness. In fish, swimming performance is often measured in the laboratory, but its contribution to individual success in the field is rarely evaluated. We assessed maximal swimming velocity of wild and cultured juvenile Dicentrarchus labrax (European sea bass) in a sprint performance chamber and found substantial variation among individuals within a cohort and differences between wild and cultured fish. Moreover, individual sprint swimming performance was found to be repeatable on a daily basis, making this test potentially useful for studies of individual fitnes... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3411003 Fri, 26 Mar 2010 16:17:07 +0100 3411003 Change in Body Mass Can Overrule the Effects of Maternal Testosterone on Primary Offspring Sex Ratio of First Eggs in Homing Pigeons http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3411004&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651315%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract The phenomenon of primary offspring sex ratio adjustment is being extensively studied, yet knowledge of the underlying proximate mechanism is still mainly hypothetical. Female birds are the heterogametic sex, thus potentially controlling the sex of the gamete to be fertilized. In several bird species, independent studies showed effects of maternal plasma testosterone, corticosterone, or condition on primary offspring sex ratio. Our objective was to investigate the causal relation between these two maternal hormones, body condition, and offspring sex ratio in homing pigeons (Columba livia domestica). Following our earlier study, we again implanted females with testosterone and determined embr... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3411004 Fri, 26 Mar 2010 16:16:12 +0100 3411004 Avoidance of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Spontaneous and Facultative Hibernators http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3407949&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F650471%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR The objectives were to assess the abilities of these two species with dramatically different torpor patterns (1) to conserve skeletal muscle morphology, protein, and strength and (2) to use labile protein in the small intestine and liver during the winter season of reduced activity and food intake. Mass and protein concentration of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), soleus, liver, and small intestine, as well as skeletal muscle strength and fiber morphology for the EDL and soleus, were compared before and after hibernation in both species. Both species appeared to be similar to overwintering black bears and underwent very little strength and protein loss, as compared with euthermic models of immobility and long‐term fasting. Although the two species used vastly different hibernation st... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3407949 Fri, 26 Mar 2010 07:12:36 +0100 3407949 Energetics of Hypoxia in a Mouth‐Brooding Cichlid: Evidence for Interdemic and Developmental Effects http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3407951&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651100%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This study also highlights the cost of parental care in mouth‐brooding fishes, which may increase the fitness of the offspring at the energetic expense of the parent, a cost that may be elevated under hypoxia. (Source: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology) Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3407951 Thu, 25 Mar 2010 21:12:23 +0100 3407951 Effect of Age and Diet on Total and Paracellular Glucose Absorption in Nestling House Sparrows http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3407950&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651098%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Size and hydrolytic activity of the gastrointestinal tracts of altricial birds undergo large and rapid changes during ontogeny. However, nothing is known about the development of the capacity of absorption of products of digestion, a factor that can limit total digestive performance. Using pharmacokinetic methods applied to wild‐collected and laboratory‐raised altricial nestlings of house sparrows (Passer domesticus), we addressed several questions of general significance about absorption in young birds. We found that both rate and efficiency of absorption of radiolabeled 3‐O‐methyl‐d‐glucose (3‐OMD‐glucose; absorbed by both transporter‐mediated and nonmediated mechanisms) ... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3407950 Thu, 25 Mar 2010 21:12:07 +0100 3407950 Blood Temperature Profiles of Diving Elephant Seals http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3403497&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651070%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Hypothermia‐induced reductions in metabolic rate have been proposed to suppress metabolism and prolong the duration of aerobic metabolism during dives of marine mammals and birds. To determine whether core hypothermia might contribute to the repetitive long‐duration dives of the northern elephant seal Mirounga angustirostris, blood temperature profiles were obtained in translocated juvenile elephant seals equipped with a thermistor and backpack recorder. Representative temperature (the y‐intercept of the mean temperature vs. dive duration relationship) was $37.2^{\circ }\pm 0.6^{\circ }$C ($n=3$ seals) in the extradural vein, $38.1^{\circ }\pm 0.7^{\circ }$C ($n=4$ seals) in the hepati... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3403497 Thu, 25 Mar 2010 07:14:26 +0100 3403497 Hovering Energetics and Thermal Balance in Anna’s Hummingbirds (Calypte anna) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3420174&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651460%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract We studied the energetics of hover‐feeding Anna’s hummingbirds, using three different simultaneous techniques: heat loss as estimated via thermal imaging, metabolic rate as measured at a feeder mask using flow‐through respirometry, and aerodynamic power estimated from wingbeat kinematic data. These three methods yielded comparable estimates of power output at ambient air temperatures ranging from 18° to 26°C, whereas heat imbalance at higher air temperatures (up to 34°C) suggested loss by mechanisms other than convection and radiation from the body, such as evaporative cooling and enthalpy rise associated with exhaled air and excreted water and convective heat loss from the patagia.... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3420174 Thu, 18 Mar 2010 21:26:00 +0100 3420174 Cutaneous Immune Activity, but Not Innate Immune Responsiveness, Covaries with Mass and Environment in Nestling House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3370021&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F649894%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Immunological measures are increasingly being applied to ecological and evolutionary studies of wild vertebrates, yet frequently it is not clear how condition and environmental factors correlate with various immune parameters. We used mixed‐model ANOVA to examine the effects of several measures of condition (both morphological and physiological) and environmental factors on two measures of immune responsiveness in nestling house wrens (Troglodytes aedon L.) to test the hypothesis that nestlings in good condition mount stronger immune responses than those in poor condition. Based on previous studies, we predicted that the innate bactericidal response would be less likely to be affected by c... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3370021 Tue, 16 Mar 2010 07:10:11 +0100 3370021 Stable Isotopes Link Diet to Avian Yolk Carotenoid Allocation: A Comparative Study of Five Auk Species (Charadriiformes: Alcidae) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3346246&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F651515%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract The allocation of important but environmentally limited nutrients, such as carotenoids, often represents a trade‐off between homeostasis and reproduction. However, key questions remain about how diet and species traits influence carotenoid allocation. We studied yolk carotenoid profiles and yolk color in relation to trophic level (based on δ15N values) in five species of seabirds belonging to the family Alcidae: common murre (Uria aalge), pigeon guillemot (Cepphus columba), Cassin’s auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus), rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata), and tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata). In three species, which ranged from low (tufted puffin) to high (pigeon guillemot) trophi... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3346246 Tue, 09 Mar 2010 08:12:32 +0100 3346246 The Fate of Carbon in Growing Fish: An Experimental Study of Isotopic Routing http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3334922&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F649628%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract The application of stable isotope analysis to ecology requires estimating the contribution of different isotopic sources to the isotopic signatures of an animal’s tissues using mixing models. These models make the physiologically unrealistic assumption that assimilated nutrients are disassembled into their elemental components and that these atoms are then reassembled into biomolecules. We quantified the extent to which mixing models yield erroneous results with an experiment using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The tilapia were fed synthetic diets that varied in protein content and in which the carbon isotopic composition of protein differed widely from that of carbohydrates and li... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3334922 Fri, 05 Mar 2010 08:14:23 +0100 3334922 Testing the Carotenoid Trade‐Off Hypothesis in the Polychromatic Midas Cichlid, Amphilophus citrinellus http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3243344&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F649965%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Many animals use carotenoid pigments derived from their diet for coloration and immunity. The carotenoid trade‐off hypothesis predicts that, under conditions of carotenoid scarcity, individuals may be forced to allocate limited carotenoids to either coloration or immunity. In polychromatic species, the pattern of allocation may differ among individuals. We tested the carotenoid trade‐off hypothesis in the Midas cichlid, Amphilophus citrinellus, a species with two ontogenetic color morphs, barred and gold, the latter of which is the result of carotenoid expression. We performed a diet‐supplementation experiment in which cichlids of both color morphs were assigned to one of two diet trea... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3243344 Thu, 04 Feb 2010 20:18:56 +0100 3243344 Effect of Sampling Regime on Estimation of Basal Metabolic Rate and Standard Evaporative Water Loss Using Flow‐Through Respirometry http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3231152&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F605612%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Strict criteria have been established for measurement of basal metabolic rate and standard evaporative water loss to ensure that data can be compared intra‐ and interspecifically. However, data‐sampling regimes vary, from essentially continuous sampling to interrupted (switching) systems with data recorded periodically at more widely spaced intervals. Here we compare one continuous and three interrupted sampling regimes to determine whether sampling regime has a significant effect on estimation of basal metabolic rate or standard evaporative water loss. Compared to continuous 20‐s sampling averaged over 20 min, sampling every 6 min and averaging over 60 min overestimated basal metaboli... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3231152 Mon, 01 Feb 2010 19:45:10 +0100 3231152 Hypercapnic Acidosis Reduces Contractile Function in the Ventricle of the Armored Catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3223016&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F644759%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract The armored catfish, Pterygoplichthys pardalis (formerly Liposarcus pardalis), is a freshwater, facultative air‐breathing teleost that experiences seasonal hypercapnia in the water systems of South America. We studied the tolerance of the P. pardalis heart to hypercapnic acidosis using an isolated ventricular muscle strip preparation. Force generation and kinetic variables were examined across a range of contraction frequencies under normocapnic and hypercapnic conditions in the absence and presence of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) inhibitors. Pterygoplichthys pardalis ventricle exhibited robust contractile force, on par with athletic fish species such as trout and tuna and a relatively flat... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3223016 Fri, 29 Jan 2010 20:55:55 +0100 3223016 Temporal Resolution and Spectral Sensitivity of the Visual System of Three Coastal Shark Species from Different Light Environments http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3220137&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648394%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Visual temporal resolution and scotopic spectral sensitivity of three coastal shark species (bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo, scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini, and blacknose shark Carcharhinus acronotus) were investigated by electroretinogram. Temporal resolution was quantified under photopic and scotopic conditions using response waveform dynamics and maximum critical flicker‐fusion frequency (CFF). Photopic CFFmax was significantly higher than scotopic CFFmax in all species. The bonnethead had the shortest photoreceptor response latency time (23.5 ms) and the highest CFFmax (31 Hz), suggesting that its eyes are adapted for a bright photic environment. In contrast, the blacknose had the long... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3220137 Thu, 28 Jan 2010 21:11:02 +0100 3220137 Metabolic Allometry during Development and Metamorphosis of the Silkworm Bombyx mori: Analyses, Patterns, and Mechanisms http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3216164&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648393%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR In this study of the silkworm Bombyx mori, we hypothesized that allometric relationships for metabolism both across all developmental stages and within each stage would not reflect conventional scaling coefficients (e.g., $b\neq 0.75$). Histology, gross morphology, body surface and cross‐sectional area, total lipid content, and cytochrome c oxidase activity levels (as evidence of the total metabolic potential of mitochondria) were determined across development. Also measured were oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and the respiratory exchange ratio. The overall slope, b, in the allometric equation relating to body mass across all developmental stages was 0.82, not greatly different from the value of 0.75 typical of interspecific data. However, within larval instars II–V and... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3216164 Wed, 27 Jan 2010 19:41:40 +0100 3216164 Eggs under Pressure: Components of Water Potential of Chameleon Eggs during Incubation http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3216166&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648565%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Water exchange of squamate eggs is driven by the difference between the water potentials of eggs and of their nest environment. While osmotic potential is generally assumed to dominate the net water potential of eggs, resistance of the eggshell to stretching also affects egg water potential. We therefore determined osmotic potentials and pressure potentials (mechanical pressure) of eggs of the veiled chameleon Chamaeleo calyptratus over the course of incubation. Because embryos are diapausing gastrulae when eggs are laid and diapause persists several months, the water potential of eggs can be evaluated before it is influenced by the developing embryo. Water uptake during the first 2 wk of in... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3216166 Wed, 27 Jan 2010 19:35:53 +0100 3216166 Exercising for Life? Energy Metabolism, Body Composition, and Longevity in Mice Exercising at Different Intensities http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3216165&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648434%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Studies that have found a positive influence of moderate, nonexhaustive exercise on life expectancy contradict the rate‐of‐living theory, which predicts that high energy expenditure in exercising animals should shorten life. We investigated effects of exercise on energy metabolism and life span in male mice from lines that had been selectively bred for high voluntary wheel‐running activity and from the nonselected control lines. Mice were divided into the following three groups ($n=100$ per group): active high‐runner mice (housed with wheels; HR+), sedentary high‐runner mice (no wheels provided; HR−), and active control mice (C+). Sixty animals from each group were left undisturb... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3216165 Wed, 27 Jan 2010 19:35:37 +0100 3216165 The Relationship of Metabolic Performance and Distribution in Black‐Capped and Carolina Chickadees http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3243345&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648395%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract In endotherms, metabolic performance is associated with a wide array of ecological traits, including species distribution. Researchers have suggested that the northern boundaries of North American passerines are limited by their ability to sustain the high metabolic rates required for thermoregulation. Black‐capped chickadees (Poecile atricapillus; BC) are year‐round residents in most of Canada and the northern half of the United States, whereas Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis; CA) are found exclusively in the southeastern United States. These species hybridize along a narrow contact zone that has been moving northward at a rate of about 1.6 km per decade, coincident with warmi... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3243345 Mon, 25 Jan 2010 19:28:09 +0100 3243345 The Ionoregulatory Responses to Hypoxia in the Freshwater Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3200239&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648566%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract We utilized the rainbow trout, a hypoxia‐intolerant freshwater teleost, to examine ionoregulatory changes at the gills during hypoxia. Progressive mild hypoxia led first to a significant elevation (by 21%) in $J^{\mathrm{Na}\,}_{\mathrm{influx}\,}$ (measured with 22Na), but at 4‐h hypoxia when $\mathrm{P}\,\textsc{$o$}_{2}$ reached ∼110 mmHg, there was a 79% depression in $J^{\mathrm{Na}\,}_{\mathrm{influx}\,}$. Influx remained depressed during the first hour of normoxic recovery but was restored back to control rates thereafter; there were no significant changes in $J^{\mathrm{Na}\,}_{\mathrm{efflux}\,}$ or $J^{\mathrm{Na}\,}_{\mathrm{net}\,}$. A more prolonged (8 h) and severe hypoxi... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3200239 Fri, 22 Jan 2010 20:30:19 +0100 3200239 Diversity of Bile Salts in Fish and Amphibians: Evolution of a Complex Biochemical Pathway http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3223017&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F649966%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Bile salts are the major end metabolites of cholesterol and are also important in lipid and protein digestion, as well as shaping of the gut microflora. Previous studies had demonstrated variation of bile salt structures across vertebrate species. We greatly extend prior surveys of bile salt variation in fish and amphibians, particularly in analysis of the biliary bile salts of Agnatha and Chondrichthyes. While there is significant structural variation of bile salts across all fish orders, bile salt profiles are generally stable within orders of fish and do not correlate with differences in diet. This large data set allowed us to infer evolutionary changes in the bile salt synthetic pathway.... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3223017 Fri, 22 Jan 2010 19:52:23 +0100 3223017 Preparing for Migration? The Effects of Photoperiod and Exercise on Muscle Oxidative Enzymes, Lipid Transporters, and Phospholipids in White‐Crowned Sparrows http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3178610&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F605394%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract The extreme energetic demands of avian migration result in various physiological changes that can be observed during the migratory period. However, the degree to which birds alter muscle physiology in advance of migration has been poorly studied. We studied the effects of “migratory” photoperiod and exercise on metabolic enzymes, fatty acid transporter mRNA expression, and muscle phospholipid fatty acid composition in captive white‐crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys). Ten sparrows were held on short photoperiod (8L:16D) for 58 d then switched to long days (16L:8D) for 3 wk before sampling. Increased nightly activity indicated that the birds were indeed in migratory condition. Ano... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3178610 Fri, 15 Jan 2010 21:11:53 +0100 3178610 Hematological Condition Indexes in Greenfinches: Effects of Captivity and Diurnal Variation http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3178611&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648580%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Ecophysiological research aiming at explaining the causes and consequences of variation in individual condition, health state, and allostasis is traditionally performed on captive animals under controlled laboratory conditions. The question about how captivity per se affects studied parameters is therefore of central importance for generalizing the information gained from such studies. We addressed this question by comparing various indexes of physiological condition of wintering greenfinches sampled in the wild and kept in captivity for different time periods. Bringing wild greenfinches into captivity did not result in systematic alteration in nine of 12 physiological parameters studied. Ca... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3178611 Fri, 15 Jan 2010 21:11:05 +0100 3178611 Impact of Ontogenetic Changes in Branchial Morphology on Gill Function in Arapaima gigas http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3208071&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648568%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR This study evaluated the effects these changes have on gill function by examining two size classes of fish that differ in gill morphology. In comparison to smaller fish (∼67.5 g), which still have lamellae, larger fish (∼724.2 g) without lamellae took up a slightly greater percentage of O2 across the gills (30.1% vs. 23.9%), which indicates that the morphological changes do not place limitations on O2 uptake in larger fish. Both size groups excreted similar percentages of CO2 across the gills (85%–90%). However, larger fish had higher blood Pco2 ($26.5\pm 1.9$ vs. $16.5\pm 1.5$ mmHg) and $\mathrm{HCO}\,^{-}_{3}$ ($40.2\pm 2.9$ vs. $33.6\pm 4.5$ mmol L−1) concentrations and lower blood pH ($7.58\pm 0.01$ vs. $7.70\pm 0.04$) than did smaller fish, despite having lower mass‐specific... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3208071 Wed, 13 Jan 2010 18:02:34 +0100 3208071 Thermodynamic Effects on Organismal Performance: Is Hotter Better? http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3075133&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648567%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract Despite decades of research on the evolution of thermal physiology, at least one fundamental issue remains unresolved: whether the maximal performance of a genotype depends on its optimal temperature. One school argues that warm‐adapted genotypes will outperform cold‐adapted genotypes because high temperatures inevitably accelerate chemical reactions. Yet another school holds that biochemical adaptation can compensate for thermodynamic effects on performance. Here, we briefly discuss this theoretical debate and then summarize empirical studies that address whether hotter is better. In general, comparative and experimental studies support the view that hotter is better. Furthermore, recen... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3075133 Wed, 09 Dec 2009 16:13:44 +0100 3075133 Latitudinal Differences in the Hibernation Characteristics of Woodchucks (Marmota monax) http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3056276&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648736%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract There is little information on the phenotypic flexibility of hibernation characteristics within species. To address this issue, we observed differences in hibernation characteristics of three free‐ranging populations of woodchucks (Marmota monax) distributed along a latitudinal gradient from Maine to South Carolina. Data from free‐ranging animals exhibited a direct relationship between latitude and length of the hibernation season. As expected, woodchucks in the northern latitudes hibernated longer than those in the southern latitudes. Also, the length of interbout arousals decreased with increase in latitude, whereas the length of torpor bouts and the number of arousals increased. Thus,... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3056276 Thu, 03 Dec 2009 21:57:46 +0100 3056276 An Investigation of Metabolic Prioritization in the European Sea Bass, Dicentrarchus labrax http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3047867&cid=s_36563_98_f&fid=36563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1086%2F648485%3Fai%3Du5%26mi%3D0%26af%3DR Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Abstract We investigated the ability of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) to respond simultaneously to the metabolic demands of specific dynamic action (SDA) and aerobic exercise and how this was influenced by moderate hypoxia (50% air saturation). At 3 h after feeding in normoxia at 20°C, SDA raised the instantaneous oxygen uptake (Mo2) of sea bass by $47\% \pm 18\% $ (mean ± SEM, $N=7$) above their standard metabolic rate (SMR) when fasted. This metabolic load was sustained throughout an incremental exercise protocol until fatigue, with a $14\% \pm 3\% $ increase in their maximum aerobic metabolic rate (MMR) relative to their fasted rate. Their incremental critical swimming speed (Ucrit) d... Physiological and Biochemical Zoology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3047867 Tue, 01 Dec 2009 21:15:50 +0100 3047867