MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Science and Justice' source. Fri, 19 Mar 2010 17:40:45 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326689&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000110%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326689 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326688&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000109%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326688 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326685&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002500%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes There is increasing pressure on scenes of crime examiners and forensic scientists to select the most appropriate items from crime scene samples submitted to the laboratory to maximise the recovery of useful information in a case. This selection process should enable us to predict which items would be most likely to yield useful DNA profiles, or anticipate if profiles are likely to be obtained from low quantities of DNA. There is limited data in the literature on managing DNA casework expectations. The DNA section of the forensic science laboratory in Dublin received approximately 750 cases in both 2007 and 2008. The section processed 448 cases in 2007 and 604 in 2008. In 2006 an in-house database was established in the DNA section to gather data and monitor the results of these cases. The ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326685 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326684&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002494%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We report the number of observed matches in recent DNA profile exchanges between Germany and The Netherlands, and between the UK and the Netherlands. Comparing the observed number of matches to the expected number of random matches provides insight in the effectiveness of these databases to identify cross-border criminals. We also discuss a framework to report DNA database matches to the police and judicial authorities. In cases where a suspect has been identified through a match in the DNA database the NFI annotates the random match probability estimate with a ‘point of attention’. This standard text block explains that in case of a DNA database match any other incriminating evidence may be weak or completely lacking, so that the case as a whole against the suspect can be weak. Report... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326684 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326683&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002482%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The development of optimised screening assays continues to be an active area of research in the field of molecular diagnostics and forensic genetics. Semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) have been highlighted as new optimum fluorescent labels due to their unique optical properties. A spectral ‘barcode’ is generated by pulling different QDs in synthetic microspheres which are then illuminated with a single excitation light. In contrast to conventional fluorescent microspheres, QD-doped particles have the potential to produce an unprecedented number of fluorescent codes, with higher chemical- and photo-stability, and lower limits of detection. Surface-capping strategies providing particle solubilisation and biofunctionalisation create a flexible technology for high throughput... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326683 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326683 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326682&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002470%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Low template DNA analysis has become an increasing part of many forensic investigations. Using a variety of techniques, such as increasing the number of PCR amplification cycles or modification to the capillary electrophoresis detection method, profiles have been obtained from samples containing less than 100pg of DNA. This has enabled a much wider range of sample types to be analysed and has provided valuable information in many high profile cases. However the results are frequently difficult to interpret owing to stochastic effects and the detection of increased numbers of mixed profiles. The high sensitivity of the technique also increases the possibility that extraneous DNA contamination will be detected. A number of criticisms of the technique led to a review headed by Professor Brian... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326682 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326682 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326681&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002469%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Since its inception in the mid-1990s, the application of STR DNA profiling technology to forensic human identification has developed rapidly. Its discriminating power has been extended with the development of larger multiplexes whilst the sensitivity of the method has been increased to a level where a profile can be obtained from almost any biological evidence type. The increased sensitivity has been achieved incrementally by improving DNA-extraction and purification methods, optimisation of the DNA amplification reaction, and via technical improvements to the separation platform and detection instrumentation. If the starting DNA amount is lowered, a number of interpretational challenges follow. It is on these that this presentation will focus. DNA profiles produced from crime samples are ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326681 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326681 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326680&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002457%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Biological stains from blood, semen, and saliva, or mixed body fluids are commonly encountered in forensic casework. When mixtures of body fluids are present, it can be difficult to identify the minor component using traditional methods. Current DNA profiling methodology can yield a DNA profile from a sample of body fluid, but the emphasis for forensic scientists now is not on from whom did the DNA come from, but what body fluid or cell type did this DNA profile originate. There are many circumstances where it is important to know not only who the sample came from but also what body fluid the DNA profile originated from. We have developed a multiplex PCR system using messenger RNA (mRNA) to identify blood, saliva, semen, menstrual blood, and vaginal secretions. Messenger RNA transcripts th... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326680 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326680 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326679&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002445%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In the early days of forensic DNA analysis, the technology's sensitivity was limited to biological stains such as blood and semen, and issues relating to the transfer of such biological substances not a major concern. However with technological developments it is now possible to detect trace DNA from handled objects, and therefore broader principles of criminalistics have become more relevant and can now be applied to biological evidence. However, as DNA dips into the realm of trace evidence, the interpretation becomes much less straightforward. The contested issue in legal argument over DNA evidence is now less often the identification of the sample, but rather issues such as transfer, persistence, and exactly how that sample came to be present at the crime scene. This research investigat... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326679 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326679 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326678&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002433%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In conclusion, we have designed a system which can obtain DNA profiles and manage sample data effectively from all the tested sample types such that we can process the majority of samples encountered within SPSA Forensic Services, Glasgow. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326678 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326677&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002421%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The use of digital video is rapidly increasing. Analogue CCTV systems are replaced by digital systems, digital cameras are increasingly popular and affordable, many mobile phones now come equipped with a camera and high-bandwidth internet allows home users to share their recordings and download video material in larger quantities than ever before. When digital video content is an important part of case evidence, such as in cases of recorded child pornography or other recordable crimes, finding every last bit of video data and making it viewable can be crucial to the investigation. This is however not always as easy as simply searching the data carriers using regular operating system functionality. Deleted files can usually be found with typical forensic software, if they are not yet overwr... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326677 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326676&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900241X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Forensic analysts spend 80% of their time performing manual data-cleansing before they can analyse data forensically extracted from Mobile Phones and Networks. Our aim is to use advanced computing so that we can add automation, speed, accuracy, and reliability into this process. There are three major issues with current practice: (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326676 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326675&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002408%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Efforts have been made within the European Project FIDIS (www.fidis.net) to examine and validate the methods for camera identification based on Pixel Response Non-Uniformity (PRNU). In this presentation, the current state of the art is given, with experiments with ten cameras of ten different makes and models, to validate how unique the patterns are within the groups. In the experiments, cameras such as phonecams were also used. These kinds of cameras use much JPEG-compression, and a filter has been used to filter out the JPEG-distortion. The first test with Youtube seemed to be difficult, since we could not easily distinguish the cameras from images that we have uploaded. We have implemented other methods with wavelet-filtering by Lukas et al. which worked better in this test. The algorit... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326675 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326674&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002391%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Since September 2007, the Forensic Science Institute of the French Gendarmerie (IRCGN) has been deploying a 3-D laser/scanner to fulfil its modelling capabilities with respect to crime/crash scenes. Its technical features make it a fast and accurate tool, bringing 3-step forensic solutions. In a first step, the laser acquisition will ‘freeze’ the crime scene and its components. In a second step, the resulting virtual crime/crash scene model is used as a high performance tool, enabling miscellaneous examinations such as measurements, ballistic reconstructions etc. In a third step, the ‘signal, image and voice’ department has been developing a capability in the field of 3-D animation, in order to generate video clips to illustrate crime/crash sites or scenarios. This presentation des... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326674 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326673&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900238X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In the field of air crash, the analysis of CVR (Cockpit Voice Recorder) is sometimes the only way to explain the circumstances of the crash, either to improve safety for future flights or to determine the judicial responsibilities. Our forensic laboratory (IRCGN) is involved in the judicial process. IRCGN works on the analysis of the flight recorders of any type of aircraft: civilian or military, private as soon as a decision of justice is committed. The first recorder analysed came from the HABSHEIM crash (east of France) from an Air France Airbus in 1989 during an air show. Then a dozen of cases have been investigated like the CONCORDE crash in July 2000. Standards set by the Convention on International Civil Aviation Organisation and the well-known ‘Annex 13’ are used for technical ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326673 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326672&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002378%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes For traditional forensic examination in cases of car crash the methodologies used didn't take into account hundreds of variables which play a role in a car accident. These variables are in the order of thousands and are calculated in real-time by the several car computers on board. They are recorded in the computer memory and in case of car crash they can be red and can give exactly the same and even more information than we could get through the empiric way offered by an analogic examination. The digital evidence in the case of a car accident is analogous to the digital evidence collection model in the computer crime, but its exactness as well as its probatory potential is incomparably superior to the evidence gathered in a car crash through an analogical method. In other words, the sever... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326672 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326671&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002366%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Traditional digital forensics analyses are conducted through 2 different main models: ‘simple expert’ model or ‘open systems/embedded systems’ model. Nowadays, these models face an important technology merge, commonly known as ‘mobile technologies’ (as represented by current cellphones, netbooks, e.g., Eee PC). Actually should we consider (and analyse) an iPhone as a cellphone, a PDA, a computer, a camera or a game console? Mobile devices have also introduced new forensic challenges. Gathering data from mobile devices and analysing them are part of these. To overcome this challenge, the IRCGN developed the ‘Extract–Analyse’ model in which extracting data and analysing data are separated experts' missions. The aim of the ‘Extract–Analyse’ model is to dedicate highly ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326671 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326670&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002354%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The pace of development in the digital marketplace and the resulting increase in complexity it introduces to digital forensics are discussed. Now at the forefront of many police investigations, GPS, Cell-Site, CCTV and Computer Data pose many new challenges in crime scene management, digital evidence preservation, and forensic analysis. Through case-studies, consideration is given as to how best to ensure that early intelligence opportunities are not missed whilst concurrently acting to secure digital evidence for future forensic investigation. Efficient information sharing across the international digital forensics community, and developing and sustaining links with industry and academia are identified as essential to easing the burden of complexity. Evidence of convergence within the ‘... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326670 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326669&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002342%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study, two types of up-converters were tested as dry and wet powders using a wide range of surfaces and surfactant formulations. It was proposed to synthesise a water-soluble up-converter and to trial it as a luminescent stain for cyanoacrylate-developed fingermarks. Results obtained using these up-converters were compared to those obtained using traditional methods. The results illustrate the enormous potential of using anti-Stokes luminescence for the detection of latent fingermarks. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326669 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326669 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326668&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002330%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Antibodies that are enantiospecific to l-amino acids have been trialled as a novel antigenic fingermark enhancement reagent. When conjugated to gold nanospheres and placed in a non-aqueous suspension, the antibodies targeted free amino acids and peptides present in fingermark ridge detail with high specificity and sensitivity. Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fingermark samples on porous and non-porous surfaces were used to determine the specificity and sensitivity of the conjugates. Trials using fingermark samples developed with the conjugates and enhanced with a fluorescently tagged secondary antibody indicated that the method was most effective for dry and aged fingermarks on non-porous surfaces. The long wavele... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326668 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326668 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326667&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002329%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions drawn from the majority of the studies stress its high power of discrimination. Preliminary studies conducted so far on the isotopic analysis of intact explosives (pre-blast) have shown that samples with the same chemical composition and coming from different sources could be differentiated. The measurement of stable isotope ratios appears therefore as a new and remarkable analytical tool for the discrimination or the identification of a substance with a definite source. However, much research is still needed to assess the validity of the results in order to use them either in an operational prospect or in court. Through the isotopic study of black powders and ammonium nitrates, this research aims at evaluating the contribution of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to the investig... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326667 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326666&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002317%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) has been widely used in the fields of geochemistry and hydrology. The potential for accessing information, such as sample origin and history, have seen IRMS being adopted for a variety of forensic applications. The pharmaceutical and drugs industry have utilised IRMS for establishing patent infringements and characterising batches of illegal drugs. The technique has also been used to investigate human tissue, including hair and nails, to establish information about geographical movement, and has assisted in several murder investigations. The Forensic Explosives Laboratory (FEL) has developed methods for carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotope analysis and applied this to samples with explosives significance. Part of the FEL's IRMS research effort has foc... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326666 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326666 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326665&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002305%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Drug profiling, or the ability to link batches of illicit drugs to a common source or synthetic route, has long been a goal of law-enforcement agencies. Recently, research has been focused on the applicability of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) for this task. In the first study, 18 MDMA samples were synthesised in-house from the same batch of starting ketone by three commonly used reductive aminations (Al/Hg amalgam, NaBH4, and Pt/H2), and the resulting MDMA HCl was analysed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) for carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios. Accurate discrimination of the samples by synthetic route was demonstrated using δ2H values on their own or in combination with δ13C, δ15N, and/or δ18O. In the second study, a factorial design experiment was ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326665 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326665 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326664&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002299%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the potential and limitations of using isotope ratio mass spectrometry for comparison purposes of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. On the one hand, the variation of the isotope ratios of samples from one known source was determined for intra-batch and inter-batch samples. Additionally seized samples of unknown sources were compared to these values. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326664 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326664 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326663&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002287%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes There is a technology gap for ‘in-field’ detection methods that are capable of separating complex mixtures of precursor chemicals and active ingredients of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS). The Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 is a commercial lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device designed to separate and analyse DNA and RNA. Modification of the routine operational procedures and buffers facilitates the analysis of compounds that the instrument was not originally designed for. The limiting factor is the method of detection, which is restricted to laser-induced fluorescence. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-derivatized ATS were chosen for method optimization on conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE). The initial parameters altered for optimization were pH, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration,... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326663 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326663 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326662&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002275%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a drug of abuse controlled under the legislation addressing psychotropic substances. According to recent studies, recreative use of this drug and to a lesser extent GHB-facilitated sexual assaults (‘date rape’) are an emerging trend. Hence the seriousness of the situation; its chemical precursors, γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), suffer from a lack of interest by law authorities. Indeed, there are no legal restrictions or sanctions regarding the use and trade of GBL and 1,4-BD, despite being almost readily available to purchase as commercial cleaning solvent. Furthermore, GHB can be easily synthesised from these precursors and direct oral consumption of these substances results in a rapid conversion to GHB in the body. In intoxication ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326662 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326661&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002263%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In December 2006, the naked bodies of five young women were discovered in various locations on the outskirts of the town of Ipswich in England. Two of these women were recovered from a river after immersion for a number of weeks, whilst the remaining three had been deposited in woodland and exposed to a combination of heavy rainfall and wind. Despite the adverse conditions to which the bodies of these women had been exposed, DNA evidence was recovered from the three women deposited on land and combinations of fibre collectives common to all of the victims were identified in debris recovered from their bodies. Sources for these fibre collectives were identified within the home environment of a suspect, Steve Wright, who had been identified through the DNA evidence. The trial in February 200... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326661 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326660&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002251%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes A case report will be presented demonstrating the evidential value of common denim fibres which usually have very low evidential value. However, in this particular case the fibres played an important role. The victim, Martti K. was a 78-year-old healthy but mentally retarded man living alone isolated in his hut. Some teenage boys used to visit him and they tried to irritate him, but Martti was friendly and harmless and it was not easy to argue with him. Martti never left his home and never let anybody enter his hut. Once or twice a week, a postman used to bring food and cigarettes to Martti. One day, the postman couldn't find Martti in the courtyard and found Martti lying dead on the floor. Lot of work over two years was done by the police and the forensic laboratory to solve the case. Aft... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326660 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326659&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900224X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Key information sought in a boat collision investigation includes: path and direction of boats, speed, impact angle, impact site, and evasive actions. Boat collision and road traffic collision investigations are similar in application of dynamics, Newton's Laws and kinetic energy, and in examining damages, contact evidence, and navigation lights. Unlike road accidents, boat collisions do not leave skidmarks and scars on roads. Road vehicles usually follow clearly marked lanes and directions and come to rest on the ground after collision, unlike boats in open seas. The positions and orientations of boats when investigated can differ markedly from those immediately after engagement. Finding collision debris is more difficult in boat collisions — debris could sink to a murky seabed or dispe... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326659 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326659 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326658&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002238%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study, four hair colour groups were considered: black, brown, blond, and red. Colour analysis was performed using three colour models: Red–Green–Blue (RGB), CIE XYZ Tristimulus, and CIE L*a*b*.This analysis could perform a separation of the hairs based on the numerical values of the coordinates, the best discrimination being obtained using the CIE L*a*b* colour model. While more research is needed to fully account for the variations existing within a scalp as well as between individuals, the proposed analysis is easy to perform and has the potential to reduce the subjective assessment of colour and pigment features of human hairs. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326658 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326658 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326657&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002226%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The development of reliable methods for evaluating fracture matches has been a longstanding problem in forensics. In this contribution we present several fracture-matching approaches that can be used to match a set of snap-off cutter knife blades. First, we discuss our 3-D white-light profilometer imaging setup. This system can be used to obtain 2-D relative height/depth maps of the blade cross sections. Next, we show that the obtained 3-D scans of the fractures can be used to accurately match sets of corresponding snap-off cutter blade elements. We illustrate how the matching process can be realised using either an interactive human ‘on-screen’ examination approach, or the proposed numerical algorithms and techniques. The proposed algorithms search for the best matching feature templa... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326657 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326657 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326656&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002214%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Saw marks on bone have been routinely reported in dismemberment cases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate 100 saw kerf mark widths in bone produced by ten saw types to determine variability of saw blade thicknesses. Five measurements were taken from each of the 100 saw kerf mark widths to establish a range for excluding saw blades when compared to the kerf marks. A total of 500 kerf widths were examined to determine the kerf mark ranges. As class characteristics, kerf mark widths can be examined and evaluated to eliminate possible saw blades. When teeth on a saw blade contact bone and the bone is not completely sawed into two parts, bone fragments are removed forming a channel or kerf. Kerf width approximates the thickness of the saw blade. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326656 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326656 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326655&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002202%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Despite extensive research over the past century, latent fingerprint detection can still provide numerous pertinent challenges to the forensic investigator. In some cases, the inability to lift latent deposits stems from the inherent nature of the medium in question. For example, there are often significant problems associated with the highly textured surfaces of fabrics, or with thin films, such as plastic drug wraps. In other cases, however, environmental stressors towards the deposited print can prove critical; thus heat-exposed exhibits such as spent cartridge casings typically offer inherent challenges for print detection, as do materials which have been immersed in water. During our studies into the interaction of disulfur dinitride (S2N2) with zeolite matrices, it became apparent th... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326655 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326655 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326654&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002196%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study aimed at evaluating DFO and IND-Zn formulations under two different Australian conditions: one being relatively warm and humid (Sydney) and the other being relatively mild and dry (Canberra). Six IND-Zn formulations and two DFO formulations were evaluated. Increasing the concentration of zinc chloride was seen to produce inconsistent results, producing stronger fluorescence for some donors, but weaker fluorescence and clarity for other donors. A 0.08% w/v IND-Zn formulation was seen to produce comparable fluorescence to a 0.025% w/v IND-Zn formulation. The current UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch (HOSDB) DFO formulation was determined to be the optimum DFO formulation, with stronger fluorescence in developed fingermarks compared to other DFO formulations. In Sydney, ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326654 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326653&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002184%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Identification of suspects via fingerprint analysis is one of the mainstays of forensic science. The success in matching fingerprints using conventional fingerprint scanning and database searching, strongly relies on the enhancement method adopted for fingerprint recovery which in turn depends on the components present in the fingerprints, which will change over time. Despite all of the existing techniques and chemical enhancers, the need for new and more efficient reagents to detect latent fingerprints is still very strongly felt. This work aims to further one aspect of fingerprint analysis by developing a robust methodology for improved analytical detection of the fingerprint components. MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging has been selected for its established potential in both compound iden... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326653 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326652&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002172%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study uses a number of techniques to characterise the resultant chemiluminescence (in terms of spectral output and intensity) as a function of time and under a range of conditions. The techniques used were modified spectrofluorophotometry, spectroradiometry, luminance measurements and conventional photography. The results show that there is considerable difference between formulations. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326652 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326651&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002160%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Gait analysis results applied into the movement recognition for identification purposes are useful especially in the cases when there is no face, hand, ear, or eye detected on the record from the crime scene and there are no other traces found. It was proved in the previous studies that individuals can be recognised according to the way they move, walk — what is their motion performance. Authors would like to present their approach for describing an individual's gait pattern as a specific dynamic stereotype of the functional gait parameters. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326651 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326650&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002159%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The morphology and chemistry of bones can provide a record of their history and have been well studied for archaeological samples. However, the structural properties of lesser-aged bones, such as those that may be encountered in a forensic context, have not been as widely studied. An investigation into the most suitable analytical techniques for the characterisation of bone samples exhumed from a variety of burial environments has been carried out. An understanding of the behaviour of bone exposed to different conditions will provide forensic practitioners with additional tools to characterise bones. Bone samples were produced using pig bone as a model for human bone. The environmental factors were controlled in closed containers in the laboratory. Thermal analysis techniques, including di... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326650 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326649&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002147%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Facial reconstruction is an artistic process with a limited scientific basis. It is a last resort in human identification in which an approximate facial appearance is produced from the skull in the hope that a resultant candidate identity might be confirmed by other means such as DNA or dental records. The aim of this investigation was to establish whether contemporary medical and stereophotographic imaging methods could be combined to predict face shape from the skull and to assess whether they can be used to reassess current guidelines for the positioning of facial features and other norms in forensic facial reconstruction. A database was collected from 60 individuals (30 male and 30 female) of predominantly White ancestry, consisting of an MRI scan of the volunteer's head and face, and ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326649 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326649 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326648&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002135%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The need for additional research into forensic human identification has been highlighted over the past decade in the aftermaths of catastrophes such as the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre (2001) and Hurricane Katrina (2005) that led to the loss of thousands of lives, many of whom still remain unidentified. We postulate that by combining spatial data obtained from analytical techniques from different disciplines it may be possible to significantly increase the probability of successful identification of unknown remains. In our research we combine stable and radiogenic isotope chemistry and trace element chemistry with forensic genetic techniques to create the foundations of powerful predictive models. Attendees to our presentation will be introduced to the preliminary developmen... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326648 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326647&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002123%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Forensic science already uses a variety of methods often in combination to determine a deceased person's identity when identification is not possible through personal effects or next of kin. While forensic anthropology is able to work from a blank canvas, as it were, and can provide information on age, gender, and potentially ethnical grouping, techniques such as DNA profiling do rely on finding a match either in a database or against a comparative ante-mortem sample of the presumed victim or from a putative relation. Chances for either to succeed would be greatly enhanced if information gained from traditional techniques could be linked to another technique that can work from a ‘blank canvas’ or at least does not require comparison to a subject specific database. With the help of stab... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326647 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326646&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002111%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study, a total of 1000 fingerprints were deposited on corpses in the morgue. The latent prints were enhanced with magnetic powder or black fingerprint powder. Following, the latents were secured either with silicone casting material or gelatine foil in order to extract the DNA from the lifts. The trials carried out have shown that it is possible to visualise a considerable number of identifiable fingerprints on the skin of corpses (16%). The project was also successful in demonstrating that it was possible to recover and extract DNA from the powdered latents (2%). (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326646 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326645&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900210X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes A few times a year the Dutch Police are faced with crime scenes that could contain dangerous materials such as explosives and their precursors. Even at the slightest risk of an explosion, bomb experts from the Dutch Army (EOD) are called to the crime scene. Regularly also forensic explosives experts from the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI) are consulted to provide advice and assist in identifying the unknown materials. After the crime scene is secured, the EOD assesses the situation and decides the course of action. If an immediate threat is judged to exist, it can be decided to evacuate the area, after which the EOD neutralises the threat by controlled explosion of the suspect materials. Threat assessment is based on visual inspection, experience, and microchemical test kits for expl... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326645 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326644&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002093%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The analysis and reconstruction of forensically relevant events, such as traffic accidents, criminal assaults, and homicides are based on external and internal morphological findings of the injured or deceased person and of the geometry of the involved vehicles or injury causing instruments. For this approach, high-tech methods like radiological imaging and 3-D optical surface scanning have gained importance in forensic investigations during the last years. The non-contact optical 3-D digitizing system GOM ATOS is applied as a suitable tool for whole body surface and wound documentation and analysis in order to identify injury-causing instruments and to reconstruct the course of events. In addition to the surface documentation, cross-sectional imaging methods deliver medical internal findi... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326644 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326644 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326643&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002081%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In forensic investigations of disasters, it could be necessary to carry out a reconstruction of all movements made by people and cars just before, during, and after a big incident. The goal is to find not only perpetrators, but victims and eyewitnesses as well. Methods and technology are presented that are based on the widespread availability of video footage from CCTV systems and phone cams, and intelligence such as cell phone traffic data. Analysis of all video data is based on the concept of events on a time line and the use of 2-D maps, aerial photography, and 3-D city and terrain models. All methods and technology will be demonstrated with case data from capital crimes. The presented was carried out within the framework of a 3-year project. A brief overview is given of other results s... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326643 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326643 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326642&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900207X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The major contribution of forensic odontology to forensic sciences is identification in mass disasters. The most reliable three parameters for positive identification are fingerprints, DNA and dental findings. However, in our country, even severely burned, fragmented, or decomposed bodies may be released to the relatives merely upon visual recognition. Compared to routine autopsy of an unidentified body, identification in mass disasters requires a different approach. Such an identification procedure consists of three phases: collection of AM data, recording of PM findings, and comparison of AM–PM data. The structure of the DVI team is case-dependent: place, time, and conditions of the disaster determine the equipment and personnel needs of the operation. At times it is possible to utilis... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326642 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326642 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326641&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002068%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Suicidal bombing in a strict medico-legal sense means committing suicide by causing an explosion. However suicide bombings as referred to by media and public at present in relation to terrorist acts are not pure suicidal acts. They should be rephrased as suicide–homicide bombings as all incidents have both suicidal and homicidal components in them. Terror acts have diverse manifestations. When it is associated with suicidal component its end results could be devastating. Suicide terrorism or more specifically suicide–homicide bombings are an extreme manifestation of terrorism in the modern era. The terrorist suicide bombing is being experienced in increased frequency in many countries around the globe and the threat of such bombings has forced many developed countries to draft urgent s... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326641 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326640&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002056%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The paper presents the position of jurisdiction (primarily a Polish one) in relation to so-called new scientific evidence connected with identification of person. However due to a short time of use of this kind of evidence it was not unconditionally accepted by the courts. Taking the principles of admissibility of scientific evidence in the US into consideration, the approach to the evolution of Polish judicial practice in this respect has been presented, starting from anthropological examinations through fingerprint evidence and expertise-based DNA polymorphisms. Declared ideas constitute a review of judicial approach and do not construct its uniform line. Therefore the main part of the paper has been devoted to scrutiny of Polish jurisprudence, trying to create a commonly accepted defini... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326640 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326640 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326639&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002044%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This presentation deals with the implementation of logically correct, balanced, robust and transparent forensic reporting. The Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI) produces about 35,000 reports per year in 43 fields of expertise. About 20,000 of those reports are complete statements including a forensic interpretation and conclusion. The improvement of the quality of the reporting is an ongoing activity of the NFI, but in the last 3years the authors' efforts towards transparency were focused on rendering the conclusions of the forensic reports more uniform, transparent, balanced, and logically correct. For the following years we envisage to improve the transparency of forensic reasoning, using Bayesian Networks (BNs) for explicit and rational reasoning. We will discuss the implications for... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326639 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326639 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326638&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002032%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Forensic scientists across all forensic disciplines are confronted with the need of addressing increasingly complex inference problems for assessing the value of scientific evidence. Two-trace transfer problems constitute a typical example for this. They are a realistic problem which, up to now, forensic statisticians have addressed with an algebraic approach for calculating likelihood ratios (LRs). Despite their valuable formal rigour, algebraic approaches may lead to mathematically sophisticated expressions at the expense of transparency, and possibly also comprehensibility, for non-mathematicians. With regard to this issue, we investigate a graphical approach based on the construction of probability models, i.e., Bayesian networks (BNs), to tackle such inference problems. On the one han... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326638 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326638 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326637&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002020%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Several European organisations are currently funding and/or undertaking research on the statistical evaluation of fingerprint evidence. Some organisations have already proposed prototype systems for the statistical assessment of the evidential value of fingerprint comparisons in casework. The use of statistical frameworks to assess the value of fingerprint evidence will answer some of the criticism of legal and scientific scholars, as summarised in the recent U.S. National Academy of Science report. However, research in this area is not only aimed at changing the perception of fingerprint evidence in the legal and scientific communities, but to provide fingerprint practitioners, and more widely the actors of the criminal justice system, with tools to support casework operations. In order t... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326637 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326637 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326636&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002019%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In forensic science, two competing hypotheses are often of interest: the suspect left the trace or the suspect is a random man. With respect to forensic handwriting comparisons, these hypotheses reduce to ‘the suspect wrote the questioned document’ versus ‘the suspect did not write the questioned document.’ The likelihood ratio is formed by taking the ratio of the relevant probabilities (or densities) of the evidence under each hypothesis. We propose that, when unknown parameters are present, the commonly reported likelihood ratio is only a point estimate of the likelihood ratio of interest. For example, in handwriting it is necessary to estimate a suspect's writing profile based upon a sample; thus, the resultant likelihood ratio has additional uncertainty associated with it. We i... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326636 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326636 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326635&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002007%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes One of the aims of the analysis of evidence in the form of glass fragments, e.g., those transferred to a suspect's clothes and collected at the scene of crime, is comparison. The likelihood ratio (LR) which compares the probability of the measurements on the evidence assuming a common source for the crime scene and suspect evidence with the probability of the measurements on the evidence assuming different sources for the crime scene and suspect evidence is a well-documented measure of the value of the evidence. Recently, an LR model considering more than one variable of the evidence material has been proposed . Within this model a multivariate kernel density approach was adopted for modelling between-object distributions and a multivariate normal distribution was adopted for modelling wit... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326635 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326635 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326634&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001993%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study, objective measures of signature complexity (Found and Rogers, 1996) were related to the subjective judgements on signature complexity by the forensic handwriting experts. The presentation starts with a short overview of the substantive and methodological background of the study by Alewijnse et al. Subsequently, we will illustrate how reliability and validity of the complexity measures may be investigated by means of SEM. The presentation will end with a discussion of opportunities for future research in modelling subjective measures, especially with respect to research on the effects of cognitive bias, and methods for minimising them. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326634 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326634 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326633&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001981%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In interpreting forensic evidence, often the likelihood ratio (LR) is used to quantify the evidential value. For various reasons to be indicated below, this quantification can never be entirely certain. Therefore it might be better to present the evidential value not by a single number but by a range or a mean with a standard deviation. Using the example of eyewitness identification evidence (i.e., line-ups), sources of uncertainty are illustrated and methods to express the variability in evidential value are proposed. The LR is determined by assumptions regarding the evidence, by the available background data, and by the choice of models. Moreover, as the calculation of LRs is often based on samples, sampling error will induce randomness and hence uncertainty. Context can be another cause... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326633 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326633 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326632&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900197X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Scales of conclusion in forensic interpretation play an important role in the interface between scientific work at a forensic laboratory and different bodies of the jurisdictional system of a country. Of particular importance is the use of a unified scale that allows interpretation of different kinds of evidence in one common framework. The logical approach to forensic interpretation comprises the use of the likelihood ratio as a measure of evidence value. While fully understood by forensic scientists, the likelihood ratio may be hard to interpret for a person not trained in natural sciences or mathematics. Translation of likelihood ratios to an ordinal scale including verbal counterparts of the levels is therefore a necessary procedure for communicating evidence values to the police and i... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326632 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326632 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326631&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001968%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes There is an increasing interest in scientific assessment methods for measuring the accuracy of the evidence evaluation process in any discipline in forensic science. The reasons for such interest are multiple, but the American Daubert rules have played an important role in motivating the forensic laboratories to find a proper way of expressing the accuracy of their techniques . Regarding the evidence evaluation and interpretation process, and usually aimed at reporting figures of merit to a factfinder, the assessment frameworks proposed in the literature have been many, but some of them have become particularly popular. In this contribution, we review some frequently used methods for the assessment of the evidence evaluation process, assuming that the weight of such evidence is expressed i... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326631 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326631 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326630&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001956%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Various types of materials such as glass fragments are routinely subjected to physico-chemical examination by forensic scientists. One of the purposes of analysing evidence is to assess whether two compared fragments could originate from the same object (comparison problem). Another problem is the determination of use-type category, i.e., a classification problem. The size of recovered fragments such as glass is very small, and therefore addressing these problems requires information obtained during physicochemical analysis, e.g. the concentration of elements determined by SEM-EDX or refractive index measured by GRIM techniques. The role of the forensic chemist is to evaluate physicochemical data in the context of the prosecution and the defence propositions. From the forensic point of vie... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326630 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326630 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326629&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001944%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Traditionally, the investigation of gun crime has been founded upon the comparison of physical characteristics of objects such as bullets and cartridge cases recovered during investigations. This has involved experts using a form of stereoscopic microscopy to reveal features unique to a single weapon and class characteristics common to families of weapons that are transferred onto projectiles when a firearm is discharged. Declaring a match between the two, results in an inference that the objects bear marks from the same source. Inferences can therefore be made about links between crimes, suspects, weapons, and associated evidence. This process is time-consuming, costly, and the expertise of examiners is difficult to replicate and standardise across large organisations. In recent times aut... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326629 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326629 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326628&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001932%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study is a continuation of one originally designed and reported on by David Brundage. The original study was primarily limited to examiners from nationally accredited laboratories in the United States and we wanted to expand the study to provide test sets for firearms examiners around the world. The RUGER P-85 pistol and the 10 consecutively rifled barrels were borrowed from the Illinois State Police. Ammunition was obtained from the Winchester Ammunition Company (A Division of Olin), and 240 test sets produced and distributed to forensic scientists and researchers around the world. A thesis which involved a total of 201 participants — including the original 67 reported on by Brundage — was published by Hamby and Thorpe in 2001. This paper reports on the final conclusions of the r... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326628 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326628 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326627&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001920%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Fire investigators use conventional tools involving fire pattern analysis to determine a fire's area of origin; this can be erroneous with a fire scene that has been burning post-flashover for several minutes. The electrical installation may provide the fire investigator with useful data relating to the accurate location of the fire's area of origin. The damage often observed on electrical conductors at a fire scene is generally known arcing damage. This extremely localised melting of the copper metal often looks like molten beads and notches in various forms. Experiments were undertaken that involved the installation of electrical wiring into fully furnished compartments that were burnt, generally to flashover conditions. The main purpose of the research was to establish whether ‘arc ma... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326627 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326627 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326626&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001919%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In order to effectively support food security and combat food fraud it is essential to develop objective and independent tools to identify the geographical origin and movements of food through the supply chain. Although the food industry has developed paper and electronic traceability systems, these systems are reliant on the operators in the supply chain and therefore by definition not independent. As plants and animals are integral parts of their natural or managed local ecosystem they will contain biogeochemical fingerprints that allow discrimination between those ecosystems by analytical means. The challenge for the scientific community is to investigate which markers deliver the most cost-effective and relevant geographical discrimination for each class of food products. In the last t... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326626 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326626 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326625&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001907%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Polymeric materials are ubiquitous in the modern world. It is therefore not a surprise that polymeric items are frequently of interest to the forensic examiner. Among the possible examples, there are plastic films used to pack illicit drugs, textile fibres, or plastic fragments in car accident sites. Plastic residues may be of interest in arson-related investigations. Latex gloves can be used by perpetrators of crimes and be discarded at or near the crime scene by less forensic-aware felons. For most kinds of items, a simple qualitative identification of the polymeric matrix is not sufficient. For example, in the case of plastic wraps of illicit drugs or of latex gloves, most of the commercial products on the market share the same main component (polyethylene for plastic bags, or latex in ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326625 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326625 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326624&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001890%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The NSW Government has committed $25.7M to the NSW Police Force over 4years, primarily to expand the use of DNA in criminal investigation. The five funded key initiatives in the DNA Advancement Program are: (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326624 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326624 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326623&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001889%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Within a Quality Management System governed organisation, it is proposed that one should recognise that practitioners in their daily processes, rather than totally relying on standard operating procedures (SOPs), make use of their own tacit experiences when faced with decisions to make. In examining the whole set of standard operating procedures at a forensic science provider, the authors set out to show that the actual social relational interplay of actors and their exchange of advice, comprising of tacit dimensions, is required for such explicit procedures to be carried out fully, when supposedly they are stepwise automatic processes. This research has found that a baseline of minimum acceptable performance from protocols is supplemented by interactions with colleagues and one's own thou... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326623 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326623 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326622&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001877%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In their daily work carrying out complex tasks, forensic scientists use a combination of explicit, standard operating procedures (SOP) and tacit knowledge developed through their ongoing practice. Here we address in a practical fashion a concern in the literature that explicit knowledge, present in documents, is being over emphasised at the expense of inarticulate tacit knowledge, residing in people. By actively using a mentoring system we have successfully introduced the use of tacit knowledge in a managed continuous learning cycle, allowing valuable personal knowledge to be gained by trainee forensic scientists from those more experienced. The DNA section at FSL Dublin has experienced an unprecedented expansion which has put enormous pressure on training resources. In order to cope with ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326622 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326622 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326621&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001865%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Research and development is an essential function to maintain the quality and effectiveness of a forensic laboratory. In many countries the forensic laboratories are also responsible for the development of the tools and methods for technical crime investigation. Management and coordination of R and D in a service organisation is a demanding task. Forensic laboratories very often struggle with high case load and lack of resources. Moreover, R and D is not the function of highest priority and the laboratories often lack the tradition of well-organised development work and defined research strategy. In order to cope with these problems a 2-year training programme of R and D management was initiated at 2005 in NBI Forensic Laboratory in Finland (NBIFL). As a result we have introduced a tailore... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326621 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326621 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326620&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001853%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Since ENFSI and the European Co-operation for Accreditation (EA) agreed on a closer forensic cooperation also in the area of crime scene investigation, a number of new quality challenges have shown up. It is has become evident that the up to now worldwide recognised quality standard applicable in forensic science, ISO-17025 (general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories), has a number of limitations when used in subjective forensic areas. These difficulties could be overcome — as agreed on the scene of crime work area — by applying another quality standard, ISO-17020 (general criteria for the operation of various types and bodies performing inspection). The paradigm change of the scene of crime work goes behind the question, which one of the two standa... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326620 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326620 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326619&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001841%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The Competence Assurance Project (CAP) is a project within ENFSI with one of its ultimate aims being a European certification process for forensic practitioners. Any certification process has to take into consideration the size and function of the ENFSI laboratory and also the personnel within the laboratory. Two aspects of CAP have addressed these issues. A Benchmarking Exercise was undertaken by visiting nine ENFSI laboratories, which varied in size, caseload, and geographical spread. The aim was to summarise the roles of the personnel, their training methods, and means of competence assessments for each activity. Our findings were: (1) a number of the laboratories visited adhere to the performance-based standards for forensic practitioners have been agreed by the ENFSI Board, but this i... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326619 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326619 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326618&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900183X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This paper will discuss the opportunities for collaborative partnerships between universities and employers in delivering education and training to raise the knowledge, skills, and competencies of forensic practitioners. In 2006 the Leitch Review identified the need to embed a culture of learning in order to create a world-class skills base. A recent report from the Department for Innovation, Universities, and Skills focused on raising the skills and capacity of those already in the workforce. Employer engagement and workforce development is therefore seen as a priority, providing an opportunity for universities to become part of the cycle of knowledge creation, transfer, and application. The paper presents the case for why a university should become involved in knowledge exchange between ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326618 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326618 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326617&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001828%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Investigative and legal processes are increasingly dependent on the contribution of ‘persons having a specialised knowledge’ — more commonly known as ‘experts’. However scientists and other experts tend to have different disciplinary training compared to that of lawyers, and have different frameworks for talking about probability, proof and validity. To improve the partnership between experts and courts, prosecutors and other legal participants, various models for presenting evidence have been tried, including single experts, court-appointed experts, panels of experts, court-appointed assessors, expert conferencing, referees, science judges, and professional organisations of experts. Changing standards for receiving and weighing expert evidence have been introduced, including the... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326617 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326617 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326616&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001816%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Forensic science programs in higher education in the United States, at both the undergraduate and graduate levels have traditionally been located in departments and colleges of universities offering degrees in the natural and physical sciences, although some programs can be found in social science departments such as criminal justice. Many of these programs are isolated within a specific academic department and this isolation can limit the depth and breadth of knowledge and skills obtained by students. Forensic science is truly an interdisciplinary field of study including specialities in pathology, engineering, odontology, toxicology, entomology, anthropology, psychiatry, psychology, biology, chemistry, computer science, and criminal justice. Isolating forensic science programs within one... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326616 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326616 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326609&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000055%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326609 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326609 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326612&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000031%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This report suggests that many fields of forensic science are under-researched, under-regulated, and oversold. It calls for structural and cultural changes in the forensic science community ranging from the separation of laboratories and police departments to an enforceable code of ethics and standardized testimony . (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326612 Mon, 01 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326612 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326611&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503061000002X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes I address today's meeting as a guest. I am a guest in the sense that my disciplinary background in sociology separates me from most of today's participants who are trained in one or several of the natural sciences as well as in the forensic applications of those fields of inquiry. I am trained only in the ways of a single social science, although a science which is intensely ambitious in its efforts to describe and explain what it is that makes social life – of all kinds, in all places and at all levels, from the personal through the institutional and the societal to the global – the varied, complex, but orderly achievement that it is. The inevitable corollary of my own sociological sensibility is that I risk the rejection of this audience with over-eager reminders of the necessity to ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326611 Mon, 01 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326611 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326610&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002573%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The papers in this special edition of Science & Justice include a number of the plenary and keynote presentations and abstracts of oral presentations from the 5th Triennial Conference of the European Academy of Forensic Science. The conference was held for the first time in the UK, at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. The main theme of the conference was knowledge exchange – the cycle of knowledge creation, transfer and application – in this context, the transfer of knowledge from research to practice. The organising committee have sought to cover this entire cycle in generic sessions such as identification of objects, in addition to the more traditional discipline focused sessions, such as DNA and trace evidence. In taking this approach the committee were seeking to build on t... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326610 Thu, 28 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326610 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326687&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001749%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Ken joined the Metropolitan Police Forensic Science Laboratory in 1970, from the Lister Institute of Preventative Medicine. He had long hair, keen enthusiasm for his work and a passion for Wealdstone Football Club. He initially worked in the Biochemistry section in the electrophoretic typing of blood proteins - later to run the department. Even at that early stage in his career Ken's ability to train was outstanding in the way he could teach a technique while giving the scientific background and enthusing his students. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326687 Wed, 27 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326687 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326686&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001762%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes It was both heartening and scary to read Ian Evett's editorial in the last issue of the journal. The editorial was clear in outlining the responsibility of the forensic science expert, written with the logic and clarity we now take for granted from Dr. Evett. It highlighted the ease with which experts can stray from the underlying principles of balance, logic, robustness and transparency. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326686 Mon, 11 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326686 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326614&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001774%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The recent report of the National Research Council of the US National Academies “Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: a Path Forward” found evidence that the level of scientific development and evaluation varies substantially among the forensic science disciplines. In this paper the status of trace evidence will be reviewed from an international perspective with particular reference to case studies. The paper will argue that the trace evidence discipline needs to learn from past experience and that serious coordinated action is required at an international level if trace evidence is to continue to meet the standards expected of forensic science in the future. The paper concludes that it is vital that trace evidence remains a key component of forensic investiga... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326614 Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3326614 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326615&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002512%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Quality and competence are vital aspects of ensuring that forensic science is correctly used, yet they are only recently considered and not yet fully agreed or understood. Quality has many definitions — the Juran description of something that is fit for purpose always appealed to me. The American Society for Quality uses the following definitions — “A subjective term for which each person has his or her own definition. In technical usage, quality can have two meanings: The characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs”; or alternatively “A product or service free of deficiencies.” We often consider the Japanese have a good understanding of quality. introduced the idea of a two dimensional approach to quality where there is ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326615 Mon, 21 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3326615 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326613&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001786%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Regulatory trends in forensic science point strongly to the need for exhaustive testing of all findings and tools. At the same time a number of jurisdictions suggest a judicial test for the admissibility of novel scientific evidence. But in fields such as computers and cellphones, the rate of change is faster than the normal times required for peer-reviewed publication. One route to admitting less-than-perfect findings from forensic science is via a re-evaluation of the role of expert evidence and in particular pre-trial meetings between experts. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326613 Mon, 14 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3326613 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039514&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001580%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039514 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 16:43:29 +0100 3039514 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039513&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001579%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039513 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 16:43:29 +0100 3039513 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039502&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001440%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study was performed to provide diagnostic improvement of alcohol abuse in forensic medicine by comparing the findings of EtG and EtS in hair with that of blood CDT as well as with the medical history of the deceased. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039502 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 16:43:28 +0100 3039502 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039501&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001439%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The body of a 1 month-old male was found in a rucksack. Drug paraphernalia was found at the parents' address. Heroin and ‘Distalgesic’ were also found there. Table 1 illustrates the drugs detected from the deceased. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039501 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 16:43:28 +0100 3039501 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039500&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001427%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes With technological advances in extraction methods, immunoassay screening and instrumental techniques, interest in testing biological matrices other than urine, blood and serum has increased dramatically over the last few years. Almost every biological matrix can be tested in some way and provides unique information over other fluids and tissues. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039500 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 16:43:28 +0100 3039500 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039499&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001415%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Doxylamine is used in the short-term treatment of insomnia, and is an antihistamine of the ethanolamine class. It is available in tablets containing 25 µg of the succinate salt, and also used in combination with decongestants and other medications to relieve sneezing, runny nose, and nasal congestion caused by the common cold. However, doxylamine is most frequently misused in criminal cases such as suicide, homicide, rape and robbery in this country. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039499 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 16:43:28 +0100 3039499 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039498&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001403%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This case involves the death of a 2-year old boy who was found to be not breathing following a meal. Resuscitation was unsuccessfully attempted by a family member. The child was admitted to the hospital but was unable to be revived and was pronounced dead shortly after admission. There was evidence of heroin use and two almost-empty bottles of methadone linctus in the property. A Home Office Pathologist could find no obvious cause of death therefore various samples were sent off for further testing including toxicological analyses. The child had been ill with a viral infection a week before death and had been prescribed ibuprofen. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039498 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 16:43:27 +0100 3039498 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039497&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001397%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The responsibility for chemical testing of intoxicants in drivers in the Republic of Ireland rests with the Medical Bureau of Road Safety (MBRS), which is a corporate body established in November 1968 by the Minister for Local Government under part V of the Road Traffic Act, 1968. The MBRS is currently under the aegis of the Minister for Transport. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039497 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 16:43:27 +0100 3039497 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039489&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900152X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039489 Mon, 30 Nov 2009 16:43:26 +0100 3039489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039495&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001476%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Methamphetamine incidence in driving under the influence cases in the City and County of San Francisco is a significant and on-going challenge. Two methamphetamine positive driving cases are presented herein demonstrating some similarities in observed signs and symptoms and drug blood concentrations but which are also characterized by very different driving styles and behaviours towards the police officers when encountered on the road. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039495 Thu, 12 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039495 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039512&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900135X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: We are in the midst of a paradigm shift in the forensic comparison sciences. The new paradigm can be characterised as quantitative data-based implementation of the likelihood-ratio framework with quantitative evaluation of the reliability of results. The new paradigm was widely adopted for DNA profile comparison in the 1990s, and is gradually spreading to other branches of forensic science, including forensic voice comparison. The present paper first describes the new paradigm, then describes the history of its adoption for forensic voice comparison over approximately the last decade. The paradigm shift is incomplete and those working in the new paradigm still represent a minority within the forensic–voice-comparison community. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039512 Mon, 02 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039512 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039494&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001488%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study, we present an analytical method using GC–MS to determine tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its main metabolite 11-nor-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH) in oral fluid. The validated method was applied to oral fluid samples collected from drug abuse suspects and the results were compared with those in urine. The stability of THC and THC-COOH in oral fluid stored in different containers was also investigated.Oral fluid specimens from 12 drug abuse suspects, submitted by the police, were collected by direct expectoration. The samples were screened with microplate ELISA. For confirmation they were extracted using automated SPE with mixed-mode cation exchange cartridge, derivatized and analyzed by GC-MS using selective ion monitoring (SIM).The concentrations of ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039494 Mon, 02 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039494 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039493&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900149X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A study of Section 4 RTOA cases submitted to the SPSA forensic science laboratory in Edinburgh over a 12year period was carried out. The main aims of the study were to identify the most frequently encountered drugs and to determine if there were any major drugs trends from the data collected. Three groups of cases from 1996 to 2000 (102 cases), 2003 (26 cases) and 2008 (295 cases) were examined. The large increase in submissions was mainly due to the introduction of SPSA, whereby the laboratory began to carry out the analysis for all criminal and RTOA cases in Scotland. The preliminary results for the 8 drug groups (amphetamine and related compounds, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, cocaine, methadone, methylamphetamine and related compounds, morphine and opiates) identified a num... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039493 Wed, 28 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039493 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039491&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001361%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This joint conference between the Scottish Institute for Policing Research (SIPR) and the Centre for Forensic Science at the University of Strathclyde was hosted at the University on 7th of July 2009. It aimed to bring together academics, practitioners and policy makers involved in forensic science. The focus of this one-day meeting was to reflect on the landmark report by the United States National Academy of Sciences “Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward” and in particular to consider its implications for forensic science within the UK and Europe. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039491 Tue, 27 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039491 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039492&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001452%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes A 2day conference was held on the 26th and 27th of March 2009 to celebrate 50years of Forensic Toxicology within the University of Glasgow. The programme started with an annual meeting of the UK and Ireland Forensic Toxicology Network on the Thursday morning. The main themes were laboratory accreditation and personal regulation following from the release of two consultation documents from the newly appointed Home Office Forensic Science Regulator. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039492 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039492 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039490&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001373%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Scotland has a long and rich history in crime detection from the creation of fictional detectives such as Sherlock Holmes in 1887 by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and inspired by Dr. Joseph Bell, a lecturer at the medical school at Edinburgh University, to the development and delivery of modern high class international research, training and casework. Holmes incorporated some of the important skills of modern day forensic science in terms of using observation and deductive reasoning in his deliberations. More modern authors such as Ian Rankin (Rebus), Val McDermid (Wire in the Blood), and Alexander McCall (No. 1 ladies detective agency) are keeping the rich Scottish literary tradition in crime solving alive and well. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039490 Fri, 23 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039490 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039496&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001464%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: When drugging related offences are cited, most people think of sexual assault. However, the law covers any crime committed whilst the complainant is under the influence of alcohol or drugs i.e. the use of a drug to modify a person's behaviour for criminal gain. The case types encountered include robbery, blackmail and of course sexual offences.Hair analysis for drugs is now well established in Forensic Toxicology. Its use as an analytical tool in workplace testing, post-mortem toxicology and criminal cases is expanding both in the UK and worldwide, and it is now widely accepted as an alternative or complimentary matrix for these cases. This paper will provide a brief overview of hair testing in cases of Drug Facilitated Crime stressing the importance of timely sample collection. ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039496 Thu, 22 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039496 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2772206&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001178%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2772206 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2772206 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2772205&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001166%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2772205 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2772205 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2772204&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001324%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The Publisher regrets that an incorrect author was credited for writing this book review. This book review was written by Sue Black, Dundee. The publisher apologies for any inconvenience. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2772204 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2772204 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2772186&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001117%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2772186 Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2772186 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2772188&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001087%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Forensic Expert Opinion formulated in the Evaluative or Evidential mode across all scientific disciplines. It does not include investigative opinion or factual and technical reporting. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2772188 Tue, 25 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2772188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039507&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001075%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The relative chronological sequence of intersecting gel pen ink lines and laser printed marks has been determined using optical methods. The results were obtained by observing spectral reflection, relative sheen, skipping and gaps of gel pen ink strokes at the point of intersection. The intersections are observed under stereomicroscope and digital microscope. The effectiveness of both the optical instruments for sequence of the strokes has been compared. The sequence of intersecting lines (of same colour, different colours and where one of the strokes is darker) has been established. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039507 Fri, 21 Aug 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039507 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2772198&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001038%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Convenor: Niamh Nic Daeid ‘Research, Evaluation and Interpretation’ (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2772198 Wed, 19 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2772198 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2772197&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900104X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The 30th January saw the 3rd conference especially dedicated for younger members of the society as well as non-members and the young at heart! Past years were vastly different in their topics but were equally popular and this time was no different. A healthy number of people packed the main hall in the Fire Investigation Centre in Chorley to hear speakers from different areas of forensic science. The speakers included Nick Carey, a Specialist Fire Investigator speaking about fire safety, two colleagues from LGC Forensics in Oxfordshire, Jane Stevenson and Edward Jarman, speaking about the vast array of enhancement techniques and chemicals used for enhancing marks and finally Adam Whitley, a Fingerprint Expert from Sussex Fingerprint Bureau in Brighton speaking about fingerprints as a whole... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2772197 Wed, 19 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2772197 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2772187&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001051%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In The Times of 19th December 2008, there were articles by Sir Harry Ognall and Professor David Canter that give much food for thought. Both had been written in response to the conviction of Robert Napper for the murder of Rachel Nickell; in particular, they both dealt with the attempts that had been made, some 14years previously, to secure the conviction of Colin Stagg for that very crime. There is one thread from these articles that struck a chord with me and which prompted the subject for this guest editorial: it is a tendency that has been evident in certain major investigations for the investigator to become focussed on the job of convicting an individual to the exclusion of sound reasoning. Professor Canter said:The police tend to see expert advice as mainly an opportunity to obtain ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2772187 Sun, 16 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2772187 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2772199&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000902%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes …and what a great title for a book—just what the forensic industry needs at the minute. Very timely with such a lot of change and demand for a greater understanding and assessment of competency. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2772199 Sun, 21 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2772199 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456927&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000744%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456927 Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456927 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456926&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000732%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456926 Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456926 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456912&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000689%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456912 Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456912 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2772196&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000896%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Anti-doping is currently viewed as a forensic science. However, close examination shows that the statistical treatment of evidence is inconsistent with that view. Here it is insisted that anti-doping researchers should conform to certain statistical standards from forensic science. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2772196 Thu, 28 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2772196 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456914&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000653%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: An evaluation was undertaken to determine if isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) could assist in the investigation of complex forensic cases by providing a level of discrimination not achievable utilising traditional forensic techniques. The focus of the research was on ammonium nitrate (AN), a common oxidiser used in improvised explosive mixtures.The potential value of IRMS to attribute Australian AN samples to the manufacturing source was demonstrated through the development of a preliminary AN classification scheme based on nitrogen isotopes. Although the discrimination utilising nitrogen isotopes alone was limited and only relevant to samples from the three Australian manufacturers during the evaluated time period, the classification scheme has potential as an investigativ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456914 Mon, 25 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456914 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456918&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000586%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Arson is a significant problem around the world, and is a crime which results in a low number of convictions. The scene of an arson can be varied, commercial, residential or national park, and recently cases have been identified which were initiated by a lit match. Matches can be recovered from a scene, usually in a burnt condition. The benefit of analysing unburnt matches has been researched previously [1,2]. In most cases, burnt matches are recovered from scenes, and therefore the research was extended to investigate the potential of using IRMS to analyse burnt matches. This includes samples which have been exposed to petrol, and various fire extinguishing chemicals.Matches were sectioned to reveal central unburnt portions of wood and analysed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456918 Tue, 12 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456918 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456915&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000562%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The objective of this research was to investigate the application of light stable isotopes and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) to solve complex forensic cases by providing a level of discrimination not achievable utilising traditional forensic techniques.Due to the current threat of organic peroxide explosives, such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP), research was undertaken to determine the potential of IRMS to differentiate samples of TATP that had been manufactured utilising different starting materials and/or manufacturing processes. In addition, due to the prevalence of pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN) in detonators, detonating cord, and boosters, the potential of the IRMS technique to differentiate PETN samples from different sources was also investigated.Carbon isotope values... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456915 Tue, 12 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456915 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456913&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000641%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes It gives me great pleasure and satisfaction to be able to write the editorial for this special edition of Science and Justice which focuses on the forensic application of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and related disciplines. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456913 Fri, 08 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456913 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456925&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000616%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456925 Mon, 04 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456925 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456923&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900063X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The Joint Conference of the Forensic Science Society and the Centre for Forensic Investigation was held on the 18th April 2008 at the University of Teesside, Middlesbrough. It was held in the Innovation Centre and was attended by some 90 delegates from practitioners, police officers, academics and students. The focus of the one day Conference was to bring together front end scientists, instrument providers and renowned researchers within this highly specialised field. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456923 Mon, 04 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456923 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456920&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000604%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of inorganic analysis techniques for the discrimination of document (multipurpose office) paper. A set of 25 different multipurpose office papers from the European market was used for comparison. It appeared that for the single techniques LA–ICP–MS had the highest overall discriminating power. Despite its lower sensitivity, XRF also showed good discriminating power but the correlation with LA–ICP–MS is high. The combination of LA–ICP–MS and IRMS provides a powerful and strongly discriminating set of techniques. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456920 Mon, 04 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456920 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456924&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000628%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Reporter: Helen Jones Joint conference of the Forensic Science Society and the Centre for Forensic Investigation, University of Teesside, Middlesbrough. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456924 Wed, 29 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456924 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039504&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000574%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study we explore the inference of identity of source using a two-dimensional feature vector. As an example, we study the use of the Bayesian framework for the estimation of the value of evidence of color measurements for identity of source of blue ballpoint pen inks. Univariate as well as bivariate analyses are carried out for color data that was acquired with a flatbed scanner. While this might not be the best method to discriminate inks, we will use it as an example to estimate what the value of the evidence is, however low or high it may be. It is hoped that this exercise is instructional, as a similar approach can readily be applied in other situations. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039504 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039504 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039503&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000501%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Fibres were transferred to the bare arms of living subjects and their persistence determined at intervals up to 24 h, during which normal daily activity was undertaken. Decay curves showed an initial rapid loss followed by an apparently exponential decay. No target fibres were found to remain after 24 h. The length distribution showed a shift towards shorter fibre lengths and the differential shedding results for a polyester/cotton mixture showed a small bias towards the retention of cotton. The population of coloured fibres on bare skin was classified according to perceived colour, length, generic class and the presence or absence of delustrant. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039503 Thu, 09 Apr 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039503 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456917&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000549%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The isotope ratios of amphetamine type stimulants (ATS) depend as well on the precursor as the synthetic pathway. For clandestine production of amphetamine and methamphetamine, 1-phenyl-2-propanone (P2P, benzylmethylketone) is a commonly used precursor.Our aim was to determine the variation of the isotope ratios within precursor samples of one manufacturer and to compare seized samples of unknown sources to these values. δ13CV-PDB, δ2HV-SMOW and δ18OV-SMOW isotope ratios were determined using elemental analysis (EA) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS). The comparison of all seized samples to the data of the samples of one manufacturer revealed considerable differences. The results show that IRMS provides a high potential in differen... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456917 Mon, 06 Apr 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456917 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039505&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000483%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study aims to build on previous research and expand knowledge regarding the technique. The study built on previous research and compared Physical Developer to Oil Red O, testing both on four paper types, while being placed in three different water types and an accelerant for various amounts of time. Marks were placed with both heavily ‘loaded’ sebaceous fingers and ‘normal’ un-washed fingers. Results show that Oil Red O consistently produced clearer more detailed marks from the ‘loaded’ fingers, but neither technique proved to work better on the ‘normal’ marks. Neither technique developed any prints from the accelerant. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039505 Mon, 06 Apr 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039505 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2772189&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000550%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess colour changes that occur in several types of commonly available textiles as a result of the long-term effects of various popularly used laundry detergents. A 14 day experiment was conducted using blue, red and grey/black cotton, wool, acrylic and polyester textiles. Colour changes were evaluated through the visual comparison of the colour of the textile samples against that of the untreated (control) material.The kinetics of the changes in the colour of the fibres were monitored using fluorescence microscopy (UV excitation filter). The conclusions include an assessment of the observed changes from a fibre analysis expert's point of view, as well as that of an average user/consumer of the products involved. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2772189 Sun, 05 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2772189 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2772190&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000495%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Forensic soil comparisons are normally undertaken on the basis of several physical, chemical and biological properties, but in all cases the interpretation of results is dependent on the availability of relevant contextual information. This paper summarises the results of major and trace element analyses performed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry on the (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2772190 Tue, 31 Mar 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2772190 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456916&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000513%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A number of two-way radios, similar to those which have been employed to initiate Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), were acquired from a commercial supplier and grouped into four pairs. Samples of plastic material were collected from five distinct regions of each radio and analysed by Infrared and Raman spectroscopy to identify the nature of the material. One radio of each pair was then subjected to detonation with a commercially available plastic explosive. The combination of radio and explosive was considered to be representative of the components of an IED. Following detonation, fragments were recovered and, where possible, identified as specific sampling points of the radio.A combination of δ2H and δ13C stable isotopic analysis of material from each of the five sampling ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456916 Fri, 27 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456916 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456921&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000525%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: This paper describes the use of oxygen (18O) isotope analysis of water contained in two different materials — beer and diesel fuel — involved in the resolution of two separate cases. In the first case study, it was possible to demonstrate that a sample of beer labelled as premium brand in fact belonged to a cheap brand. The second case related to the contamination of diesel fuel from a service station. The diesel fuel contained visible amounts of water, which caused vehicles that had been filled up with it to become defective. For insurance purposes, it was necessary to determine the source of water. The δ18O values for the water of nearly all samples of diesel was close to the δ18O of local tap water at the filling station. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456921 Thu, 26 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456921 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039506&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000227%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In order for trace evidence to have a high evidential value, experimental studies which mimic the forensic reality are of fundamental importance. Such primary level experimentation is crucial to establish a coherent body of theory concerning the generation, transfer and persistence of different forms of trace physical evidence. We contend that the forensic context, at whatever scale, will be specific to each individual forensic case and this context in which a crime takes place will influence the properties of trace evidence. It will, therefore, be necessary in many forensic cases to undertake secondary level experimental studies that incorporate specific variables pertinent to a particular case and supplement the established theory presented in the published literature. Such stu... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039506 Wed, 18 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039506 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456919&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000239%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Architectural paints are commonly found as trace evidence at scenes of crime. Currently the most widely used technique for the analysis of architectural paints is Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). There are, however, limitations to the forensic analysis of white paints, and the ability to discriminate between samples.Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) has been investigated as a potential tool for the analysis of architectural white paints, where no preparation of samples prior to analysis is required. When stable isotope profiles (SIPs) are compared, there appears to be no relationship between paints from the same manufacturer, or between paints of the same type. Unlike existing techniques, IRMS does not differentiate resin samples solely on the basis of modi... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456919 Thu, 12 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2456919 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2456922&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000173%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Confirmation of a potential disinterred grave was sought by GC and GC/MS analyses of lipid extracts of whole soils and white particulate matter. Fatty acid profiles and concentrations determined for three of the soils correlated with the deposition of a large amount of exogenous organic matter, most likely adipocere and/or decomposed body fat. Determination of C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acid δ13C values by GC/C/IRMS revealed the input to be isotopically distinct from common British domesticated animals, plotting closely to values determined for adipose fat obtained from of a murder victim. By considering the difference between δ13C values (Δ13C18:0–16:0) a potential isotopic proxy for identifying the source of adipocere (human) and adipose tissue was proposed. (Source: Science an... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2456922 Mon, 02 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2456922 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3039508&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000197%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: An examination was done to investigate whether certain lifting techniques can lift recovered latent fingerprints on human skin surfaces of living subjects. For recovery Swedish Soot powder mixture (Swedish Black) was used.Donors intentionally placed fingerprints on the skin surface of living subjects. Finger marks were then in all cases recovered with Swedish Black powder. The procedure was repeated after 1 h and 4 h. Treated finger marks were secured and preserved as latent fingerprint evidence by different lifting processes. Having examined skin surfaces and finger marks we observed that the lifters such as white instant lifter, white fingerprint gelatin, black fingerprint gelatin, silicone, transparent adhesive tape, are suitable. Moreover, white fingerprint gelatin and whit... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3039508 Mon, 02 Mar 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3039508 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249981&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000318%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249981 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249981 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249980&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000306%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249980 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249980 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249979&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000124%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Developing a forensic pathology textbook that is specifically aimed at addressing the issues of trauma allows for a more detailed presentation of such topics in contrast with that encountered in general forensic pathology textbooks. By focusing on the common problems encountered by autopsy pathologists who deal with trauma, one creates a volume that can only be of great benefit to those who are now gaining experience in forensic pathology as well as those who regularly apply such experience in their everyday practice. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249979 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249978&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000057%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This book covers a wide range of forensic topics within the crime scene to court investigative process. Written for the High school/Middle school in the United States and roughly equivalent to ‘A’ level/first year undergraduate in the United Kingdom. Possibly more appropriate for those who aren't particularly strong in science, it does occasionally go from the simple science to the much more complex. The book is written with teachers very much in mind (not that they are not strong in science!) but the chapters have very clear learning objectives at the start with a series of test questions and a further reading list at the end. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249978 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249978 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249977&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000045%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This is another in a growing list of document examination focused books recently published in the United States. As such the text is written from an American perspective and some aspects will not be particularly relevant to UK practitioners. The initial chapters deal with some interesting historical information about handwriting written at a reasonably basic level. The author then moves on to deal with types of document case work encountered concentrating specifically on handwriting. The section on laboratory equipment (chapter 8) is also at a very basic level and does not discuss some more recent development in the industry such as the use of Raman instrumentation or even FTIR analysis. There are some attempts to deal with the legal processes which are again US focused and somewhat repeti... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249977 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249977 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249976&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030608001135%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This text is split between the analysis of cannabis and cannabinoids and the medical and pharmacological aspects of use/misuse of the material. Each chapter deals with a specific topic related to cannabis and the cannabinoids and all are informative and very well researched and well referenced. The chapters which may have particular interest to the forensic chemist or toxicologist include the chemical fingerprinting of cannabis, an investigation into the smoke condensate, the use of immunoassays for cannabis detection, mass spec methods for cannabis detection and driving impairment relating to cannabis use. Other chapters cover more medical aspects of cannabis use both neurological and post mortem evidence. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249976 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249976 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249975&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030608001147%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The issue of links between violence and sexual abuse is one which is coming to the fore in professional discussions, and a comprehensive text addressing these lists is to be welcomed. It soon becomes apparent however that Johnson's text is not it. Its construction is haphazard (surprisingly given the eminence of the Publisher), its value base is confrontational and punitive and its regard for current theory and research is, at best, patchy. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249975 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249975 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249974&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030608000233%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This is one of those books that will enable you to astound your friends and colleagues with superior knowledge of the universe, anthropology, evolution, aliens, relativity, and just about any other topic with a scientific base. It is a small book with many pages that explores the processes by which science has developed. Did you know, for example, that Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772), thanks to psychic communication, discovered that there were two intelligent races on the planet Venus each occupying a hemisphere? One group were deeply spiritual and the other far from it. Moreover, would you like to know all the possible sites for the lost island of Atlantis? Additionally, do you know the difference between the “Chain of Being” and the “Evolutionary theories”. What is the evidence ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249974 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249974 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249973&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030608001585%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The venue chosen for the 4th conference provided an ideal setting for an exciting, informative range of lectures and workshops. An unusual theme was chosen for the day bringing a range of interesting and possibly less well known disciplines to the attention of eager delegates. A wide variety of people ranging from young forensic scientists, to police officers to those aspiring to become part of the forensic field attended the conference, which, just as in past years, proved to be extremely popular. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249973 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249973 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249972&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030608001202%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Callum Sutherland La Plante Productions, Dr John Manlove and Dr Anna Sandiford, Manlove Forensics In this workshop, Callum described how the bodies of murder victims and missing persons can be discovered and recovered from various types of environments, including deep or shallow graves, surface dumps or in water, to name but a few. He demonstrated by case examples that it is often the case that investigators do not prepare by considering the possible scenarios by which a high risk missing person or murder victim may be found and thus rather than being ‘one step ahead of the game’, it is often the case that the recovery process actually starts blind and as a result, mistakes are made all too often. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249972 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249972 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249971&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000203%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249971 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249971 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249970&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609000215%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Forensic science and mickey mouse. I write in response to Professor Cassella's reply (Forensic Science on Trial – still!) to your editorial Educating the next generation' Science and Justice, 48 (2008) 59–60. Good forensic science, like good research, is based on (amongst other things) the discovery of reliable facts on which to test hypotheses and base logical arguments. Reliable facts are rare in Professor Cassella's letter which is characterized more by celebratory rhetoric, lack of rigorous argument and patronizing ignorance. There are so many assertions made that it is virtually impossible to deal with them all in a response of reasonable length, so I will limit myself to the most serious and least convincing. Amongst these are: ‘research is beginning to blossom'; academic rese... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249970 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249970 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249969&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030608000658%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Current methods for the analysis of swabs for condom lubricants require a portion of the swab to be extracted. This requirement causes issues for those who require the swab for DNA extraction. A novel method is presented that facilitates analysis of the swab without the need for extraction. The method was shown to be equivalent to the traditional methods in terms of its sensitivity and discriminating power.The impact of the method on subsequent DNA extraction of swabs was assessed and no detrimental effects were observed.The method was used to conduct a survey of the current market for the supply of condoms in the UK. 90% of the UK condom market consists of condoms lubricated with PDMS. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249969 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249969 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249968&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030608000671%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: PCR amplification of tetrameric short tandem repeats (STRs) can lead to Taq enzyme slippage and artefact products typically one repeat unit less in size than the parent STR. These back stutter or n−4 amplification products are low-level relative to the amplification of the parent STR but are widely seen in the forensic community where tetrameric STRs are employed in the generation of DNA profiles. To aid the interpretation of DNA mixtures where minor contributor(s) might be present in comparable amounts to the back stutter products, the typical amounts of back stutter generated have been well characterised and guidelines for interpretation are in place. However, further artefacts thought to be Taq enzyme slippage leading to products with one repeat unit greater than the parent ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249968 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249968 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249967&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030608000749%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Researchers have studied the involvement of drugs and alcohol in fatal road traffic incidents, but with particular emphasis on the possible impairment of the driver. This paper describes a comparative study of drug and alcohol findings in various victim groups (drivers of cars, vans or lorries, car passengers, motorcyclists, motorcycle passengers, cyclists and pedestrians) between 2000 and 2006. Post-mortem blood and urine specimens submitted were analysed by immunoassay, GC–NPD, GC–FID, GC–MS and HPLC–DAD. The results of 1047 cases indicated 54% of all victims were positive for drugs and/or alcohol, with the highest percentage of positive findings occurring in pedestrians (63%). Males between the ages of 17–24 were most likely to be involved in a road traffic accident,... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249967 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249967 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249966&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030608000804%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study was conducted to determine the degree of discrimination obtained between non-denim blue cotton fibres using visible–UV range microspectrophotometry alone. To this end, samples of fibres were taken from 100, non-denim, blue cotton, outer garments, including t-shirts, trousers and jumpers and subjected to analysis by both visible and UV range microspectrophotometry. The results obtained from the samples of each garment were compared to determine if they ‘matched’ or not. From an initial visual comparison of the garments it was possible to subdivide the samples into two populations consisting of 73 ‘dark blue’ garments and 27 ‘mid-blue’ garments. It was found that of the 73 ‘dark blue’ garments, 22 distinct sub-populations could be distinguished using visible rang... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249966 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249966 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249965&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030608001044%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The conditions under which latent fingerprints are deposited affect the process of development that can be used to effectively recover these marks. The conditions which can play a part include environmental conditions, the type of surface on which latents are deposited, the ability of the donor to deposit fingerprints, contact time, force of contact with the object etc. Very little previous work is available in the scientific literature addressing these conditions and therefore, an attempt has been made in this present study to assess the effect of some of these criteria and their effect on the ability of ninhydrin to develop the marks. Latent fingerprints from good and bad donors were obtained on paper with variable pressure under controlled conditions. Laboratory prepared 1% ni... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249965 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249965 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2249964&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030608001093%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In this paper we introduce a permutation testing approach to the interpretation of evidence which consists of elemental composition measurements, with glass evidence as an example. This work extends previous work of Curran et al. [J.M. Curran, C.M. Triggs, J.R. Almirall, J.S. Buckleton and K.A.J. Walsh, The interpretation of elemental composition measurements from forensic glass evidence, Science and Justice 37 (1997) 241–244.] and shows how we may remove some of the constraints that limited the applicability of the previous results. We provide the reader with tools for evidence pre-screening that may aid in the direction of further analyses of the data, rather than for the presentation of evidence interpretation in a court case. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2249964 Sun, 01 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2249964