MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Science and Justice' source. Sat, 28 Jan 2012 03:39:50 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466132&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611001201%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466132 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5466132 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466131&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611001195%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466131 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5466131 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466112&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611001146%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466112 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5466112 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466113&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611001110%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes “I have lived in important places, timeswhen great events are decided…”Epic, P. Kavanagh, Irish Poet (1904–1967) Patrick Kavanagh's Epic poem provides a fitting first line for a reflection of the times we find ourselves in within Forensic Science. As a relatively young discipline (in the grand scheme of things) we are going through our growing pains, not just in the UK, but globally. We are restructuring, refocusing, revaluating, re- re- re-…. The influence of a corporate culture, silo mentality, budgetary constraints, poor or ill-informed decision making and a great deal of weariness takes its toll and provides us with both business and personal challenges. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466113 Wed, 09 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5466113 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466127&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611001055%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Forensic science lost one of its gentlemen with the passing of Frank Fish earlier this year. Frank's introduction to forensic science arose from his work as a Lecturer in Pharmacognosy at the Royal College of Science and Technology in Glasgow, in the late 1950 and early 1960s, when he was approached by the City of Glasgow Police to assist in cases involving safe breakings and cannabis possession. His interest was piqued by the experiences, both as a scientist and an educator, and as a result he worked to establish in 1966 the pioneering Master of Science degree in Forensic Science at the College, which was by then the University of Strathclyde. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466127 Mon, 07 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5466127 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466125&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611001067%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We are grateful to the authors for taking an interest in the position statement and to the editor for giving us an opportunity to respond. We must emphasise that it has not been practical to consult with all of the many signatories of the position statement so the following represents only the views of the five of us. Overall, we sense that there is no great difference between us and the authors of the letter; nevertheless we agree with the need for a healthy and constructive debate about these issues which are of great importance for the future of forensic science. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466125 Mon, 24 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466125 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466124&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611001018%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Whilst generally supporting the position on the evaluation expressed in your recent Editorial (S&J 51 (2011) 1–2), there remain matters upon which we disagree, or at least seek clarification. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466124 Fri, 30 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466124 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466126&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000992%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes At a time when the future of forensic science in the country is undergoing massive uncertainty following the government's decision to close down the Forensic Science Service, it is perhaps appropriate to reflect on the career of Ian Holden that spanned a somewhat different era and whose death occurred in Newbury on 28 June 2011 at the age of 89. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466126 Mon, 12 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466126 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466121&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000967%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: The objectivity of forensic science decision making has received increased attention and scrutiny. However, there are only a few published studies experimentally addressing the potential for contextual bias. Because of the esteem of DNA evidence, it is important to study and assess the impact of subjectivity and bias on DNA mixture interpretation. The study reported here presents empirical data suggesting that DNA mixture interpretation is subjective. When 17 North American expert DNA examiners were asked for their interpretation of data from an adjudicated criminal case in that jurisdiction, they produced inconsistent interpretations. Furthermore, the majority of 'context free' experts disagreed with the laboratory's pre-trial conclusions, suggesting that the extraneous context ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466121 Mon, 05 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466129&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000876%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The main definition of geoforensics is given as ‘the application of selected geoscience techniques to criminal investigations of what happened, where and when it occurred and how and why it took place’. Currently there is an increased interest in the application of geosciences to criminal investigations by criminals and investigators alike. Geoforensics consists of ten chapters, each of which can be read independently, ranging from different instrumentation and techniques utilised in this field to a range of sampling methods and statistics. Throughout this book, a high number of case examples are given, some published and others from the authors' own case work, which highlight the importance of geoforensics to criminal investigations and how different techniques can be employed at crim... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466129 Fri, 02 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466129 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191838&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000724%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191838 Wed, 31 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5191838 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191837&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000712%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191837 Wed, 31 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5191837 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191825&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000669%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191825 Wed, 31 Aug 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5191825 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466122&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000888%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Let me start why saying that I am not one of the founders of the CAC but I did find the CAC many years ago when I was a student in a two semester criminalistics course at Cal-State Long Beach in 1963 or 4. And my association with the CAC has been a memorable and wonderful relationship for the many years that have followed. By the end of next month I will have been employed as a criminalist for 46years and a CAC member for 39years. By the middle of the following month I will be 71years of age. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466122 Mon, 29 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466122 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466128&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000621%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Errors in the published data analysis have been noted and corrected along with paragraphs in the discussion for clarity. SigmaPlot 11.0 software was used to analyse the data. The corrections are as follows: (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466128 Fri, 12 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466128 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466119&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503061100061X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study demonstrates the potential of recovering human touch DNA from poached animal remains. There is the potential for this test to be used in relation to other species of poached remains or other types of wildlife crimes. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that human STR profiling has been successfully applied to touch DNA in regards to simulated wildlife crime. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466119 Mon, 01 Aug 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466119 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191826&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000633%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Two documents were released recently that provide, possibly for the first time, a level of detail which exposes the (self reported) forensic science research landscape within the United Kingdom. The Home Office document: Research and Development in Forensic Science: a Review conducted by Professor Bernard Silverman with support from the Forensic Science Regulator and was published in conjunction with all of the written submissions from academia, individuals, industry and government. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191826 Sun, 17 Jul 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5191826 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466123&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000608%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In a recent Guest Editorial, Evett et al. express concern about the deliberations of the Court of Appeal in the case of R-v-T. As suggested in the editorial, the Bayesian approach can be used for assessment, but care is needed over how and in what form it is used. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466123 Wed, 29 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466123 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466130&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000311%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This is now a clearly established textbook offering the combined experience of some of the UK experts in the field. One might imagine that this would be a text for a select group of medical practitioners. Whilst clearly it satisfies this remit, it also offers a one-stop-shop for anyone with a professional interest in general or indeed specific aspects of the autopsy. Scientists, police personnel, medical staff — from nurse's doctors through to laboratory staff or the legal profession, all will find this a useful reference text for best practice as well as general considerations around the autopsy procedure and processes. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466130 Fri, 17 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466130 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861864&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000426%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861864 Thu, 26 May 2011 00:17:07 +0100 4861864 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861863&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000414%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861863 Thu, 26 May 2011 00:17:07 +0100 4861863 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861849&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000360%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861849 Thu, 26 May 2011 00:17:03 +0100 4861849 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466118&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000293%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Textile fibres were transferred to a pig skin carcass and their persistence determined at daily intervals for up to a 12day period during which time the carcass was left outdoors exposed to the prevailing weather conditions and animal activity. In the absence of strong winds and precipitation, the loss of fibres was found to be exponential. Stronger winds and heavier precipitation caused an increase in the rate of loss of fibres. The results of this study showed that the majority of fibres transferred to a body deposited outdoors, can be expected to be lost after the first 2days, however, none of the experiments performed resulted in a complete loss of fibres, even after 12days exposure. These persistence characteristics differed from those observed in a similar study using small... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466118 Tue, 10 May 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861850&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000323%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In a number of recent Appeal court rulings, Lord Justice Thomas (in particular) has made some interesting statements in relation to expert witnesses. He has drawn out common threads regarding issues relating to experience versus scholarship, the use of experts from jurisdictions outside of the UK and the very nature of expertise . This is an issue that we are, and have been, struggling with as a forensic science community within the UK given the increased commercialisation of the sector and the closure of the Forensic Science Service. It is also particularly of concern within small highly specialised practitioner groups (often based in academic institutions) some of whom may undertake low numbers of cases but have significant and recognised expertise. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861850 Wed, 04 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4861850 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191835&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000232%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Forensic Science is an applied science. Like all scientific disciplines, it is rapidly advancing and expanding. There is a trend toward intelligence led forensic science and real-time analysis with the results being made available at and while the crime scene is being processed which provides leads directing police investigations which is very relevant in large scale crime scene investigations. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191835 Sun, 01 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5191835 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466114&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503061100027X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Passer-by witnesses reported a human cadaver in woodland associated with an agricultural college to police in Northern Ireland. The cadaver comprised reasonably preserved feet, legs and pelvis, with poorly preserved arms and torso, lying with the torso down-slope abutting a fallen tree. A search of the area around the torso, and for some 20m around, failed to find the cranium and mandible. The mandible was found, embedded inside the chest cavity. The cranium was found some 30m away. The victim was later identified as a 24-year old drug addict who had absconded from a local hospital. Mapping of the area led us to speculate that he had tripped and fallen down-slope: other reasons for the body location were also considered. After death, the cadaver had further slipped down-slope for... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466114 Mon, 25 Apr 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466114 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191833&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000268%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In October 2009 Skills for Justice published the social research paper ‘Fit for purpose?: Research into the provision of Forensic Science degree programmes in UK Higher Education Institutions.’ The research engaged employers representing 95% of UK Forensic Science providers and 79% of UK universities offering Forensic Science or Crime Scene degree programmes. In addition to this, the research collected the views of 430 students studying these degrees. In 2008 there were approximately 9000 people working in the Forensic Science sector in the UK. The research found that the numbers of students studying Forensic Science or Crime Scene degrees in the UK have more than doubled since 2002–03, from 2191 in to 5664 in 2007–08. Over the same period there were twice as many females... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191833 Thu, 14 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5191833 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191827&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000256%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: There has been a great deal of concern recently about validity and reliability in forensic science. This paper reviews for a broad target audience metrics of validity and reliability (accuracy and precision) which have been applied in forensic voice comparison and which are potentially applicable in other branches of forensic science. The metric of validity is the log likelihood-ratio cost (Cllr), and the metric of reliability is an empirical estimate of credible intervals. A revised procedure for the calculation of credible intervals is introduced. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191827 Thu, 14 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 5191827 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861851&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000281%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: This is a discussion of a number of issues that arise from the recent judgment in R v T [1]. Although the judgment concerned with footwear evidence, more general remarks have implications for all disciplines within forensic science. Our concern is that the judgment will be interpreted as being in opposition to the principles of logical interpretation of evidence. We re-iterate those principles and then discuss several extracts from the judgment that may be potentially harmful to the future of forensic science. A position statement with regard to evidence evaluation, signed by many forensic scientists, statisticians and lawyers, has appeared in this journal [2] and the present paper expands on the points made in that statement. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861851 Thu, 14 Apr 2011 23:00:00 +0100 4861851 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466117&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000244%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A number of dyed cellulosic fibres were examined with plane polarized light on their dichroic behavior by microscopy and microspectrophotometry (MSP-PPL). Significant dichroic effects (mostly hypochromic effects and hypsochromic bands shifts) were reported. The effect is related to the chemical structure: some dye structures always possess dichroism (azo, stilbene, thiazole and oxazine), some dyes demonstrate sometimes dichroic effects (anthraquinoid, indigoid) while other structures never demonstrate dichroic effects (sulphur, diphenylmethanes, triarylmethanes, phthalocyanines). In some cases a different dichroic behavior was found for the same dyes applied on cotton and on viscose. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466117 Fri, 08 Apr 2011 04:00:00 +0100 5466117 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466115&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000220%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: In a double murder investigation, the victims were found after a prolonged stay in a drainage canal. In spite of the expectations, fibre examination established a multitude of primary and secondary transferred fibres. One of these fibre types was a colourless polyester fibre possessing a blue coloured molten fibre end. These matched one of the types present in the suspect's blue denim trousers. The aim of this study was to verify the rarity of this peculiar fibre type and more precisely its presence in blue denim textiles. Over five hundred different blue jeans textiles were examined and only one of these presented exactly the same type. The comparison involved microscopy, microspectrophotometry in the visible range and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate this fibre type is ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466115 Mon, 07 Mar 2011 05:00:00 +0100 5466115 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4591341&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000116%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4591341 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4591341 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4591340&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000104%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4591340 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4591340 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4591329&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000050%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4591329 Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4591329 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861859&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001401%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes With the ever-spreading problem of violent crime in today's society, techniques to assist forensic scientists and other law enforcement personnel have come to the forefront. With improvement in collection methods and analytical tools to conduct more thorough analyses with ever decreasing sizes of casework material, firearms discharge residue examination has made a dramatic impact as a discrete area of trace evidence that is essential in the investigation and prosecution of violent crime. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861859 Thu, 17 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4861859 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191829&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503061000136X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study investigates the optimisation of peroxidase based enhancement techniques for footwear impressions made in blood on various fabric surfaces. Four different haem reagents: leuco crystal violet (LCV), leuco malachite green (LMG), fluorescein and luminol were used to enhance the blood contaminated impressions.The enhancement techniques in this study were used successfully to enhance the impressions in blood on light coloured surfaces, however, only fluorescent and/or chemiluminescent techniques allowed visualisation on dark coloured fabrics, denim and leather. Luminol was the only technique to enhance footwear impressions made in blood on all the fabrics investigated in this study. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191829 Wed, 09 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 5191829 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191828&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001358%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A range of protein stains were utilised for the enhancement of footwear impressions on a variety of fabric types of different colours with blood as a contaminant. A semi-automated stamping device was used to deliver test impressions at a set force to minimise the variability between impressions; multiple impressions were produced and enhanced by each reagent to determine the repeatability of the enhancement. Results indicated that while most protein stains used in this study successfully enhanced impressions in blood on light coloured fabrics, background staining caused interference on natural fabrics. Enhancement on dark coloured fabrics was only achieved using fluorescent protein stains, as non-fluorescent protein stains provided poor contrast.A further comparison was performed... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191828 Tue, 08 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 5191828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4591330&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030611000037%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The judgment of the Court of Appeal in R v T raises several issues relating to the evaluation of scientific evidence that, we believe, require a response. We, the undersigned, oppose any response to the judgment that would result in a movement away from the use of logical methods for evidence evaluation. A paper in this issue of the Journal re-iterates logical principles of evidence interpretation that are accepted by a broad range of those who have an interest in forensic reasoning. The divergence between those principles of interpretation and the apparent implications of the R v T ruling are epitomised by the following issues that represent our collective position with regard to the evaluation of evidence within the context of a criminal trial. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4591330 Tue, 08 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100 4591330 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191832&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001371%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The objective of this study was to develop a rapid method for the estimation of postmortem interval (PMI) using electric impedance spectroscopy. Postmortem rat spleens were studied at 10°C, 20°C, and 30°C; The results obtained demonstrated that postmortem interval negatively correlated with the absolute value of Im Z// (capacitive reactance component) in electrical impedance. This suggests that electric impedance spectroscopy may be a sensitive tool to determine the postmortem interval. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191832 Mon, 24 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 5191832 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191831&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001395%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Although the Suchey–Brooks (SB) system is currently the most widely used method for age-at-death estimation from the pubic bone, the system continues to evolve through stepwise improvements. Since the system was developed from a pubic bone sample derived mainly from North Americans, it is unclear how well it performs on populations from other continents. During the last decade, studies of the SB system on pubic bone samples from local populations in Europe and Asia have indicated regional differences in the relationship between age and pubic bone development. However, these studies have for the most part followed different research protocols, which make comparisons between their results less meaningful. It would be most useful if future regional analysis of the SB system were d... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191831 Mon, 03 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100 5191831 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861860&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001334%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this text, James E. Girard PhD (American University) addresses the fundamental concepts of forensic science. Girard's work is an appropriate textbook for the introductory or undergraduate student learning the fundamental concepts of forensic science. The inclusion of scientific references (e.g., International Units of Measurement, chemical structures) is helpful in giving the student a proper understanding of how science translates to forensic science. The book also discusses important legal concepts, such as fourth amendment issues, critical for the forensic scientist to understand. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861860 Thu, 23 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4861860 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466120&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001383%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article introduces a method of collecting and analysing drug residues that integrates both electrostatic lifting and nanomanipulation-coupled to nanospray ionization mass spectrometry. The application of this hyphenated technique exhibits a useful means of collection and extraction of drug residues with ease and efficiency along with decreased limits of detection. From this method, it will be shown how increased sensitivity of analysis and lower limits of detection for drug analysis can be achieved. The same principles that allow lifting of dust prints by electrostatic lifting can be applied to lifting drug residues. Probing of the drug residues by nanomanipulation occurs directly from the lift, which provides a great platform for extraction. Nanomanipulation-coupled to nanospray ioni... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466120 Wed, 15 Dec 2010 05:00:00 +0100 5466120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5466116&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001310%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A number of dyed polyamide, wool and silk samples were examined with plane polarized light on their dichroic behavior by optical light microscopy (OLM) and microspectrophotometry with plane polarized light (MSP-PPL). It was found that most of these acid dyed peptidic fibres possess dichroism, but these are weaker than the effects previously described for polyester fibres. The small effects may be not observed, especially for wool, but these can be measured using MSP-PPL.In the three peptidic fibre classes, for the first time, a so called “inverse dichroism” is observed which appears in the absorption spectra as a hyperchromic effect. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5466116 Mon, 29 Nov 2010 05:00:00 +0100 5466116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191830&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001346%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A statistical methodology for the objective comparison of LDI-MS mass spectra of blue gel pen inks was evaluated. Thirty-three blue gel pen inks previously studied by RAMAN were analyzed directly on the paper using both positive and negative mode. The obtained mass spectra were first compared using relative areas of selected peaks using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the Euclidean distance. Intra-variability among results from one ink and inter-variability between results from different inks were compared in order to choose a differentiation threshold minimizing the rate of false negative (i.e. avoiding false differentiation of the inks). This yielded a discriminating power of up to 77% for analysis made in the negative mode. The whole mass spectra were then compared usi... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191830 Mon, 29 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 5191830 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861857&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001322%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study, the properties of soils from several proximate sites from the Algarve were investigated, namely: (i) colour determined by spectrophotometry; (ii) particle size distribution determined by laser granulometry; (iii) low-field magnetic susceptibility by a susceptibility meter; and (iv) pollen content using a light microscope. Finally, a hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to ascertain the capacity of the different soil properties for discrimination between samples.The study reveals the utility of geobotanical techniques for forensic discrimination of soils. Even though some similarities between some of the samples were found, each one presented a combination of colour, particle size distribution, magnetic susceptibility and pollen features that enable the determination of ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861857 Fri, 26 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4861857 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861855&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001097%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: One hundred garments were examined for synthetic flock fibres. Flock fibres were found on 82% of garments. The majority of flock fibres were nylon (6 or 6,6) with a round cross-section, a diameter between 15 and 20μm and a length between 0.5 and 1mm. Black pigmented flock fibres (polyester or nylon) were present on 33% of garments. Each garment was examined for several target automotive flock fibres from the glove compartments and window channels of a range of vehicles. None of the dyed target flock fibres were found on the garments. The black pigmented target flock fibres were found on 3–4% of the garments examined. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861855 Wed, 17 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4861855 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167387&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001176%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167387 Tue, 16 Nov 2010 00:25:44 +0100 4167387 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167386&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001164%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167386 Tue, 16 Nov 2010 00:25:44 +0100 4167386 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167372&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001115%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167372 Tue, 16 Nov 2010 00:25:40 +0100 4167372 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861856&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001073%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A recent murder enquiry prompted experimentation to confirm and visually demonstrate that lit cigarettes are not a viable source of ignition of petrol vapour. In addition, tests comprising the attempted ignition of petrol vapour using hot and smouldering cannabis resin were also undertaken. A series of experiments was also designed to recreate circumstances specific to the crime under investigation by undertaking cigarette/joint ignition tests involving a mannequin clothed in a cotton garment onto which petrol was applied.The ultimate aim of the experiments was to produce a visual aid for use during court proceedings.Thirty nine (39) ignition attempts that involved exposing lit commercial cigarettes, hand-rolled cigarettes and cannabis resin joints to petrol vapour were undertake... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861856 Thu, 11 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4861856 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4591331&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001085%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Eight male and 8 female subjects underwent serial breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) measurements in the fasting state, following a snack of crisps and following a light meal. BrAC versus time curves were constructed for each subject and the values of peak BrAC (Cmax), theoretical (extrapolated) BrAC at zero time (C0), time taken to reach peak (Tmax) and rate of elimination (ß) were recorded directly from the curves. In all subjects values of C0 extrapolated from the post-meal BrAC–time curves were significantly lower than in the fasting and snack fed states. Since Widmark factor (W.F.) is inversely proportional to C0, values of WF calculated from extrapolated C0 after a meal were spuriously high. WF obtained from the fasting BrAC–time curves were usually only slightly high... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4591331 Thu, 11 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4591331 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861853&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001061%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: One hundred and twenty dyed polyester samples were examined with plane polarized light on their dichroic behaviour by optical light microscopy (OLM) and microspectrophotometry in the visible range (MSP Vis). It was found that most of these disperse dyed polyester fibres possess a strong dichroism, which fall into two broad categories. Either a decrease of intensity (hypochromic effect) or a change of hue (hypsochromic or bathochromic shift of absorption bands) is noted. These dichroic effects are related to the orientation of the dye structure with respect to the polymer chains. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861853 Tue, 09 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4861853 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167373&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001048%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Quality in Forensic Science has been high on the political agenda in recent years. The Council for the Registration of Forensic Practitioners (CRFP) was established in 1999 to give the courts a single point of reference on the competence of forensic practitioners. The overriding aim of the CRFP was “to promote public confidence in forensic practice in the UK”. The CRFP provided a means by which the casework of forensic practitioners in all disciplines of forensic science was subject to independent peer review on a regular basis. The CRFP peer review process however placed a heavy financial burden on many employers that paid the costs of accreditation for the practitioners they employed and in March 2008 the UK Government decided to disband the CRFP and introduced a new regulatory syste... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167373 Fri, 22 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4167373 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167374&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503061000105X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The UK and Ireland Association of Forensic Toxicologists (UKIAFT) consists of representatives from each of the main laboratories in the United Kingdom and Ireland offering Forensic Toxicology Services. In the absence of national guidelines for forensic toxicology, the UKIAFT approached the board of the Society of Forensic Toxicologists (www.soft-tox.org) with a view to amending the Laboratory Guidelines published jointly by SOFT and the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS). The SOFT/AAFS Forensic Toxicology Guidelines (Version 2006) were reviewed and amended to better reflect toxicology standards and practices within the UK and Ireland. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167374 Thu, 21 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4167374 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861852&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001024%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study demonstrates the ability of LC-NMR to separate and characterise the individual conformers. The NMR data is consistent with the proposed structures for the two conformers. Re-equilibration can be followed by NMR and the kinetics of the process studied.Over the past decade the use of the explosive TATP in terrorist devices has increased. Therefore, the ability to analyse and characterise this material has assumed greater importance. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861852 Wed, 20 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4861852 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4591334&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001012%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Sexual assault or rape cases occasionally result in unwanted pregnancies. In almost all such cases the foetus is aborted. A forensic laboratory may receive the foetus, the placenta, or paraffin embedded abortion material for paternity testing. Obtaining a foetal profile DNA from a foetus or placenta may not be successful due to the age or condition of the tissue. Moreover, maternal contamination of placental material will invariably result in a mixed DNA profile.However, the use of properly screened abortion material from paraffin blocks will almost always result in obtaining a foetal DNA profile. Furthermore, foetal tissue fixed in paraffin blocks does not require special conditions for submission and storage as required to preserve fresh foetal or placental tissue. As hospitals... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4591334 Fri, 15 Oct 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4591334 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=5191834&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001036%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Forensic scientists periodically check working test reagents with knowns or standards to verify that the presumptive testing reagents are working properly. Oftentimes, this is done with a neat body fluid such as blood or saliva that is dried onto a swab and kept in a freezer. The problem with this practice is that a degrading test reagent, for example acid phosphatase testing reagent, may test positive on a neat standard but miss a weak semen stain from a case.To ensure that presumptive testing reagents are working properly, a series of “weak” standards have been developed for the testing of acid phosphatase, amylase, creatinine and hemoglobin. The preparation and use of these biological standards will be discussed. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=5191834 Thu, 14 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100 5191834 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4591333&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000985%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Experiments have been carried out to determine if and how many glass fragments are transferred onto upper garments following breakage of bottles and drinking glasses. In all instances glass was transferred. The numbers of transferred fragments after a bottle is broken ranges from three to twenty five. The numbers of fragments transferred following the breakage of a drinking glass ranges from three to approximately one hundred and twenty. On average three times the amount of glass is transferred following breakage of a drinking glass as compared to breakage of a bottle. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4591333 Wed, 18 Aug 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4591333 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4591332&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000997%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: We provide a unified overview on the evaluation of the evidentiary values of cold-hit DNA matches between profiles in a DNA database and a mixed crime sample. Also discussed are methods of handling missing data in evaluating the DNA evidence. Through the analysis of a constructed murder case using Swedish data, we illustrate the applicability of the methods on various situations including the presence of multiple matches and consideration of allele drop-out. We also demonstrate the calculation of the probability of erroneous attribution as a measure of the effectiveness of the database search on DNA mixtures. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4591332 Wed, 18 Aug 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4591332 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3872232&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000833%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3872232 Tue, 17 Aug 2010 09:19:37 +0100 3872232 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3872231&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000821%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3872231 Tue, 17 Aug 2010 09:19:37 +0100 3872231 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3872214&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000778%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3872214 Tue, 17 Aug 2010 09:19:34 +0100 3872214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4591335&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610001000%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Despite efforts to quantify bitemark evidence, comparison procedures remain subjective and yield different degrees of certainty. Our aim was to study the effectiveness of a comparison procedure requiring a dichotomous response by the expert. We compared overlays from 3-D images of dental casts and bite impressions, obtained using DentalPrint© software. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed on the results of 104 comparisons, finding an area under the ROC curve of 0.955 (standard error=0.029; 95% CI, 0.896–0.986), sensitivity of 92.3% (95% CI, 74.8–98.8) and specificity of 98.7% (95% CI, 93.0–99.8). According to these findings, this bitemark analysis procedure is highly accurate, although study limitations are discussed, placing these results in cont... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4591335 Mon, 16 Aug 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4591335 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4591336&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000754%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A method that provides objective data to complement the hair analysts' microscopic observations, which is non-destructive, would be of obvious benefit in the forensic examination of hairs. This paper reports on the use of objective colour measurement and image analysis techniques of auto-montaged images. Brown Caucasian telogen scalp hairs were chosen as a stern test of the utility of these approaches. The results show the value of using auto-montaged images and the potential for the use of objective numerical measures of colour and pigmentation to complement microscopic observations. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4591336 Mon, 02 Aug 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4591336 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4861861&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000742%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes David Canter and Donna Youngs have contributed to and edited a subject, which is becoming increasingly important, in criminal investigation and has contributed to the many successes in recent years, one reason why the technique as applied to the Management of Serious and Serial Major Criminal Investigations has gained significance and is now widely used in many of these major criminal investigations. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4861861 Sun, 01 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100 4861861 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3872223&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000717%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Everyone in the world of forensic science will be saddened by the unexpected news of Robin's death. He was a true pioneer in the field of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and its applications to forensic science. Robin joined the Metropolitan Police Forensic Laboratory (MPFSL) in 1971 when they had just bought their first SEM. It had been intended as a powerful microscopic tool for looking at biological materials. Robin had studied Botany at Kings College, London and was interested in materials like coccoliths, diatoms, pollen seeds, grains found during archaeological digs and plant structures and set about his task enthusiastically. However, he soon realised there were many more applications as a micro-analytical tool. He began exploring these and whenever he found something interesting... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3872223 Tue, 20 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3872223 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167377&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000699%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: When volatile flammable vapours are released, they can mix with surrounding air and form a vapour cloud. Ignition of this fuel/air mixture will produce a flame front that will flash through the vapour. Items exposed to the flame front, including a suspect's clothing and footwear, may sustain superficial heat damage. At The Forensic Science Service Ltd this is referred to as flashburning. This paper describes the concept of flashburning, the laboratory methodology used to identify it and how an assessment on the overall distribution of that damage may allow a scientist to evaluate its evidential significance. Two anonymised casework examples are used to demonstrate how this information has been interpreted and used in evidence in United Kingdom courts of law. (Source: Science and ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167377 Tue, 20 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4167377 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167380&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000730%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Most footwear marks made in blood on a surface such as fabric tend to be enhanced in situ rather than physically recovered using a lifting technique prior to enhancement. This work reports on the use of an alginate material to recover the impressed footwear marks made in blood and deposited on a range of fabric types and colours. The lifted marks were then enhanced using acid black 1 and leuco crystal violet with excellent results.This presents a new method for the lifting and recovery of blood impressions in situ from crime scene followed by subsequent mark enhancement of the lifted impression. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167380 Thu, 15 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4167380 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3872215&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000729%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes On November 30th, 1660, twelve learned men gathered together in London to hear Christopher Wren deliver a lecture on astronomy. The resultant gathering established the Royal Society, the United Kingdom's National Academy of Science and the fellows of the Royal Society, throughout its 350year history, have had the most profound influence on the development of science, engineering and technology. In those very early days the importance of sound peer reviewed research was reflected in the motto of the gentlemen present (including Christopher Wren, Robert Hooke, Isaac Newton and Robert Boyle) which was to ‘accept nothing on authority’. They strove constantly to understand the world around them through careful observation, experimentation, debate and publication of their findings. (Source: ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3872215 Wed, 14 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3872215 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167384&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000584%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This edition of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis with an Introduction to Crime Scene Reconstruction covers the analysis of bloodstain patterns found at violent crime scenes incorporating updated techniques and procedures. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167384 Mon, 12 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4167384 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167378&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000687%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: A practical method is proposed to assess the shedding potential of textile materials. The evaluation of the sheddability is based on the use of adhesive tapes and on comparison, using three different sheddability scales for cotton, wool and fine man-made fibres. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167378 Thu, 08 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4167378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167376&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000705%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article summarizes ten bases for estimating this parameter: (1) proficiency tests; (2) readability limits; (3) independent reference materials; (4) operational limits applied during calibration; (5) expert judgment; (6) precision control samples without (6) and with (7) contributions from extramural sources of error; (8) error budgets; (9) historical performance; and (10) ruggedness tests. Based on the assumptions underlying each approach, the forensic community will need to apply a variety of discipline-specific approaches to arrive at satisfactory estimates of measurement uncertainty. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167376 Mon, 05 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4167376 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3872227&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000602%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Wildlife Investigations is one of seventeen titles which have been complied under the International Forensic Science and Investigation Series published by CRC Press. These books are intended, according to the series preface, to provide reference, learning and methods to the wider audience of forensic practitioners throughout the world. This particular addition is intended to help investigators and lab technicians decide on the best methods to apply in the diverse circumstances that can be encountered during the examination of plant or animal samples for forensic purposes. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3872227 Sun, 04 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3872227 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167375&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000328%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study suggests that incorporating chemical data obtained from GC–FID/GC–MS and ICP–OES into a case involving PF could be advantageous, as this will enable the forensic scientist to broaden the comparison between control and recovered fragments, and further assess the strength of the evidence. However, ICP–OES analysis is a destructive technique with a relatively short sample turnaround time, whilst GC–FID analysis is more time-consuming and non-destructive, requiring corroboration with GC–MS data. The values of these two analytical techniques in the forensic chemical characterization of PFs are discussed. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167375 Mon, 17 May 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4167375 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3872218&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000535%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Forensic science is being required to justify and elucidate its scientific foundations. One way of doing this is through academic curricula. For many native forensic sciences, these curricula do not exist. A content analysis of nine major books in fingerprints was conducted to develop a structure for curricula in that field. The results of this study can be used to organize course content and serve as a model for other disciplines with published materials but no coherent or standard curricula. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3872218 Sun, 16 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3872218 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167379&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000523%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Abstract: Two experimental studies were undertaken to investigate the processes of reincorporation and redistribution of trace evidence on garments when worn by a suspect or a victim (reincorporation) or after the garments have been seized and packaged for subsequent forensic analysis (redistribution). The first experiment utilised UV powder, an established proxy for geoforensic trace particulates and the second experiment utilised daffodil pollen transferred onto garments under conditions that mimicked forensic reality. It was demonstrated that reincorporation of trace particulates occurs from upper to lower parts of the same garment and also from upper garments to lower garments. Reincorporation also occurred to all areas of the lower garments, however the highest concentration of partic... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167379 Tue, 11 May 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4167379 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167382&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000511%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Thirteen years after the first edition, Saferstein's Forensic Science Handbook Volume III comes this second edition. The second edition compromises nine chapters which cover a diverse range of topics from analysis of dust (Chapter 2), applications of IR spectroscopy (Chapter 3) and microscopy (Chapter 4) thru DNA (Chapter 7) and Y-STRs (Chapter 8), and firearm discharge residue (Chapter 9). The quality of the images within this edition is far superior to that of the first edition in terms of size and clarity. This is especially evident in Chapter 7. I will review this book in two ways: as an overall review and; as a comparison to the first edition. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167382 Mon, 10 May 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4167382 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3519157&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000407%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3519157 Fri, 30 Apr 2010 16:01:29 +0100 3519157 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3519156&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000390%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3519156 Fri, 30 Apr 2010 16:01:29 +0100 3519156 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3519144&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000341%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3519144 Fri, 30 Apr 2010 16:01:28 +0100 3519144 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3519145&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000316%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes I was delighted to take the opportunity to write the editorial for this issue of Science & Justice. It is one of many examples of Skills for Justice working in partnership with the Forensic Science Society to drive up the quality of learning development and competence within Forensic Science in the UK. Another is the development of Forensic Skillsmark, bringing together the widely respected Skillsmark and the Forensic Science Society's University Accreditation scheme. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3519145 Thu, 01 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100 3519145 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=4167381&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000304%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We describe a method, incorporating a flow chart and reference tables that facilitate manual calculations of the likelihood ratio for several postulated genetic relationships. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=4167381 Mon, 22 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 4167381 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326689&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000110%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326689 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326689 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326688&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030610000109%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326688 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326688 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326685&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002500%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes There is increasing pressure on scenes of crime examiners and forensic scientists to select the most appropriate items from crime scene samples submitted to the laboratory to maximise the recovery of useful information in a case. This selection process should enable us to predict which items would be most likely to yield useful DNA profiles, or anticipate if profiles are likely to be obtained from low quantities of DNA. There is limited data in the literature on managing DNA casework expectations. The DNA section of the forensic science laboratory in Dublin received approximately 750 cases in both 2007 and 2008. The section processed 448 cases in 2007 and 604 in 2008. In 2006 an in-house database was established in the DNA section to gather data and monitor the results of these cases. The ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326685 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326685 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326684&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002494%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes We report the number of observed matches in recent DNA profile exchanges between Germany and The Netherlands, and between the UK and the Netherlands. Comparing the observed number of matches to the expected number of random matches provides insight in the effectiveness of these databases to identify cross-border criminals. We also discuss a framework to report DNA database matches to the police and judicial authorities. In cases where a suspect has been identified through a match in the DNA database the NFI annotates the random match probability estimate with a ‘point of attention’. This standard text block explains that in case of a DNA database match any other incriminating evidence may be weak or completely lacking, so that the case as a whole against the suspect can be weak. Report... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326684 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326683&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002482%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The development of optimised screening assays continues to be an active area of research in the field of molecular diagnostics and forensic genetics. Semiconductor nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) have been highlighted as new optimum fluorescent labels due to their unique optical properties. A spectral ‘barcode’ is generated by pulling different QDs in synthetic microspheres which are then illuminated with a single excitation light. In contrast to conventional fluorescent microspheres, QD-doped particles have the potential to produce an unprecedented number of fluorescent codes, with higher chemical- and photo-stability, and lower limits of detection. Surface-capping strategies providing particle solubilisation and biofunctionalisation create a flexible technology for high throughput... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326683 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326683 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326682&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002470%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Low template DNA analysis has become an increasing part of many forensic investigations. Using a variety of techniques, such as increasing the number of PCR amplification cycles or modification to the capillary electrophoresis detection method, profiles have been obtained from samples containing less than 100pg of DNA. This has enabled a much wider range of sample types to be analysed and has provided valuable information in many high profile cases. However the results are frequently difficult to interpret owing to stochastic effects and the detection of increased numbers of mixed profiles. The high sensitivity of the technique also increases the possibility that extraneous DNA contamination will be detected. A number of criticisms of the technique led to a review headed by Professor Brian... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326682 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326682 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326681&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002469%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Since its inception in the mid-1990s, the application of STR DNA profiling technology to forensic human identification has developed rapidly. Its discriminating power has been extended with the development of larger multiplexes whilst the sensitivity of the method has been increased to a level where a profile can be obtained from almost any biological evidence type. The increased sensitivity has been achieved incrementally by improving DNA-extraction and purification methods, optimisation of the DNA amplification reaction, and via technical improvements to the separation platform and detection instrumentation. If the starting DNA amount is lowered, a number of interpretational challenges follow. It is on these that this presentation will focus. DNA profiles produced from crime samples are ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326681 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326681 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326680&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002457%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Biological stains from blood, semen, and saliva, or mixed body fluids are commonly encountered in forensic casework. When mixtures of body fluids are present, it can be difficult to identify the minor component using traditional methods. Current DNA profiling methodology can yield a DNA profile from a sample of body fluid, but the emphasis for forensic scientists now is not on from whom did the DNA come from, but what body fluid or cell type did this DNA profile originate. There are many circumstances where it is important to know not only who the sample came from but also what body fluid the DNA profile originated from. We have developed a multiplex PCR system using messenger RNA (mRNA) to identify blood, saliva, semen, menstrual blood, and vaginal secretions. Messenger RNA transcripts th... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326680 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326680 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326679&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002445%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In the early days of forensic DNA analysis, the technology's sensitivity was limited to biological stains such as blood and semen, and issues relating to the transfer of such biological substances not a major concern. However with technological developments it is now possible to detect trace DNA from handled objects, and therefore broader principles of criminalistics have become more relevant and can now be applied to biological evidence. However, as DNA dips into the realm of trace evidence, the interpretation becomes much less straightforward. The contested issue in legal argument over DNA evidence is now less often the identification of the sample, but rather issues such as transfer, persistence, and exactly how that sample came to be present at the crime scene. This research investigat... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326679 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326679 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326678&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002433%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In conclusion, we have designed a system which can obtain DNA profiles and manage sample data effectively from all the tested sample types such that we can process the majority of samples encountered within SPSA Forensic Services, Glasgow. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326678 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326678 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326677&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002421%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The use of digital video is rapidly increasing. Analogue CCTV systems are replaced by digital systems, digital cameras are increasingly popular and affordable, many mobile phones now come equipped with a camera and high-bandwidth internet allows home users to share their recordings and download video material in larger quantities than ever before. When digital video content is an important part of case evidence, such as in cases of recorded child pornography or other recordable crimes, finding every last bit of video data and making it viewable can be crucial to the investigation. This is however not always as easy as simply searching the data carriers using regular operating system functionality. Deleted files can usually be found with typical forensic software, if they are not yet overwr... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326677 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326676&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900241X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Forensic analysts spend 80% of their time performing manual data-cleansing before they can analyse data forensically extracted from Mobile Phones and Networks. Our aim is to use advanced computing so that we can add automation, speed, accuracy, and reliability into this process. There are three major issues with current practice: (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326676 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326675&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002408%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Efforts have been made within the European Project FIDIS (www.fidis.net) to examine and validate the methods for camera identification based on Pixel Response Non-Uniformity (PRNU). In this presentation, the current state of the art is given, with experiments with ten cameras of ten different makes and models, to validate how unique the patterns are within the groups. In the experiments, cameras such as phonecams were also used. These kinds of cameras use much JPEG-compression, and a filter has been used to filter out the JPEG-distortion. The first test with Youtube seemed to be difficult, since we could not easily distinguish the cameras from images that we have uploaded. We have implemented other methods with wavelet-filtering by Lukas et al. which worked better in this test. The algorit... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326675 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326675 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326674&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002391%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Since September 2007, the Forensic Science Institute of the French Gendarmerie (IRCGN) has been deploying a 3-D laser/scanner to fulfil its modelling capabilities with respect to crime/crash scenes. Its technical features make it a fast and accurate tool, bringing 3-step forensic solutions. In a first step, the laser acquisition will ‘freeze’ the crime scene and its components. In a second step, the resulting virtual crime/crash scene model is used as a high performance tool, enabling miscellaneous examinations such as measurements, ballistic reconstructions etc. In a third step, the ‘signal, image and voice’ department has been developing a capability in the field of 3-D animation, in order to generate video clips to illustrate crime/crash sites or scenarios. This presentation des... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326674 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326674 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326673&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900238X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In the field of air crash, the analysis of CVR (Cockpit Voice Recorder) is sometimes the only way to explain the circumstances of the crash, either to improve safety for future flights or to determine the judicial responsibilities. Our forensic laboratory (IRCGN) is involved in the judicial process. IRCGN works on the analysis of the flight recorders of any type of aircraft: civilian or military, private as soon as a decision of justice is committed. The first recorder analysed came from the HABSHEIM crash (east of France) from an Air France Airbus in 1989 during an air show. Then a dozen of cases have been investigated like the CONCORDE crash in July 2000. Standards set by the Convention on International Civil Aviation Organisation and the well-known ‘Annex 13’ are used for technical ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326673 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326673 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326672&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002378%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes For traditional forensic examination in cases of car crash the methodologies used didn't take into account hundreds of variables which play a role in a car accident. These variables are in the order of thousands and are calculated in real-time by the several car computers on board. They are recorded in the computer memory and in case of car crash they can be red and can give exactly the same and even more information than we could get through the empiric way offered by an analogic examination. The digital evidence in the case of a car accident is analogous to the digital evidence collection model in the computer crime, but its exactness as well as its probatory potential is incomparably superior to the evidence gathered in a car crash through an analogical method. In other words, the sever... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326672 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326672 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326671&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002366%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Traditional digital forensics analyses are conducted through 2 different main models: ‘simple expert’ model or ‘open systems/embedded systems’ model. Nowadays, these models face an important technology merge, commonly known as ‘mobile technologies’ (as represented by current cellphones, netbooks, e.g., Eee PC). Actually should we consider (and analyse) an iPhone as a cellphone, a PDA, a computer, a camera or a game console? Mobile devices have also introduced new forensic challenges. Gathering data from mobile devices and analysing them are part of these. To overcome this challenge, the IRCGN developed the ‘Extract–Analyse’ model in which extracting data and analysing data are separated experts' missions. The aim of the ‘Extract–Analyse’ model is to dedicate highly ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326671 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326671 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326670&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002354%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The pace of development in the digital marketplace and the resulting increase in complexity it introduces to digital forensics are discussed. Now at the forefront of many police investigations, GPS, Cell-Site, CCTV and Computer Data pose many new challenges in crime scene management, digital evidence preservation, and forensic analysis. Through case-studies, consideration is given as to how best to ensure that early intelligence opportunities are not missed whilst concurrently acting to secure digital evidence for future forensic investigation. Efficient information sharing across the international digital forensics community, and developing and sustaining links with industry and academia are identified as essential to easing the burden of complexity. Evidence of convergence within the ‘... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326670 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326670 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326669&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002342%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study, two types of up-converters were tested as dry and wet powders using a wide range of surfaces and surfactant formulations. It was proposed to synthesise a water-soluble up-converter and to trial it as a luminescent stain for cyanoacrylate-developed fingermarks. Results obtained using these up-converters were compared to those obtained using traditional methods. The results illustrate the enormous potential of using anti-Stokes luminescence for the detection of latent fingermarks. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326669 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326669 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326668&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002330%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Antibodies that are enantiospecific to l-amino acids have been trialled as a novel antigenic fingermark enhancement reagent. When conjugated to gold nanospheres and placed in a non-aqueous suspension, the antibodies targeted free amino acids and peptides present in fingermark ridge detail with high specificity and sensitivity. Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fingermark samples on porous and non-porous surfaces were used to determine the specificity and sensitivity of the conjugates. Trials using fingermark samples developed with the conjugates and enhanced with a fluorescently tagged secondary antibody indicated that the method was most effective for dry and aged fingermarks on non-porous surfaces. The long wavele... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326668 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326668 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326667&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002329%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Conclusions drawn from the majority of the studies stress its high power of discrimination. Preliminary studies conducted so far on the isotopic analysis of intact explosives (pre-blast) have shown that samples with the same chemical composition and coming from different sources could be differentiated. The measurement of stable isotope ratios appears therefore as a new and remarkable analytical tool for the discrimination or the identification of a substance with a definite source. However, much research is still needed to assess the validity of the results in order to use them either in an operational prospect or in court. Through the isotopic study of black powders and ammonium nitrates, this research aims at evaluating the contribution of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to the investig... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326667 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326667 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326666&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002317%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) has been widely used in the fields of geochemistry and hydrology. The potential for accessing information, such as sample origin and history, have seen IRMS being adopted for a variety of forensic applications. The pharmaceutical and drugs industry have utilised IRMS for establishing patent infringements and characterising batches of illegal drugs. The technique has also been used to investigate human tissue, including hair and nails, to establish information about geographical movement, and has assisted in several murder investigations. The Forensic Explosives Laboratory (FEL) has developed methods for carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen isotope analysis and applied this to samples with explosives significance. Part of the FEL's IRMS research effort has foc... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326666 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326666 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326665&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002305%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Drug profiling, or the ability to link batches of illicit drugs to a common source or synthetic route, has long been a goal of law-enforcement agencies. Recently, research has been focused on the applicability of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) for this task. In the first study, 18 MDMA samples were synthesised in-house from the same batch of starting ketone by three commonly used reductive aminations (Al/Hg amalgam, NaBH4, and Pt/H2), and the resulting MDMA HCl was analysed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) for carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope ratios. Accurate discrimination of the samples by synthetic route was demonstrated using δ2H values on their own or in combination with δ13C, δ15N, and/or δ18O. In the second study, a factorial design experiment was ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326665 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326665 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326664&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002299%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This article discusses the potential and limitations of using isotope ratio mass spectrometry for comparison purposes of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. On the one hand, the variation of the isotope ratios of samples from one known source was determined for intra-batch and inter-batch samples. Additionally seized samples of unknown sources were compared to these values. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326664 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326664 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326663&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002287%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes There is a technology gap for ‘in-field’ detection methods that are capable of separating complex mixtures of precursor chemicals and active ingredients of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS). The Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 is a commercial lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device designed to separate and analyse DNA and RNA. Modification of the routine operational procedures and buffers facilitates the analysis of compounds that the instrument was not originally designed for. The limiting factor is the method of detection, which is restricted to laser-induced fluorescence. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-derivatized ATS were chosen for method optimization on conventional capillary electrophoresis (CE). The initial parameters altered for optimization were pH, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration,... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326663 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326663 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326662&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002275%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a drug of abuse controlled under the legislation addressing psychotropic substances. According to recent studies, recreative use of this drug and to a lesser extent GHB-facilitated sexual assaults (‘date rape’) are an emerging trend. Hence the seriousness of the situation; its chemical precursors, γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD), suffer from a lack of interest by law authorities. Indeed, there are no legal restrictions or sanctions regarding the use and trade of GBL and 1,4-BD, despite being almost readily available to purchase as commercial cleaning solvent. Furthermore, GHB can be easily synthesised from these precursors and direct oral consumption of these substances results in a rapid conversion to GHB in the body. In intoxication ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326662 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326662 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326661&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002263%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In December 2006, the naked bodies of five young women were discovered in various locations on the outskirts of the town of Ipswich in England. Two of these women were recovered from a river after immersion for a number of weeks, whilst the remaining three had been deposited in woodland and exposed to a combination of heavy rainfall and wind. Despite the adverse conditions to which the bodies of these women had been exposed, DNA evidence was recovered from the three women deposited on land and combinations of fibre collectives common to all of the victims were identified in debris recovered from their bodies. Sources for these fibre collectives were identified within the home environment of a suspect, Steve Wright, who had been identified through the DNA evidence. The trial in February 200... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326661 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326661 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326660&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002251%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes A case report will be presented demonstrating the evidential value of common denim fibres which usually have very low evidential value. However, in this particular case the fibres played an important role. The victim, Martti K. was a 78-year-old healthy but mentally retarded man living alone isolated in his hut. Some teenage boys used to visit him and they tried to irritate him, but Martti was friendly and harmless and it was not easy to argue with him. Martti never left his home and never let anybody enter his hut. Once or twice a week, a postman used to bring food and cigarettes to Martti. One day, the postman couldn't find Martti in the courtyard and found Martti lying dead on the floor. Lot of work over two years was done by the police and the forensic laboratory to solve the case. Aft... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326660 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326660 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326659&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900224X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Key information sought in a boat collision investigation includes: path and direction of boats, speed, impact angle, impact site, and evasive actions. Boat collision and road traffic collision investigations are similar in application of dynamics, Newton's Laws and kinetic energy, and in examining damages, contact evidence, and navigation lights. Unlike road accidents, boat collisions do not leave skidmarks and scars on roads. Road vehicles usually follow clearly marked lanes and directions and come to rest on the ground after collision, unlike boats in open seas. The positions and orientations of boats when investigated can differ markedly from those immediately after engagement. Finding collision debris is more difficult in boat collisions — debris could sink to a murky seabed or dispe... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326659 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326659 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326658&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002238%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study, four hair colour groups were considered: black, brown, blond, and red. Colour analysis was performed using three colour models: Red–Green–Blue (RGB), CIE XYZ Tristimulus, and CIE L*a*b*.This analysis could perform a separation of the hairs based on the numerical values of the coordinates, the best discrimination being obtained using the CIE L*a*b* colour model. While more research is needed to fully account for the variations existing within a scalp as well as between individuals, the proposed analysis is easy to perform and has the potential to reduce the subjective assessment of colour and pigment features of human hairs. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326658 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326658 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326657&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002226%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The development of reliable methods for evaluating fracture matches has been a longstanding problem in forensics. In this contribution we present several fracture-matching approaches that can be used to match a set of snap-off cutter knife blades. First, we discuss our 3-D white-light profilometer imaging setup. This system can be used to obtain 2-D relative height/depth maps of the blade cross sections. Next, we show that the obtained 3-D scans of the fractures can be used to accurately match sets of corresponding snap-off cutter blade elements. We illustrate how the matching process can be realised using either an interactive human ‘on-screen’ examination approach, or the proposed numerical algorithms and techniques. The proposed algorithms search for the best matching feature templa... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326657 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326657 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326656&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002214%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Saw marks on bone have been routinely reported in dismemberment cases. The purpose of this study is to evaluate 100 saw kerf mark widths in bone produced by ten saw types to determine variability of saw blade thicknesses. Five measurements were taken from each of the 100 saw kerf mark widths to establish a range for excluding saw blades when compared to the kerf marks. A total of 500 kerf widths were examined to determine the kerf mark ranges. As class characteristics, kerf mark widths can be examined and evaluated to eliminate possible saw blades. When teeth on a saw blade contact bone and the bone is not completely sawed into two parts, bone fragments are removed forming a channel or kerf. Kerf width approximates the thickness of the saw blade. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326656 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326656 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326655&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002202%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Despite extensive research over the past century, latent fingerprint detection can still provide numerous pertinent challenges to the forensic investigator. In some cases, the inability to lift latent deposits stems from the inherent nature of the medium in question. For example, there are often significant problems associated with the highly textured surfaces of fabrics, or with thin films, such as plastic drug wraps. In other cases, however, environmental stressors towards the deposited print can prove critical; thus heat-exposed exhibits such as spent cartridge casings typically offer inherent challenges for print detection, as do materials which have been immersed in water. During our studies into the interaction of disulfur dinitride (S2N2) with zeolite matrices, it became apparent th... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326655 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326655 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326654&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002196%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study aimed at evaluating DFO and IND-Zn formulations under two different Australian conditions: one being relatively warm and humid (Sydney) and the other being relatively mild and dry (Canberra). Six IND-Zn formulations and two DFO formulations were evaluated. Increasing the concentration of zinc chloride was seen to produce inconsistent results, producing stronger fluorescence for some donors, but weaker fluorescence and clarity for other donors. A 0.08% w/v IND-Zn formulation was seen to produce comparable fluorescence to a 0.025% w/v IND-Zn formulation. The current UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch (HOSDB) DFO formulation was determined to be the optimum DFO formulation, with stronger fluorescence in developed fingermarks compared to other DFO formulations. In Sydney, ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326654 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326654 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326653&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002184%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Identification of suspects via fingerprint analysis is one of the mainstays of forensic science. The success in matching fingerprints using conventional fingerprint scanning and database searching, strongly relies on the enhancement method adopted for fingerprint recovery which in turn depends on the components present in the fingerprints, which will change over time. Despite all of the existing techniques and chemical enhancers, the need for new and more efficient reagents to detect latent fingerprints is still very strongly felt. This work aims to further one aspect of fingerprint analysis by developing a robust methodology for improved analytical detection of the fingerprint components. MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging has been selected for its established potential in both compound iden... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326653 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326653 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326652&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002172%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This study uses a number of techniques to characterise the resultant chemiluminescence (in terms of spectral output and intensity) as a function of time and under a range of conditions. The techniques used were modified spectrofluorophotometry, spectroradiometry, luminance measurements and conventional photography. The results show that there is considerable difference between formulations. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326652 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326652 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326651&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002160%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Gait analysis results applied into the movement recognition for identification purposes are useful especially in the cases when there is no face, hand, ear, or eye detected on the record from the crime scene and there are no other traces found. It was proved in the previous studies that individuals can be recognised according to the way they move, walk — what is their motion performance. Authors would like to present their approach for describing an individual's gait pattern as a specific dynamic stereotype of the functional gait parameters. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326651 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326651 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326650&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002159%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The morphology and chemistry of bones can provide a record of their history and have been well studied for archaeological samples. However, the structural properties of lesser-aged bones, such as those that may be encountered in a forensic context, have not been as widely studied. An investigation into the most suitable analytical techniques for the characterisation of bone samples exhumed from a variety of burial environments has been carried out. An understanding of the behaviour of bone exposed to different conditions will provide forensic practitioners with additional tools to characterise bones. Bone samples were produced using pig bone as a model for human bone. The environmental factors were controlled in closed containers in the laboratory. Thermal analysis techniques, including di... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326650 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326650 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326649&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002147%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Facial reconstruction is an artistic process with a limited scientific basis. It is a last resort in human identification in which an approximate facial appearance is produced from the skull in the hope that a resultant candidate identity might be confirmed by other means such as DNA or dental records. The aim of this investigation was to establish whether contemporary medical and stereophotographic imaging methods could be combined to predict face shape from the skull and to assess whether they can be used to reassess current guidelines for the positioning of facial features and other norms in forensic facial reconstruction. A database was collected from 60 individuals (30 male and 30 female) of predominantly White ancestry, consisting of an MRI scan of the volunteer's head and face, and ... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326649 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326649 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326648&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002135%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The need for additional research into forensic human identification has been highlighted over the past decade in the aftermaths of catastrophes such as the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre (2001) and Hurricane Katrina (2005) that led to the loss of thousands of lives, many of whom still remain unidentified. We postulate that by combining spatial data obtained from analytical techniques from different disciplines it may be possible to significantly increase the probability of successful identification of unknown remains. In our research we combine stable and radiogenic isotope chemistry and trace element chemistry with forensic genetic techniques to create the foundations of powerful predictive models. Attendees to our presentation will be introduced to the preliminary developmen... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326648 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326648 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326647&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002123%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Forensic science already uses a variety of methods often in combination to determine a deceased person's identity when identification is not possible through personal effects or next of kin. While forensic anthropology is able to work from a blank canvas, as it were, and can provide information on age, gender, and potentially ethnical grouping, techniques such as DNA profiling do rely on finding a match either in a database or against a comparative ante-mortem sample of the presumed victim or from a putative relation. Chances for either to succeed would be greatly enhanced if information gained from traditional techniques could be linked to another technique that can work from a ‘blank canvas’ or at least does not require comparison to a subject specific database. With the help of stab... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326647 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326647 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326646&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002111%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study, a total of 1000 fingerprints were deposited on corpses in the morgue. The latent prints were enhanced with magnetic powder or black fingerprint powder. Following, the latents were secured either with silicone casting material or gelatine foil in order to extract the DNA from the lifts. The trials carried out have shown that it is possible to visualise a considerable number of identifiable fingerprints on the skin of corpses (16%). The project was also successful in demonstrating that it was possible to recover and extract DNA from the powdered latents (2%). (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326646 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326646 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326645&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900210X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes A few times a year the Dutch Police are faced with crime scenes that could contain dangerous materials such as explosives and their precursors. Even at the slightest risk of an explosion, bomb experts from the Dutch Army (EOD) are called to the crime scene. Regularly also forensic explosives experts from the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI) are consulted to provide advice and assist in identifying the unknown materials. After the crime scene is secured, the EOD assesses the situation and decides the course of action. If an immediate threat is judged to exist, it can be decided to evacuate the area, after which the EOD neutralises the threat by controlled explosion of the suspect materials. Threat assessment is based on visual inspection, experience, and microchemical test kits for expl... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326645 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326645 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326644&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002093%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The analysis and reconstruction of forensically relevant events, such as traffic accidents, criminal assaults, and homicides are based on external and internal morphological findings of the injured or deceased person and of the geometry of the involved vehicles or injury causing instruments. For this approach, high-tech methods like radiological imaging and 3-D optical surface scanning have gained importance in forensic investigations during the last years. The non-contact optical 3-D digitizing system GOM ATOS is applied as a suitable tool for whole body surface and wound documentation and analysis in order to identify injury-causing instruments and to reconstruct the course of events. In addition to the surface documentation, cross-sectional imaging methods deliver medical internal findi... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326644 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326644 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326643&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002081%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In forensic investigations of disasters, it could be necessary to carry out a reconstruction of all movements made by people and cars just before, during, and after a big incident. The goal is to find not only perpetrators, but victims and eyewitnesses as well. Methods and technology are presented that are based on the widespread availability of video footage from CCTV systems and phone cams, and intelligence such as cell phone traffic data. Analysis of all video data is based on the concept of events on a time line and the use of 2-D maps, aerial photography, and 3-D city and terrain models. All methods and technology will be demonstrated with case data from capital crimes. The presented was carried out within the framework of a 3-year project. A brief overview is given of other results s... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326643 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326643 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326642&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900207X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The major contribution of forensic odontology to forensic sciences is identification in mass disasters. The most reliable three parameters for positive identification are fingerprints, DNA and dental findings. However, in our country, even severely burned, fragmented, or decomposed bodies may be released to the relatives merely upon visual recognition. Compared to routine autopsy of an unidentified body, identification in mass disasters requires a different approach. Such an identification procedure consists of three phases: collection of AM data, recording of PM findings, and comparison of AM–PM data. The structure of the DVI team is case-dependent: place, time, and conditions of the disaster determine the equipment and personnel needs of the operation. At times it is possible to utilis... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326642 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326642 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326641&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002068%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Suicidal bombing in a strict medico-legal sense means committing suicide by causing an explosion. However suicide bombings as referred to by media and public at present in relation to terrorist acts are not pure suicidal acts. They should be rephrased as suicide–homicide bombings as all incidents have both suicidal and homicidal components in them. Terror acts have diverse manifestations. When it is associated with suicidal component its end results could be devastating. Suicide terrorism or more specifically suicide–homicide bombings are an extreme manifestation of terrorism in the modern era. The terrorist suicide bombing is being experienced in increased frequency in many countries around the globe and the threat of such bombings has forced many developed countries to draft urgent s... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326641 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326641 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326640&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002056%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes The paper presents the position of jurisdiction (primarily a Polish one) in relation to so-called new scientific evidence connected with identification of person. However due to a short time of use of this kind of evidence it was not unconditionally accepted by the courts. Taking the principles of admissibility of scientific evidence in the US into consideration, the approach to the evolution of Polish judicial practice in this respect has been presented, starting from anthropological examinations through fingerprint evidence and expertise-based DNA polymorphisms. Declared ideas constitute a review of judicial approach and do not construct its uniform line. Therefore the main part of the paper has been devoted to scrutiny of Polish jurisprudence, trying to create a commonly accepted defini... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326640 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326640 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326639&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002044%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes This presentation deals with the implementation of logically correct, balanced, robust and transparent forensic reporting. The Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI) produces about 35,000 reports per year in 43 fields of expertise. About 20,000 of those reports are complete statements including a forensic interpretation and conclusion. The improvement of the quality of the reporting is an ongoing activity of the NFI, but in the last 3years the authors' efforts towards transparency were focused on rendering the conclusions of the forensic reports more uniform, transparent, balanced, and logically correct. For the following years we envisage to improve the transparency of forensic reasoning, using Bayesian Networks (BNs) for explicit and rational reasoning. We will discuss the implications for... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326639 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326639 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326638&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002032%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Forensic scientists across all forensic disciplines are confronted with the need of addressing increasingly complex inference problems for assessing the value of scientific evidence. Two-trace transfer problems constitute a typical example for this. They are a realistic problem which, up to now, forensic statisticians have addressed with an algebraic approach for calculating likelihood ratios (LRs). Despite their valuable formal rigour, algebraic approaches may lead to mathematically sophisticated expressions at the expense of transparency, and possibly also comprehensibility, for non-mathematicians. With regard to this issue, we investigate a graphical approach based on the construction of probability models, i.e., Bayesian networks (BNs), to tackle such inference problems. On the one han... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326638 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326638 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326637&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002020%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Several European organisations are currently funding and/or undertaking research on the statistical evaluation of fingerprint evidence. Some organisations have already proposed prototype systems for the statistical assessment of the evidential value of fingerprint comparisons in casework. The use of statistical frameworks to assess the value of fingerprint evidence will answer some of the criticism of legal and scientific scholars, as summarised in the recent U.S. National Academy of Science report. However, research in this area is not only aimed at changing the perception of fingerprint evidence in the legal and scientific communities, but to provide fingerprint practitioners, and more widely the actors of the criminal justice system, with tools to support casework operations. In order t... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326637 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326637 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326636&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002019%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In forensic science, two competing hypotheses are often of interest: the suspect left the trace or the suspect is a random man. With respect to forensic handwriting comparisons, these hypotheses reduce to ‘the suspect wrote the questioned document’ versus ‘the suspect did not write the questioned document.’ The likelihood ratio is formed by taking the ratio of the relevant probabilities (or densities) of the evidence under each hypothesis. We propose that, when unknown parameters are present, the commonly reported likelihood ratio is only a point estimate of the likelihood ratio of interest. For example, in handwriting it is necessary to estimate a suspect's writing profile based upon a sample; thus, the resultant likelihood ratio has additional uncertainty associated with it. We i... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326636 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326636 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326635&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609002007%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes One of the aims of the analysis of evidence in the form of glass fragments, e.g., those transferred to a suspect's clothes and collected at the scene of crime, is comparison. The likelihood ratio (LR) which compares the probability of the measurements on the evidence assuming a common source for the crime scene and suspect evidence with the probability of the measurements on the evidence assuming different sources for the crime scene and suspect evidence is a well-documented measure of the value of the evidence. Recently, an LR model considering more than one variable of the evidence material has been proposed . Within this model a multivariate kernel density approach was adopted for modelling between-object distributions and a multivariate normal distribution was adopted for modelling wit... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326635 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326635 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326634&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001993%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In this study, objective measures of signature complexity (Found and Rogers, 1996) were related to the subjective judgements on signature complexity by the forensic handwriting experts. The presentation starts with a short overview of the substantive and methodological background of the study by Alewijnse et al. Subsequently, we will illustrate how reliability and validity of the complexity measures may be investigated by means of SEM. The presentation will end with a discussion of opportunities for future research in modelling subjective measures, especially with respect to research on the effects of cognitive bias, and methods for minimising them. (Source: Science and Justice) Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326634 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326634 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326633&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS1355030609001981%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes In interpreting forensic evidence, often the likelihood ratio (LR) is used to quantify the evidential value. For various reasons to be indicated below, this quantification can never be entirely certain. Therefore it might be better to present the evidential value not by a single number but by a range or a mean with a standard deviation. Using the example of eyewitness identification evidence (i.e., line-ups), sources of uncertainty are illustrated and methods to express the variability in evidential value are proposed. The LR is determined by assumptions regarding the evidence, by the available background data, and by the choice of models. Moreover, as the calculation of LRs is often based on samples, sampling error will induce randomness and hence uncertainty. Context can be another cause... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326633 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326633 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3326632&cid=s_37938_142_f&fid=37938&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandjusticejournal.com%2Farticle%2FPIIS135503060900197X%2Fabstract%3Frss%3Dyes Scales of conclusion in forensic interpretation play an important role in the interface between scientific work at a forensic laboratory and different bodies of the jurisdictional system of a country. Of particular importance is the use of a unified scale that allows interpretation of different kinds of evidence in one common framework. The logical approach to forensic interpretation comprises the use of the likelihood ratio as a measure of evidence value. While fully understood by forensic scientists, the likelihood ratio may be hard to interpret for a person not trained in natural sciences or mathematics. Translation of likelihood ratios to an ordinal scale including verbal counterparts of the levels is therefore a necessary procedure for communicating evidence values to the police and i... Science and Justice journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3326632 Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3326632