MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Scandinavian Journal of Immunology' source. Wed, 08 Feb 2012 06:43:03 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5627770&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02690.x AbstractFcγRIIa is known to be polymorphic; and certain variants err associated with differt susceptibilities to malaria. Studies involving the Fulani ethnic group reported an ethnic difference in FcγRIIa‐R131H genotype frequencies between the Fulani and other sympatric groups. No previous studies have addressed these questions in Burkina Faso. The present study aimed to assess the influence of FcγRIIa‐R131H polymorphism on anti‐ falciparum malaria IgG and IgG subclass responses in the Fulani and the Mossi ethnic groups living in Burkina‐Faso.Healthy adults more than 20 years old belonging to the Mossi or the Fulani ethnic groups were enrolled for the assessment of selected parasitological, immunological and genetic variables in relation to their susceptibility to malaria. The a... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5627770 Thu, 26 Jan 2012 11:14:17 +0100 5627770 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5627772&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02688.x AbstractMonocytoid B cells are IgM+, IgD‐/+, CD27‐ B cells, localized in the perisinusoidal area of the lymph node. These cells are especially prominent in infections such as those caused by toxoplasma and HIV. The ontogony of monocytoid B cells with respect to B‐cell maturation is incompletely known.We analyzed clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation and expression of activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in monocytoid B cells. Sequence analysis of the rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain genes amplified from microdissected monocytoid B cell zones with a high proportion of proliferating cells reveals the presence of multiple clones with low‐level ongoing mutations (mean frequency: 0.46 x 10−2/bp). Mutation analysis of these ongoing mutations reveals strand bias, a prefe... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5627772 Mon, 23 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5627772 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5627771&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02689.x AbstractMacrophages altered by various Th2‐associated and anti‐inflammatory mediators ‐ including IL‐4 and IL‐13 (inducing alternatively activated macrophages [AAMs]), IL‐10 and TGF‐β ‐ were generically termed M2. However, markers which discriminate between AAMs and other M2 remain scarce. We previously described E‐cadherin as a marker for AAMs, permitting these macrophages to fuse upon IL‐4 stimulation. In order to identify novel potential contributors to macrophage fusion, we assessed the effect of IL‐4 on other adherens and tight junction‐associated components. We observed an induction of claudin‐1 (Cldn1), Cldn2 and Cldn11 genes by IL‐4 in different mouse macrophage populations. Extending our findings to other stimuli revealed Cldn1 as a mainly TGF‐β‐i... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5627771 Mon, 23 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5627771 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5607639&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02687.x (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5607639 Fri, 20 Jan 2012 11:14:38 +0100 5607639 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5607642&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02684.x AbstractAlthough primary causes of Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia are unknown, the importance of preceding vascular lesions is widely accepted. Furthermore, there is strong evidence for the involvement of autoimmune mechanisms. Here we report the presence of agonistic autoantibodies directed at adrenergic receptors in the circulation of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. In 59% of these patients agonistic autoantibodies against the α1‐adrenergic receptor and the β2‐adrenergic receptor were identified. The majority of positive patients (66%) contained both types of autoantibodies in combination. In a control group of patients with neurological impairments others than Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia, only 17% were found to harbor these autoanti... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5607642 Thu, 19 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5607642 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5607641&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02685.x AbstractPeripheral blood monocyte (PBM) subsets play different roles in inflammatory response and tissue remodeling.The aim of this study was to investigate how allergen challenge affects the number of circulating PBMs in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp) allergic patients (Dp‐APs).Among 34 Dp‐APs challenged in 22 significant bronchoconstriction was demonstrated (responders – Rs), while in 12 only upper respiratory symptoms were seen (nonresponders – NRs). Twelve healthy, nonatopic subjects were used as controls (HCs). Expression of CD14, CD16 and CCR4 were evaluated by flow cytometry on the whole blood samples before (T0), 6 hours (T6) and 24 hours (T24) after the challenge. Plasma concentration of CCL2, CX3CL1 and CCL17 were evaluated using ELISA.At T0 the mean percentage of CD... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5607641 Thu, 19 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5607641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5607640&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02686.x AbstractT helper 17 (TH17) cells have well‐described roles in autoimmune disease. The immune modulations of development and function of TH17 has become a key issue. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the direct and indirect signaling regulatory mechanisms of TH17 cells in the general mouse model of autoimmune disease and human disease. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5607640 Thu, 19 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5607640 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580494&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02641.x In this study, we have investigated lipoteichoic acid (LTA)‐ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced cytokine secretion by monocytes using the FluoroSpot technique. This method measures the number of cytokine‐secreting cells on the single‐cell level and uses fluorescent detection, allowing for the simultaneous analysis of two cytokines from the same population of isolated cells. By this approach, human monocytes from healthy volunteers could be divided into several subgroups as IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α and MIP‐1β were secreted by larger populations of responding cells (25.9–39.2%) compared with the smaller populations of GM‐CSF (9.1%), IL‐10 (1.3%) and IL‐12p40 (1.2%). Furthermore, when studying co‐secretion in FluoroSpot, an intricate relationship between the monocytes... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580494 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:14:39 +0100 5580494 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580493&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02647.x AbstractThe effects of proteosome inhibitor Bortezomib (BZ) were studied in vitro for 24 h on the protein kinase C (PKC) profiles, rates of proliferation and apoptosis in Jurkat cells and lymphocytes of 10 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and nine healthy subjects. The expressions of PKC proteins, the rates of proliferation and apoptosis were determined. The effects of BZ were different in the Jurkat and lupus T cells. Whereas BZ elevated the expression of PKC θ, δ and ξ isoenzymes in the Jurkat cells, it was unable to do that in the lupus T cells. BZ induced a dose‐dependent increase in the apoptosis of Jurkat cells, while decreased the proliferation. The same effect of BZ was observed on the apoptosis of lymphocytes both in SLE and healthy subjects at concentration... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580493 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:14:37 +0100 5580493 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580492&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02642.x AbstractImproved tools are required to study immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen‐stimulated T cell‐based assays can detect TB but are less effective when responses are compromised such as in severe disease. We investigated immune responses to M. tuberculosis whole sonicate (MTBs), recombinant antigens ESAT6 and CFP10 in whole blood cells of healthy endemic controls (EC, n = 42) and patients with pulmonary (PTB, n = 36) or extrapulmonary (ETB, n = 41) disease. Biomarkers of T cell activation (IFNγ) or modulation (IL10) and chemokines, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CCL2, secretion were measured. MTBs, ESAT6 and CFP10 all induced IFNγ responses in TB. ESAT6‐induced IFNγ was elevated in TB as compared with EC. MTBs stimulated the highest IFNγ ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580492 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:14:33 +0100 5580492 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580491&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02637.x AbstractExpression features of genetic landscape which predispose an individual to the type 1 diabetes are poorly understood. We addressed this question by comparing gene expression profile of freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from either patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), or their first‐degree relatives or healthy controls. Our aim was to establish whether a distinct type of ‘prodiabetogenic’ gene expression pattern in the group of relatives of patients with T1D could be identified. Whole‐genome expression profile of nine patients with T1D, their ten first‐degree relatives and ten healthy controls was analysed using the human high‐density expression microarray chip. Functional aspects of candidate genes were assessed using the MetaCore software. Th... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580491 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:14:31 +0100 5580491 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580490&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02635.x In this study, we showed that the Gαq expressions at mRNA and protein levels in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were significantly decreased in comparison of which in healthy individuals. The expression levels of Gαq mRNA in PBLs from patients with RA were correlated with RA disease activity (DAS28), anti‐cyclic citrullinated protein antibodies, C‐reactive protein and rheumatoid factor. We also demonstrated that Gαq controlled the apoptosis of RA PBLs through regulating the activity of Mcl‐1 and caspase‐3. These data suggested that Gαq might be involved in the pathogenesis of RA by regulating PBLs apoptosis. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580490 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:14:30 +0100 5580490 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580489&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02613.x AbstractImmunosuppression induced by lymphocyte apoptosis is considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of sepsis and has been demonstrated in both animal models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced endotoxemia and septic patients. As rough‐form LPS (R‐LPS) has recently been shown to elicit a stronger immunological response than regular smooth‐form LPS (S‐LPS), we aimed to assess the apoptosis‐inducing capabilities of R‐LPS in different subsets of lymphocytes (CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cell, B cells and NK cells). Using multicolour flow cytometry on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we found that R‐LPS increased apoptosis in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells assessed by annexin V and propidium iodide (AV+PI−), compared with both S‐LPS‐stimulated and unstimulated cells. ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580489 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:14:28 +0100 5580489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580488&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02648.x AbstractInfection caused by certain gram‐negative bacteria, e.g. Salmonella, can trigger inflammatory joint disease reactive arthritis (ReA). It is suggested that the disease‐triggering bacteria or bacterial components persist in patients for an abnormally long time. Development of ReA is strongly associated with tissue antigen HLA‐B27. Previously, we reported an enhanced replication of Salmonella enteritidis and altered p38 MAP kinase signalling in HLA‐B27‐expressing monocytic cells. Here we aimed to investigate the role of HLA‐B27 in regulation of double‐stranded RNA‐activated kinase (PKR)‐related signalling in Salmonella‐infected or Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated human U937 monocytic cells, as PKR has been reported to modify p38 signalling in Salmon... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580488 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:14:27 +0100 5580488 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580487&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02645.x AbstractWe determined whether a potential probiotic bacterium, Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 (BB6378), exerts beneficial effects on the mucosal immune system in a mouse intestinal explant model. The addition of heat‐inactivated BB6378 to intestinal explants prepared from embryonic day 18 BALB/c mice increased the expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) mRNA by two‐ to fivefold. These effects were observed on ileal and colonic explants but not on jejunal explants, suggesting that the BB6378‐induced pIgR upregulation is site‐specific within the mouse intestine. The upregulation of pIgR protein expression in colonic explants was also detected after 24 h of culture. The results of DNA microarray analysis of ileal and colonic samples indicated that BB6378 increased th... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580487 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:14:25 +0100 5580487 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580486&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02640.x AbstractAdoptive cell therapy (ACT) with ex vivo expanded tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in combination with IL‐2 is an effective treatment for metastatic melanoma. Modified protocols of cell expansion may allow the treatment of most enrolled patients and improve the efficacy of adoptively transferred cells. The aims of this study were to establish and validate the novel ‘Young TIL’ method at our institution and perform a head‐to‐head comparison of clinical‐grade products generated with this protocol opposed to the conventional ‘Standard TIL’, which we are currently using in a pilot ACT trial for patients with melanoma. Our results confirm that ‘Young TILs’ display an earlier differentiation state, with higher CD27 and lower CD56 expression. In addition, CD8+ ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580486 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:14:22 +0100 5580486 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580485&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02638.x AbstractThe severity of superantigen (SAg)‐mediated shock is associated with T cell infiltration in major organs [1, 2]. We postulated that endothelial cell inflammation and damage in sepsis might be mediated by chemotaxis and adherence of SAg‐activated T cells of vascular endothelium. We therefore investigate whether staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) could modulate chemokine receptors expression on T cells as well as cytokine release, and then we examined the up‐modulation of chemokine‐associated affect on T cell‐mediated damage of endothelial cells. We consistently observed that SEB could upregulate expression of CCR5 on T cells and induce a panel of cytokines release from T cell, the latter could further induce increased release of chemokine such as MCP‐1, MIP‐1α and RAN... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580485 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:14:21 +0100 5580485 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580473&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02683.x AbstractDifferent Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) vaccine substrains may vary in their efficacy. Here we describe differences in disease progression and pathology in the lungs of female C57BL/6‐mice infected intranasally with,BCG Russia or BCG Pasteur and followed for 17 months. The lungs were investigated for bacillary load, histopathology, and expression of cytosolic and secreted proteins by immunohistochemistry. BCG Russia was cleared from the lungs by 8 months. BCG Pasteur reached a low level persistence at 8 months and remained at this level until the end of the experiment. BCG Pasteur induced greater pathology than BCG Russia, and there were more macrophage‐ and lymphocyte infiltrates in animals infected with BCG Pasteur (p < 0.05). Bacterial growth correlated with cellular infi... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580473 Fri, 13 Jan 2012 11:13:28 +0100 5580473 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580474&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02682.x In conclusion, our results suggest DNA‐PKcs may interact with Aire to promote the expression of TLRs in RAW264.7 cells. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580474 Thu, 12 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5580474 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580484&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02672.x Conclusion:  Major colorectal surgery leads to activation of the complement cascade and the release of both pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines. There are no significant differences between total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and remifentanil and inhalational anaesthesia with sevoflurane and fentanyl regarding complement activation and the release of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory interleukins. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580484 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5580484 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580483&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02673.x AbstractThe Notch signaling pathway regulates several aspects of cellular differentiation such as T lineage commitment and effector functions on peripheral T cells; however, there is limited information regarding Notch receptor expression on different T cell subsets and the putative role of the different receptors on T cell effector function. Here, we studied the protein expression of Notch receptors on murine T cells in vitro and in vivo and analyzed the role of the Notch pathway in cytokine production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. We found that resting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells do not express Notch receptors but they upregulate Notch 1 and Notch 2 shortly after in vitro and in vivo activation. Using a γ–secretase inhibitor, which blocks Notch signaling through all Notch receptors, we demonstr... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580483 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5580483 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580482&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02674.x AbstractProperdin deficiency is a rare immunological disorder inherited as an X‐chromosomal recessive trait. Properdin deficiency poses a significant risk for severe meningococcal infections. About 20 mutations have been reported to underlie properdin deficiency. Here we report a large Finnish family with a novel mutation in the properdin gene (CFP). Based on the total absence of properdin activity in a 14‐year‐old male patient with an infection resembling meningococcal bacteraemia the coding region and splice sites of the gene were sequenced. The mutation is located in exon 9 and changes guanine to adenine at nucleotide 1164 (c.1164G>A) that causes tryptophan to change to a premature stop‐codon (W388X). The mother of the patient was shown to be a carrier of the mutation. In tot... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580482 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5580482 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580481&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02675.x AbstractThymus grafts made up of mixed syngeneic and xenogeneic thymus tissues could induce donor‐specific tolerance to xenografts with no development of autoimmune syndrome (AIS). But the requirements for the simultaneous presentation of tissue antigens from both species in the process of T cell development in thymus grafts have not hitherto been defined. To do this, we set up a model in which xenothymus grafts from F344 rats were heterotopically implanted into BalB/c nude mice carrying syngeneic thymus grafts and the grafts were either mixed together or spatially separately; next, we examined the induction of donor‐specific tolerance, any pathological changes, and the distribution of T lymphocytes. In contrast to the mixed thymus grafts, spatially separated thymus transplants could n... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580481 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5580481 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580480&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02676.x Conclusion:  These data imply that enveloped virus can deviate Th2 responses in human cord T‐cells. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580480 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5580480 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580479&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02677.x AbstractAlthough Mycobacterium leprae was the first bacterial pathogen identified causing human disease, it remains one of the few that are non‐cultivable. Understanding the biology of M. leprae is one of the primary challenges in current leprosy research. Genomics has been extremely valuable, but nonetheless, functional proteins are ultimately responsible for controlling most aspects of cellular functions which in turn could facilitate parasitizing the host. Furthermore, bacterial proteins provide targets, for most of the vaccines and immunodiagnostic tools. Better understanding of the proteomics of M. leprae could also help in developing new drugs against M. leprae. During the past nearly 15 years, there have been several developments towards identification of M. leprae proteins employ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580479 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5580479 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580478&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02678.x In conclusion, the risk of acquiring clinical gastroenteritis with Campylobacter jejuni/coli is related to the INFG (+ 874A>T) of intron 1. Polymorphisms in IL‐18 and INFG are linked to the risk of post infectious reactive arthritis, but not to irritable bowel syndrome. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580478 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5580478 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580477&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02679.x AbstractThe cellular and soluble mediators of a dermal inflammation can be studied by the skin chamber technique. The aim of the present study was to address the physiological effect of soluble mediators, released into the skin chamber, with special focus on neutrophil CD11b activation. Mediators released at the inflammatory site were studied by Milliplex and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and correlated to transmigration and CD11b activation in vivo and in vitro. Transmigration was studied by the skin chamber technique and by the transwell method and expression of the CBRM1/5 epitope on activated CD11b was analyzed by flow cytometry following in vivo and in vitro incubation with chamber fluid or recombinant interleukin‐8 (IL‐8). Leukocyte in vivo and in vitro transmigrati... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580477 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5580477 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580476&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02680.x AbstractAlloreactivity, defined as a strong primary T cell response against allelic variants of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the species, has been a long‐standing puzzle in immunology with some of its details remaining unclear up to now. Here I shall provide a historical overview of how our understanding of alloreactivity has evolved, and propose an interpretation that considers alloreactivity to be a mixture of four mechanistically distinct prototypes of T cell response, namely, self‐restricted peptide‐specific, allorestricted peptide‐specific, alloreactive peptide‐dependent, and alloreactive peptide‐independent. The relative contribution of each prototype to a given alloresponse is dependent on the extent of disparity (i.e., the number and nature of ami... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580476 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5580476 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5580475&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2012.02681.x AbstractThe aim of the study was to assess the frequency of SNP896A/G in the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 4 gene and SNP1350T/C in the TLR2 gene in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and to analyze the association of these SNPs with risk factors for atherosclerosis and clinical aspects of AMI in a sample of the Croatian population. We included 240 participants in the study: 120 AMI patients and 120 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy blood donor controls. The SNP1350T/C variant in the TLR2 gene showed a lower frequency in the AMI patient group than in the control group (p = 0.033). The frequency of SNP896A/G variants in the TLR4 gene between the patients and the controls did not differ (p = 0.286). Significantly fewer people had SNP1350T/C in the TLR2 gene (p = 0.003) among the par... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5580475 Tue, 10 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100 5580475 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5551771&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02671.x AbstractImmunophenotyping of blood lymphocyte subpopulations is an important tool in the diagnosis of immunological and hematological diseases. Pediatric age‐matched reference values have been determined for the major lymphocyte populations, but reliable reference values for the more recently described T‐lymphocyte subpopulations, like different types of memory T‐lymphocytes, recent thymic emigrants, regulatory T‐cells and CXCR5+ helper‐T‐lymphocytes, are not sufficiently available yet. We determined reference values for the absolute and relative sizes of T‐lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy children using the lysed whole blood method, which is most often used in diagnostic procedures. When the absolute numbers of some or all T‐lymphocyte subpopulations fall outside these... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5551771 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 23:46:50 +0100 5551771 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5551772&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02670.x AbstractThe reports on fish parasite Anisakis simplex allergy have increased in countries with high fish consumption in the last decade. In Norway, a high consumption country, the prevalence of immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitisation to A. simplex was still unknown. Thus, our objective was to investigate the sensitisation prevalence in this country. At the Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, two main groups of surplus serum samples were collected; one from newly recruited blood donors, and one from the Allergy laboratory after analysing IgE and IgE antibodies. The latter was divided into three series, one containing unsorted sera, and two sorted either by Phadiatop®≥ 0.35 kUA/L or total IgE ≥ 1000 kU/L. The sera were analysed for total IgE and IgE antibodies against A. simplex... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5551772 Fri, 30 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5551772 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5514868&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02669.x This study provides the first comprehensive report of HLA class II alleles and haplotypes in Norwegian Pakistani immigrants. When the unrelated parents were compared with all parents genotyped there were, however, no significant differences in allele frequencies confirming that consanguineous marriages is usual in Pakistan. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5514868 Sun, 18 Dec 2011 23:46:16 +0100 5514868 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5494316&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02668.x AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is associated with excessive production and bio‐activation of transforming growth factor bets (TGF‐β) in situ. Here, modification of expression of components of plasminogen/plasmin pathway in human monocytes (MN) by inhibitors of TGF‐β signaling were examined. Smad3 siRNA effectively inhibited TGF‐β induced urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR). Agents known to interfere with TGF‐β signaling, including the Smad inhibitors SIS3 and Erythromycin derivatives, and ALK5 receptor inhibitor (SB 431542) in inhibition of uPAR expression in response to MTB were examined. Inhbibition by SIS 3 only sinhibited uPAR mRNA significantly. SIS3 may prove to be an effective adjunct to TB therapy. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5494316 Mon, 12 Dec 2011 23:45:56 +0100 5494316 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5494317&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02667.x We describe a flow cytometry‐based assay for the measurement of NK cell activity by incorporating fluorescent dye, DiO, into membranes of target cells. NK cell activity was measured at baseline, 1 and 4 weeks follow‐up in 20 normal healthy individuals on a dietary supplement immunomodulator to enhance NK cell function. Mean baseline NK cell activity percentage (21.5; SD = 9.3) increased significantly to a maximum level at 1 week (31.3%; SD = 7.9; p = 0.007) and then returned to baseline level at 4 weeks (21.5; SD = 8.3). An important feature of flow cytometry‐based assays is its ability to discriminate effector cells from target cells, and potential for explaining molecular interactions underlying target cell lysis. Under clinical settings, this assay will be of interest for frequent... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5494317 Mon, 12 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5494317 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5486157&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02634.x AbstractVγ4Vδ1 T cell receptor (TCRγ4δ1)‐expressing γδT cells were the most dominant subset in gastric tumour‐infiltrating γδT cells (γδTIL) we recently analyzed. To study the essential roles of γ and δ chains in assembly and function of TCRγ4δ1, we sequenced and constructed them into lentiviral vectors for the reconstitution of TCRγ4δ1 using different modalities of transduction. We were able to efficiently reconstitute TCRγ4δ1 with functional activities when both γ4 and δ1 chains are coexpressed in TCR‐negative J.RT3‐T3.5 cells. However, the expression of δ1 chain is greatly diminished when γ4 expression is absent, suggesting that the coexpressing γ4 is critical in maintaining the folding and stability of δ1 product. To functionally study the reconstituted ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5486157 Fri, 09 Dec 2011 23:47:56 +0100 5486157 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5486156&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02632.x AbstractWe investigated the effects of viable, extended freeze‐drying (EFD) or heat‐killed (HK) Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) in respiratory burst activity, gene expression of CYBB and NCF1 encoding components of the human phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) oxidase, TLR2 expression, and in IL‐10 and TNF‐α cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Viable BCG significantly inhibited TLR2 and CYBB gene expression, as well as superoxide release by human PBMC. All BCG stimuli augmented IL‐10 release, but only HK BCG or viable BCG increased TNF‐α release by PBMCs. Our studies show that viable BCG can impair the NADPH oxidase system activation and the TLR2 route in human PBMCs. As well, different BCG preparation... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5486156 Fri, 09 Dec 2011 23:47:55 +0100 5486156 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5486155&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02631.x AbstractT lymphocytes play a crucial role in the regulation of immune responses against the tumour cells. Tumour progression results in dysfunction and inhibition of T cells, which ultimately leads to impairment in the antitumour immune response. The impaired antitumour immune response in the host is represented by the decreased number of T cells and their incomplete and improper function. The immunosuppressive network in tumour‐bearing host mediated by tumour cells also leads to the inequities of T cell subsets and imbalance of Th1/Th2 dichotomy. Therefore, in the present study, we sought to investigate the role of tumour progression in the development of T cell phenotype and the involvement of interleukin‐13 thereof selecting Dalton’s lymphoma (DL) as a tumour model. It was observe... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5486155 Fri, 09 Dec 2011 23:47:53 +0100 5486155 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5486154&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02625.x AbstractSjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a systemic rheumatic autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glandular function and is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies against the ribonucleoprotein particles, SS‐A/Ro and SS‐B/La, and mononuclear cell infiltration of exocrine tissues. Our aim is to characterize memory B cell pattern and function in relation to the progression of the disease, by analysing samples from a well‐defined cohort of patients with primary SS. We have measured the number of Ro/La‐specific plasma cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 23 patients and 20 healthy controls by direct enzyme‐linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. Furthermore, we quantified the Ro‐ and La‐specific memory B cells in these individuals by a 6‐day in vitro po... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5486154 Fri, 09 Dec 2011 23:47:49 +0100 5486154 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5486153&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02622.x AbstractCD4+ CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing Foxp3+ play a critical role in maintaining immune homoeostasis and controlling excessive immune responses. However, controversy about the immunoregulatory role of Treg cells exists in malaria studies. Given the role of maintenance of Foxp3 expression in Treg cells’ activities, we investigated whether anti‐CD25 mAb (7D4 clone) treatment affects Foxp3 expression in CD4+ T cells in DBA/2 mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS (P. c. chabaudi AS). We found that DBA/2 mice succumbed to P. c. chabaudi AS infection, which was accompanied by increased expression of Foxp3 in CD4+ T cells at the peak parasitemia. In contrast, Foxp3 expression was impaired in CD25‐depleted mice with 7D4 mAb treatment, leading to delayed paras... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5486153 Fri, 09 Dec 2011 23:47:46 +0100 5486153 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5486152&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02620.x In this study, the recombinant HPV16 E7 and E7 linked to NT‐gp96 (E7‐NT‐gp96) proteins were generated in prokaryotic expression system. Mice were vaccinated twice with this recombinant proteins and the immunogenicity of the fusion protein was determined. The preventive efficacy of E7‐NT‐gp96 fusion protein was also evaluated and compared to E7 protein after challenging with cancerous TC‐1 cell line. In vitro re‐stimulated splenocytes of mice vaccinated with rE7‐NT‐gp96 protein induced higher IFN‐γ response in comparison with E7 protein immunization. Moreover, immunization with E7‐NT‐gp96 protein displayed low but stable humoral responses at post‐challenge time. The data showed that vaccination with fused E7‐NT‐gp96 protein delayed the tumour occurrence and gr... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5486152 Fri, 09 Dec 2011 23:47:43 +0100 5486152 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5456542&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02664.x The objective of this study was to explore whether KIR genotypes and haplotypes were associated with syphilis in a Chinese Han population. Polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) was used to identify the KIR genotypes in 190 syphilis patients and 192 healthy controls. The frequency of genotype P was higher in healthy controls than that in syphilis patients (P=0.002) and its OR was 0.304, while the frequencies of genotype AE and AG were higher in syphilis patients than those in healthy controls. The frequency of haplotype 17 was lower, and its OR was 0.321, whereas, the frequencies of haplotype 1 and 6 were higher in syphilis patients than those in healthy controls. KIR haplotype A and B have distinctive centromeric (Cen) and telomeric (Tel) gene‐content mot... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5456542 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 23:46:35 +0100 5456542 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5449385&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02666.x In this study, we compared the effect of different boosting schedules of the subunit vaccine in the prime ‐ boost strategies. C57BL/6 mice were primed with BCG first, then boosted with the AMM vaccine once at 10th week, twice at 8th, 10th week, or thrice at 6th, 8th, 10th week, respectively. The immune responses were evaluated at the 14th and 20th weeks, respectively. Twelve weeks after the last immunization the mice were challenged with virulent M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv, and the protective effect was evaluated. The results showed that BCG priming and the AMM vaccine boosting twice induced the strongest antigen specific IFN‐γ and IL‐2 production, down‐regulated CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), and had the best protective effect among all groups, while boosting thric... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5449385 Sun, 27 Nov 2011 23:47:09 +0100 5449385 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5449386&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02665.x SummaryThe orphan receptor CLEC‐1 is part of a subfamily of C‐type lectin‐like receptors, which is encoded in the human natural killer gene complex and comprises several pattern recognition receptors important for innate immune functions. Since information on human CLEC‐1 is still very limited, we aimed to further characterise this receptor.Similar to another subfamily member, LOX‐1, expression of CLEC‐1 mRNA was detected in myeloid cells as well as in endothelial cells. CLEC‐1 protein displayed N‐linked glycosylation and formed dimers. However, in contrast to other members of the subfamily, expression levels were upregulated by TGF‐β, but not significantly affected by pro‐inflammatory stimuli. It is intriguing, that human CLEC‐1 could only be detected intracellularl... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5449386 Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5449386 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5406396&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02618.x AbstractWe evaluated inflammatory markers in febrile neutropenic lymphoma patients undergoing high‐dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support. Based on MASCC scores, our patients had a low risk of serious complications and a perspective of a benign initial clinical course of the febrile neutropenia. We also studied the impact of tobramycin given once versus three times daily on these immune markers. Sixty‐one patients participating in a Norwegian multicentre prospective randomized clinical trial, comparing tobramycin once daily versus three times daily, given with penicillin G to febrile neutropenic patients, constituted a clinically homogenous group. Four patients had bacteraemia, all isolates being Gram‐positive. Thirty‐two patients received tobramycin once daily, and 29... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5406396 Wed, 16 Nov 2011 01:29:54 +0100 5406396 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5406395&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02616.x AbstractMany theories have been proposed to explain the development of endometriosis, and recently, autoimmune aetiology has been suggested. Besides, it is well known that endometriosis, especially the advanced disease, may impair fertility. B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is a cytokine produced by macrophages and is necessary for normal B cell development. One of the most studied polymorphisms is the ‐817C/T in the promoter region of the gene. We aimed to assess the association between endometriosis‐related infertility and idiopathic infertility and the BLyS ‐817C/T polymorphism in a Brazilian population. We performed a case–control study comprising 165 infertile women with endometriosis, 83 with idiopathic infertility and 145 fertile and assessed the association with BLys ‐817C/... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5406395 Wed, 16 Nov 2011 01:29:52 +0100 5406395 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5406394&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02612.x AbstractHLA‐DR, a major histocompatibility complex, MHC class II, is involved in several autoimmune conditions, disease susceptibility and disease resistance. Here, we investigate the impact of different age individuals on HLA‐DR expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results indicate that HLA‐DR expression on PBMCs in the population aged above 70 years significantly increased as compared with that in the lower‐age groups by flow cytometry analysis (B–D; r = 0.690, P = 0.000265). In addition, followed by LPS stimulation, the levels of cytokine TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐10 secretion by allogeneic T lymphocytes from different age groups (A–D) were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Notably, levels of TNF... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5406394 Wed, 16 Nov 2011 01:29:48 +0100 5406394 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5406393&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02627.x AbstractIt is well established that viral, parasitic or bacterial infections can prevent type 1 diabetes (T1D) occurrence in non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice. On the other hand, defects in CD4+ Regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers and/or function contribute to T1D aetiology in NOD mice and in humans. In this work, we formally tested whether the protective role of the bacterial product lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on diabetes incidence results from enhanced Treg activity. We first report that weekly administration of LPS to young prediabetic NOD mice, presenting or not insulitis at the time of treatment, afforded full protection from diabetes. Taking advantage from the high but incomplete penetrance of diabetes in NOD mice raised in specific pathogen free (SPF) conditions we compared untreated disea... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5406393 Wed, 16 Nov 2011 01:29:44 +0100 5406393 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5406392&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02617.x AbstractShiga toxin 1 produced by enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli is an AB5 toxin that is involved in the life‐threatening haemolytic‐uraemic syndrome. The B subunits (Stx1B) are cell‐binding subunits. We previously established mouse hybridoma cell line producing IgA and IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Stx1B. Here, we cloned cDNAs encoding each of the heavy, light and joining (J) chains from the hybridoma cell lines by means of the 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) PCR method. Upon assignment of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains to known germline sequences, we found substantial somatic hypermutation in the complementarity‐determining regions in both the IgA and IgG mAbs. We also established a hybrid‐IgG/IgA heavy chain having variable regi... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5406392 Wed, 16 Nov 2011 01:29:43 +0100 5406392 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5406391&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02606.x AbstractMAGE‐4 is considered as an attractive cancer‐testis (CT) antigen for tumour immunotherapy, and it is overexpressed in oesophageal carcinoma (EC). To identify MAGE‐4‐derived HLA‐A2 restricted epitopes, native peptides and their analogues were predicted with prediction programs. The native peptide, p286 (KVLEHVVRV), and its analogues, p286‐1Y2L and p286‐1Y2L9L, showed potent binding affinity and stability towards HLA‐A*0201 molecule. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) induced by p286‐1Y2L9L could release IFN‐γ in ELISPOT assay. In cytotoxicity assay, p286‐1Y2L9L showed the capability to induce specific CTLs which could lyse the target cancer cells from both PBMCs of healthy donors and HLA‐A2.1/Kb transgenic mice. Our results indicated that the peptide p286‐1Y2L... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5406391 Wed, 16 Nov 2011 01:29:40 +0100 5406391 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5406390&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02604.x AbstractThe PE35 (Rv3872) gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is present in the region of difference (RD) one that is deleted in all vaccine strains of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guerin. The aim of this study was to clone PE35 DNA into a DNA vaccine plasmid with CMV promoter and interleukin‐2 secretory signal and evaluate the recombinant plasmid for induction of antigen‐specific cellular responses in mice. DNA corresponding to PE35 was PCR amplified from the genomic DNA of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, cloned into pGEMT‐Easy vector and sub‐cloned into the DNA vaccine vector pUMVC6. BALB/c mice were immunized with recombinant pUMVC6/PE35 and spleen cells were tested for T‐helper (Th)1‐type (antigen‐induced proliferation and secretion of IFN‐γ) and Th2‐type (IL‐5), a... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5406390 Wed, 16 Nov 2011 01:29:38 +0100 5406390 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5406389&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02603.x AbstractInterleukin‐12 receptor deficiency is a well‐described cause of human susceptibility to infection with low‐virulent mycobacteria and Salmonella species. We identified a male patient presenting in his late forties with severe gastroenteropathy because of outbred infestation by a previously unknown mycobacterium. In addition to selective IgA deficiency, the patient was found to carry a not previously described R283X homozygous mutation in his IL12RΒ1 gene. Two of his sisters, a brother, and his four children were healthy, heterozygous carriers of the mutation. In this patient, the combination of two deficiencies could promote illness. Even though the IgA deficiency in itself does not predispose to mycobacterial disease, the lack of secreted IgA may have disturbed the intestina... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5406389 Wed, 16 Nov 2011 01:29:37 +0100 5406389 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5406388&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02602.x AbstractTumour necrosis factor (TNF), an important proinflammatory cytokine, plays a role in the regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation and death, as well as in inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses, and also implicated in a wide variety of human diseases. The presence of DNA sequence variations in regulatory region might interfere with transcription of TNF gene, influencing the circulating level of TNF and thus increases the susceptibility to human diseases (infectious, cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and other diseases). In this review, we have comprehensively analysed various published case–control studies of different types of human diseases, in which TNF gene polymorphism played a role, and computationally predicted several single nucleotide polymorphis... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5406388 Wed, 16 Nov 2011 01:29:35 +0100 5406388 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5406387&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02654.x (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5406387 Wed, 16 Nov 2011 01:29:33 +0100 5406387 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399778&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02661.x AbstractPolymorphisms in genes that encode crucial signaling molecules have been proposed as factors that influence susceptibility to, and outcome of malaria. We studied the role of a mutation, c.1264 T>G, that causes CD36 deficiency on IgG responses to MSP‐119 antigen and malaria incidence. Children were genotyped for the c.1264 T>G mutation at the beginning of the study using PCR‐RFLP. IgG levels (OD readings) and percent seropositivity to MSP‐119 was determined at baseline by ELISA. Children were followed for 12 months for acquisition of anti‐ MSP‐119 IgG antibody and malaria incidence. We observed a significant increase in production of anti‐MSP‐119 IgG antibody in normal and heterozygous children during the 12 months of follow‐up, but not in homozygous mutants. N... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399778 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5399778 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399777&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02662.x AbstractStudies have revealed that tumor associated myeloid cells (TAMC) are one of the major sources of IL‐10 in tumor‐bearing mice. However, the significance of TAMC‐derived IL‐10 in tumor immunity is poorly understood. Here we show that IL‐10 blockade or IL‐10‐deficiency reduces the capacity of TAMC in suppressing the proliferation of P1A‐specific CD8 T cells. In the spleen, IL‐10‐deficient and wild type (WT) mice bearing large tumor burdens have similar TAMC populations. The tumors from IL‐10‐deficient mice however, have reduced numbers of TAMC compared with tumors from their WT counterparts. IL‐10‐/‐RAG‐2‐/‐ mice also had reduced numbers of TAMC compared with tumors from IL‐10+/+RAG‐2‐/‐ mice; therefore the reduction of TAMC in IL‐10‐def... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399777 Thu, 03 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5399777 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5399776&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02663.x AbstractThe 2011 Noble Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann and Ralph M. Steinman for their groundbreaking research within immunology. Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann were recognized for their discoveries on Toll and Toll‐like receptor activation of innate immunity in fruit fly and mammals, respectively. Ralph M. Steinman received the award for the discovery of dendritic cells, a cell type bridging innate and adaptive immunity, and how these cells orchestrate immune responses. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5399776 Tue, 01 Nov 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5399776 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5346523&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02660.x AbstractThe cellular mechanisms that directly regulate the production of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in mast cells are currently unresolved. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) in the production of IL‐12 and IL‐10 in mouse bone marrow–derived mast cells (BMMCs) stimulated with E. coli‐derived LPS. LPS activates the PI3K signaling pathway; analysis of cytokine production following LPS stimulation of BMMCs revealed that inhibition of the PI3K pathway differentially regulated IL‐10 and IL‐12 synthesis. IL‐12 production was enhanced, whereas IL‐10 levels were suppressed. Inhibition of LPS‐mediated activation of the PI3K pathway resulted in a pronounced reduction of NF�... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5346523 Tue, 25 Oct 2011 23:10:27 +0100 5346523 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5346524&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02659.x AbstractTacrolimus (FK‐506) has been found to exhibit potent inhibitory effects on spontaneously developed dermatitis. We previously showed that glucosamine prevent the development of AD‐like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. To investigate the synergistic therapeutic efficacy of combination of glucosamine plus FK‐506 in dermatophagoides farina (Df)‐induced AD‐like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice and to determine the underlying therapeutic mechanisms. The Df‐induced NC/Nga mice with a clinical score of 8 were used for treatment with glucosamine (500 mg/kg) alone, FK‐506 (1.0 mg/kg) or in combination. The synergistic effects of combination therapy were evaluated by dermatitis scores, skin histology and immunological parameters such as IgE, Th2‐mediated cytokines and chemokines, CD3+ ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5346524 Tue, 25 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5346524 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5334722&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02658.x AbstractPrimary immunodeficiencies are genetic disorders in which components of immunological pathways are either missing or dysregulated. With the advent of next generation sequencing, testing for genes in conditions with a heterogeneous genetic background seems more promising. We designed a custom microarray with 385K probe capacity to capture exons of 395 human genes, known or predicted to be associated with primary immunodeficiency and immune regulation. Enriched target DNA was sequenced using a GS FLX Titanium 454 platform. The patients selected were likely to have an underlying immunodeficiency. In one patient with hepatosplenomegaly, recurrent infections and an elevated IgM level, sequence analysis of the patient and his two unaffected parents identified ATM (ataxia telangiectasia m... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5334722 Fri, 21 Oct 2011 22:46:14 +0100 5334722 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5334725&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02655.x AbstractBacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) has failed to efficaciously control the worldwide spread of the disease. New vaccine development targets virulence antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are deleted in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Immunization with ESAT‐6 and CFP10 provides protection against M. tuberculosis in a murine infection model. Further, previous studies have shown that calreticulin increases the cell‐mediated immune responses to antigens. Therefore, to test if calreticulin enhances the immune response against M. tuberculosis antigens, we fused ESAT‐6 to calreticulin and constructed a recombinant replication‐deficient adenovirus to express the resulting fusion protein (AdCRT‐ESAT‐6). The adjuvant effect of calreticulin was assayed by measuring cytokine responses ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5334725 Wed, 19 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5334725 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5334724&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02656.x In this study, AbM extract had no modulating effect on IL‐6, IFN‐γ, or TNF‐α levels in elderly females. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5334724 Wed, 19 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5334724 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5334723&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02657.x This study determines whether a panel of TAAs would enhance antibody detection and be a useful approach in pancreatic cancer detection and diagnosis. The panel of TAAs was composed of six TAAs including p53, p16, p62, Survivin, Koc and IMP1 full‐length recombinant proteins. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect antibodies against these six TAAs in 23 sera from patients with pancreatic cancer and also 23 sera from normal individuals. Antibody frequency to any individual TAA in pancreatic cancer was variable and ranged from 14.7% to 30.4%. With the successive addition of TAAs to a final total of six antigens, there was a stepwise increase of positive antibody reactions reaching a sensitivity of 60.9% and a specificity of 87.0% in pancreatic cancer. Positive and neg... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5334723 Wed, 19 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5334723 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5313600&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02653.x In this study we present first extensive immunological analysis of both adaptive and innate immunity in two patients with YNS. One patient has common variable immunodeficiency, whereas, second patient has specific antibody deficiency syndrome. Severe lymphopenia, and a striking deficiency of naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and total B cells, and increased transitional B cells were observed. T cell proliferative response to mitogens and antigens were significantly reduced in both patients. Both patients failed to make specific antibody response to pneumococci. Complement, NK cell activity, and neutrophil oxidative burst were normal. Immunoglobulin administration resulted in decreased frequency and severity of infections, and an impressive effect was observed on lymphedema and on the recurrence... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5313600 Fri, 14 Oct 2011 22:46:40 +0100 5313600 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5313601&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02652.x It has not been considered so far that APC may phagocytose immunogenic material from autologous cancer cells. Assuming the presence of cancer‐immunogenic material in APCs we developed a novel autologous priming method that does not require tumor cells or identified peptides. Cancer‐immunogenic information came from CD14+ monocytes. When stimulated with CD3‐activated T cells, monocytes primed CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ resting/naïve T cells to become powerful effector cells within 24 hours. During priming, depletion of CD14+ monocytes but not CD1a+ CD83+ dendritic cells prevented T cell priming. During cancer cell destruction, dendritic cells, but not monocytes, enhanced cancer cell lysis. The Cascade prImed (CAPRI) immune cell quartet comprising monocytes, dendritic cells, CD4+ T and CD8... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5313601 Thu, 13 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5313601 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5313602&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02634.x AbstractVγ4Vδ1 T cell receptor (TCRγ4δ1) expressing γδT cells were the most dominant subset in gastric tumor infiltrating γδT cells (γδTIL) we recently analyzed. To study the essential roles of γ and δ chains in assembly and function of TCRγ4δ1, we sequenced and constructed them into lentiviral vectors for reconstitution of TCRγ4δ1 using different modalities of transduction. We were able to efficiently reconstitute TCRγ4δ1 with functional activities when both γ4 and δ1 chains are coexpressed in TCR negative J.RT3‐T3.5 cells. However, the expression of δ1 chain is greatly diminished when γ4 expression is absent, suggesting that the coexpressing γ4 is critical in maintaining the folding and stability of δ1 product. To functionally study the reconstituted TCRγ4δ1, ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5313602 Wed, 12 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5313602 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303796&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02651.x (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303796 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 22:47:37 +0100 5303796 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303801&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02647.x AbstractThe effects of proteosome inhibitor Bortezomib (BZ) were studied in vitro for 24 hours on the protein kinase C (PKC) profiles, rates of proliferation and apoptosis in Jurkat cells and lymphocytes of 10 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 9 healthy subjects. The expressions of PKC proteins, the rates of proliferation and apoptosis were determined. The effects of BZ were different in the Jurkat and lupus T cells. Whereas BZ elevated the expression of PKC θ, δ and ξ isoenzymes in the Jurkat cells, it was unable to do that in the lupus T cells. BZ induced a dose‐dependent increase in the apoptosis of Jurkat cells, while decreased the proliferation. The same effect of BZ was observed on the apoptosis of lymphocytes both in SLE and healthy subjects at concentrations... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303801 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5303801 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303799&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02648.x AbstractInfection caused by certain gram negative bacteria, e.g. Salmonella, can trigger inflammatory joint disease reactive arthritis (ReA). It is suggested that the disease‐triggering bacteria or bacterial components persist in patients for an abnormally long time. Development of ReA is strongly associated with tissue antigen HLA‐B27. Previously, we reported an enhanced replication of S. enteritidis and altered p38 MAP kinase signalling in HLA‐B27‐expressing monocytic cells. Here we aimed to investigate the role of HLA‐B27 in regulation of double‐stranded RNA activated kinase (PKR)‐related signalling in Salmonella‐infected or Salmonella LPS‐stimulated human U937 monocytic cells, since PKR has been reported to modify p38 signalling in Salmonella‐infected cells. In cell... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303799 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5303799 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303798&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02649.x Abstract:Dendritic cells (DCs) are specific antigen‐presenting cells that play critical roles in the initiation and polarization of immune responses. DCs residing in the lungs might be detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). We analyzed dendritic cells compartment in the peripheral blood and BALF of patients with allergy and in controls. Plasmacytoid and four distinct subsets of myeloid DCs (characterized by the expression of BDCA‐1+ and ‐3+ and CD16 positivity or negativity) were detected in both tested compartments. We further evaluated the expression of C‐type lectins (mannose receptor, DC‐SIGN and DEC‐205) relevant for the pathogenesis of asthma. Interestingly, we found a selective increase in the frequency of myeloid DCs expressing BDCA‐3 and mannose recepto... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303798 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5303798 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5303797&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02650.x AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent the most abundant class of regulators of gene expression in humans: they regulate one third of human protein‐coding genes. These small non‐coding ∼22 nucleotides (nt) long RNAs originate by multistep process from miRNA genes localized in the genomic DNA. To date, more than 1420 miRNAs have been identified in humans (miRBase v17). The main mechanism of miRNA action is the posttranscriptional regulation via RNA interference with their target mRNAs. The majority of target mRNAs (more than 80%) undergo degradation after recognition by complementary miRNA; the translational inhibition with little or no influence on mRNA levels has been also reported. Each miRNA may suppress multiple mRNA targets (average ∼200) and at the same time one mRNA can be tar... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5303797 Tue, 11 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5303797 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5284682&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02608.x In this study, we analyzed whether polymorphic markers rs2104286, rs41295061, and rs11594656 located at the IL2RA/CD25 locus confer susceptibility to GD and are related to increased concentrations of sIL‐2Rα. A total of 1474 Russian GD patients and 1609 control subjects were genotyped for rs2104286, rs41295061, and rs11594656 using a Taqman assay. Concentrations of sIL‐2Rα in sera of affected and non‐affected individuals were measured using an ELISA test. A minor allele A of rs41295061 showed significant association with increased risk of GD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.43, Pc = 0.00102]. The allele A of rs41295061 and allele A of rs11594656 constitute a higher risk haplotype AA (OR = 1.47, Pc = 0.0477). Compared to carriers of the protective haplogenotype GT/GT, the carria... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5284682 Wed, 05 Oct 2011 22:48:35 +0100 5284682 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5284681&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02593.x We report a child with severe combined immunodeficiency (T‐B‐ SCID) due to ADA deficiency diagnosed at the age of 1 month, whose lymphocyte counts including CD4+ and CD8+ T and NK cells began to improve after several months with normalization of ADA activity in Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), as a result of somatic mosaicism caused by monoallelic reversion of the causative mutation in the ADA gene. He was not eligible for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) or gene therapy (GT); therefore he was placed on enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with bovine PEG‐ADA. The follow‐up of metabolic and immunologic responses to ERT included gradual improvement in ADA activity in erythrocytes and transient expansion of most lymphocyte subsets, followed by gradual stabilization of... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5284681 Wed, 05 Oct 2011 22:48:30 +0100 5284681 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5284680&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02592.x AbstractResistin is a cysteine‐rich protein, which is abundantly expressed at the site of inflammation, and acts as a regulator of the NF‐kB‐dependent cytokine cascade. The aim of this study was to evaluate resistin levels in relation to inflammatory mediators, disease phenotype and autoantibody status in a spectrum of pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Resistin levels were measured with an ELISA in sera originated from 227 patients and 40 healthy controls (HC). Fifty patients diagnosed with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), 53 ulcerative colitis (UC), 51 Crohn’s disease (CD), 46 autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and 27 primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) were included. The sera were analysed with respect to biochemical parameters of systemic inflammation a... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5284680 Wed, 05 Oct 2011 22:48:28 +0100 5284680 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5284679&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02601.x In this study, we investigated the water‐soluble, polysaccharide components of Reishi (designated as MAK) in murine colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS). We examined the concentration of GM‐CSF in peritoneal macrophage cells (PMs) of C57BL/6 mice during in vitro and in vivo stimulation with MAK. After feeding with chow or MAK for 2 weeks, 2 mg of TNBS/50% ethanol was administered to each mouse. After 3 days of TNBS treatment, intestinal inflammation was evaluated, and mononuclear cells of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and colon were cultured for ELISA. To determine the preventive role of GM‐CSF, the mice were pre‐treated with or without anti‐GM‐CSF antibody before TNBS administration. In vitro and in vivo MAK‐stimulated PMs produced GM‐CSF in a... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5284679 Wed, 05 Oct 2011 22:48:27 +0100 5284679 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5284678&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02598.x AbstractWe investigated whether Aspergillus oryzae lectin (AOL), a fucose‐specific lectin, induces anaphylactoid reactions and mast cell activation. The injection of AOL into footpads of mice produced a dose‐related acute paw oedema. The AOL‐induced oedema was attenuated by predose of histamine H1 receptor blocker or pretreatment of the lectin with fucose before injection and was not observed in SCID and mast cell–deficient WBB6F1‐W/Wv mice. These results suggested that the AOL‐induced anaphylactoid reaction was mediated by histamine released from mast cells. In addition, the activation of mast cells was seemed to be induced by the crosslinking of IgE on the cell surface following the binding of AOL to fucose residues in IgE. Consistent with the in vivo results, AOL induced the... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5284678 Wed, 05 Oct 2011 22:48:25 +0100 5284678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5284677&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02594.x AbstractGroup A streptococcus (GAS) harbours several virulence factors, including M protein (coded by the emm gene) and superantigens (SAgs). SAgs are extracellular toxins that directly activate the immune system by cross‐binding to the HLA class II molecule and T cell receptor (TCR), thereby causing activation of up to 30% of the T cells and subsequent massive secretion of cytokines. Forty‐eight GAS strains isolated from patients at Norwegian hospitals between 1988 and 2004 were included in this study. Of these, 24 were invasive streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) or necrotizing fasciitis (NF) isolates and 24 were non‐invasive pharyngitis isolates, matched for having the same T‐type and year of isolation as the invasive isolates. The isolates were characterized by emm sequen... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5284677 Wed, 05 Oct 2011 22:48:20 +0100 5284677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5284675&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02646.x In conclusion, it seems that GNLY+ lymphocytes, probably attracted by IL‐15, participates partially in myocardial cell apoptosis, but also hasten resolution of cardiac leukocyte infiltration in NSTEMI patients. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5284675 Wed, 05 Oct 2011 22:47:13 +0100 5284675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5284676&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02645.x AbstractWe determined whether a potential probiotic bacterium, Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 (BB6378), exerts beneficial effects on the mucosal immune system in a mouse intestinal explant model. The addition of heat‐inactivated BB6378 to intestinal explants prepared from embryonic day 18 BALB/c mice increased the expression of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) mRNA by 2–5‐fold. These effects were observed on ileal and colonic explants but not on jejunal explants, suggesting that the BB6378‐induced pIgR up‐regulation is site‐specific within the mouse intestine. The up‐regulation of pIgR protein expression in colonic explants was also detected after 24 h of culture. The results of DNA microarray analysis of ileal and colonic samples indicated that BB6378 increased the ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5284676 Mon, 03 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5284676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5272862&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02644.x This report demonstrates the way in which advanced technologies in molecular medicine and obstetric interventions may assist families with decisions about possible selective termination in cases of life‐threatening molecular or chromosomal disorders. The diagnosis of CD40L deficiency at the age of 33 year in the proband was striking and indicated that PIDs are still neglected as disease entities in the evaluation of patients with recurrent severe infectious diseases. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5272862 Sat, 01 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5272862 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5272864&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02642.x AbstractImproved tools are required to study immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis (TB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen‐stimulated T cell based assays can detect TB but are less effective when responses are compromised such as in severe disease. We investigated responses to M. tuberculosis whole sonicate (MTBs), recombinant antigens ESAT6 and CFP10 in whole blood cells of healthy endemic controls (EC, n=42) and patients with pulmonary (PTB, n=36) or extrapulmonary (ETB, n=41) disease. Biomarkers of T cell activation (IFNγ) or modulation (IL10) and chemokines, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CCL2 secretion were measured.MTBs, ESAT6 and CFP10 all induced IFNγ responses in TB. ESAT6‐induced IFNγ was elevated in TB as compared with EC. MTBs‐ stimulated the highest IFNγ levels but did not differen... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5272864 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5272864 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5272863&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02643.x We examined mouse fetal liver (FL), rich in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSC/HPC) after embryonic day (E) 12.5, for the presence of L‐DC progenitors by testing their capacity to colonize STX3 and produce L‐DC. E14.5 FL from wild‐type C57BL/6J mice was found to colonise STX3 and produced L‐DC for 28 days. By contrast, E14.5 FL from Ikaros Plastic mice gave only short‐term production of low numbers of L‐DC between 7 and 14 days co‐culture. The transient and weak production of L‐DC by FL from Plastic E14.5 mice maps to loss of self‐renewal capacity amongst HSC. L‐DC progenitors are therefore closely aligned with a subset of self‐renewing HSC/HPC in FL. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5272863 Thu, 29 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5272863 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5259767&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02641.x AbstractMonocytes have long been considered a heterogeneous group of cells both in terms of morphology and function. In humans, three distinct subsets have been described based on their differential expression of the cell surface markers CD14 and CD16. However, the relationship between these subsets and the production of cytokines has for the most part been based on ELISA measurements, making it difficult to draw conclusions as to their functional profile on the cellular level. In the present study, we have investigated lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced cytokine secretion by monocytes using the FluoroSpot technique. This method measures the number of cytokine secreting cells on the single cell level and uses fluorescent detection, allowing for the simultaneous an... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5259767 Wed, 28 Sep 2011 22:47:07 +0100 5259767 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5259769&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02639.x AbstractThe standard protocol for generating antibody (Ab)‐producing hybridomas is based on fusion of plasmacytoma cells with Ab‐producing B cells harvested from immunized mice. To increase the yield of hybridomas, it is important to use immunization protocols that induce a high frequency of B cells producing specific Abs. Our lab has developed a vaccine format, denoted vaccibody, that promotes the immune responses towards the delivered antigen. The vaccine format targets antigens in a bivalent form to surface receptors on antigen‐presenting cells (APCs). Here we used the fluorescent protein mCherry as antigen and targeted it to APCs by use of either the natural ligand CCL3/MIP‐1α or by single chain variable fragment (scFv) specific for major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5259769 Wed, 28 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5259769 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5259768&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02640.x AbstractAdoptive cell therapy (ACT) with ex vivo expanded tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in combination with IL‐2 is an effective treatment for patients with metastatic melanoma. Modified protocols of cell expansion may allow treatment of most enrolled patients and improve the efficacy of adoptively transferred cells. The aim of this study was to establish and validate the novel “Young TIL” method at our institution and perform a head‐to‐head comparison of clinical grade products generated with this protocol opposed to the conventional “Standard TIL”, that we are currently using in a pilot ACT trial for melanoma patients.Our results confirm that “Young TILs” display an earlier differentiation state, with higher CD27 and lower CD56 expression. In addition, CD8+ TILs... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5259768 Wed, 28 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5259768 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224012&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02638.x AbstractThe severity of superantigen‐mediated shock is associated with T cells infiltration in major organs [1, 2]. We postulated that endothelial‐cell inflammation and damage in sepsis might be mediated by chemotaxis and adherence of superantigen‐activated T cells of vascular endothelium. We therefore investigate whether staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) could modulate chemokine receptors expression on T cells as well as cytokine release, and then we examined the up‐modulation of chemokine‐associated affect on T‐cell‐mediated damage of endothelial cells. We consistently observed that SEB could up‐regulate expression of CCR5 on T cells and induce a panel of cytokines release from T cell, the latter could further induce increased release of chemokine such as MCP‐1, MIP‐... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224012 Sat, 17 Sep 2011 06:42:10 +0100 5224012 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224018&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02631.x AbstractT lymphocytes play a crucial role in the regulation of immune responses against the tumor cells. Tumor progression results in dysfunction and inhibition of T cells, which ultimately leads to impairment in the antitumor immune response. The impaired antitumor immune response in the host is represented by the decreased number of T cells and their incomplete and improper function. The immunosuppressive network in tumor‐bearing host mediated by tumor cells also leads to the inequities of T cell subsets and imbalance of Th1/Th2 dichotomy. Therefore, in the present study, we sought to investigate the role of tumor progression in the development of T cell phenotype and the involvement of interleukin‐13 thereof selecting Dalton’s lymphoma as a tumor model. It was observed that a sign... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224018 Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224018 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224017&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02632.x AbstractWe investigated the effects of viable, extended freeze‐drying (EFD), or heat‐killed (HK) Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin in respiratory burst activity, gene expression of CYBB and NCF1 encoding components of the human phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) oxidase, TLR2 expression, and in IL‐10 and TNF‐α cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Viable BCG significantly inhibited TLR2 and CYBB gene expression, as well as superoxide release by human PBMC. All BCG stimuli augmented IL‐10 release, but only HK BCG or viable BCG increased TNF‐α release by PBMCs. Our studies show that viable BCG can impair the NADPH oxidase system activation and the TLR2 route in human PBMCs. As well, different BCG preparations can... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224017 Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224017 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224016&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02633.x We examined antibodies to known neutrophil antigens (HNA1a, HNA1b, HNA null, HNA2, HNA3, HNA4 and non‐HLA antigen 9a) in a KS patient with neutropenia. We also performed the granulocyte immunofluorescence test (GIFT) using patient or control neutrophils incubated with the patient’s serum at serial time points over the patient’s clinical course. No specific antibody to known neutrophil antigens was detected. Flow cytometric analysis showed that autoantibodies bound to immature CD13‐positive myeloid cells, which resulted in myeloid lineage maturation arrest in the bone marrow. GIFT showed that neutrophil‐specific autoantibodies were produced by the patient and the amount of autoantibody inversely correlated to the patient’s neutrophil counts. The presence of an autoantibody to a ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224016 Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224016 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224015&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02635.x In this study, we showed that the Gαq expressions at mRNA and protein levels in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients were significantly decreased in comparison of which in healthy individuals. The expression levels of Gαq mRNA in PBLs from RA patients were correlated with RA disease activity (DAS28), anti‐cyclic citrullinated protein antibodies (anti‐CCP), C‐reactive protein (CRP) and rheumatoid factor (RF). We also demonstrated that Gαq controlled the apoptosis of RA PBLs through regulating the activity of Mcl‐1 and caspase‐3. These data suggested that Gαq might be involved in the pathogenesis of RA by regulating PBLs apoptosis. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224015 Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224015 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224014&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02636.x This study provides additional support for the importance of antibodies in protecting against S. schenckii and concludes that opsonization is an important process to increase TNF‐α production and fungus killing by macrophages in experimental sporotrichosis. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224014 Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224014 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224013&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02637.x Conclusion:  Our data demonstrate that expression profile of healthy relatives of patients with T1D is clearly distinct from the pattern found in the healthy controls. That especially concerns differential activation status of genes and signalling pathways involved in proinflammatory processes and those of innate immunity and humoral reactivity. Thus, we posit that the study of the healthy relative’s gene expression pattern is instrumental for identification of novel markers associated with the development of diabetes. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224013 Fri, 16 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224013 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224030&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02619.x AbstractDuring the course of African trypanosomiasis, an intact monocytic cell system appears to be crucial for the initiation and maintenance of anti‐trypanosome responses and could be critical for the survival of trypanosome‐infected host. Monocytic cells in turn require support from other components of the innate immunity as well as adaptive immunity for effective and sustained control of trypanosome infections. In this review, the contribution of specific components of the innate immune system towards resistance to African trypanosomes is discussed in the context of host survival and the ideas presented are expected to stimulate more debate and research on host innate mechanisms of defense against African trypanosomiasis. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224030 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224030 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224029&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02620.x In this study, the recombinant HPV16 E7 and E7 linked to NT‐gp96 (E7‐NT‐gp96) proteins were generated in prokaryotic expression system. Mice were vaccinated twice with this recombinant proteins and the immunogenicity of the fusion protein was determined. The preventive efficacy of E7‐NT‐gp96 fusion protein was also evaluated and compared to E7 protein after challenging with cancerous TC‐1 cell line. In vitro re‐stimulated splenocytes of mice vaccinated with rE7‐NT‐gp96 protein induced higher IFN‐γ response in comparison with E7 protein immunization. Moreover, immunization with E7‐NT‐gp96 protein displayed low but stable humoral responses at post‐challenge time. The data showed that vaccination with fused E7‐NT‐gp96 protein delayed the tumor occurrence and gro... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224029 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224029 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224028&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02621.x AbstractRecombinant antibodies have been proposed as invaluable tools for various therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Here we describe the development of a novel latex agglutination test (LAT) using single‐chain Fv recombinant antibody fragment for detection of K99+ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains. For the production of a single‐chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv) against the major colonization factor (FanC) of K99 antigen, the scFv gene was integrated into a bacterial expression vector under the control of T7 promoter. After high level expression of soluble scFv (∼50 mg/L) in flask cultivation of E. coli DE3 and purification, scFv was immobilized on different latex particles, and then these sensitized beads were used in LAT. Results obtained with our latex reagents revealed ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224028 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224028 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224027&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02622.x AbstractCD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing Foxp3+ play a critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis and controlling excessive immune responses. However, controversy about the immunoregulatory role of Treg cells exists in malaria studies. Given the role of maintenance of Foxp3 expression in Treg cells activities, we investigated whether anti‐CD25 mAb (7D4 clone) treatment affects Foxp3 expression in CD4+ T cells in DBA/2 mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi AS (P. c. chabaudi AS). We found that DBA/2 mice succumbed to P. c. chabaudi AS infection, which was accompanied with increased expression of Foxp3 in CD4+ T cells at the peak parasitemia. In contrast, Foxp3 expression was impaired in CD25‐depleted mice with 7D4 mAb treatment, leading to delayed parasitemi... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224027 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224027 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224026&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02623.x AbstractAngiogenesis is a prominent feature of structural tissue remodeling that occurs in chronic airway diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).The aim of this study was to evaluate the airway levels of VEGF, angiogenin, IL‐8, and TNF‐α in COPD patients during the stable phase and during acute exacerbation of the disease.We analyzed induced sputum samples from 28 COPD patients. Thirteen of these patients were followed up and second samples of sputum were obtained during acute exacerbation of the disease. The two control groups consisted of 12 healthy smokers and 7 healthy nonsmokers, all with normal lung‐function tests. Concentrations of VEGF, angiogenin, IL8, TNF‐α, and bFGF were measured by Cytometric Bead Array.In the induced sputum of patients with ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224026 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224026 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224025&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02624.x AbstractHepatitis C virus infection affects more than 170 million people worldwide. More than 80% of the patients are not able to eliminate the virus and progress to a chronic infection that usually culminates in complications such as cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the adaptive immune response has been widely shown to be essential for viral clearance, the role of NK cells is not clearly understood. In the present study the effect of HCV core protein is examined on NK cell function, i.e., cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. The expression of core protein in the YTS NK cell line led to an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells soon after transduction. The surviving cells exhibited decreased cytotoxicity associated with decreases in perforin and granzyme B express... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224025 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224025 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224024&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02625.x AbstractSjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a systemic rheumatic autoimmune disease affecting the exocrine glandular function, characterised by the presence of autoantibodies against the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles SS‐A/Ro and SS‐B/La, and mononuclear cell infiltration of exocrine tissues. Our aim is to characterise memory B cell pattern and function in relation to the progression of the disease, by analysing samples from a well‐defined cohort of primary SS patients. We have measured the number of Ro/La specific plasma cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 23 patients and 20 healthy controls, by direct enzyme linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT). Furthermore, we quantified the Ro‐ and La‐specific memory B cells in these individuals. This was done by a 6‐day in vi... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224024 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224024 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224023&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02626.x AbstractRheumatoid factor (RF), i.e. a family of autoantibodies against the Fc part of IgG, is an important seromarker of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Traditional particle agglutination without disclosing the antibody isotype remains the predominating diagnostic method in clinical routine. Although IgG‐RF attracts pathogenic interest, its detection remains technically challenging. The present study aimed at developing a set of tests identifying IgG‐RFs directed against the four IgG subclasses. IgG‐RF against either subclass of human IgG‐Fc were analyzed with four novel enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) utilizing four recombinant human Fc‐gamma fragments (hIgG1‐4) as sources of antigen. Sera from 40 patients with recent‐onset RA (20 seropositive and 20 seronegative b... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224023 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224023 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224022&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02627.x AbstractIt is well established that viral, parasitic or bacterial infections can prevent Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) occurrence in Non‐Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice. On the other hand, defects in CD4+ Regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers and/or function contribute to T1D etiology in NOD mice and in humans. In this work, we formally tested whether the protective role of the bacterial product Lypopolissacharide (LPS) on diabetes incidence results from enhanced Treg activity. We first report that weekly administration of LPS to young prediabetic NOD mice, presenting or not insulitis at the time of treatment, afforded full protection from diabetes. Taking advantage from the high but incomplete penetrance of diabetes in NOD mice raised in Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) conditions we compared untreated diseas... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224022 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224022 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224021&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02628.x AbstractKeratinocyte growth factor promotes epithelial cell proliferation and survival. Recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor, also known as palifermin, protects epithelial cells from injury induced by chemicals, irradiation and acute murine graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD). Findings from our studies and others have shown that palifermin also has immunomodulatory properties. In a model of acute GVHD, we showed that it shifts the immune response from one in which Th1 cytokines dominate to mixed Th1 and Th2 cytokine profile. Using the DBA/2→(C57BL/6 x DBA/2)F1‐hybrid model of chronic, SLE‐like GVHD, we showed that palifermin treatment is associated with higher levels of Th2 cytokines, the production of anti‐nuclear antibodies, cryoglobulinemia and the development of more s... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224021 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224020&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02629.x AbstractRecombinant virus‐based tuberculosis vaccines that are strongly immunogenic and elicit robust cellular immunity are considered ideal vaccine candidates. Here, we engineered a poxvirus‐based vaccine, MVA85B‐E6, and an adenovirus‐based vaccine, AD85B‐E6, both of which express the fusion protein Ag85B‐ESAT6. Subcutaneous vaccination of AD85B‐E6 generated strong IFN‐γ production by both CD4 and CD8 T cells and CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity; these results indicate that strong T‐helper type1 immune responses were elicited in mice, which is in contrast to the moderate responses induced by vaccination with MVA85B‐E6. However, MVA85B‐E6 given subcutaneously led to levels of protection comparable with that induced by the BCG vaccine in the lungs and spleens, wher... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224020 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224020 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5224019&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02630.x (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5224019 Wed, 14 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5224019 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207258&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02588.x AbstractWe here describe the development of a novel ELISPOT assay for the detection and enumeration of IFNγ‐secreting functional chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)‐redirected T cells against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This method is valuable for clinical trials to monitor the presence of functional CEA‐specific T cells transduced with a CAR. The same principle should be applicable for the detection of functional CAR‐redirected T cells against any other tumour‐associated antigens by immobilizing a particular biotinylated antigen to streptavidin‐coated beads. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207258 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:32:41 +0100 5207258 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207257&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02585.x In this study, ELISA was used for the measurement of pre‐existing total IgG and IgG subclasses to a panel of malaria antigens, MSP2‐3D7, MSP2‐FC27, AMA‐1 and Pf332‐C231. The results showed that the antibody responses were predominantly age dependent, antigen specific, and their lifespan was at least 5–6 month long. Generally, the IgG3 was most abundant IgG subclass, and the most recognized antigen was Pf332‐C231. Furthermore, the correlation between the levels of IgG subclasses was strongest between IgG1 and IgG3, which were more predictive to the total IgG levels. Finally, the response pattern of each of the IgG subclasses to the different test antigens that were spanning the dry season and the correlation between these responses were described in details for the first tim... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207257 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:32:35 +0100 5207257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207256&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02565.x AbstractPreviously we reported the presence of anti‐idiotypic antibodies (anti‐Id)‐specific to autoantibodies against GAD65 (GAD65Ab) in healthy individuals while the activity of anti‐Id directed to GAD65Ab in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients was significantly lower. These anti‐Id recognize the antigen‐binding site of GAD65Ab, thus preventing their binding to GAD65. Here, we characterized the IgG subclass profile of these anti‐Id (GAD65Ab specific) and of the associated GAD65Ab themselves. The IgG subclass response of anti‐Id in healthy individuals (n = 16) was IgG3‐dominated, while in T1D patients (n = 8) IgG1 was the major IgG subclass. The GAD65Ab bound by anti‐Id in both healthy individuals (n = 38) and GAD65Ab‐negative T1D patients (n = 35) showed a... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207256 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:32:28 +0100 5207256 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5207255&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02582.x In conclusion, our data suggest that the administration of L. casei can be effective in rescuing the normal mucosal architecture and GALT homeostasis in a mouse model of gliadin‐induced enteropathy. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5207255 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 16:32:23 +0100 5207255 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5160559&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02618.x AbstractWe evaluated inflammatory markers in febrile neutropenic lymphoma patients undergoing high‐dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell support. Based on MASCC‐scores our patients had a low risk for serious complications and a perspective of a benign initial clinical course of the febrile neutropenia. We also studied the impact of tobramycin given once versus three times daily on these immune markers.Sixty‐one patients participating in a Norwegian multicentre prospective randomized clinical trial comparing tobramycin once daily versus three times daily, given with penicillin G to febrile neutropenic patients constituted a clinically homogenous group. Four patients had bacteraemia, all isolates being gram‐positive. Thirty‐two patients received tobramycin once daily, and 29 ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5160559 Sat, 27 Aug 2011 12:11:24 +0100 5160559 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5160562&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02616.x Conclusions:  The results point to a possible association between BLyS ‐817C/T polymorphism and idiopathic infertility in Brazilian population. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5160562 Thu, 25 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5160562 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5160561&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02615.x There is strong evidence from animal models that placental and/or breast milk‐mediated transfer of maternal allergen‐specific IgG prevents allergic immune responses in the progeny. Both human and animal data also point to IgA as having an important regulatory role. In contrast, little is known about maternal transfer of IgG and IgA specific for respiratory allergens in humans. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) is an indoor allergen that is a major cause of asthma worldwide. We analyzed maternal to child Der p‐specific IgG and IgA transfer in a cohort of 77 paired maternal and child samples. We found Der p‐specific IgG and its IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4 subclasses in all cord blood samples. Except for IgG1, cord levels were higher in newborns from atopic mothers (n=29) compared to non... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5160561 Thu, 25 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5160561 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5160560&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02617.x AbstractShiga toxin 1 produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli is an AB5 toxin that is involved in the life‐threatening hemolytic‐uremic syndrome (HUS). The B subunits (Stx1B) are cell‐binding subunits. We previously established mouse hybridoma cell line producing IgA and IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Stx1B. Here we cloned cDNAs encoding each of the heavy, light, and joining (J) chains from the hybridoma cell lines by means of the 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE)‐PCR method. Upon assignment of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains to known germline sequences, we found substantial somatic hypermutation in the complementarity determining regions in both the IgA and IgG mAbs. We also established a hybrid‐IgG/IgA heavy chain having variable r... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5160560 Thu, 25 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5160560 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5142823&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02612.x AbstractHLA‐DR, a major histocompatibility complex, MHC class II, is involved in several autoimmune conditions, disease susceptibility and disease resistance. Here, we investigate the impact of different age‐individuals on HLA.DR expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results indicate that HLA.DR expression on PBMCs in the population aged over 70 years, significantly increased as compared with that in the lower‐age groups by flow cytometry analysis (B–D; r=0.690, p=0.000265). In addition, followed by LPS stimulation, the levels of cytokine TNF‐α, IL‐6, and IL‐10 secretion by allogeneic T lymphocytes from different age groups (A‐D) were significantly increased (p<0.05). Notably, levels of TNF‐α and IL‐6 were... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5142823 Sat, 20 Aug 2011 12:09:38 +0100 5142823 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5142826&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02613.x Abstract:Immunosuppression induced by lymphocyte apoptosis is considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of sepsis and has been demonstrated in both animal models of LPS‐induced endotoxemia and septic patients. Since rough‐form lipopolysaccharide (R‐LPS) recently have been shown to elicit a stronger immunological response than regular smooth‐form LPS (S‐LPS), we aimed to assess the apoptosis‐inducing capabilities of R‐LPS in different subsets of lymphocytes (CD4+ T‐cells, CD8+ T‐cell, B‐cells, and NK‐cells).Using multicolor flow cytometry on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we found that R‐LPS increased apoptosis in CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells assessed by annexin V and propidium iodide (AV+PI‐), compared to both S‐LPS and unstimulated cells. 7‐ami... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5142826 Thu, 18 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5142826 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5142825&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02614.x SUMMARYCellular immune responses are a significant defense mechanism in human paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), an endemic mycosis in Latin America; however, little is known about the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in human PCM. We investigated monocyte‐derived DCs from patients with treated (TP) and active PCM (AP) compared with healthy non‐PCM donors (CO). DCs from the TP group showed higher expression of HLA‐DR, CD86 and DC‐SIGN compared with CO, whereas AP showed similar expression to CO. Production of IL‐10 was down‐regulated by TNF‐α in all groups and lower levels were observed in untreated DCs from AP compared with CO. Conversely, IL‐12p40 was significantly up‐regulated in the DCs of the TP group. TNF‐α‐activated DCs from the CO group produced significantly lower ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5142825 Thu, 18 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5142825 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5142824&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02611.x AbstractThe distal pole complex (DPC) assembles signaling proteins at the T cell pole opposite the immunological synapse (IS) and is thought to facilitate T cell activation by sequestering negative regulatory molecules away from the T cell receptor‐proximal signaling machinery. Here, we report the translocation of type I protein kinase A (PKA) to the DPC in a fraction of T cells following activation and the localization of type I PKA with known components of the DPC. We propose that sequestration of type I PKA and concomitant loss of cAMP‐mediated negative regulation at the IS may be necessary to allow full T cell activation. Moreover, composition of the DPC appears to be modulated by type I PKA activity, as the antagonist Rp‐8‐Br‐cAMPS inhibited translocation of type I PKA and o... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5142824 Thu, 18 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5142824 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5108698&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02580.x AbstractTumour‐loaded dendritic cells (DCs) from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) matured using an α‐type 1‐polarized DC cocktail (IL‐1β/TNF‐α/IFN‐α/IFN‐γ/poly‐I:C;αDC1) were recently shown to induce more functional CD8+ T cells against autologous tumour cells in vitro than DCs matured with the ‘standard’ cocktail (IL‐1β/TNF‐α/IL‐6/PGE2;PGE2DCs). However, the ability of vaccine DCs to induce a type 1‐polarized immune response in vivo probably relies on additional features, including their ability to induce a CXCR3‐dependent recruitment of NK cells into vaccine‐draining lymph nodes. Moreover, their guiding of rare tumour‐specific CD8+ T cells to sites of DC–CD4+ T cell interactions by secretion of CCL3 and CCL4 is needed. We there... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5108698 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 15:05:46 +0100 5108698 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5108697&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02579.x This study was conducted to evaluate neutrophil function in HTLV‐1‐infected individuals. Participants in the study included 18 HTLV‐1‐infected individuals and 14 HTLV‐1‐seronegative controls. We evaluated the ability of neutrophils (PMNs) to control a parasite infection, to produce peroxynitrite, cytokines and chemokines and to express activation markers in cultures when stimulated with LPS or infected with Leishmania. When compared with the control group, there was no difference in the percentage of PMNs infected with Leishmania or in the number of amastigotes/100 PMNs in HTLV‐1‐infected individuals. The microbicidal activity of the PMNs and the levels of CXCL8 and CCL4 released by these cells did not show a difference between HTLV‐1‐infected individuals and the contro... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5108697 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 15:05:45 +0100 5108697 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5108696&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02572.x In this study, we observed that anti‐single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) Abs were also generated in Herp‐immunized BALB/c mice and established an anti‐Herp monoclonal antibody (mAb), HT4, which specifically cross‐reacted with ssDNA. The epitope of the HT4 mAb on Herp, ‘EPAGSNR’, was identified by screening a synthetic peptide library. The binding of the HT4 mAb to the peptide was competitively inhibited by ssDNA. Immunization of the epitope peptide elicited anti‐ssDNA Abs in BALB/c mice. These results indicate that the epitope exists in a human self‐protein, mimics ssDNA and shows antigenicity for anti‐ssDNA Abs in normal mice. Anti‐ssDNA Abs are often found in patients with drug‐induced lupus erythematosus. Treatment with representative drugs that cause drug‐induced lupu... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5108696 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 15:05:43 +0100 5108696 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5108695&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02567.x AbstractThe development of an autoimmune disease like systemic sclerosis (SSc) is suspected to be driven by an activated T lymphocyte subset, expressing a cytokine profile specific to the disease. To further characterize the type of immune reaction in SSc, we searched for a broad panel of cytokine messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) in T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages from paired samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood in 18 patients and 16 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. RNA from CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD14+ monocytes/macrophages was examined by means of the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. SSc alveolar T lymphocytes expressed a cytokine profile suggestive of a mixed Th1/Th2 reaction, showing an increased frequency of mRNA for interleukin (IL... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5108695 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 15:05:40 +0100 5108695 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5108694&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02578.x AbstractColitis due to Clostridium difficile infection is mediated by secreted toxins A and B and is characterized by infiltration by cells from the systemic circulation. The aim of our study was to investigate interactions between fluorescently labelled toxin A and peripheral blood monocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Purified toxin A was labelled with Alexa Fluor® 488 (toxin A488) and incubated with isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or washed whole blood cells for varying time intervals at either 37 or 4 °C/ice. The ability of trypan blue to quench cell surface–associated (but not cytoplasmic) fluorescence was also investigated. At 37 °C, toxin A488‐associated fluorescence in monocytes peaked at 1 h (majority internalized), with subsequent loss associated ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5108694 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 15:05:38 +0100 5108694 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5108693&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02577.x AbstractDA‐6034 is a synthetic derivative of eupatilin, a flavonoid with anti‐inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DA‐6034 on the interactions between IκB kinase (IKK) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), and activation of the nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB) signalling pathway in human gastric epithelial cells infected with Helicobacter pylori. MKN‐45 gastric epithelial cell line was treated with DA‐6034 and H. pylori. DA‐6034 significantly inhibited NF‐κB activation and upregulated the expressions of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 in MKN‐45 cells infected with H. pylori. However, DA‐6034 did not influence activator protein‐1 DNA binding activity in H. pylori‐infected gastric epithelial ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5108693 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 15:05:38 +0100 5108693 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5108692&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02576.x This study aimed at evaluating a method for selective expansion of NK cells when applied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with ovarian neoplasia. PBMC from 13 volunteer patients with ovarian neoplasia, seven benign and six malignant tumours, were cultured in CellGro medium supplemented with anti‐CD3 (9–10 initial days), IL‐2 and foetal bovine serum for 21 days. The resulting effector cells were evaluated for their phenotype, cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. PBMC cultures resulted in multiple populations (NK, NKT and T) of effector cells, enriched with CD56+ lymphocytes. NK cells from patients with benign and malignant ovarian neoplasia were expanded 139.6 ± 63.4 and 82.7 ± 25.3‐fold, respectively, being the largest lymphocyte subtype among CD... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5108692 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 15:05:36 +0100 5108692 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5108691&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02575.x AbstractGlatiramer acetate (GA) is used for the treatment of relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) and can suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in animals. Effective GA treatment is associated with the induction of anti‐inflammatory TH2 responses and antigen‐specific expansion of CD25+/Foxp3+ Tregs through the modulation of antigen‐presenting cells. Here, we show that intravenous injection of fluorochrome‐labelled GA resulted in rapid and specific binding of GA to CD11b+ F4/80lo Ly6G− blood monocytes via an MHC class II–independent mechanism. Intravenous GA treatment enhanced the intrinsic capability of these monocytes to directly suppress T cell proliferation in vitro. The suppressive function correlated with reduced proliferation of myelin‐specific T c... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5108691 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 15:05:33 +0100 5108691 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5108690&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02581.x AbstractGlatiramer acetate (GA) is an immunomodulatory drug approved for the treatment of clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). As an antigen‐based therapy, GA induces GA‐specific antibodies in treated patients and animals. GA‐specific antibodies do not neutralize therapeutic effects on relapses and disability. Rather, it has been suggested that GA‐specific antibodies may be associated with improved clinical outcomes. We evaluated antibody responses in eight patients with RRMS treated with GA for 15 months and antibody responses in GA‐treated C57BL/6 mice before and after induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). There were no significant differences from pretreatment levels of total IgE or GA‐specific IgE in... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5108690 Wed, 10 Aug 2011 15:05:31 +0100 5108690 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5096042&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02605.x In conclusion, the upregulation of IL‐21 and IL‐10 and downregulation of IL‐4 in periodontitis tissues may be collectively involved in the increased levels of salivary IgA in chronic periodontitis subjects. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5096042 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5096042 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5096040&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02606.x AbstractMAGE‐4 is considered as an attractive cancer‐testis (CT) antigen for tumor immunotherapy, and it is over‐expressed in esophageal carcinoma (EC). To identify MAGE‐4‐derived HLA‐A2 restricted epitopes, native peptides and their analogues were predicted with prediction programs. The native peptide, p286 (KVLEHVVRV), and its analogues, p286‐1Y2L and p286‐1Y2L9L, showed potent binding affinity and stability towards HLA‐A*0201 molecule. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) induced by p286‐1Y2L9L could release IFN‐γ in ELISPOT assay. In cytotoxicity assay, p286‐1Y2L9L showed the capability to induce specific CTLs which could lyse the target cancer cells from both PBMCs of healthy donors and HLA‐A2.1/Kb transgenic mice. Our results indicated that the peptide p286‐1Y2... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5096040 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5096040 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5096038&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02607.x In this study, we examined the physiological role of iNKT cells in a mouse colitis‐associated colorectal cancer model. C57BL/6 (B6) and Jα18 NKT cell‐deficient KO (KO) mice were used. Colitis‐associated colorectal cancer was induced by azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The resulting inflammation and tumors were examined. The surface markers of mononuclear cells from the liver and the colon were assessed by FACS. The levels of IL‐13 from the colon were measured by ELISA. α‐galactosylceramide (GC), or its close analog OCH, was administered intraperitoneally on the first day of each cycle of DSS‐administration. In the AOM/DSS model, hepatic iNKT cells were significantly decreased. In KO mice there were significantly greater numbers of colon tumors and more sev... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5096038 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5096038 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5096037&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02608.x In this study, we analyzed whether polymorphic markers rs2104286, rs41295061, and rs11594656 located at the IL2RA/CD25 locus confer susceptibility to GD and are related to increased concentrations of sIL‐2Rα. A total of 1474 Russian GD patients and 1609 control subjects were genotyped for rs2104286, rs41295061, and rs11594656 using a Taqman assay. Concentrations of sIL‐2Rα in sera of affected and non‐affected individuals were measured using an ELISA test. A minor allele A of rs41295061 showed significant association with increased risk of GD (Odds ratio (OR)=1.43, Pc=0.00102). The allele A of rs41295061 and allele A of rs11594656 constitute a higher risk haplotype AA (OR=1.47, Pc=0.0477). Compared to carriers of the protective haplogenotype GT/GT, the carriage of two copies of the ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5096037 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5096037 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5096032&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02609.x AbstractAge‐matched reference values are generally presented with 5th and 95th percentiles as ‘normal’ reference range. However, they are mostly determined in relatively small groups, which renders this presentation inaccurate. We determined reference values for B‐lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy children with the statistical method of tolerance intervals that deals far better with the relatively small numbers tested, and compared these to the cut‐off values used in the currently used EUROclass classification for common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) in children.CVID is a heterogeneous group of primary immunodeficiency diseases characterized by low serum immunoglobulin levels and inadequate response to vaccination. Disease‐modifying heterozygous amino acid subst... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5096032 Wed, 03 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5096032 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5096045&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02603.x Abstract:Interleukin‐12 receptor deficiency is a well‐described cause of human susceptibility to infection with low‐virulent mycobacteria and Salmonella species. We identified a male patient presenting in his late forties with severe gastro‐enteropathy due to outbred infestation by a previously unknown mycobacterium. In addition to selective IgA deficiency, the patient was found to carry a not previously described R283X homozygous mutation in his IL12RΒ1 gene. Two of his sisters, a brother, and his four children were healthy, heterozygous carriers of the mutation. In this patient, the combination of two deficiencies could promote illness: Even though the IgA deficiency in itself does not predispose to mycobacterial disease, the lack of secreted IgA may have disturbed the intestina... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5096045 Tue, 02 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5096045 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5096044&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02604.x ABSTRACT:The PE35 (Rv3872) gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is present in the region of difference (RD) 1 that is deleted in all vaccine strains of Mycobacterium bovis BCG. The aim of this study was to clone PE35 DNA into a DNA vaccine plasmid with CMV promoter and interleukin‐2 secretory signal and evaluate the recombinant plasmid for induction of antigen‐specific cellular responses in mice. DNA corresponding to PE35 was PCR‐amplified from the genomic DNA of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, cloned into pGEMT‐Easy vector and sub‐cloned into the DNA vaccine vector pUMVC6. BALB/c mice were immunized with recombinant pUMVC6/PE35 and spleen cells were tested for T‐helper (Th)1‐type (antigen‐induced proliferation and secretion of IFN‐γ) and Th2‐type (IL‐5), and anti‐inflammator... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5096044 Tue, 02 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5096044 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5096027&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02610.x In conclusion, this Swedish population‐based study confirm that maternal autoantibodies may associate with heart block in the child. Further, our data demonstrate a dominant role of Ro52 antibodies in association with AV block. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5096027 Sun, 31 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5096027 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5069370&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02602.x AbstractTumour necrosis factor (TNF), an important proinflammatory cytokine play role in regulation of cell differentiation, proliferation and death, as well as inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses and also implicated in a wide variety of human diseases. Presence of DNA sequence variations in regulatory region might interfere with transcription of TNF gene, influencing the circulating level of TNF and thus increases the susceptibility to human diseases (infectious, cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative and other diseases).In this review, we have comprehensively analyzed various published case‐control studies of different types of human diseases, in which TNF gene polymorphism played a role, and computationally predicted several SNPs lies in transcription factor binding site... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5069370 Wed, 27 Jul 2011 21:04:06 +0100 5069370 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5069379&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02596.x AbstractTuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) seriously affects efficiency of animal production with impacts on public health as well. Effective programs of prevention and eradication of M. bovis infection therefore are urgently needed. Intracellular pathogen resistance gene 1 (Ipr1), is well known to mediate innate immunity to M. tuberculosis (MTB), but there are no reports as to whether Ipr1 can enhance the phagocytic ability of macrophage against M. bovis. In the present investigation, RAW 264.7 macrophage was transduced with lentiviral vector carrying Ipr1 (named Lenti‐Ipr1); transgenic cells were identified by RT‐PCR and western blotting. Transgenic positive cells (R‐Ipr1) were then infected with an M. bovis virulent strain, with non‐transduced cells used as contr... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5069379 Mon, 25 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5069379 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5069378&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02597.x (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5069378 Mon, 25 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5069378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5069374&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02598.x AbstractWe investigated whether Aspergillus oryzae lectin (AOL), a fucose‐specific lectin, induces anaphylactoid reactions and mast cell activation. The injection of AOL into footpads of mice produced a dose‐related acute paw edema. The AOL‐induced edema was attenuated by predose of histamine H1 receptor blocker or pretreatment of the lectin with fucose before injection, and was not observed in SCID and mast cell‐deficient WBB6F1‐W/Wv mice. These results suggested that the AOL‐induced anaphylactoid reaction was mediated by histamine released from mast cells. In addition, the activation of mast cells was seemed to be induced by the crosslinking of IgE on the cell surface following the binding of AOL to fucose residues in IgE. Consistent with the in vivo results, AOL induced degr... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5069374 Mon, 25 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5069374 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5069373&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02599.x High‐sensitivity C‐Reactive Protein (hs‐CRP) concentrations and obesity are proposed to have a significant relationship with impairment of lung function, but little has been reported to date on the association between CRP gene and lung function. We studied the association of three tagSNPs (tag single nucleotide polymorphisms) of CRP gene and their interactions with central obesity on lung function. A total of 384 asthmatic adults and 384 controls who were 1:1 matched by sex and age were recruited for this study. Three tagSNPs polymorphisms for CRP rs1417938, rs1800947 and rs1205 were selected from HapMap data, and genotyping by using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. A questionnaire interview, body composition and pulmonary function tests were performed. CRP SNPs did not increase ... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5069373 Mon, 25 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5069373 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5069372&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02600.x Conclusion:  The isotype of autoantibodies influences the quantity of in‐vitro phagocytosis of autologous platelets by monocytes. Therefore, the AITP mediating autoantibody isotype should be considered more carefully in pathophysiologic models and furthermore in diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic approaches in AITP. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5069372 Mon, 25 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5069372 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5069371&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02601.x In this study, we investigated the water‐soluble, polysaccharide components of Reishi (designated as MAK) in murine colitis induced by trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS). We examined the concentration of GM‐CSF in peritoneal macrophage cells (PMs) of C57BL/6 mice during in vitro and in vivo stimulation with MAK. After feeding with chow or MAK for 2 weeks, 2 mg TNBS/50% ethanol was administered to each mouse. After 3 days of TNBS‐treatment, intestinal inflammation was evaluated, and mononuclear cells of the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and colon were cultured for ELISA. To determine the preventive role of GM‐CSF, the mice were pretreated with or without anti GM‐CSF antibody before TNBS administration. In vitro and in vivo MAK‐stimulated PMs produced GM‐CSF in a dose‐depe... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5069371 Mon, 25 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5069371 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5009233&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02561.x AbstractIn these case reports, we investigated pandemic influenza 2009 vaccination of primary hypogammaglobulinaemic patients. Three combined variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients and one X‐linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA) patient were vaccinated with the pandemic vaccine A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)‐like split virus (X179a) adjuvanted with the oil‐in‐water emulsion AS03. Subsequently, serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were sampled and used to measure the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and antibody‐secreting cell (ASC) responses. In addition, the IFN‐γ, IL‐2 and TNF‐α producing CD4+ Th1‐cell response was determined as these cytokines are important indicators of cell‐mediated immunity. Two of the CVID patients responded to vaccination as determined by a... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5009233 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 13:56:26 +0100 5009233 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5009232&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02559.x The objective was to investigate the frequency of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐E alleles in Egyptian women with and without recurrent miscarriage (RM) to evaluate their role on the maintenance of pregnancy. A case–control study was adopted. HLA‐E gene polymorphism typing was carried out by restriction fragment length polymorphism for 108 women with RM and 120 fertile female controls. The frequency of HLA‐E *0101 allele was higher in patients with RM and HLA‐E*0103 allele was higher in fertile controls, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.003, Pc = 0.006). HLA‐E*0101/0101 genotype was the most frequent genotype in patients (45.4%), followed by HLA‐E*0101/0103 (44.4%) and finally HLA‐E*0103/0103 genotype (10.2%). The difference in the frequency of... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5009232 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 13:56:24 +0100 5009232 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5009231&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02554.x In conclusion, patients with NSTEMI have a strong and prolonged P‐mediated systemic inflammatory reaction, which may sustain autoaggressive reactions towards myocardial tissue during the development of myocardial infarction. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5009231 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 13:56:22 +0100 5009231 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5009230&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02564.x AbstractAdoptive immunotherapy with tumour‐reactive CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) requires efficient in vitro approaches allowing the expansion of CTLs to large numbers prior infusion. Here, we investigated the antigen‐independent activation and the expansion of human T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in tumour‐reactive CTLs using Dynabeads coated with monoclonal antibodies to CD3 and to the costimulatory molecules CD28 and CD137 (4‐1BB). T cells in PBMCs showed an increased expansion rate of 15‐ to 17‐fold during a 2‐week culture period using antibody‐conjugated beads with interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) added versus IL‐2 alone. No significant difference between CD3/CD28 beads and CD3/CD28/CD137 beads was observed (P = 0.4). In contrast, expans... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5009230 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 13:56:18 +0100 5009230 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5009229&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02562.x In conclusion, bromelain treatment of monocyte‐derived DC does not improve the functional quality compared with the standard cytokine cocktail. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5009229 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 13:56:16 +0100 5009229 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5009228&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02560.x Abstractγδ T cells play an important role in anti‐infective immunity. The major subset of human γδ T cells selectively recognizes phosphorylated bacterial metabolites of the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway, so‐called phosphoantigens. The activation of γδ T cells is modulated by functionally expressed innate immune receptors, notably Toll‐like receptor 2 and 3. It was also reported that in vitro expanded γδ T cells respond to muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the minimal peptidoglycan motif activating the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) receptor, although it is unknown whether ex vivo isolated human γδ T cells express functional NOD2. Here, we report that freshly isolated, highly purified peripheral blood γδ T cells express NOD2 mRNA and detectable a... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5009228 Sat, 09 Jul 2011 13:56:15 +0100 5009228 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4969534&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02595.x In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of CD44/CD70 blockade and anti‐CD154/LFA‐1 treatment on the accelerated rejection mediated by memory T cells. While CD44/CD70 blockade had limited effects on the alloresponses of effector T cells in vivo, it diminished the expansion of both CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cells in recipients adoptively transferred with donor‐sensitized T cells. In combination with anti‐CD154/LFA‐1 treatment, CD44/CD70 blockade significantly prolonged cardiac allograft survival in adoptive transfer recipients. We demonstrated that treatment with the combination of all four antibodies (anti‐CD154/LFA‐1/CD44/CD70) inhibited accelerated rejection by markedly suppressing the alloresponses of effector and memory T cells and reducing the number of graft�... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4969534 Mon, 27 Jun 2011 15:49:25 +0100 4969534 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4969535&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02594.x AbstractGroup A streptococcus (GAS) harbours several virulence factors, including M‐protein (coded by the emm gene) and superantigens (SAgs). SAgs are extracellular toxins that directly activate the immune system by cross‐binding to the HLA class II molecule and T cell receptor (TCR), thereby causing activation of up to 30% of the T cells and subsequent massive secretion of cytokines. Fourty‐eight GAS strains isolated from patients at Norwegian hospitals between 1988 and 2004 were included in this study. Of these, 24 were invasive streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) or necrotizing fasciitis (NF) isolates and 24 were non‐invasive pharyngitis isolates, matched for having the same T‐type and year of isolation as the invasive isolates. The isolates were characterized by emm seq... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4969535 Fri, 24 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4969535 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4935734&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02547.x In this study, functional polymorphisms in genes with a possible disease‐modifying effect, B1 and B2 bradykinin receptors (BDKR1, BDKR2), angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) and mannose‐binding lectin (MBL2), were analysed in 36 unrelated HAE patients. The same analysis was carried out in 69 HAE patients regardless of their familial relationship. No significant influence of the studied polymorphisms in the BDKR1, BDKR2, ACE and MBL2 genes on overall disease severity, localization and severity of particular attacks, frequency of oedema episodes or age of disease onset was detected in either group of patients. Other genetic and/or environmental factors should be considered to be responsible for HAE clinical variability in Caucasians. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4935734 Sat, 18 Jun 2011 13:56:43 +0100 4935734 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4935733&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02542.x AbstractA promoter polymorphism −174 G/C in the inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) gene has been associated with differences in serum IL‐6 levels and a risk for inflammatory conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases. We investigated whether this polymorphism is associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae, a common causative agent of respiratory infection with tendency for persistent infections, in 867 Finnish military recruits. IgG seropositivity in arrival and departure serum samples during 6–12 months of military service was considered as persistence of antibodies and a possible prolonged or chronic infection. The −174C allele was significantly associated with IgG seropositivity (P = 0.0002) and the persistence of IgG antibodies (P = 0.0002) as well as with sli... Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4935733 Sat, 18 Jun 2011 13:56:42 +0100 4935733 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4935732&cid=s_33168_3_f&fid=33168&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-3083.2011.02540.x In conclusion, stimulatory lipids accumulate in the liver soon after sensitization and facilitate iNKT cell activation in a CD1d‐dependent yet potentially hepatocyte‐independent manner. (Source: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4935732 Sat, 18 Jun 2011 13:56:39 +0100 4935732