MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Psychological Bulletin' source. Mon, 09 Jan 2012 02:36:45 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5546322&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F0BjTwshgqPk%2F28 Voice hearing (VH) is often regarded as pathognomic for schizophrenia. The purpose of this article is to review and integrate historical, clinical, epidemiological, and phenomenological evidence in order to suggest that VH may be more appropriately understood as a dissociative rather than a psychotic phenomenon. First, we discuss the lifetime prevalence of VH in the general population, which is estimated to range between 1% and 16% for adult nonclinical populations and 2% and 41% in healthy adolescent samples. Second, we demonstrate how the ubiquity of VH phenomenology, including variables like voice location, content, and frequency, limits its diagnostic and prognostic utility for differentiating psychotic from trauma-spectrum and nonclinical populations. Finally, we report on the empiric... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5546322 Mon, 14 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5546322 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5546326&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F8N7VUNH3toM%2F146 We examined this own-age bias (OAB) in the meta-analyses reported. These data showed that hits were reliably greater for same-age relative to other-age faces (g = 0.23) and that false alarms were reliably less likely for same-age compared with other-age faces (g = −0.23). Further meta-analyses of measures of signal detection demonstrated that, although no difference in response criterion was evident (g = −0.01), discriminability was reliably better for same-age compared with other-age faces (g = 0.37). As well, children, younger adults, and older adults exhibited superior discriminability for same-age compared with other-age age faces. Thus, the OAB appears to be a robust effect that influences the accuracy of face recognition. Theoretical accounts of the OAB have generally suggested... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5546326 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5546326 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5546325&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fm8-YwhvBEWo%2F126 Conformity—defined here by the fact that an individual displays a particular behavior because it is the most frequent the individual witnessed in others—has long been recognized by social psychologists as one of the main categories of social influence. Surprisingly, it is only recently that conformity has become an active topic in animal and comparative biology. As in any new and rapidly growing field, however, definitions, hypotheses, and protocols are diverse, not easy to organize in a coherent way, and sometimes seriously in conflict with one another. Here we pursue greater coherence by reviewing the newer literature on conformity in behavioral ecology and evolutionary biology in light of the foundational work in social psychology. We suggest that the knowledge accumulated in social... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5546325 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5546325 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5546324&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FyGpFnjqMAE8%2F102 Categorization is one of the fundamental building blocks of cognition, and the study of categorization is notable for the extent to which formal modeling has been a central and influential component of research. However, the field has seen a proliferation of noncomplementary models with little consensus on the relative adequacy of these accounts. Progress in assessing the relative adequacy of formal categorization models has, to date, been limited because (a) formal model comparisons are narrow in the number of models and phenomena considered and (b) models do not often clearly define their explanatory scope. Progress is further hampered by the practice of fitting models with arbitrarily variable parameters to each data set independently. Reviewing examples of good practice in the literatu... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5546324 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5546324 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5546321&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FvpRhfiCnUEg%2F1 This meta-analysis examined over 40 years of research on interracial interactions by exploring 4 types of outcomes: explicit attitudes toward interaction partners, participants' self-reports of their own emotional state, nonverbal or observed behavior, and objective measures of performance. Data were collected from 108 samples (N = 12,463) comparing dyadic interracial and same-race interactions, predominantly featuring Black and White Americans. Effect sizes were small: Participants in same-race dyads tended to express marginally more positive attitudes about their partners (r = .07), reported feeling less negative affect (r = .10), showed more friendly nonverbal behavior (r = .09), and scored higher on performance measures (r = .07) than those in interracial dyads. Effect sizes also showe... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5546321 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5546321 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350841&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Frldz_mG0g6g%2F1093 Reports an error in "The reliability and validity of discrete and continuous measures of psychopathology: A quantitative review" by Kristian E. Markon, Michael Chmielewski and Christopher J. Miller (Psychological Bulletin, 2011[Sep], Vol 137[5], 856-879). In the Samples section of Meta-Analysis 1: Reliability, third paragraph, the number of studies reporting data on clinical samples is incorrect. The sentence “Four studies included clinical samples, and eight studies included nonclinical samples” should read “Twenty-four studies included clinical samples, and eight studies included nonclinical samples.” (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2011-09705-001.) In 2 meta-analyses involving 58 studies and 59,575 participants, we quantitatively summarized the... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350841 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5350841 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350839&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FpZpBMhUpMtY%2F1029 A meta-analysis examined the extent to which socio-structural and psycho-cultural characteristics of societies correspond with how much gender and ethnic/racial groups differ on their support of group-based hierarchy. Robustly, women opposed group-based hierarchy more than men did, and members of lower power ethnic/racial groups opposed group-based hierarchy more than members of higher power ethnic/racial groups did. As predicted by social dominance theory, gender differences were larger, more stable, and less variable from sample to sample than differences between ethnic/racial groups. Subordinate gender and ethnic/racial group members disagreed more with dominants in their views of group-based hierarchy in societies that can be considered more liberal and modern (e.g., emphasizing indivi... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350839 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5350839 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5546323&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FtHAizbvDN5A%2F77 Insomnia is prevalent, causing severe distress and impairment. This review focuses on illuminating the puzzling finding that many insomnia patients misperceive their sleep. They overestimate their sleep onset latency (SOL) and underestimate their total sleep time (TST), relative to objective measures. This tendency is ubiquitous (although not universal). Resolving this puzzle has clinical, theoretical, and public health importance. There are implications for assessment, definition, and treatment. Moreover, solving the puzzle creates an opportunity for real-world applications of theories from clinical, perceptual, and social psychology as well as neuroscience. Herein we evaluate 13 possible resolutions to the puzzle. Specifically, we consider the possible contribution, to misperception, of ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5546323 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5546323 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350840&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FiuxYlhJ7_E8%2F1065 Tobacco addiction and chronic pain represent 2 highly prevalent and comorbid conditions that engender substantial burdens upon individuals and systems. Interrelations between pain and smoking have been of clinical and empirical interest for decades, and research in this area has increased dramatically over the past 5 years. We conceptualize the interaction of pain and smoking as a prototypical example of the biopsychosocial model. Accordingly, we extrapolated from behavioral, cognitive, affective, biomedical, and social perspectives to propose causal mechanisms that may contribute to the observed comorbidity between these 2 conditions. The extant literature was 1st dichotomized into investigations of either effects of smoking on pain or effects of pain on smoking. We then integrated these ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350840 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5350840 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350842&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FGVLYeVGXRSI%2F881 Although it is commonly believed that women are kinder and more cooperative than men, there is conflicting evidence for this assertion. Current theories of sex differences in social behavior suggest that it may be useful to examine in what situations men and women are likely to differ in cooperation. Here, we derive predictions from both sociocultural and evolutionary perspectives on context-specific sex differences in cooperation, and we conduct a unique meta-analytic study of 272 effect sizes—sampled across 50 years of research—on social dilemmas to examine several potential moderators. The overall average effect size is not statistically different from zero (d = –0.05), suggesting that men and women do not differ in their overall amounts of cooperation. However, the association be... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350842 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5350842 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350846&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FBO4TtpoMPeo%2F998 Facial affect processing is essential to social development and functioning and is particularly relevant to models of depression. Although cognitive and interpersonal theories have long described different pathways to depression, cognitive-interpersonal and evolutionary social risk models of depression focus on the interrelation of interpersonal experience, cognition, and social behavior. We therefore review the burgeoning depressive facial affect processing literature and examine its potential for integrating disciplines, theories, and research. In particular, we evaluate studies in which information processing or cognitive neuroscience paradigms were used to assess facial affect processing in depressed and depression-susceptible populations. Most studies have assessed and supported cogni... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350846 Mon, 05 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5350846 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149678&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fm9vBKtLrw0U%2F829 In the target article (Dar-Nimrod & Heine, 2011), we provided a social–cognitive framework which identified genetic essentialist biases and their implications. In their commentaries, Haslam (2011) and Turkheimer (2011) indicated their general agreement with this framework but highlighted some important points for consideration. Haslam suggested that neuroessentialism is a comparable kind of essentialist bias and identified similarities with the genetic essentialism framework. In response, we acknowledge similarities but also identify qualitative and quantitative differences between genetic essentialism and other kinds of essentialist biases. Turkheimer challenged us to extend our discussion to address the question of how should people respond to genetic etiological information, critiqued... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149678 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149677&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FBFqjMRPCiDw%2F825 Dar-Nimrod and Heine (2011) decried genetic essentialism without denying the importance of genetics in the genesis of human behavior, and although I agree on both counts, a deeper issue remains unaddressed: how should we adjust our cognitions about our own behavior in light of genetic influence, or is it perhaps not necessary to take genetics into account at all? I suggest that the genetics of behavior does have important implications for how we understand ourselves, the differences among us, and the ethical implications of our actions, but that the usual metric for these considerations, the heritability coefficient, is not the correct one. I propose an alternative. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149677 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149676&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FG6yGDieg25w%2F819 Dar-Nimrod and Heine (2011) presented a masterfully broad review of the implications of genetic essentialism for understandings of human diversity. This commentary clarifies the reasons that essentialist thinking has problematic social consequences and links genetic forms of essentialism to those invoking neural essences. The mounting evidence that these forms of essentialist thinking contribute to the stigma of mental disorder is reviewed. Genetic and neuroessentialisms influence media portrayals of scientific research and distort how they are interpreted by laypeople. The common thread of these essentialisms is their tendency to deepen social divisions and promote forms of social segregation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149676 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149674&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FmL94Yd-Teg4%2F796 The commentaries on my article contain a number of points with which I disagree but also several with which I agree. For example, I continue to believe that the existence of many cases in which between-person variability does not increase with age indicates that greater variance with increased age is not inevitable among healthy individuals up to about 80 years of age. I also do not believe that problems of causal inferences from correlational information are more severe in the cognitive neuroscience of aging than in other research areas; I contend instead that neglect of these problems has led to confusion about neurobiological underpinnings of cognitive aging. I agree that researchers need to be cautious in extrapolating from cross-sectional to longitudinal relations, but I also note tha... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149674 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149673&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F26ARnBgpNhg%2F790 Salthouse (2011) critically reviewed cross-sectional and longitudinal relations among adult age, brain structure, and cognition (ABC) and identified problems in interpretation of the extant literature. His review, however, missed several important points. First, there is enough disparity among the measures of brain structure and cognitive performance to question the uniformity of B and C vertices of the ABC triangle. Second, age differences and age changes in brain and cognition are often nonlinear. Third, variances and correlations among measures of brain and cognition frequently vary with age. Fourth, cross-sectional comparisons among competing models of ABC associations cannot disambiguate competing hypotheses about the structure and the range of directed and reciprocal relations betwee... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149673 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149672&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FnisGw9OwBXk%2F785 Salthouse (2011) argued that (a) variance between individuals on cognitive test scores remains constant between 20 and 90 years of age and (b) widely recognized problems of deducing functional relationships from patterns of correlations between measurements become especially severe for neuropsychological indices, especially for gross indices of age-related brain changes (e.g., losses of brain volume or increases in white matter lesions). I argue that between-individual variability on cognitive tests does increase with age and provides useful information on causes of age-related cognitive decline. I suggest that problems of inference from correlations are just as difficult for behavioral as for neurophysiological indices and that inclusion, in analyses, of even gross measures of brain statu... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149672 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149670&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F8HqYWq3zYeo%2F751 We find much of interest, and little to disagree with, in the commentaries on our article. We take issue only with the suggestion that our article was provocative and submit that the attempt to understand the use of stimulants as smart pills does not imply an endorsement of the practice. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149670 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149669&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fsey64tK06JU%2F749 Smith and Farah (2011) provided a thought-provoking and perhaps deliberately provocative literature review of the use of stimulants to improve cognitive functioning in humans. They addressed the apparently increasing willingness of individuals mostly in the United States to use stimulants for this purpose and then summarized published literature that explores whether stimulants actually improve specific aspects of neurocognitive function. Although calling for more research, they tentatively concluded that stimulants indeed may be “smart pills” for some people under certain circumstances. This comment emphasizes that they never actually defined the desired qualities of a smart pill, seemed to accept the unproven axiom that slight improvements in specific tests constitute meaningful enha... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149669 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149669 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149668&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FMvHyS1bHdZQ%2F742 Smith and Farah (2011) presented a scholarly review of critical areas related to their intriguing title “Are Prescription Stimulants 'Smart Pills'?” We contend that they accomplished the main goal of the article, to get the facts straight about possible cognitive enhancement via the nonmedical use of stimulant drugs by individuals without a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). At the same time, they justified their main conclusions that (a) individuals are seeking and engaging in nonmedical use of stimulant drugs with the expectations of cognitive enhancement despite uncertainty whether such expectations are valid and (b) on some tasks, there are small average benefits of nonmedical use, but the overall pattern is not clear (e.g., small beneficial effects acros... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149668 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149668 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149667&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FnybA-sjclYw%2F717 Use of prescription stimulants by normal healthy individuals to enhance cognition is said to be on the rise. Who is using these medications for cognitive enhancement, and how prevalent is this practice? Do prescription stimulants in fact enhance cognition for normal healthy people? We review the epidemiological and cognitive neuroscience literatures in search of answers to these questions. Epidemiological issues addressed include the prevalence of nonmedical stimulant use, user demographics, methods by which users obtain prescription stimulants, and motivations for use. Cognitive neuroscience issues addressed include the effects of prescription stimulants on learning and executive function, as well as the task and individual variables associated with these effects. Little is known about th... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149667 Sun, 21 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350845&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FVjDbzGVIT8U%2F959 Among people exposed to major psychological stressors in early life, there are elevated rates of morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases of aging. The most compelling data come from studies of children raised in poverty or maltreated by their parents, who show heightened vulnerability to vascular disease, autoimmune disorders, and premature mortality. These findings raise challenging theoretical questions. How does childhood stress get under the skin, at the molecular level, to affect risk for later diseases? And how does it incubate there, giving rise to diseases several decades later? Here we present a biological embedding model, which attempts to address these questions by synthesizing knowledge across several behavioral and biomedical literatures. This model maintains that childh... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350845 Mon, 25 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5350845 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149679&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FqylQLOuy44A%2F834 Conclusions are limited by the inclusion of only some discrete emotions, exclusion of studies that did not elicit discrete emotions, few available effect sizes for some contrasts and moderators, and the methodological rigor of included studies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149679 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149679 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350844&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F5BL-jFf7_lw%2F940 Cognitive biases have been theorized to play a critical role in the onset and maintenance of anxiety and depression. Cognitive bias modification (CBM), an experimental paradigm that uses training to induce maladaptive or adaptive cognitive biases, was developed to test these causal models. Although CBM has generated considerable interest in the past decade, both as an experimental paradigm and as a form of treatment, there have been no quantitative reviews of the effect of CBM on anxiety and depression. This meta-analysis of 45 studies (2,591 participants) assessed the effect of CBM on cognitive biases and on anxiety and depression. CBM had a medium effect on biases (g = 0.49) that was stronger for interpretation (g = 0.81) than for attention (g = 0.29) biases. CBM further had a small effe... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350844 Mon, 04 Jul 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5350844 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4979302&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FFUN0KYwYC_0%2F713 In their comment, M. L. Rohling et al. (2011) accused us of offering a “misleading” review of response bias. In fact, the additional findings they provided on this topic are relevant only to bias assessment in 1 of the domains we discussed, neuropsychological assessment. Furthermore, we contend that, even in that 1 domain, the additional findings they described do not merit revision of our conclusion that the data are insufficient for evaluating the status of bias indicators. We remain hopeful that our review will spur researchers to publish additional tests of the validity of bias indicators in real-world settings and reduce the reliance on analogue studies as an evidence base for their use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4979302 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4979302 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4979301&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FRSS2NgE8G0o%2F708 In the May 2010 issue of Psychological Bulletin, R. E. McGrath, M. Mitchell, B. H. Kim, and L. Hough published an article entitled “Evidence for Response Bias as a Source of Error Variance in Applied Assessment” (pp. 450–470). They argued that response bias indicators used in a variety of settings typically have insufficient data to support such use in everyday clinical practice. Furthermore, they claimed that despite 100 years of research into the use of response bias indicators, “a sufficient justification for [their] use… in applied settings remains elusive” (p. 450). We disagree with McGrath et al.'s conclusions. In fact, we assert that the relevant and voluminous literature that has addressed the issues of response bias substantiates validity of these indicators. In additi... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4979301 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4979301 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4979300&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F2dJNkpSskRw%2F682 We present a quantitative evaluation of these influences so that their harmful effects can be mitigated, their beneficial effects exploited, and any residual effects incorporated and synthesized into selection, training, and design strategies to facilitate human performance capacities. Predictions of single and joint moderator effects were made on the basis of major theories of noise and performance, specifically those explanations based on arousal, masking, or cognitive-resource mechanisms. These predictions were tested through moderator analyses of effects as a function of task type, performance measure, noise type and schedule, and the intensity and duration of exposure. Observed outcome effects (797 effect sizes derived from 242 studies) varied as a function of each of these moderators... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4979300 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4979300 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4979298&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FzdeUkyudGRI%2F643 In conclusion, contrary to previous assumptions, people rarely rely on the wrong cues. Instead, limitations in lie detection accuracy are mainly attributable to weaknesses in behavioral cues to deception. The results suggest that intuitive notions about deception are more accurate than explicit knowledge and that lie detection is more readily improved by increasing behavioral differences between liars and truth tellers than by informing lie-catchers of valid cues to deception. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4979298 Sun, 26 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4979298 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5350843&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F71YldsiVC9g%2F910 We present a detailed framework for understanding the numerous and complicated interactions among psychological and social determinants of pain through examination of the process of pain communication. The focus is on an improved understanding of immediate dyadic transactions during painful events in the context of broader social phenomena. Fine-grain consideration of social transactions during pain leads to an appreciation of sociobehavioral events affecting both suffering persons as well as caregivers. Our examination considers knowledge from a variety of perspectives, including clinical health psychology, social and developmental processes, evolutionary psychology, communication studies, and behavioral neuroscience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: P... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5350843 Mon, 30 May 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5350843 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4979297&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fk16IvRxjLNI%2F616 This article considers the relation of these findings to Eagly and Karau's (2002) role congruity theory, which proposed contextual influences on the incongruity between stereotypes of women and leaders. The implications for prejudice against women leaders are also considered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4979297 Sun, 29 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4979297 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149680&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FaHC9gLUiGuE%2F856 In 2 meta-analyses involving 58 studies and 59,575 participants, we quantitatively summarized the relative reliability and validity of continuous (i.e., dimensional) and discrete (i.e., categorical) measures of psychopathology. Overall, results suggest an expected 15% increase in reliability and 37% increase in validity through adoption of a continuous over discrete measure of psychopathology alone. This increase occurs across all types of samples and forms of psychopathology, with little evidence for exceptions. For typical observed effect sizes, the increase in validity is sufficient to almost halve sample sizes necessary to achieve standard power levels. With important caveats, the current results, considered with previous research, provide sufficient empirical and theoretical basis to ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149680 Sun, 15 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149680 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4979299&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F6E3FQsTUIpE%2F660 The affect regulation model of binge eating, which posits that patients binge eat to reduce negative affect (NA), has received support from cross-sectional and laboratory-based studies. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involves momentary ratings and repeated assessments over time and is ideally suited to identify temporal antecedents and consequences of binge eating. This meta-analytic review includes EMA studies of affect and binge eating. Electronic database and manual searches produced 36 EMA studies with N = 968 participants (89% Caucasian women). Meta-analyses examined changes in affect before and after binge eating using within-subjects standardized mean gain effect sizes (ESs). Results supported greater NA preceding binge eating relative to average affect (ES = 0.63) and affect... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4979299 Sun, 15 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4979299 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4979296&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fjb74yZqib9s%2F594 How effective are rewards (for cooperation) and punishment (for noncooperation) as tools to promote cooperation in social dilemmas or situations when immediate self-interest and longer term collective interest conflict? What variables can promote the impact of these incentives? Although such questions have been examined, social and behavioral scientists provide different answers. To date, there is no theoretical and/or quantitative review of rewards and punishments as incentives for cooperation in social dilemmas. Using a novel interdependence-theoretic framework, we propose that rewards and punishments should both promote cooperation, and we identify 2 variables—cost of incentives and source of incentives—that are predicted to magnify the effectiveness of these incentives in promoting... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4979296 Sun, 15 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4979296 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4979295&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fx26Q-cFH0k4%2F562 Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are a core feature of autism spectrum disorders. They constitute a major barrier to learning and social adaptation, but research on their definition, cause, and capacity for change has been relatively neglected. The last decade of research has brought new measurement techniques that have improved the description of RRBs. Research has also identified distinctive subtypes of RRBs in autism spectrum disorders. Research on potential causal origins and immediate triggers for RRBs is still at an early stage. However, promising new ideas and evidence are emerging from neurobiology and developmental psychology that identify neural adaptation, lack of environmental stimulation, arousal, and adaptive functions as key factors for the onset and maintenance of... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4979295 Sun, 15 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4979295 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4979294&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fg6PHMv59GQI%2F538 Since their formulation by the Gestalt movement more than a century ago, the principles of perceptual grouping have primarily been investigated in the visual modality and, to a lesser extent, in the auditory modality. The present review addresses the question of whether the same grouping principles also affect the perception of tactile stimuli. Although, to date, only a few studies have explicitly investigated the existence of Gestalt grouping principles in the tactile modality, we argue that many more studies have indirectly provided evidence relevant to this topic. Reviewing this body of research, we argue that similar principles to those reported previously in visual and auditory studies also govern the perceptual grouping of tactile stimuli. In particular, we highlight evidence showing... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4979294 Sun, 15 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4979294 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4979293&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fdd4InxoWaMs%2F517 Research on bystander intervention has produced a great number of studies showing that the presence of other people in a critical situation reduces the likelihood that an individual will help. As the last systematic review of bystander research was published in 1981 and was not a quantitative meta-analysis in the modern sense, the present meta-analysis updates the knowledge about the bystander effect and its potential moderators. The present work (a) integrates the bystander literature from the 1960s to 2010, (b) provides statistical tests of potential moderators, and (c) presents new theoretical and empirical perspectives on the novel finding of non-negative bystander effects in certain dangerous emergencies as well as situations where bystanders are a source of physical support for the p... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4979293 Sun, 01 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4979293 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4756012&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FMhoCGkqFazw%2F513 In an integrative review, we concluded that implicit affective cues—rudimentary stimuli associated with the onset of arousing positive or negative emotional states and/or with appraisals that the environment is benign or threatening—automatically moderate the scope of attention by Friedman & Förster (see record 2010-17510-008). In their comment, Harmon-Jones, Gable, and Price (see record 2011-08310-001) contended that their own recent research, aimed at demonstrating that motivational intensity moderates the relationship between affective state and attentional tuning, requires a tempering of our conclusions. However, Harmon-Jones et al. portrayed these conclusions neither accurately nor comprehensively and offered an insufficient critical assessment of their own competing account. Mor... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4756012 Sun, 24 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4756012 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4756011&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F0tArDyUenUo%2F508 Friedman and Förster (2010) reviewed an extensive program of research that was consistent with the view that positive affective states broaden, whereas negative affective states narrow, the scope of attention. We applaud their creative investigations into these important psychological questions and appreciate their thorough review. However, recent evidence strongly suggests that the conclusions drawn by Friedman and Förster need to be tempered, for the recent evidence suggests that motivational intensity rather than affective valence causes the modulations of attentional tuning. That is, affective states of low motivational intensity (e.g., sadness, postgoal positive affect) broaden attention, whereas affective states of high motivational intensity (e.g., disgust, pregoal positive affect... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4756011 Sun, 24 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4756011 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149671&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FHgOjSUq6hy8%2F753 There are many reports of relations between age and cognitive variables and of relations between age and variables representing different aspects of brain structure and a few reports of relations between brain structure variables and cognitive variables. These findings have sometimes led to inferences that the age-related brain changes cause the age-related cognitive changes. Although this conclusion may well be true, it is widely recognized that simple correlations are not sufficient to warrant causal conclusions, and other types of correlational information, such as mediation and correlations between longitudinal brain changes and longitudinal cognitive changes, also have limitations with respect to causal inferences. These issues are discussed, and the existing results on relations of r... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149671 Sun, 03 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5149671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4756006&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FIvcm0iTgECg%2F391 Defeat and entrapment are psychological constructs that have played a central role in evolutionary accounts of depression. These concepts have since been implicated in theoretical accounts of anxiety disorders and suicidality. The current article reports on a systematic review of the existing research investigating the links among defeat, entrapment, and psychopathology in the domains of depression, suicidality, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and other anxiety syndromes. Fifty-one original research articles were identified and critically reviewed. There was strong convergent evidence for a link with depressive symptoms, across a variety of clinical and nonclinical samples. Preliminary support for an association with suicidality was also observed, with effects not readily explainable... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4756006 Sun, 27 Mar 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4756006 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4756007&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fj8mH0XyKr5E%2F421 Researchers have been applying their knowledge of goal-oriented behavior to the self-regulated learning domain for more than 30 years. This review examines the current state of research on self-regulated learning and gaps in the field's understanding of how adults regulate their learning of work-related knowledge and skills. Self-regulation theory was used as a conceptual lens for deriving a heuristic framework of 16 fundamental constructs that constitute self-regulated learning. Meta-analytic findings (k = 430, N = 90,380) support theoretical propositions that self-regulation constructs are interrelated—30% of the corrected correlations among constructs were .50 or greater. Goal level, persistence, effort, and self-efficacy were the self-regulation constructs with the strongest effects ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4756007 Mon, 14 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4756007 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537818&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FRM88zBOLlYU%2F366 Reports an error in "The road to forgiveness: A meta-analytic synthesis of its situational and dispositional correlates" by Ryan Fehr, Michele J. Gelfand and Monisha Nag (Psychological Bulletin, 2010[Sep], Vol 136[5], 894-914). In Table 2, weighted population correlations and associated standard errors and confidence intervals are incorrectly reported. In Table 3, weighted population correlations and associated confidence intervals are incorrectly reported, as well as the Q statistic for trait forgiveness. Corrected data are presented. The authors note that substantive interpretations of the results are not affected by the corrections. The median absolute value correction for the weighted population correlations in both tables is r = .01. (The following abstract of the original article app... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537818 Mon, 28 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4537818 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537817&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fzc4uqsu9UkA%2F362 We Landau, Meier, & Keefer (2010) reviewed a growing body of research demonstrating metaphors' far-reaching influence on social information processing. In their commentary, IJzerman and Koole (2011) claimed that we devoted insufficient attention to the origin of metaphors, and they reviewed research showing that bodily, social, and cultural experiences constrain metaphor development. Given the focus of our article and the tone of our admittedly cursory treatment of metaphors' origins, we view IJzerman and Koole's commentary less as a critique and more as a valuable extension of our analysis. We elaborate on this extension and address three related issues raised in the comment: metaphors and representational format, the explanatory value of a metaphor-enriched perspective over the embodied ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537817 Mon, 28 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4537817 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537816&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FSr9w5duzzpM%2F355 What leads people to describe some of their interpersonal relationships as “close” and “warm” and others as “distant” and “cold”? Landau, Meier, and Keefer (2010) proposed that conceptual metaphors facilitate social cognition by allowing people to use knowledge from a relatively concrete (source) domain (e.g., physical distance) in understanding a different, usually more abstract (target) concept (e.g., love). We concur that such a notion of metaphors can greatly enrich the field of social cognition. At the same time, we believe it is important to devote greater theoretical attention to the nature of metaphorical representations in social cognition. We believe that Landau et al. place too much emphasis on sociocognitive metaphors as top-down knowledge structures and pay too... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537816 Mon, 28 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4537816 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537815&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FL6Fx-iJVTmw%2F351 Schooler's (2011) commentary of our meta-analysis (Fox, Ericsson, & Best, 2011), although thoughtful and generally complimentary, misclassifies the think-aloud method as a form of introspection. Although he praised the scientific rigor of the think-aloud method, Schooler criticized its limitations as a mode of capturing the full range of conscious phenomena, especially nonverbal aspects of consciousness. He noted that reactive effects (changes in the accuracy of performance) are often observed when experimenters induce verbalization of “particularly ineffable experiences” (p. 347). In this reply, we show that thinking aloud is not introspective by establishing that it does not require inner observation or generation of descriptions and explanations. In contrast to introspective methods... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537815 Mon, 28 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4537815 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537814&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F_J1lXJzB160%2F345 Fox, Ericsson, and Best's (2011) thoughtful justification of the use of think-aloud protocols for revealing the stream of consciousness comes on the centennial of the death of William James, history's greatest practitioner and advocate of introspection. This confluence naturally invites speculation about how James might have responded to the analysis of Fox et al. I suggest that although James would likely view the think-aloud procedure as a scientifically rigorous form of introspection, he would also admonish us not to overlook its limitations. Most notably, although the think-aloud procedure readily captures substantive verbal thoughts, it is less able to capture inchoate cognitions. The conclusion that verbal protocols are nonreactive also raises several additional issues. First, the no... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537814 Mon, 28 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4537814 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537812&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FvGKTisBxLCA%2F297 Do the gestures that speakers produce while talking significantly benefit listeners' comprehension of the message? This question has been the topic of many research studies over the previous 35 years, and there has been little consensus. The present meta-analysis examined the effect sizes from 63 samples in which listeners' understanding of a message was compared when speech was presented alone with when speech was presented with gestures. It was found that across samples, gestures do provide a significant, moderate benefit to communication. Furthermore, the magnitude of this effect is moderated by 3 factors. First, effects of gesture differ as a function of gesture topic, such that gestures that depict motor actions are more communicative than those that depict abstract topics. Second, ef... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537812 Mon, 28 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4537812 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4756005&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FM9rJ4-0BJsU%2F367 In recent years, there has been a surge in the quantity of media content that glorifies risk-taking behavior, such as risky driving, extreme sports, or binge drinking. The authors conducted a meta-analysis involving more than 80,000 participants and 105 independent effect sizes to examine whether exposure to such media depictions increased their recipients' risk-taking inclinations. A positive connection was found for overall, combined risk taking (g = .41); as well as its underlying dimensions: risk-taking behaviors (g = .41), risk-positive cognitions and attitudes (g = .35), and risk-positive emotions (g = .56). This effect was observed across varying research methods (experimental, correlational, longitudinal); types of media (video games, movies, advertising, TV, music); and differing ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4756005 Mon, 21 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4756005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4756010&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fp7y7i2dUOjM%2F484 Since the proposal of Tolman (1948) that mammals form maplike representations of familiar environments, cognitive map theory has been at the core of debates on the fundamental mechanisms of animal learning and memory. Traditional formulations of cognitive map theory emphasize relations between landmarks and between landmarks and goal locations as the basis of the map. More recently, several models of spatial coding have taken the boundaries of an environment as the basis of the cognitive map, with landmark relations being processed through alternative, operant learning mechanisms. In this review, the evidence for this proposed dichotomy is analyzed. It is suggested that 2 factors repeatedly confound efforts to compare spatial coding based on landmark arrays, formed by 2 or more landmarks, ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4756010 Mon, 07 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4756010 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4756008&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F4zKU9ptuBJ0%2F443 We argue that 4 fundamental gestalt phenomena in perception apply to the control of motor action. First, a motor gestalt, like a perceptual gestalt, is holistic in the sense that it is processed as a single unit. This notion is consistent with reaction time results indicating that all gestures for a brief unit of action must be programmed prior to initiation of any part of the movement. Additional reaction time results related to initiation of longer responses are consistent with processing in terms of a sequence of indivisible motor gestalts. Some actions (e.g., many involving coordination of the hands) can be carried out effectively only if represented as a unitary gestalt. Second, a perceptual gestalt is independent of specific sensory receptors, as evidenced by perceptual constancy. In... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4756008 Mon, 07 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4756008 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4756009&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FcsYzFQA7ymU%2F463 This article reviews behavioral, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging research on automatic imitation, asking in what sense it is “automatic” and whether it is “imitation.” This body of research reveals that automatic imitation is a covert form of imitation, distinct from spatial compatibility. It also indicates that, although automatic imitation is subject to input modulation by attentional processes, and output modulation by inhibitory processes, it is mediated by learned, long-term sensorimotor associations that cannot be altered directly by intentional processes. Automatic imitation provides an important tool for the investigation of the mirror neuron system, motor mimicry, and complex forms of imitation. It is a new behavioral phenomenon, comparable with the Stroop and Simon e... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4756009 Mon, 31 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4756009 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537809&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FSLP3mlriPp0%2F211 The association between memory self-efficacy (MSE) and memory performance is highly documented in the literature. However, previous studies have produced inconsistent results, and there is no consensus on the existence of a significant link between these two variables. In order to evaluate whether or not the effect size of the MSE–memory performance relationship in healthy adults is significant and to test several theory-driven moderators, we conducted a meta-analysis of published and unpublished studies. A random-effects model analysis of data from 107 relevant studies (673 effect sizes) indicated a low but significant weighted mean correlation between MSE and memory performance, r = .15, 95% CI [.13, .17]. In addition, the mean effect size was significantly moderated by the way MSE was... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537809 Mon, 17 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4537809 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537811&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FZLaxTcMBGlQ%2F267 This research synthesis examines whether the association between print exposure and components of reading grows stronger across development. We meta-analyzed 99 studies (N = 7,669) that focused on leisure time reading of (a) preschoolers and kindergartners, (b) children attending Grades 1–12, and (c) college and university students. For all measures in the outcome domains of reading comprehension and technical reading and spelling, moderate to strong correlations with print exposure were found. The outcomes support an upward spiral of causality: Children who are more proficient in comprehension and technical reading and spelling skills read more; because of more print exposure, their comprehension and technical reading and spelling skills improved more with each year of education. For ex... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537811 Mon, 10 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4537811 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4340146&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FYY3NeV6Aj9U%2F149 Studies obtaining implicit measures of associations in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., Text Revision; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) Axis I psychopathology are organized into three categories: (a) studies comparing groups having a disorder with controls, (b) experimental validity studies, and (c) incremental and predictive validity studies. In the first category, implicit measures of disorder-relevant associations were consistent with explicit beliefs for some disorders (e.g., specific phobia), but for other disorders evidence was either mixed (e.g., panic disorder) or inconsistent with explicit beliefs (e.g., pain disorder). For substance use disorders and overeating, expected positive and unexpected negative associations with craved substances wer... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4340146 Mon, 10 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4340146 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4340145&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FNa6MbIPPdd8%2F131 Many studies have examined the accuracy of predictions of future memory performance solicited through judgments of learning (JOLs). Among the most robust findings in this literature is that delaying predictions serves to substantially increase the relative accuracy of JOLs compared with soliciting JOLs immediately after study, a finding termed the delayed JOL effect. The meta-analyses reported in the current study examined the predominant theoretical accounts as well as potential moderators of the delayed JOL effect. The first meta-analysis examined the relative accuracy of delayed compared with immediate JOLs across 4,554 participants (112 effect sizes) through gamma correlations between JOLs and memory accuracy. Those data showed that delaying JOLs leads to robust benefits to relative ac... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4340145 Mon, 10 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4340145 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4340144&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Ff3y7HeRlEBI%2F97 Men are overrepresented in socially problematic behaviors, such as aggression and criminal behavior, which have been linked to impulsivity. Our review of impulsivity is organized around the tripartite theoretical distinction between reward hypersensitivity, punishment hyposensitivity, and inadequate effortful control. Drawing on evolutionary, criminological, developmental, and personality theories, we predicted that sex differences would be most pronounced in risky activities with men demonstrating greater sensation seeking, greater reward sensitivity, and lower punishment sensitivity. We predicted a small female advantage in effortful control. We analyzed 741 effect sizes from 277 studies, including psychometric and behavioral measures. Women were consistently more punishment sensitive (d... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4340144 Mon, 10 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4340144 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4340143&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FdoSrYrBTNyQ%2F68 This study quantitatively summarized the magnitude of associations of shame and guilt with depressive symptoms. Two hundred forty-two effect sizes were obtained from 108 studies employing 22,411 participants. Shame showed significantly stronger associations with depressive symptoms (r = .43) than guilt (r = .28). However, the association of shame and depressive symptoms was statistically indistinguishable from the associations of 2 maladaptive variants of guilt and depressive symptoms (contextual-maladaptive guilt, involving exaggerated responsibility for uncontrollable events, r = .39; generalized guilt, involving “free-floating” guilt divorced from specific contexts, r = .42). Other factors also moderated the effects. External shame, which involves negative views of self as seen thro... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4340143 Mon, 10 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4340143 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4340141&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FJUbDyq5ZHrM%2F19 We present an integrative life-span–encompassing theoretical model to explain the patterns of results that have emerged from these studies. The central proposition is that individuals who possess secure experience-based internal working models of attachment will process—in a relatively open manner—a broad range of positive and negative attachment-relevant social information. Moreover, secure individuals will draw on their positive attachment-related knowledge to process this information in a positively biased schematic way. In contrast, individuals who possess insecure internal working models of attachment will process attachment-relevant social information in one of two ways, depending on whether the information could cause the individual psychological pain. If processing the inform... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4340141 Mon, 10 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4340141 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4340140&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fti9NjeLiQUw%2F1 G. T. Fechner (1860/1966) famously described two kinds of psychophysics: Outer psychophysics captures the black box relationship between sensory inputs and perceptual magnitudes, whereas inner psychophysics contains the neural transformations that Fechner's outer psychophysics elided. The relationship between the two has never been clear. Moreover, psychophysical power laws are found in almost every sensory system, yet the vast majority of neurons show sigmoid nonlinearities. Here, we selectively review the literatures on psychophysical and physiological nonlinearities and show how they can be placed within a framework for understanding the relationship between inner and outer psychophysics: a neural organization with a logical structure commensurate to outer psychophysical theory. In theo... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4340140 Mon, 10 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4340140 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5149675&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F_eJ65g9GFAU%2F800 This article introduces the notion of genetic essentialist biases: cognitive biases associated with essentialist thinking that are elicited when people encounter arguments that genes are relevant for a behavior, condition, or social group. Learning about genetic attributions for various human conditions leads to a particular set of thoughts regarding those conditions: they are more likely to be perceived as (a) immutable and determined, (b) having a specific etiology, (c) homogeneous and discrete, and (d) natural, which can lead to the naturalistic fallacy. There are rare cases of “strong genetic explanation” when such responses to genetic attributions may be appropriate; however, people tend to overweigh genetic attributions compared with competing attributions even in cases of “wea... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5149675 Mon, 13 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 5149675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537810&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F5H4uz9GcrRo%2F242 Diversity is a defining characteristic of modern society, yet there remains considerable debate over the benefits that it brings. The authors argue that positive psychological and behavioral outcomes will be observed only when social and cultural diversity is experienced in a way that challenges stereotypical expectations and that when this precondition is met, the experience has cognitive consequences that resonate across multiple domains. A model, rooted in social categorization theory and research, outlines the preconditions and processes through which people cognitively adapt to the experience of social and cultural diversity and the resulting cross-domain benefits that this brings. Evidence is drawn from a range of literatures to support this model, including work on biculturalism, mi... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537810 Mon, 13 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4537810 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537808&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FuhNhPj7_fkg%2F195 Discounting is a phenomenon in causal reasoning in which the presence of one cause casts doubt on another. We provide a survey of the descriptive and formal models that attempt to explain the discounting process and summarize what current models do not account for and where room for improvement exists. We propose a levels-of-analysis framework organized around 2 types of models of causal discounting: computational and algorithmic models. Theories of causal discounting at the computational level attempt to provide normative, prescriptive explanations for discounting behavior, and they build on other normative frameworks like formal logic and probability theory. However, they tend not to focus on how those computations are carried out. Theories of discounting at the algorithmic level focus o... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537808 Mon, 13 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4537808 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4537813&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FcS6jSfSWR1w%2F316 Since its establishment, psychology has struggled to find valid methods for studying thoughts and subjective experiences. Thirty years ago, Ericsson and Simon (1980) proposed that participants can give concurrent verbal expression to their thoughts (think aloud) while completing tasks without changing objectively measurable performance (accuracy). In contrast, directed requests for concurrent verbal reports, such as explanations or directions to describe particular kinds of information, were predicted to change thought processes as a consequence of the need to generate this information, thus altering performance. By comparing performance of concurrent verbal reporting conditions with their matching silent control condition, Ericsson and Simon found several studies demonstrating that direct... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4537813 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4537813 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4340142&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FsbGpHsN5DU8%2F47 In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev., DSM–IV–TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Criterion A2 stipulates that an individual must experience intense fear, helplessness, or horror during an event that threatened the life or physical integrity of oneself or others to be eligible for the PTSD diagnosis. In considering this criterion, we describe its origins, review studies that have examined its predictive validity, and reflect on the intended purpose of the criterion and how it complements the mission of the DSM. We then assert that the predictive validity of Criterion A2 may not be an appropriate metric for evaluating its worth. We also note that the current Criterion A2 may not fully capture all th... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4340142 Mon, 22 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4340142 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4147000&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FbG5PYbXiEzU%2F975 Selective attention requires the ability to focus on relevant information and to ignore irrelevant information. The ability to inhibit irrelevant information has been proposed to be the main source of age-related cognitive change (e.g., Hasher & Zacks, 1988). Although age-related distraction by irrelevant information has been extensively demonstrated in the visual modality, studies involving auditory and cross-modal paradigms have revealed a mixed pattern of results. A comparative evaluation of these paradigms according to sensory modality suggests a twofold trend: Age-related distraction is more likely (a) in unimodal than in cross-modal paradigms and (b) when irrelevant information is presented in the visual modality, rather than in the auditory modality. This distinct pattern of age-rel... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4147000 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4147000 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4146996&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F2ih1Wiwi3x4%2F1123 In this article, we use meta-analysis to analyze gender differences in recent studies of mathematics performance. First, we meta-analyzed data from 242 studies published between 1990 and 2007, representing the testing of 1,286,350 people. Overall, d = 0.05, indicating no gender difference, and variance ratio = 1.08, indicating nearly equal male and female variances. Second, we analyzed data from large data sets based on probability sampling of U.S. adolescents over the past 20 years: the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, the Longitudinal Study of American Youth, and the National Assessment of Educational Progress. Effect sizes for the gender difference ranged between –0.15 and +0.22. Variance ratios ranged from 0.88 to 1.34. Taken ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4146996 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4146996 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4146995&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FhcII8IiS75o%2F1092 The bulk of personality research has been built from self-report measures of personality. However, collecting personality ratings from other-raters, such as family, friends, and even strangers, is a dramatically underutilized method that allows better explanation and prediction of personality's role in many domains of psychology. Drawing hypotheses from D. C. Funder's (1995) realistic accuracy model about trait and information moderators of accuracy, we offer 3 meta-analyses to help researchers and applied psychologists understand and interpret both consistencies and unique insights afforded by other-ratings of personality. These meta-analyses integrate findings based on 44,178 target individuals rated across 263 independent samples. Each meta-analysis assessed the accuracy of observer rat... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4146995 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4146995 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4146994&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FF9EJtlR6Q6U%2F1068 The following article presents the theoretical model of strength and vulnerability integration (SAVI) to explain factors that influence emotion regulation and emotional well-being across adulthood. The model posits that trajectories of adult development are marked by age-related enhancement in the use of strategies that serve to avoid or limit exposure to negative stimuli but by age-related vulnerabilities in situations that elicit high levels of sustained emotional arousal. When older adults avoid or reduce exposure to emotional distress, they often respond better than younger adults; when they experience high levels of sustained emotional arousal, however, age-related advantages in emotional well-being are attenuated, and older adults are hypothesized to have greater difficulties returni... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4146994 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4146994 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4129474&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F68d3B0alGc0%2F975 Selective attention requires the ability to focus on relevant information and to ignore irrelevant information. The ability to inhibit irrelevant information has been proposed to be the main source of age-related cognitive change (e.g., Hasher & Zacks, 1988). Although age-related distraction by irrelevant information has been extensively demonstrated in the visual modality, studies involving auditory and cross-modal paradigms have revealed a mixed pattern of results. A comparative evaluation of these paradigms according to sensory modality suggests a twofold trend: Age-related distraction is more likely (a) in unimodal than in cross-modal paradigms and (b) when irrelevant information is presented in the visual modality, rather than in the auditory modality. This distinct pattern of age-rel... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4129474 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4129474 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4129470&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FTAuUZ7C1KPI%2F1123 In this article, we use meta-analysis to analyze gender differences in recent studies of mathematics performance. First, we meta-analyzed data from 242 studies published between 1990 and 2007, representing the testing of 1,286,350 people. Overall, d = 0.05, indicating no gender difference, and variance ratio = 1.08, indicating nearly equal male and female variances. Second, we analyzed data from large data sets based on probability sampling of U.S. adolescents over the past 20 years: the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth, the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, the Longitudinal Study of American Youth, and the National Assessment of Educational Progress. Effect sizes for the gender difference ranged between –0.15 and +0.22. Variance ratios ranged from 0.88 to 1.34. Taken ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4129470 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4129470 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4129469&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FzCjlHZryaso%2F1092 The bulk of personality research has been built from self-report measures of personality. However, collecting personality ratings from other-raters, such as family, friends, and even strangers, is a dramatically underutilized method that allows better explanation and prediction of personality's role in many domains of psychology. Drawing hypotheses from D. C. Funder's (1995) realistic accuracy model about trait and information moderators of accuracy, we offer 3 meta-analyses to help researchers and applied psychologists understand and interpret both consistencies and unique insights afforded by other-ratings of personality. These meta-analyses integrate findings based on 44,178 target individuals rated across 263 independent samples. Each meta-analysis assessed the accuracy of observer rat... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4129469 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4129469 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4129468&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FmT_AgzBOWUk%2F1068 The following article presents the theoretical model of strength and vulnerability integration (SAVI) to explain factors that influence emotion regulation and emotional well-being across adulthood. The model posits that trajectories of adult development are marked by age-related enhancement in the use of strategies that serve to avoid or limit exposure to negative stimuli but by age-related vulnerabilities in situations that elicit high levels of sustained emotional arousal. When older adults avoid or reduce exposure to emotional distress, they often respond better than younger adults; when they experience high levels of sustained emotional arousal, however, age-related advantages in emotional well-being are attenuated, and older adults are hypothesized to have greater difficulties returni... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4129468 Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4129468 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4146999&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fi7Yrj3ir60Y%2F974 Reports an error in "A review of contemporary ideomotor theory" by Yun Kyoung Shin, Robert W. Proctor and E. J. Capaldi (Psychological Bulletin, 943-974). In the Online First Publication of the article “A Review of Contemporary Ideomotor Theory” by Yun Kyoung Shin, Robert W. Proctor, and E. J. Capaldi (Psychological Bulletin, posted September 6, 2010, doi: 10.1037/a0020541), the title of the article was incorrectly listed as “A Review of Contemporary Idiomatic Theory.” All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-18185-001.) A framework for action planning, called ideomotor theory, suggests that actions are represented by their perceivable effects. Thus, any activation of the effect image, either endogenou... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4146999 Mon, 04 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4146999 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4146997&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FZnEUeEehyhw%2F915 This meta-analysis of 69 studies (1,483 effect sizes) used random effects models to examine maternal employment during infancy/early childhood in relation to 2 major domains of child functioning: achievement and behavior problems. Analyses of studies that spanned 5 decades indicated that, with a few exceptions, early employment was not significantly associated with later achievement or internalizing/externalizing behaviors. The exceptions were for teacher ratings of achievement and internalizing behaviors: Employment was associated with higher achievement and fewer internalizing behaviors. Substantial heterogeneity among the effect sizes prompted examination of moderators. Sample-level moderator analyses pointed to the importance of socioeconomic and contextual variables, with early employ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4146997 Mon, 04 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4146997 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4129473&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FUVFlLsTC1ow%2F974 Reports an error in "A review of contemporary ideomotor theory" by Yun Kyoung Shin, Robert W. Proctor and E. J. Capaldi (Psychological Bulletin, 943-974). In the Online First Publication of the article “A Review of Contemporary Ideomotor Theory” by Yun Kyoung Shin, Robert W. Proctor, and E. J. Capaldi (Psychological Bulletin, posted September 6, 2010, doi: 10.1037/a0020541), the title of the article was incorrectly listed as “A Review of Contemporary Idiomatic Theory.” All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-18185-001.) A framework for action planning, called ideomotor theory, suggests that actions are represented by their perceivable effects. Thus, any activation of the effect image, either endogenou... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4129473 Mon, 04 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4129473 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4129471&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FgImSDINNeG4%2F915 This meta-analysis of 69 studies (1,483 effect sizes) used random effects models to examine maternal employment during infancy/early childhood in relation to 2 major domains of child functioning: achievement and behavior problems. Analyses of studies that spanned 5 decades indicated that, with a few exceptions, early employment was not significantly associated with later achievement or internalizing/externalizing behaviors. The exceptions were for teacher ratings of achievement and internalizing behaviors: Employment was associated with higher achievement and fewer internalizing behaviors. Substantial heterogeneity among the effect sizes prompted examination of moderators. Sample-level moderator analyses pointed to the importance of socioeconomic and contextual variables, with early employ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4129471 Mon, 04 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4129471 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4146998&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FEr7hCH4rfeA%2F943 [Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 136(6) of Psychological Bulletin (see record 2010-20845-001). In the Online First Publication of the article “A Review of Contemporary Ideomotor Theory” by Yun Kyoung Shin, Robert W. Proctor, and E. J. Capaldi (Psychological Bulletin, posted September 6, 2010, doi: 10.1037/a0020541), the title of the article was incorrectly listed as “A Review of Contemporary Idiomatic Theory.” All versions of this article have been corrected.] A framework for action planning, called ideomotor theory, suggests that actions are represented by their perceivable effects. Thus, any activation of the effect image, either endogenously or exogenously, will trigger the corresponding action. We review contemporary studies relating to ideomo... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4146998 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4146998 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4146993&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FRXZyIZUyw8I%2F1045 Social cognition is the scientific study of the cognitive events underlying social thought and attitudes. Currently, the field's prevailing theoretical perspectives are the traditional schema view and embodied cognition theories. Despite important differences, these perspectives share the seemingly uncontroversial notion that people interpret and evaluate a given social stimulus using knowledge about similar stimuli. However, research in cognitive linguistics (e.g., Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) suggests that people construe the world in large part through conceptual metaphors, which enable them to understand abstract concepts using knowledge of superficially dissimilar, typically more concrete concepts. Drawing on these perspectives, we propose that social cognition can and should be enriched b... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4146993 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4146993 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4146992&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fga1Ms8Ie2CU%2F1023 This article reviews the behavioral literature on the control of goal-directed aiming and presents a multiple-process model of limb control. The model builds on recent variants of Woodworth's (1899) two-component model of speed–accuracy relations in voluntary movement and incorporates ideas about dynamic online limb control based on prior expectations about the efferent and afferent consequences of a planned movement. The model considers the relationship between movement speed and accuracy, and how performers adjust their trial-to-trial aiming behavior to find a safe, but fast, zone for movement execution. The model also outlines how the energy and safety costs associated with different movement outcomes contribute to movement planning processes and the control of aiming trajectories. Ou... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4146992 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4146992 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4129472&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FZaIu1tmV2Uw%2F943 [Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 136(6) of Psychological Bulletin (see record 2010-20845-001). In the Online First Publication of the article “A Review of Contemporary Ideomotor Theory” by Yun Kyoung Shin, Robert W. Proctor, and E. J. Capaldi (Psychological Bulletin, posted September 6, 2010, doi: 10.1037/a0020541), the title of the article was incorrectly listed as “A Review of Contemporary Idiomatic Theory.” All versions of this article have been corrected.] A framework for action planning, called ideomotor theory, suggests that actions are represented by their perceivable effects. Thus, any activation of the effect image, either endogenously or exogenously, will trigger the corresponding action. We review contemporary studies relating to ideomo... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4129472 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4129472 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4129467&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FuEdPm_CDzRg%2F1045 Social cognition is the scientific study of the cognitive events underlying social thought and attitudes. Currently, the field's prevailing theoretical perspectives are the traditional schema view and embodied cognition theories. Despite important differences, these perspectives share the seemingly uncontroversial notion that people interpret and evaluate a given social stimulus using knowledge about similar stimuli. However, research in cognitive linguistics (e.g., Lakoff & Johnson, 1980) suggests that people construe the world in large part through conceptual metaphors, which enable them to understand abstract concepts using knowledge of superficially dissimilar, typically more concrete concepts. Drawing on these perspectives, we propose that social cognition can and should be enriched b... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4129467 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4129467 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4129466&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F1a2N0KndTRk%2F1023 This article reviews the behavioral literature on the control of goal-directed aiming and presents a multiple-process model of limb control. The model builds on recent variants of Woodworth's (1899) two-component model of speed–accuracy relations in voluntary movement and incorporates ideas about dynamic online limb control based on prior expectations about the efferent and afferent consequences of a planned movement. The model considers the relationship between movement speed and accuracy, and how performers adjust their trial-to-trial aiming behavior to find a safe, but fast, zone for movement execution. The model also outlines how the energy and safety costs associated with different movement outcomes contribute to movement planning processes and the control of aiming trajectories. Ou... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4129466 Mon, 06 Sep 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4129466 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3918400&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FRzxt9NU1EdU%2F894 Forgiveness has received widespread attention among psychologists from social, personality, clinical, developmental, and organizational perspectives alike. Despite great progress, the forgiveness literature has witnessed few attempts at empirical integration. Toward this end, we meta-analyze results from 175 studies and 26,006 participants to examine the correlates of interpersonal forgiveness (i.e., forgiveness of a single offender by a single victim). A tripartite forgiveness typology is proposed, encompassing victims' (a) cognitions, (b) affect, and (c) constraints following offense, with each consisting of situational and dispositional components. We tested hypotheses with respect to 22 distinct constructs, as correlates of forgiveness, that have been measured across different fields w... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3918400 Sun, 29 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3918400 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3918399&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FrxQ8XtonNyY%2F893 We report the results of meta-analyses on 3 types of free-response study: (a) ganzfeld (a technique that enhances a communication anomaly referred to as “psi”); (b) nonganzfeld noise reduction using alleged psi-enhancing techniques such as dream psi, meditation, relaxation, or hypnosis; and (c) standard free response (nonganzfeld, no noise reduction). For the period 1997–2008, a homogeneous data set of 29 ganzfeld studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.142 (Stouffer Z = 5.48, p = 2.13 × 10−8). A homogeneous nonganzfeld noise reduction data set of 16 studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.110 (Stouffer Z = 3.35, p = 2.08 × 10−4), and a homogeneous data set of 14 standard free-response studies produced a weak negative mean effect size of −0.029 (Stouffer Z = −2.29, p = .989... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3918399 Sun, 29 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3918399 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3918398&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FZzS5y61eQZs%2F875 A large and growing number of studies support the notion that arousing positive emotional states expand, and that arousing negative states constrict, the scope of attention on both the perceptual and conceptual levels. However, these studies have predominantly involved the manipulation or measurement of conscious emotional experiences (e.g., subjective feelings of happiness or anxiety). This raises the question: Do cues that are merely associated with benign versus threatening situations but do not elicit conscious feelings of positive or negative emotional arousal independently expand or contract attentional scope? Integrating theoretical advances in affective neuroscience, positive psychology, and social cognition, the authors propose that rudimentary intero- and exteroceptive stimuli ma... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3918398 Sun, 29 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3918398 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3918397&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FgGTKuZ67n8I%2F874 Reports an error in "Are there shared environmental influences on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Reply to Wood, Buitelaar, Rijsdijk, Asherson, and Kuntsi (2010)" by S. Alexandra Burt (Psychological Bulletin, 2010[May], Vol 136[3], 341-343). In the article, the surname of Jonna Kuntsi is misspelled throughout. The online versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2010-07936-002.) A recent large-scale meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies indicated that shared environmental influences make important contributions to most forms of child and adolescent psychopathology (Burt, 2009b). The sole exception to this robust pattern of results was observed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which app... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3918397 Sun, 29 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3918397 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3918396&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FI9QGX6Pw4xE%2F849 The task-switching paradigm offers enormous possibilities to study cognitive control as well as task interference. The current review provides an overview of recent research on both topics. First, we review different experimental approaches to task switching, such as comparing mixed-task blocks with single-task blocks, predictable task-switching and task-cuing paradigms, intermittent instructions, and voluntary task selection. In the 2nd part, we discuss findings on preparatory control mechanisms in task switching and theoretical accounts of task preparation. We consider preparation processes in two-stage models, consider preparation as an all-or-none process, address the question of whether preparation is switch-specific, reflect on preparation as interaction of cue encoding and memory re... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3918396 Sun, 29 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3918396 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3918395&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FWLscHUVBA3Y%2F822 Creativity is a cornerstone of what makes us human, yet the neural mechanisms underlying creative thinking are poorly understood. A recent surge of interest into the neural underpinnings of creative behavior has produced a banquet of data that is tantalizing but, considered as a whole, deeply self-contradictory. We review the emerging literature and take stock of several long-standing theories and widely held beliefs about creativity. A total of 72 experiments, reported in 63 articles, make up the core of the review. They broadly fall into 3 categories: divergent thinking, artistic creativity, and insight. Electroencephalographic studies of divergent thinking yield highly variegated results. Neuroimaging studies of this paradigm also indicate no reliable changes above and beyond diffuse pr... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3918395 Sun, 29 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3918395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3918394&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F6p-9lFRoewU%2F768 We performed a quantitative review of associations between the higher order personality traits in the Big Three and Big Five models (i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, disinhibition, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness) and specific depressive, anxiety, and substance use disorders (SUD) in adults. This approach resulted in 66 meta-analyses. The review included 175 studies published from 1980 to 2007, which yielded 851 effect sizes. For a given analysis, the number of studies ranged from three to 63 (total sample size ranged from 1,076 to 75,229). All diagnostic groups were high on neuroticism (mean Cohen's d = 1.65) and low on conscientiousness (mean d = −1.01). Many disorders also showed low extraversion, with the largest effect sizes for dysthymic disorder (d = −1.47) and so... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3918394 Sun, 29 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3918394 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3918393&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FhhCMnuV-tyw%2F740 Actuarial risk assessment tools are used extensively to predict future violence, but previous studies comparing their predictive accuracies have produced inconsistent findings as a result of various methodological issues. We conducted meta-analyses of the effect sizes of 9 commonly used risk assessment tools and their subscales to compare their predictive efficacies for violence. The effect sizes were extracted from 28 original reports published between 1999 and 2008, which assessed the predictive accuracy of more than one tool. We used a within-subject design to improve statistical power and multilevel regression models to disentangle random effects of variation between studies and tools and to adjust for study features. All 9 tools and their subscales predicted violence at about the same... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3918393 Sun, 29 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3918393 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3918392&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F_8FcUWEI_jo%2F699 Terror management theory (TMT) highlights the motivational impact of thoughts of death in various aspects of everyday life. Since its inception in 1986, research on TMT has undergone a slight but significant shift from an almost exclusive focus on the manipulation of thoughts of death to a marked increase in studies that measure the accessibility of death-related cognition. Indeed, the number of death-thought accessibility (DTA) studies in the published literature has grown substantially in recent years. In light of this increasing reliance on the DTA concept, the present article is meant to provide a comprehensive theoretical and empirical review of the literature employing this concept. After discussing the roots of DTA, the authors outline the theoretical refinements to TMT that have ac... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3918392 Sun, 29 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3918392 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3918391&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FMjLw7FWLrqU%2F677 The current set of meta-analyses elucidates the long-term psychiatric, psychosocial, and physical consequences of the Holocaust for survivors. In 71 samples with 12,746 participants Holocaust survivors were compared with their counterparts (with no Holocaust background) on physical health, psychological well-being, posttraumatic stress symptoms, psychopathological symptomatology, cognitive functioning, and stress-related physiology. Holocaust survivors were less well adjusted, as apparent from studies on nonselected samples (trimmed combined effect size d = 0.22, 95% CI [0.13, 0.31], N = 9,803) and from studies on selected samples (d = 0.45, 95% CI [0.32, 0.59], N = 2,943). In particular, they showed substantially more posttraumatic stress symptoms (nonselect studies: d = 0.72, 95% CI [0.4... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3918391 Sun, 29 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3918391 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3792769&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FKap_5JC3yic%2F659 Does plasticity contribute to adult cognitive development, and if so, in what ways? The vague and overused concept of plasticity makes these controversial questions difficult to answer. In this article, we refine the notion of adult cognitive plasticity and sharpen its conceptual distinctiveness. According to our framework, adult cognitive plasticity is driven by a prolonged mismatch between functional organismic supplies and environmental demands and denotes the brain's capacity for anatomically implementing reactive changes in behavioral flexibility (i.e., the possible range of performance and function). We distinguish between 2 interconnected but distinct cognitive outcomes of adult cognitive plasticity: alterations in processing efficiency and alterations in representations. We demonst... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3792769 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3792769 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3792768&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fl-QZPBaSHYU%2F627 This article reviews the research literature and theory concerned with accuracy of judgments in romantic relationships. We initially propose a model of cognition in (romantic) relationships that distinguishes between 2 forms of accuracy: mean-level bias and tracking accuracy. We then report the results of meta-analyses of research on heterosexual, romantic relationships, which used external benchmarks and reported levels of tracking accuracy (98 studies) and/or mean-level bias (48 studies). The results revealed robust overall effect sizes for both tracking accuracy (r = .47) and positive mean-level bias (r = .09). As expected, the effects were substantial and positive for tracking accuracy across 6 judgmental categories, whereas signed mean-level bias was negative for the interaction attri... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3792768 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3792768 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3792767&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FOtaOtYA0qUE%2F601 The task-switching paradigm is being increasingly used as a tool for studying cognitive control and task coordination. Different procedural variations have been developed. They have in common that a comparison is made between transitions in which the previous task is repeated and transitions that involve a change toward another task. In general, a performance switch cost is observed such that switching to a new task results in a slower and more error-prone execution of the task. The present article reviews the theoretical explanations of the switch cost and the findings collected in support of those explanations. Resolution and protection from interference by previous events explain part of the switching cost, but processes related to task setting and task preparation also play a prominent... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3792767 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3792767 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3792766&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FkzBxHdYKDiQ%2F576 We review theory and empirical study of distress tolerance, an emerging risk factor candidate for various forms of psychopathology. Despite the long-standing interest in and promise of work on distress tolerance for understanding adult psychopathology, there has not been a comprehensive review of the extant empirical literature focused on the construct. As a result, a comprehensive synthesis of theoretical and empirical scholarship on distress tolerance, including integration of extant research on the relations between distress tolerance and psychopathology, is lacking. Inspection of the scientific literature indicates that there are a number of promising ways to conceptualize and measure distress tolerance, as well as documented relations between distress tolerance factors and psychopatho... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3792766 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3792766 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3792765&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FAYoiPnRSB8g%2F526 We tested special and general explanations of male adolescent sexual offending by conducting a meta-analysis of 59 independent studies comparing male adolescent sex offenders (n = 3,855) with male adolescent non-sex offenders (n = 13,393) on theoretically derived variables reflecting general delinquency risk factors (antisocial tendencies), childhood abuse, exposure to violence, family problems, interpersonal problems, sexuality, psychopathology, and cognitive abilities. The results did not support the notion that adolescent sexual offending can be parsimoniously explained as a simple manifestation of general antisocial tendencies. Adolescent sex offenders had much less extensive criminal histories, fewer antisocial peers, and fewer substance use problems compared with non-sex offenders. S... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3792765 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3792765 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3792764&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FnpJvETCLE7Q%2F495 According to the strength model, self-control is a finite resource that determines capacity for effortful control over dominant responses and, once expended, leads to impaired self-control task performance, known as ego depletion. A meta-analysis of 83 studies tested the effect of ego depletion on task performance and related outcomes, alternative explanations and moderators of the effect, and additional strength model hypotheses. Results revealed a significant effect of ego depletion on self-control task performance. Significant effect sizes were found for ego depletion on effort, perceived difficulty, negative affect, subjective fatigue, and blood glucose levels. Small, nonsignificant effects were found for positive affect and self-efficacy. Moderator analyses indicated minimal variation... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3792764 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3792764 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3792763&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fegw-B6SiSpk%2F491 We present a case for psi research that undermines Hyman's argument. First, we give examples from parapsychologists who do not outrightly dismiss psi, despite appearances, but actually support it. Second, we claim that Hyman does not tell the full story about the ganzfeld meta-analytic findings and thus presents a one-sided account. Third, we argue that our meta-analysis has followed standard procedures, that we have not broken any rules but have found a communications anomaly, often referred to as psi. Though we may be in agreement that the evidence is largely statistical, the evidence suggests that concealed targets are actually identified rather than guessed. We argue that further research is necessary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3792763 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3792763 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3792762&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F_YW0qD7OjC8%2F486 Storm, Tressoldi, and Di Risio (2010) rely on meta-analyses to justify their claim that the evidence for psi is consistent and reliable. They manufacture apparent homogeneity and consistency by eliminating many outliers and combining databases whose combined effect sizes are not significantly different—even though these combined effect sizes consist of arbitrary and meaningless composites. At best, their study provides a recipe for conducting a replicable extrasensory perception experiment. This recipe includes following a design that employs the standard ganzfeld psi methodology and uses “selected” subjects. An experiment, having adequate power and that meets these criteria, has already been conducted and failed to produce evidence for psi. Parapsychology will achieve scientific acc... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3792762 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3792762 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3792761&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FnsA3vlA7q-0%2F471 We report the results of meta-analyses on 3 types of free-response study: (a) ganzfeld (a technique that enhances a communication anomaly referred to as “psi”); (b) nonganzfeld noise reduction using alleged psi-enhancing techniques such as dream psi, meditation, relaxation, or hypnosis; and (c) standard free response (nonganzfeld, no noise reduction). For the period 1997–2008, a homogeneous data set of 29 ganzfeld studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.142 (Stouffer Z = 5.48, p = 2.13 × 10−8). A homogeneous nonganzfeld noise reduction data set of 16 studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.110 (Stouffer Z = 3.35, p = 2.08 × 10−4), and a homogeneous data set of 14 standard free-response studies produced a weak negative mean effect size of −0.029 (Stouffer Z = −2.29, p = .989... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3792761 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3792761 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3789011&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FIF_fuNZdxR4%2F659 Does plasticity contribute to adult cognitive development, and if so, in what ways? The vague and overused concept of plasticity makes these controversial questions difficult to answer. In this article, we refine the notion of adult cognitive plasticity and sharpen its conceptual distinctiveness. According to our framework, adult cognitive plasticity is driven by a prolonged mismatch between functional organismic supplies and environmental demands and denotes the brain's capacity for anatomically implementing reactive changes in behavioral flexibility (i.e., the possible range of performance and function). We distinguish between 2 interconnected but distinct cognitive outcomes of adult cognitive plasticity: alterations in processing efficiency and alterations in representations. We demonst... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3789011 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3789011 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3789010&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FHz7a7fKt9rw%2F627 This article reviews the research literature and theory concerned with accuracy of judgments in romantic relationships. We initially propose a model of cognition in (romantic) relationships that distinguishes between 2 forms of accuracy: mean-level bias and tracking accuracy. We then report the results of meta-analyses of research on heterosexual, romantic relationships, which used external benchmarks and reported levels of tracking accuracy (98 studies) and/or mean-level bias (48 studies). The results revealed robust overall effect sizes for both tracking accuracy (r = .47) and positive mean-level bias (r = .09). As expected, the effects were substantial and positive for tracking accuracy across 6 judgmental categories, whereas signed mean-level bias was negative for the interaction attri... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3789010 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3789010 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3789009&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FHaPyLk_yvLM%2F601 The task-switching paradigm is being increasingly used as a tool for studying cognitive control and task coordination. Different procedural variations have been developed. They have in common that a comparison is made between transitions in which the previous task is repeated and transitions that involve a change toward another task. In general, a performance switch cost is observed such that switching to a new task results in a slower and more error-prone execution of the task. The present article reviews the theoretical explanations of the switch cost and the findings collected in support of those explanations. Resolution and protection from interference by previous events explain part of the switching cost, but processes related to task setting and task preparation also play a prominent... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3789009 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3789009 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3789008&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fh7VbxttsRDw%2F576 We review theory and empirical study of distress tolerance, an emerging risk factor candidate for various forms of psychopathology. Despite the long-standing interest in and promise of work on distress tolerance for understanding adult psychopathology, there has not been a comprehensive review of the extant empirical literature focused on the construct. As a result, a comprehensive synthesis of theoretical and empirical scholarship on distress tolerance, including integration of extant research on the relations between distress tolerance and psychopathology, is lacking. Inspection of the scientific literature indicates that there are a number of promising ways to conceptualize and measure distress tolerance, as well as documented relations between distress tolerance factors and psychopatho... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3789008 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3789008 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3789007&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FHog6owsRtZ4%2F526 We tested special and general explanations of male adolescent sexual offending by conducting a meta-analysis of 59 independent studies comparing male adolescent sex offenders (n = 3,855) with male adolescent non-sex offenders (n = 13,393) on theoretically derived variables reflecting general delinquency risk factors (antisocial tendencies), childhood abuse, exposure to violence, family problems, interpersonal problems, sexuality, psychopathology, and cognitive abilities. The results did not support the notion that adolescent sexual offending can be parsimoniously explained as a simple manifestation of general antisocial tendencies. Adolescent sex offenders had much less extensive criminal histories, fewer antisocial peers, and fewer substance use problems compared with non-sex offenders. S... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3789007 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3789007 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3789006&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F1J1q0w2cm08%2F495 According to the strength model, self-control is a finite resource that determines capacity for effortful control over dominant responses and, once expended, leads to impaired self-control task performance, known as ego depletion. A meta-analysis of 83 studies tested the effect of ego depletion on task performance and related outcomes, alternative explanations and moderators of the effect, and additional strength model hypotheses. Results revealed a significant effect of ego depletion on self-control task performance. Significant effect sizes were found for ego depletion on effort, perceived difficulty, negative affect, subjective fatigue, and blood glucose levels. Small, nonsignificant effects were found for positive affect and self-efficacy. Moderator analyses indicated minimal variation... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3789006 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3789006 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3789005&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FME3QQpIpf14%2F491 We present a case for psi research that undermines Hyman's argument. First, we give examples from parapsychologists who do not outrightly dismiss psi, despite appearances, but actually support it. Second, we claim that Hyman does not tell the full story about the ganzfeld meta-analytic findings and thus presents a one-sided account. Third, we argue that our meta-analysis has followed standard procedures, that we have not broken any rules but have found a communications anomaly, often referred to as psi. Though we may be in agreement that the evidence is largely statistical, the evidence suggests that concealed targets are actually identified rather than guessed. We argue that further research is necessary. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3789005 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3789005 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3789004&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FU63vgWGD6JI%2F486 Storm, Tressoldi, and Di Risio (2010) rely on meta-analyses to justify their claim that the evidence for psi is consistent and reliable. They manufacture apparent homogeneity and consistency by eliminating many outliers and combining databases whose combined effect sizes are not significantly different—even though these combined effect sizes consist of arbitrary and meaningless composites. At best, their study provides a recipe for conducting a replicable extrasensory perception experiment. This recipe includes following a design that employs the standard ganzfeld psi methodology and uses “selected” subjects. An experiment, having adequate power and that meets these criteria, has already been conducted and failed to produce evidence for psi. Parapsychology will achieve scientific acc... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3789004 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3789004 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3789003&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FXqFyOAtoAZI%2F471 We report the results of meta-analyses on 3 types of free-response study: (a) ganzfeld (a technique that enhances a communication anomaly referred to as “psi”); (b) nonganzfeld noise reduction using alleged psi-enhancing techniques such as dream psi, meditation, relaxation, or hypnosis; and (c) standard free response (nonganzfeld, no noise reduction). For the period 1997–2008, a homogeneous data set of 29 ganzfeld studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.142 (Stouffer Z = 5.48, p = 2.13 × 10−8). A homogeneous nonganzfeld noise reduction data set of 16 studies yielded a mean effect size of 0.110 (Stouffer Z = 3.35, p = 2.08 × 10−4), and a homogeneous data set of 14 standard free-response studies produced a weak negative mean effect size of −0.029 (Stouffer Z = −2.29, p = .989... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3789003 Sun, 20 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3789003 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674506&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FF-QgJqbYHLA%2F302 The empirical literature on auditory imagery is reviewed. Data on (a) imagery for auditory features (pitch, timbre, loudness), (b) imagery for complex nonverbal auditory stimuli (musical contour, melody, harmony, tempo, notational audiation, environmental sounds), (c) imagery for verbal stimuli (speech, text, in dreams, interior monologue), (d) auditory imagery’s relationship to perception and memory (detection, encoding, recall, mnemonic properties, phonological loop), and (e) individual differences in auditory imagery (in vividness, musical ability and experience, synesthesia, musical hallucinosis, schizophrenia, amusia) are considered. It is concluded that auditory imagery (a) preserves many structural and temporal properties of auditory stimuli, (b) can facilitate auditory discrimina... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674506 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3674506 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674505&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F6TuCNON31Dg%2F301 Reports an error in "Cross-national patterns of gender differences in mathematics: A meta-analysis" by Nicole M. Else-Quest, Janet Shibley Hyde and Marcia C. Linn (Psychological Bulletin, 2010[Jan], Vol 136[1], 103-127). On page 118 of the article, the images on Figures 1 and 2 are incorrectly reversed. The legends for Figures 1 and 2 are in the correct order. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2009-24669-002.) A gender gap in mathematics achievement persists in some nations but not in others. In light of the underrepresentation of women in careers in science, technology, mathematics, and engineering, increasing research attention is being devoted to understanding gender differences in mathematics achievement, attitudes, and affect. The gender stratification... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674505 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3674505 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674504&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F_22AePrYbBo%2F257 This article concludes with specific suggestions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674504 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3674504 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674503&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F9vF8yF0_BVg%2F236 This article presents the disclosure processes model (DPM)—a framework with which to examine when and why interpersonal disclosure may be beneficial. The DPM suggests that antecedent goals representing approach and avoidance motivational systems moderate the effect of disclosure on numerous individual, dyadic, and social contextual outcomes and that these effects are mediated by three distinct processes: (a) alleviation of inhibition, (b) social support, and (c) changes in social information. Ultimately, the DPM provides a framework that advances disclosure theory and identifies strategies that can assist disclosers in maximizing the likelihood that disclosure will benefit well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674503 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3674503 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674502&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FK0WsiyJNH1M%2F211 In this review, the extant literature concerning anxiety psychopathology in African American adults is summarized to develop a testable, explanatory framework with implications for future research. The model was designed to account for purported lower rates of anxiety disorders in African Americans compared to European Americans, along with other ethnoracial differences reported in the literature. Three specific beliefs or attitudes related to the sociocultural experience of African Americans are identified: awareness of racism, stigma of mental illness, and salience of physical illnesses. In our model, we propose that these psychological processes influence interpretations and behaviors relevant to the expression of nonpathological anxiety as well as features of diagnosable anxiety condit... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674502 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3674502 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674501&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FwPN7RNyKtU0%2F208 When researchers use the term mind wandering for task-unrelated thoughts in signal detection tasks, we may fall into the trap of believing that spontaneous thoughts are task unrelated in a deeper sense. Similar negative connotations are attached to common terms like cognitive failures, resting state, rumination, distraction, attentional failures, absent-mindedness, repetitiveness, mind lapses, going AWOL in the brain, cortical idling, and the like. Nevertheless, it seems obvious that mathematicians and scientists often engage in spontaneous repetitive thoughts and that the results of those thoughts are by no means maladaptive. Yet that seems to be implied by the standard use of common terms in the research literature. As humans, we know that spontaneous ideation goes on during all of our w... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674501 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3674501 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674500&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fly0hCg0OblE%2F202 When the mind wanders, conscious thoughts come to mind that are only loosely related to the task being performed. This phenomenon produces tension within the cognitive sciences because the interfering nature of these thoughts is at odds with the assumption that such processes are functional in daily life. In their comment, McVay and Kane (2010) suggested that failures in executive control can create the conditions that favor mind wandering—a control-failure hypothesis that questions whether mind wandering consumes resources. Whether mind wandering always occurs following a control failure, it is always a conscious reportable experience and so is globally available to the system. Such global availability suggests that mind wandering does indeed demand resources, in particular access to a ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674500 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3674500 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674499&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FlyGh1YNLxCk%2F198 In this reply to the comment of McVay and Kane (2010), I consider their argument concerning how Watkins’s (2008) elaborated control theory informs their perspective on the role of executive control in mind wandering. I argue that although in a number of places the elaborated control theory is consistent with the perspective of McVay and Kane that mind wandering represents a failure of executive control, their account makes a number of claims that are not articulated in the elaborated control theory—most notably, the hypothesis that level of construal moderates entry of thoughts into awareness. Moreover, the relevant literature suggests that the relationship between level of construal and executive control may be more complex, and may be determined by multiple factors beyond those propo... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674499 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3674499 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674498&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2F4FCHeKUL7i8%2F188 We present empirical support for this view from experimental, neuroimaging, and individual-differences research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674498 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3674498 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674497&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FgYnZDBh41bQ%2F182 In this article we reply to C. J. Ferguson and J. Kilburn’s (2010) critique of our meta-analysis on violent video game effects (C. A. Anderson et al., 2010). We rely on well-established methodological and statistical theory and on empirical data to show that claims of bias and misinterpretation on our part are simply wrong. One should not systematically exclude unpublished studies from meta-analytic reviews. There is no evidence of publication or selection bias in our data. We did not purposely exclude certain studies; we included all studies that met our inclusion criteria. Although C. J. Ferguson and J. Kilburn believe that the effects we obtained are trivial in size, they are larger than many effects that are deemed sufficiently large to warrant action in medical and violence domains.... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674497 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3674497 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674496&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FAZrgqMvj1AY%2F179 Over the past half century the mass media, including video games, have become important socializers of children. Observational learning theory has evolved into social–cognitive information processing models that explain that what a child observes in any venue has both short-term and long-term influences on the child’s behaviors and cognitions. C. A. Anderson et al.’s (2010) extensive meta-analysis of the effects of violent video games confirms what these theories predict and what prior research about other violent mass media has found: that violent video games stimulate aggression in the players in the short run and increase the risk for aggressive behaviors by the players later in life. The effects occur for males and females and for children growing up in Eastern or Western culture... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674496 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3674496 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674495&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2Fj8V4XmJSIVs%2F174 The issue of violent video game influences on youth violence and aggression remains intensely debated in the scholarly literature and among the general public. Several recent meta-analyses, examining outcome measures most closely related to serious aggressive acts, found little evidence for a relationship between violent video games and aggression or violence. In a new meta-analysis, C. A. Anderson et al. (2010) questioned these findings. However, their analysis has several methodological issues that limit the interpretability of their results. In their analysis, C. A. Anderson et al. included many studies that do not relate well to serious aggression, an apparently biased sample of unpublished studies, and a “best practices” analysis that appears unreliable and does not consider the i... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674495 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3674495 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3674494&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Ffeedproxy.google.com%2F%7Er%2Fapa-journals-bul%2F%7E3%2FrT0C_tJFqRM%2F151 Meta-analytic procedures were used to test the effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, empathy/desensitization, and prosocial behavior. Unique features of this meta-analytic review include (a) more restrictive methodological quality inclusion criteria than in past meta-analyses; (b) cross-cultural comparisons; (c) longitudinal studies for all outcomes except physiological arousal; (d) conservative statistical controls; (e) multiple moderator analyses; and (f) sensitivity analyses. Social–cognitive models and cultural differences between Japan and Western countries were used to generate theory-based predictions. Meta-analyses yielded significant effects for all 6 outcome variables. The pattern of results for di... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3674494 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3674494 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3320498&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F2%2F302 The empirical literature on auditory imagery is reviewed. Data on (a) imagery for auditory features (pitch, timbre, loudness), (b) imagery for complex nonverbal auditory stimuli (musical contour, melody, harmony, tempo, notational audiation, environmental sounds), (c) imagery for verbal stimuli (speech, text, in dreams, interior monologue), (d) auditory imagery’s relationship to perception and memory (detection, encoding, recall, mnemonic properties, phonological loop), and (e) individual differences in auditory imagery (in vividness, musical ability and experience, synesthesia, musical hallucinosis, schizophrenia, amusia) are considered. It is concluded that auditory imagery (a) preserves many structural and temporal properties of auditory stimuli, (b) can facilitate auditory discrimina... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3320498 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3320498 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3320497&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F2%2F301 Reports an error in "Cross-national patterns of gender differences in mathematics: A meta-analysis" by Nicole M. Else-Quest, Janet Shibley Hyde and Marcia C. Linn (Psychological Bulletin, 2010[Jan], Vol 136[1], 103-127). On page 118 of the article, the images on Figures 1 and 2 are incorrectly reversed. The legends for Figures 1 and 2 are in the correct order. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2009-24669-002.) A gender gap in mathematics achievement persists in some nations but not in others. In light of the underrepresentation of women in careers in science, technology, mathematics, and engineering, increasing research attention is being devoted to understanding gender differences in mathematics achievement, attitudes, and affect. The gender stratification... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3320497 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3320497 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3320496&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F2%2F257 This article concludes with specific suggestions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3320496 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3320496 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3320495&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F2%2F236 This article presents the disclosure processes model (DPM)—a framework with which to examine when and why interpersonal disclosure may be beneficial. The DPM suggests that antecedent goals representing approach and avoidance motivational systems moderate the effect of disclosure on numerous individual, dyadic, and social contextual outcomes and that these effects are mediated by three distinct processes: (a) alleviation of inhibition, (b) social support, and (c) changes in social information. Ultimately, the DPM provides a framework that advances disclosure theory and identifies strategies that can assist disclosers in maximizing the likelihood that disclosure will benefit well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3320495 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3320495 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3320494&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F2%2F211 In this review, the extant literature concerning anxiety psychopathology in African American adults is summarized to develop a testable, explanatory framework with implications for future research. The model was designed to account for purported lower rates of anxiety disorders in African Americans compared to European Americans, along with other ethnoracial differences reported in the literature. Three specific beliefs or attitudes related to the sociocultural experience of African Americans are identified: awareness of racism, stigma of mental illness, and salience of physical illnesses. In our model, we propose that these psychological processes influence interpretations and behaviors relevant to the expression of nonpathological anxiety as well as features of diagnosable anxiety condit... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3320494 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3320494 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3320493&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F2%2F208 When researchers use the term mind wandering for task-unrelated thoughts in signal detection tasks, we may fall into the trap of believing that spontaneous thoughts are task unrelated in a deeper sense. Similar negative connotations are attached to common terms like cognitive failures, resting state, rumination, distraction, attentional failures, absent-mindedness, repetitiveness, mind lapses, going AWOL in the brain, cortical idling, and the like. Nevertheless, it seems obvious that mathematicians and scientists often engage in spontaneous repetitive thoughts and that the results of those thoughts are by no means maladaptive. Yet that seems to be implied by the standard use of common terms in the research literature. As humans, we know that spontaneous ideation goes on during all of our w... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3320493 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3320493 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3320492&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F2%2F202 When the mind wanders, conscious thoughts come to mind that are only loosely related to the task being performed. This phenomenon produces tension within the cognitive sciences because the interfering nature of these thoughts is at odds with the assumption that such processes are functional in daily life. In their comment, McVay and Kane (2010) suggested that failures in executive control can create the conditions that favor mind wandering—a control-failure hypothesis that questions whether mind wandering consumes resources. Whether mind wandering always occurs following a control failure, it is always a conscious reportable experience and so is globally available to the system. Such global availability suggests that mind wandering does indeed demand resources, in particular access to a ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3320492 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3320492 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3320491&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F2%2F198 In this reply to the comment of McVay and Kane (2010), I consider their argument concerning how Watkins’s (2008) elaborated control theory informs their perspective on the role of executive control in mind wandering. I argue that although in a number of places the elaborated control theory is consistent with the perspective of McVay and Kane that mind wandering represents a failure of executive control, their account makes a number of claims that are not articulated in the elaborated control theory—most notably, the hypothesis that level of construal moderates entry of thoughts into awareness. Moreover, the relevant literature suggests that the relationship between level of construal and executive control may be more complex, and may be determined by multiple factors beyond those propo... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3320491 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3320491 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3320490&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F2%2F188 We present empirical support for this view from experimental, neuroimaging, and individual-differences research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3320490 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3320490 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3320489&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F2%2F182 In this article we reply to C. J. Ferguson and J. Kilburn’s (2010) critique of our meta-analysis on violent video game effects (C. A. Anderson et al., 2010). We rely on well-established methodological and statistical theory and on empirical data to show that claims of bias and misinterpretation on our part are simply wrong. One should not systematically exclude unpublished studies from meta-analytic reviews. There is no evidence of publication or selection bias in our data. We did not purposely exclude certain studies; we included all studies that met our inclusion criteria. Although C. J. Ferguson and J. Kilburn believe that the effects we obtained are trivial in size, they are larger than many effects that are deemed sufficiently large to warrant action in medical and violence domains.... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3320489 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3320489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3320488&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F2%2F179 Over the past half century the mass media, including video games, have become important socializers of children. Observational learning theory has evolved into social–cognitive information processing models that explain that what a child observes in any venue has both short-term and long-term influences on the child’s behaviors and cognitions. C. A. Anderson et al.’s (2010) extensive meta-analysis of the effects of violent video games confirms what these theories predict and what prior research about other violent mass media has found: that violent video games stimulate aggression in the players in the short run and increase the risk for aggressive behaviors by the players later in life. The effects occur for males and females and for children growing up in Eastern or Western culture... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3320488 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3320488 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3320487&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F2%2F174 The issue of violent video game influences on youth violence and aggression remains intensely debated in the scholarly literature and among the general public. Several recent meta-analyses, examining outcome measures most closely related to serious aggressive acts, found little evidence for a relationship between violent video games and aggression or violence. In a new meta-analysis, C. A. Anderson et al. (2010) questioned these findings. However, their analysis has several methodological issues that limit the interpretability of their results. In their analysis, C. A. Anderson et al. included many studies that do not relate well to serious aggression, an apparently biased sample of unpublished studies, and a “best practices” analysis that appears unreliable and does not consider the i... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3320487 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3320487 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3320486&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F2%2F151 Meta-analytic procedures were used to test the effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, empathy/desensitization, and prosocial behavior. Unique features of this meta-analytic review include (a) more restrictive methodological quality inclusion criteria than in past meta-analyses; (b) cross-cultural comparisons; (c) longitudinal studies for all outcomes except physiological arousal; (d) conservative statistical controls; (e) multiple moderator analyses; and (f) sensitivity analyses. Social–cognitive models and cultural differences between Japan and Western countries were used to generate theory-based predictions. Meta-analyses yielded significant effects for all 6 outcome variables. The pattern of results for di... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3320486 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 05:00:00 +0100 3320486 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3162217&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F1%2F128 There is a substantial literature relating the personality trait anxiety sensitivity (AS; tendency to fear anxiety-related sensations) and its lower order dimensions to the mood and anxiety (i.e., internalizing) disorders. However, particularly given the disorders’ high comorbidity rates, it remains unclear whether AS is broadly related to these disorders or if it shows a pattern of differential relations. Meta-analyses of the concurrent relations of AS with the internalizing disorders were conducted based on 117 studies and 792 effect sizes. Mean Anxiety Sensitivity Index scores by diagnostic group and AS–symptom correlations both indicated that AS is most strongly related to panic, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). More specific analyses we... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3162217 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 16:26:45 +0100 3162217 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3162216&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F1%2F103 A gender gap in mathematics achievement persists in some nations but not in others. In light of the underrepresentation of women in careers in science, technology, mathematics, and engineering, increasing research attention is being devoted to understanding gender differences in mathematics achievement, attitudes, and affect. The gender stratification hypothesis maintains that such gender differences are closely related to cultural variations in opportunity structures for girls and women. We meta-analyzed 2 major international data sets, the 2003 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study and the Programme for International Student Assessment, representing 493,495 students 14–16 years of age, to estimate the magnitude of gender differences in mathematics achievement, attitudes... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3162216 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 16:26:45 +0100 3162216 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3162215&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F1%2F87 This article reviews studies of episodic and associative memory that provide support for the assertion that encoding regions are reactivated during subsequent retrieval. In the first section, studies are reviewed in which neutral stimuli were associated with different modalities of sensory stimuli or different valences of emotional stimuli. When the neutral stimuli were later used as retrieval cues, relevant sensory and emotion processing regions were reactivated. In the second section, studies are reviewed in which participants used different strategies for encoding stimuli. When the stimuli were later retrieved, regions associated with the different encoding strategies were reactivated. Together, these studies demonstrate not only that the encoding experience determines which regions are... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3162215 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 16:26:45 +0100 3162215 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3162214&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F1%2F65 The objective of this article is to review theoretical developments and empirical work on CDC tasks, and to introduce a novel framework (monitoring and control framework) as a tool for integrating theory and findings. The main thesis of the monitoring and control framework is that CDC tasks are characteristically uncertain environments, and subjective judgments of uncertainty guide the way in which monitoring and control behaviors attempt to reduce it. The article concludes by discussing new insights into continuing debates and future directions for research on CDC tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3162214 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 16:26:45 +0100 3162214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3162213&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F1%2F39 Despite significant advances in the field of social neuroscience, much remains to be understood regarding the development and maintenance of social skills across the life span. Few comprehensive models exist that integrate multidisciplinary perspectives and explain the multitude of factors that influence the emergence and expression of social skills. Here, a developmental biopsychosocial model (SOCIAL) is offered that incorporates the biological underpinnings and socio-cognitive skills that underlie social function (attention/executive function, communication, socio-emotional skills), as well as the internal and external (environmental) factors that mediate these skills. The components of the model are discussed in the context of the social brain network and are supported by evidence from ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3162213 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 16:26:45 +0100 3162213 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3162212&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F1%2F21 In 1993 Oliver and Hyde conducted a meta-analysis on gender differences in sexuality. The current study updated that analysis with current research and methods. Evolutionary psychology, cognitive social learning theory, social structural theory, and the gender similarities hypothesis provided predictions about gender differences in sexuality. We analyzed gender differences in 30 reported sexual behaviors and attitudes for 834 individual samples uncovered in literature searches and 7 large national data sets. In support of evolutionary psychology, results from both the individual studies and the large data sets indicated that men reported slightly more sexual experience and more permissive attitudes than women for most of the variables. However, as predicted by the gender similarities hypot... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3162212 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 16:26:45 +0100 3162212 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3162211&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F1%2F17 We provide a response to a commentary by Wiers and Stacy (see record 2009-24669-003) on our model of the alcohol–behavior link (see record 2009-09537-002). Whereas Wiers and Stacy generally supported our model, they took issue with our conceptualization of the alcohol expectancy construct. We address the major concerns of Wiers and Stacy by demonstrating that our own view is consistent with basic cognitive scientific conceptualizations of the nature of associative and propositional reasoning within a dual-systems framework. In clarifying these issues, we maintain that although the predictions presented by Wiers and Stacy are important and useful in this area, they are predictions that can be derived from our original formulation of the alcohol–behavior link. We conclude that this kind ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3162211 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 16:26:45 +0100 3162211 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3162210&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F1%2F12 Moss and Albery (see record 2009-09537-002) presented a dual-process model of the alcohol–behavior link, integrating alcohol expectancy and alcohol myopia theory. Their integrative theory rests on a number of assumptions including, first, that alcohol expectancies are associations that can be activated automatically by an alcohol-relevant context, and second, that alcohol selectively reduces propositional reasoning. As a result, behavior comes under the control of associative processes after alcohol consumption. We agree with the second but not with the first assumption, based on theoretical and empirical arguments. Although in some cases expectancies may involve a simple association, they are propositional in nature. We demonstrate that this assertion is supported by existing literature... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3162210 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 16:26:45 +0100 3162210 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3162209&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F1%2F7 In a recent review (see record 2008-11487-001), we critically evaluated the research literature on cognitive processes in dissociation. In a comment, Bremner (see record 2009-24669-001) has voiced reservations about our contention that evidence for the causal role of trauma in dissociation is limited. In this reply, we argue that Bremner’s arguments are unconvincing and that a closer examination of the dissociation literature only strengthens the basis for our conclusions. Specifically, we show that dissociation exhibits a robust association with fantasy proneness and that Bremner’s criticisms regarding our operationalization of dissociation are unfounded. Moreover, we demonstrate that heightened levels of fantasy proneness, suggestibility, and cognitive failures are related to the pro... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3162209 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 16:26:45 +0100 3162209 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3162208&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F136%2F1%2F1 In their recent review “Cognitive Processes in Dissociation: An Analysis of Core Theoretical Assumptions,” published in Psychological Bulletin, Giesbrecht, Lynn, Lilienfeld, and Merckelbach (see record 2008-11487-001) have challenged the widely accepted trauma theory of dissociation, which holds that dissociative symptoms are caused by traumatic stress. In doing so, the authors have outlined a series of links between various constructs—such as fantasy proneness, cognitive failures, absorption, suggestibility, altered information-processing, dissociation, and amnesia—claiming that these linkages lead to the false conclusion that trauma causes dissociation. A review of the literature, however, shows that these are not necessarily related constructs. Careful examination of their argum... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3162208 Tue, 12 Jan 2010 16:26:44 +0100 3162208 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2953135&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F135%2F6%2F974 There has been significant interest in the role of anxiety sensitivity (AS) in the anxiety disorders. In this meta-analysis, we empirically evaluate differences in AS between anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and nonclinical controls. A total of 38 published studies (N = 20,146) were included in the analysis. The results yielded a large effect size indicating greater AS among anxiety disorder patients versus nonclinical controls (d = 1.61). However, this effect was maintained only for panic disorder patients compared to mood disorder patients (d = 0.85). Panic disorder was also associated with greater AS compared to other anxiety disorders except for posttraumatic stress disorder (d = 0.04). Otherwise the anxiety disorders generally did not differ from each other in AS. Although these fin... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2953135 Tue, 03 Nov 2009 15:03:46 +0100 2953135 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2953134&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F135%2F6%2F943 We review the growing literature on health numeracy, the ability to understand and use numerical information, and its relation to cognition, health behaviors, and medical outcomes. Despite the surfeit of health information from commercial and noncommercial sources, national and international surveys show that many people lack basic numerical skills that are essential to maintain their health and make informed medical decisions. Low numeracy distorts perceptions of risks and benefits of screening, reduces medication compliance, impedes access to treatments, impairs risk communication (limiting prevention efforts among the most vulnerable), and, based on the scant research conducted on outcomes, appears to adversely affect medical outcomes. Low numeracy is also associated with greater suscep... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2953134 Tue, 03 Nov 2009 15:03:46 +0100 2953134 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2953133&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F135%2F6%2F909 Integrative hierarchical models have sought to account for the extensive comorbidity between various internalizing disorders in terms of broad individual difference factors these disorders share. However, such models have been developed largely on the basis of self-report and diagnostic symptom data. Toward the goal of linking such models to neurobiological systems, we reviewed studies that have employed variants of the affect-modulated startle paradigm to investigate emotional processing in internalizing disorders as well as personality constructs known to be associated with these disorders. Specifically, we focused on four parameters of startle reactivity: fear-potentiated startle, inhibition of startle in the context of pleasant stimuli, context-potentiated startle, and general startle ... Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2953133 Tue, 03 Nov 2009 15:03:46 +0100 2953133 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2953132&cid=s_27098_36_f&fid=27098&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.apa.org%2Fjournals%2Fbul%2F135%2F6%2F885 Discussion focuses upon limits of the evidence, statistical criteria for distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis stress, potential mechanisms of influence, and unknowns in the differential-susceptibility equation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin) Psychological Bulletin journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2953132 Tue, 03 Nov 2009 15:03:46 +0100 2953132