Seminars in Orthodontics via MedWorm.com

Future Issues

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

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The Financial and Performance Monitors Orthodontists Should Use to Understand the Status and Performance of Their Practice

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

Flying an airplane without instruments is sometimes called “flying by the seat of your pants.” Although it is possible to fly this way, it is not the most effective and safe way to fly, especially over long distances. Managing a practice “by the seat of your pants” is also possible, but it is not the most effective and efficient practice management philosophy as a long-term approach. Present-day orthodontists must pay the same attention to the performance of the practice as is paid to clinical treatment protocols. This vital monitoring information must be carefully linked to other practice management systems, such as the practice budget, practice goals, staff training, employee performance reviews, salaries, and incentive bonuses. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

A Guide to Understanding an Orthodontic Practice Financial Statement

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

This article explores the basic structure of financial statements, including an analysis of key performance indicators (KPI). Properly analyzing financial statements can give a sense of the health of the practice—pointing out strengths and weaknesses. Not all practices have the same format for their financial statements as others, and statements will vary from practice to practice, some providing more information than others. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Patient Statistics: What You Really Need to Know

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

Every orthodontic practice relies on certain numbers for establishing goals and then analyzing the success of the efforts taken toward the objectives. Analysis of financial data is only part of the statistical information that should be gathered and reviewed routinely. Patient statistics are equally essential in evaluating many areas of practice performance. The patient statistical categories, and desired achievement ratios, detailed in this article provide useful data for managing and marketing the orthodontic practice. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

External Marketing with Class and Style to General Dentists

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

The present difficult economy is causing a remarkable decrease in patients seeking orthodontic care. The adverse economy has also had a negative impact on general dental practices. Although all desire a speedy economic recovery, it is prudent to prepare for a long period of recovery. In this article, some strategies will be evaluated that could benefit referring general dentists and hopefully result in better relations with the general dentist and increase patient referrals to the orthodontic office. Marketing has become a necessity. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Marketing Directly to Patients

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

In the present difficult economic environment, branding, marketing, and visibility in one's community is every bit as important as excellent diagnosis and orthodontic treatment. The practice that can consistently attract new patients without heavily relying on referrals from other dental professionals has a distinct advantage. In this article, the authors outline several attributes found in successful practices that are growing despite the recent economic downturn. Practices that are able to internalize and implement these strategies will see increased new patient flow, be less susceptible to the vagaries of the economy, and have the peace of mind that comes from proactively creating new patient flow rather than leaving it to chance. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Work Hard … Get Lucky

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

This paper is written as a guide to orthodontic practices on how to achieve greater levels of success in an increasingly difficult market. With the use of humor and real life experiences, the author provides the reader with 4 basic tools necessary to make every day their lucky day, as well as 10 steps to getting lucky in their orthodontic practice. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

The New Patient Process

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

This paper addresses some of the important issues relating to the management of new and potentially new patients in an orthodontic practice. It stresses the importance of initial contacts with the patient emphasizing the initial telephone contact and how this should be managed. It also addresses numerous important issues related to practice quality, staff responsibilities, patient and parent comfort, addressing the needs of the patient as well as effective fee presentations. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

The Top Ten Management Mistakes That Orthodontists Make

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

If one knew then what one knows now, what might be different, or better? This is often a refrain by many people. The author conducted a survey of 120 practicing orthodontists in the United States and abroad and asked them what they thought the top 10 management mistakes were made by all orthodontists, including themselves. This paper discusses these issues, and it is hoped that the discussion will be helpful in preventing these mistakes being made in the future. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Top Performers

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

Building and maintaining a financially successful orthodontic practice, as well as a personally fulfilling journey, requires a team of employees and orthodontist who are motivated, dedicated, and willing to contribute to the health and wellbeing of patients, parents, each other, and the entire practice. For orthodontists to successfully engage and motivate staff, it is vital to have the proper leadership, effective hiring and training processes, clear performance management systems, and opportunities for team members to develop and excel. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Creating and Managing a First-Class Team

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

This article provides the orthodontist with the foundation needed to lead his or her team to success. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Leading Your Practice

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

There have been no great leaders who also were not effective communicators. The most successful practices are owned by those who are leaders and not just good orthodontists. Leadership and communication are skills that need greater emphasis in advanced education orthodontic programs. This paper highlights areas to be mastered to lead the practice to fulfill the vision for it. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Introduction

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

If only I could just focus on treating patients and not have to worry about managing and marketing my practice, I would be so much happier. Virtually every orthodontist has had thoughts like this, particularly during the difficult economic times we have been going through during the last couple of years. The purpose of this issue of Seminars in Orthodontics is to help the practicing orthodontist to successfully address the most common issues in the management and marketing of the orthodontic practice today. To achieve this goal, the guest editors have brought together a wide variety of the country's best-known and experienced experts, both practice management consultants and practicing orthodontists, to provide advice, suggestions, and guidelines that may aid the orthodontist in successfu...

Editorial

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

This issue of Seminars in Orthodontics is somewhat different from the usual issues because it is not a clinical or scientific topic but a topic of importance both to clinicians of long standing as well as to newly graduated or about to be graduating orthodontists. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

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Editorial Board

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 25 Nov 2011 05:13:29 +0100

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Early Orthopedic Treatment and Mandibular Growth of Children with Temporomandibular Joint Abnormalities

Seminars in Orthodontics — Sat, 27 Aug 2011 14:48:28 +0100

In patients with pathology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) or abnormal development in the TMJ area, a growth disturbance of the lower face will develop. The deviating growth is characterized by asymmetry if the affliction is unilateral and a retrognathic or even micrognathic mandible if bilateral, with the mandibular growth characterized by a posterior (clockwise) rotation. The short condyle and ramus result in a short posterior face height, resulting in decreased eruption of the posterior teeth and vertical development of the alveolar process. An early treatment, with the goal of supporting the symmetric growth, avoiding compensations, and providing space for normal development of the dentoalveolar area can be an option in which functional and distraction osteogenesis techniques can ...

New Methods to Evaluate Craniofacial Deformity and to Plan Surgical Correction

Seminars in Orthodontics — Sat, 27 Aug 2011 14:48:28 +0100

The success of craniomaxillofacial surgery depends not only on surgical techniques but also upon an accurate surgical planning. Unfortunately, traditional planning methods are often inadequate for planning complex craniomaxillofacial deformities. To this end, we developed a 3D computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) technique. By using our CASS method, we are able to treat patients with significant asymmetries in a single operation that in the past was usually completed in 2 stages. The purpose of this article is to introduce our CASS method in evaluating craniofacial deformities and planning surgical correction. In addition, we discuss the problems associated with the traditional surgical planning methods. Finally, we discuss the strength and pitfalls of using 3D measurements to evaluat...

Twenty-Year Follow-Up of 50 Consecutive Patients Born with Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate Treated by the Oslo Cleft Team, Norway

Seminars in Orthodontics — Sat, 27 Aug 2011 14:48:28 +0100

Long-term follow-up of patients with complete clefts provides a more certain indication of treatment outcome than short-term studies. Relatively few published reports, however, describe outcomes at age 20 years or beyond. This retrospective cohort study involved 50 patient (17 female, 33 male) born with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate who were consecutively treated by the Oslo Cleft Team. The data were analyzed by internal and external observers with the use of standardized procedures, ie, for assessment of dental arch relationship, the late adolescent version of the original Goslon Yardstick; for facial growth, standardized cephalometry; and an extension of the Bergland scale for rating alveolar bone grafting success. The kappa statistic was used to evaluate interrater reliabilit...

Orthognathic Cleft—Surgical/Orthodontic Treatment

Seminars in Orthodontics — Sat, 27 Aug 2011 14:48:28 +0100

In some cases early intervention and multiphase orthodontic treatment are insufficient to correct the skeletal and soft-tissue disharmonies present in cleft lip and palate patients. Commonly, midface deficiency with skeletal and dental Class III malocclusion is present in combination with other dental anomalies. In cleft lip and palate patients, orthognathic surgery may involve maxillary advancement with a LeFort surgical procedure, maxillary distraction osteogenesis, and mandibular setback in combination with maxillary advancement, and, on rare occasions, isolated mandibular setback. The selection of the optimal treatment for a specific patient depends on the patient's age, amount of needed advancement, severity of the maxillomandibular discrepancy, impact of the surgery on the speech, re...

Restitution of the Temporomandibular Joint in Patients with Craniofacial Microsomia After Multiplanar Mandibular Distraction: Assessment by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Seminars in Orthodontics — Sat, 27 Aug 2011 14:48:27 +0100

The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the response of hypoplastic temporomandibular joints (TMJs) to mandibular distraction osteogenesis. This preliminary study describes changes in 2 male patients with unilateral craniofacial microsomia who were 5 years of age at the time of surgery. Spin echo sequence images of the TMJs without contrast media in axial, coronal, and sagittal views, along with sagittal kinematics studies, were obtained with the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at: 1 month preoperatively (T1); immediately upon removal of distraction devices (T2), and 14 months postoperatively (T3). At the same time points spiral 3D computed tomography (CT) was used to image the TMJs. Both MRI and CT data obtained were assessed by standard, qualitative interpretation. Pre...

Development of Surgeon-Orthodontist Interaction in Orthognathic Surgery

Seminars in Orthodontics — Sat, 27 Aug 2011 14:48:27 +0100

Although orthognathic surgery was done earlier, the surgeon-orthodontist interaction really began to develop after introduction of the sagittal split osteotomy in the 1950s. This was facilitated by the demonstration that rectangular orthodontic archwires in edgewise brackets were quite satisfactory for surgical patients, so that both pre- and post-surgical orthodontics could be used routinely without changing the orthodontic appliance. The interaction was accentuated as cephalometric prediction of surgical treatment became an important part of treatment planning, and as the LeFort I osteotomy made it possible to reposition the maxilla as well as the mandible. Careful study of the outcomes of varying surgical approaches and orthodontic techniques, made possible by long-term support by the N...

Introduction

Seminars in Orthodontics — Sat, 27 Aug 2011 14:48:27 +0100

This is the second issue of Seminars in Orthodontics devoted to the subject of craniofacial orthodontics. In the first issue (December 2009) a brief history of craniofacial and special needs orthodontics was presented and the process through which the American Association of Orthodontists and the American Dental Association recommended and approved standards for fellowship training. In the introduction, the goals and objectives of this new subspecialty training program were presented, which included clinical and didactic training for the orthodontist, who would work with a craniofacial and or cleft palate team treating patients with a broad spectrum of craniofacial deformities, cleft lip and palate, and special needs. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Seminars in Orthodontics — Sat, 27 Aug 2011 14:48:27 +0100

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Editorial Board

Seminars in Orthodontics — Sat, 27 Aug 2011 14:48:27 +0100

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Future Issues and Recent Issues

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 May 2011 16:21:05 +0100

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Erratum

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 May 2011 16:21:05 +0100

In the article “Advanced Applications of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics” by James K. Mah, et al in the March 2011 issue (2011;17(1):57-71; doi: 10.1053/j.sodo.2010.08.011), the author line was incorrect. The correct author line appears below. The authors regret the error. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Complications Encountered in Temporary Orthodontic Anchorage Device Therapy

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 May 2011 16:21:04 +0100

Although absolute anchorage with the use of fixed skeletal implants is not a recent concept in orthodontic mechanotherapy, its popularity in recent years has increased exponentially as a result of the advent and widespread manufacture of temporary anchorage devices (TADs). TADs are an invaluable asset to contemporary orthodontics, facilitating tooth movement that might otherwise require (1) surgical repositioning of the jaws, (2) extraction of permanent teeth, and/or (3) extended use of extraoral anchorage. As more orthodontists incorporate TADs into their therapeutic regimens, the clinician should be cognizant of the variety of iatrogenic sequelae that may occur with the employment of such adjuncts. Complications include, but are not limited to, encroachment upon adjacent anatomical struc...

A New Treatment Method to Retract Anterior Teeth with the Double J Retractor System in Class III Malocclusions

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 May 2011 16:21:04 +0100

The double J retractor (DJR) is a novel method to close extraction space with the aid of mini-implants. DJR is placed lingually on the incisors and has a lower profile compared with the conventional lingual bracket appliance. It consists of a newly designed lingual level arm retractor connected to the lingual of the 6 splinted anterior teeth. The anterior segment is retracted with a mini-anchor-screw as a temporary skeletal anchorage device without brackets and wires on the posterior teeth. Compared with conventional orthodontic procedures, such as leveling, space closure, and finishing, the procedures used with DJR are reduced to 2 steps: space closure and alignment/finishing. With DJR, the anterior teeth are retraced first without the leveling stages, and then the leveling and finishing ...

Protocols for Late Maxillary Protraction in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients at Childrens Hospital, Los Angeles

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 May 2011 16:21:04 +0100

This paper describes the protocols used at Childrens Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) to protract the maxilla during early adolescence. It is a modification of techniques introduced by Eric Liou with his Alternate Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Constriction technique. The main differences between the CHLA protocol and previous maxillary protraction protocols are the age at which the protraction is attempted, the sutural loosening by alternating weekly expansion with constriction, and the use of Class III elastics to support and redirect the protraction by nightly facemask wear. The CHLA protocol entirely depends on patient compliance and must be carefully taught and monitored. In a cooperative patient, the technique can correct a Class III malocclusion that previously would have been treated wit...

Skeletal Anchorage for Orthopedic Correction of Growing Class III Patients

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 May 2011 16:21:04 +0100

Maxillary protraction headgear in conjunction with expansion appliances have been widely used in the treatment of Class III malocclusion with maxillary deficiency. However, there are problems associated with protracting the maxilla with conventional tooth-borne anchorage. These include the loss of dental anchorage, which is of concern, especially in situations in which preservation of arch length is necessary. In addition, tooth borne anchorage alone does not allow the application of orthopedic force directly to the maxillary sutures. The latter effects can be eliminated or minimized by the use of absolute intraoral anchorage devices, such as miniplates. Several reports have been published in the literature on the use of miniplates for maxillary protraction. However, the skeletal and denta...

Class III Correction Using Biocreative Therapy (C-Therapy)

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 May 2011 16:21:04 +0100

This article reviews several clinical applications of the C-type temporary skeletal anchorage devices, such as a C-Implant, C-Tube Mini-Plate, or C-palatal Mini-Plate that are used for camouflaging mild-to-moderate Class III skeletal malocclusions. The treatment strategy was established following the principles of biocreative C-therapy. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Treatment of Class III Malocclusions Using Miniplate and Mini-Implant Anchorage

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 May 2011 16:21:03 +0100

This article presents the treatment of growing Class III patients with the use of the facemask in conjunction with the mini-plate (FM/MP), and also the treatment of postadolescent Class III patients camouflaged by the use of mini-implants as skeletal anchorage. For FM/MP therapy, an orthopedic force of more than 500 g per side with a vector of 30° downward and forward from the occlusal plane was applied 12-14 hours per day after placement of the curvilinear type surgical miniplates in the zygomatic buttress areas of the maxilla. After 16 months of maxillary protraction, significant forward displacement of the maxilla (point A) was found. Side effects of maxillary protraction, such as labial tipping of the upper incisors, extrusion of the upper molars, clockwise rotations of the mandibular...

Application of Temporary Anchorage Devices for the Treatment of Adult Class III Malocclusions

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 May 2011 16:21:03 +0100

In the treatment of adult mild-to-moderate Class III malocclusions, temporary anchorage devices (TADs) are quite useful when compared with traditional orthodontic mechanics because they allow for group distalization of the mandibular arch dentition without any anchorage loss and the need for patient cooperation. The retromolar area is the most suitable site for TAD insertion, and it is the site of choice in Class III treatment. If there is inadequate attached gingiva in the optimal area where the TAD should be placed, then interradicular alveolar screws can be placed between the second premolar and first molar or between the first and second molars. In the treatment of Class III malocclusions with severe skeletal discrepancies, combined treatment with orthognathic surgery and tooth movemen...

Introduction

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 May 2011 16:21:03 +0100

This issue of Seminars in Orthodontics is devoted to the treatment of Class III malocclusion with temporary anchorage devices (TADs). In particular, we focus on the current use of miniscrews and miniplates implants as anchorage for orthodontic tooth movement and maxillary orthopedics. Management of Class III malocclusion with the use of TADs is a relatively new challenge for the American orthodontists because of the lower prevalence of Class III malocclusion in North America. Only 5% of the treated patients in the United States are Class III patients compared with 30% in the Southern Asia countries. Another reason is the recent approval of various designs of miniscrews by the Food and Drug Administration. Orthodontists are wondering which design has the most stability and the lowest failur...

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 May 2011 16:21:03 +0100

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Editorial Board

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 May 2011 16:21:03 +0100

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Forthcoming Topics

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

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Erratum

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

In the article “Efficient Management of Unerupted Teeth: A Time-Tested Treatment Modality” by Robert L. Vanarsdall Jr in the September 2010 issue (2010;16(3):212-221; doi: 10.1053/j.sodo.2010.05.009), the legend of Figure 7A was incorrect. The corrected legend is “(A) Pretreatment radiograph of maxillary right canine in June 2004.” The author regrets the error. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Link with the Past, a Promise for the Future

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

During the last quarter of the 20th century, changes in clinical orthodontics were largely driven by improvements in bracket design, attachment mechanisms, and arch wire materials. This focus on the mechanical aspects of treatment led to decreased clinical interest in the underlying biology of facial growth and, for a time, craniofacial practitioners often ignored the bio in biomechanics. There was even more disappointment after the completion of the Human Genome Project. Although this project promised exciting possibilities for biologically based manipulation of the growing face, the resulting data were interesting but in most cases not clinically useful. In 2001, the introduction of low-cost, low-radiation dose, high-resolution cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in clinical orthodontic...

Clinical Application of 3D Imaging for Assessment of Treatment Outcomes

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

This paper outlines the clinical application of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for the assessment of treatment outcomes and discusses current work to superimpose digital dental models and 3-dimensinal photographs. Superimposition of CBCTs on stable structures of reference now allow assessment of 3-dimensional dental, skeletal, and soft-tissue changes for both growing and nongrowing patients. In addition, we describe clinical findings from CBCT superimpositions in assessment of surgery and skeletal anchorage treatment. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Advanced Applications of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

This article describes the advanced cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) applications in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The limitations of conventional 2-dimensional planar film are discussed, and case examples are described that highlight the additional diagnostic information and many benefits derived from 3-dimensional imaging. CBCT software can manipulate the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (ie, DICOM) data to visualize anatomic structures and accurately display relationships within the craniofacial complex. A combination of volumetric reconstruction and multiplanar views can provide the orthodontic clinician with skeletal hard tissue, soft tissue, dentition, and airway information. Nonstandard orthodontic cases, such as impacted teeth, supernumerary odonto...

A Comparison of the Accuracy of Linear Measurements Obtained from Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Images and Digital Models

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

The purpose of this study was to determine whether cone beam digital models are as accurate as OrthoCAD (Cadent, Inc, Carlstadt, NJ) digital models for the purposes of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Digital records of 30 subjects were retrospectively reviewed, and the digital models were obtained as OrthoCAD and InVivoDental (San Jose, CA) digital models. Seven parameters indicating linear measurements from predetermined landmarks were measured and analyzed. The analysis of variance and Bland and Altman Analysis were used to compare and evaluate measurements made from the study models generated from cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and InVivoDental software. The mean difference between the maxillary InVivoDental models and the maxillary OrthoCAD models ranged from −0.5...

The Virtual Patient Specific-Model and the Virtual Dental Model

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

The current trend in orthodontic records is toward an integrated virtual 3-dimensional (3D) model with soft tissue, hard tissue, and dentition. An important part of this complete 3D record is the dental model. Cone beam computed tomography allows the taking of all radiographic records and the creation of virtual dental models out of a single scan. The virtual dental models created out of cone beam computed tomography come with significant diagnostic additions, changing the way electronic casts are used. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

The Future of Orthodontic Diagnostic Records

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

The use of 3-dimensional (3D) diagnostic records can be an extremely valuable tool. These records can accurately reproduce a patient dataset in a secondary environment, and when appropriately interfaced, allow the practitioner the ability to create and manipulate these records as a 3D “virtual patient.” Stereophotogrammetry images were obtained from the 3dMD system (Atlanta, GA), and this system produces a full-face image in 1.5 ms by the use of an active stereo approach. Cone beam computed tomography images from the Sirona Galileos System (Charlotte, NC) provide the base and internal volume onto which a 3dMD image can be overlaid. In both image acquisition systems, natural head posture was adopted for all subjects, as this has been proven to be clinically reproducible. 3dMDvultus was ...

Comparing Cone Beam Computed Tomography Systems from an Orthodontic Perspective

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

There are more than 40 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) systems currently available to consumers. Differentiating between the systems and making fair comparisons can be difficult. The needs of orthodontists differ from other dental specialists and require a different perspective when evaluating CBCT systems. In CBCT systems the characteristics of the reconstructed image are affected by the type of detector used, the features available on the machine, and the software used to reconstruct the volume. Understanding how each of these affects the resulting image will empower the clinician to better compare various CBCT systems and find the right fit for their practice. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

The Use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography for the Evaluation of Pathology, Developmental Anomalies and Traumatic Injuries Relevant to Orthodontics

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

The objective of this work is to illustrate pathologic conditions relevant to orthodontists who use dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. A total of 1703 cases from 2300 CBCT images taken from June 2006 to May 2009 were reviewed, and interesting cases that might be related to orthodontic treatment or evaluation were selected. A total of 427 cases were selected. The conditions included supernumerary tooth (84 cases), missing tooth (29 cases), impacted tooth (35 cases of impacted canine), external root resorption (7 cases), root fracture (18 cases), simple bone cyst (13 cases), dentigerous cyst (58 cases), abscess (33 cases), osteomyelitis (51 cases), odontoma (8 cases), mucus retention cyst (20 cases), temporomandibular joints (70 cases), and cleft palate (11 cases), including...

The Radiology Decision

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

This article discusses the many issues that should be considered if an orthodontic practice is considering changing from the film platform for radiography to a digital format. As cone beam use increases and its technology improves, one may consider continuing to use film, moving to a 2-dimensional system, or considering a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) system. Decisions regarding the routine use of CBCT in the orthodontic office are discussed here, as well questions regarding technology selections and their advantages and disadvantages. A radiation dose chart is included as is a desired feature list for CBCT. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

A Few Comments on an Elegant Answer in Search of Useful Questions

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

What does the specialty hope to gain from the widespread application of 3-dimensional imaging? Beyond the generation of pretty—albeit realistic and impressive—pictures, I think we seek answers to the sorts of cephalometric (“head measurement”) questions that have been asked by orthodontists for well over a century. To this end, clinicians probably would like, at the very least, to be able to execute familiar measurements, both in 3 dimensions (cone-beam versions of such standard descriptive and treatment analyses as Downs, Steiner, Ricketts, McNamara, Tweed, and the like) and in 4 dimensions (change during and after treatment). Change, however, implies superimposition, and superimposition is even more of a work in progress than is description and treatment planning. (Source: Semina...

The Road to Three-Dimensional Imaging in Orthodontics

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

This paper examines the origins of 3-dimensional craniofacial measurement. It briefly tracks the development of measurement methods from the plaster casts and facial moulages of the early 20th century to the cone beam computed tomographic scanners of today. The fundamental difference in design between cone beam scanners and conventional computed tomography scanners is described in their difference in primary function; cone beam scanners are optimized for the location of hard tissue structures, such as teeth and bone, whereas computed tomography scanners were originally optimized for the detection of subtle distinctions in the radiopacity of different bodily soft tissues under different conditions of health and disease. The advantages and limitations of several attempts at quantitative meas...

Introduction

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has revolutionized the way radiographs are evaluated. For more than a century the orthodontic literature has included articles in which orthodontists are advised about the importance of diagnosis in all dimensions. Several techniques, including the combination of lateral and frontal cephalograms and cone shift methods, have been suggested but were never practical or sufficiently practicable for widespread adoption. CBCT was introduced at a much lower cost than helical computed tomography (CT), with smaller-sized machines that would fit in a private office, and radiation levels equivalent to current radiographic modalities available to the profession of orthodontics. This allowed a 3-dimensional (3D) representation of patients and has become practical, f...

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

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Editorial Board

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

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Fluoride-Containing Materials and the Prevention of Demineralization During Orthodontic Treatment—Which Research Method Should We Now Use?

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 19 Nov 2010 05:03:41 +0100

With time, cariologists have changed their understanding of the effects of fluoride on the caries process. These findings have been discovered predominantly through work carried out in laboratories. Although cariologists perform laboratory studies to explain the mechanisms of action of fluoride and material scientists to test the properties and biocompatibility of materials, as orthodontists we are more interested in determining how useful a product is in clinical practice. In this article, I will outline the advantages and disadvantages of laboratory methods designed to determine whether a fluoride-containing material is effective in reducing demineralization during orthodontic treatment. I will argue that the only way to test a material is to undertake a randomized clinical trial, with a...

The Release of Ions from Metallic Orthodontic Appliances

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 19 Nov 2010 05:03:41 +0100

Several metallic alloys used in orthodontics have nickel and chromium as their components. These metal ions are known to be essential elements for human beings but are considered one of the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis. The allergic reactions are caused by a direct relationship with the presence of this metal in the environment and may be caused by ingestion or direct contact with the skin and/or mucosa. The association of different metals in the oral environment may produce electrogalvanic currents and consequently, corrosion, with different levels of ions being released. The purpose of this article is to review the release of ions from metallic orthodontic appliances and its implications, as well as to provide suggestions for the management of this problem in the ort...

A Critical Appraisal of the Biological Assessment of Materials in Orthodontics with Emphasis on the Differences Between Conventional and 3-D Cell Cultures

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 19 Nov 2010 05:03:41 +0100

In this report, we look in a different way at a patient in need for an orthodontic treatment. Current biomedical literature seeks to link clinical orthodontics with mainstream molecular-genetic research. The demands of professionalism require the orthodontist to be conversant with all biological principles underlying treatment. Such knowledge leads to better patient care. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Degree of Cure and Monomer Leaching from Orthodontic Adhesive Resins: In Vitro and in Vivo Evidence

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 19 Nov 2010 05:03:41 +0100

The aim of this review article is to summarize the recent in vitro and in vivo evidence in the field of degree of conversion and the monomer leaching from orthodontic adhesive resins. Analysis of the material is structured around the presentation of evidence summarizing the current status in this field. The degree of cure of polymer adhesives modulates the physical and mechanical properties of the material, particularly solubility and degradation and for these reasons are of scientific interest. The leached components from resinous materials, which are related to the degree of cure of the resin, is of important biological interest and has raised serious concern for the possible biological adverse effects in different systems and organs. This paper includes a presentation of techniques used...

Treatment Efficiency with Self-Ligating Brackets: The Clinical Evidence

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 19 Nov 2010 05:03:40 +0100

Self-ligating brackets have seen a great reemergence mainly as a result of the introduction of purportedly more efficient appliances as well as the marketing efforts of orthodontic companies to promote innovative products and differentiate themselves in the marketplace. The Speed bracket (Strite Industries, Ltd, Cambridge, Ontario), introduced in the early 1980s, was the first viable product, whereas now almost all major orthodontic companies offer a self-ligating bracket to their customers. Several capabilities/advantages over conventional brackets have been attributed to the self-ligating appliances without the accompanied evidence to support the claims. In this article, we will cover the available evidence in the orthodontic literature that deals with the clinical efficiency of the self...

Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) Arch Wires: The Clinical Significance of Super Elasticity

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 19 Nov 2010 05:03:40 +0100

The introduction of nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires has revolutionized the field of orthodontics by delivering light continuous forces over a wider range of displacements than the traditional stainless-steel wires. Over the years improvements in NiTi wire manufacturing and composition have been introduced; however, the claimed wire capabilities are not always easy to verify in the clinical setting. We aim at presenting an overview of the use and applications of NiTi alloys in orthodontics. The implications of the metallurgical and mechanical properties and intraoral aging of the wires in their clinical application is discussed. Finally, time variants of orthodontic therapy duration with the use of NiTi and alternative arch wires are presented, and the clinical implication of superelasticity i...

Critical Appraisal of in Vitro Steady-State Frictional Resistance Studies

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 19 Nov 2010 05:03:40 +0100

Mechanics is divided into two branches: (1) statics and (2) dynamics. Statics deals with bodies at rest (unaccelerated motion), and dynamics deals with accelerated motion. The orthodontic in vitro studies that investigate resistance to sliding generally fall into one of two categories: (1) pulling a bracket down a wire, or (2) pulling a wire through a series of brackets in a linear form or typodont form. The average movement per month in these in vitro studies is very high, which puts it in the dynamic branch of mechanics. Clinical tooth movement is in the static section of mechanics. Use of the dynamic branch of mechanics to explain clinical tooth movement is inappropriate and unscientific. Very little useful information, from a clinical perspective, can be interpolated from these in vitr...

Introduction

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 19 Nov 2010 05:03:40 +0100

The departure of orthodontic research approaches from simplistic laboratory tests to clinical trials of materials efficiency and retrieval analyses seems to follow the general trend observed in the broader biomedical literature. During the past two decades there has been an increased rate of publication of trials assessing the use of various appliances and auxiliaries, such as wires and brackets on various therapeutic parameters. Similarly, studies investigating the properties of used materials have emerged in an attempt to explore the effect of intraoral conditions on the physicochemical and mechanical alterations of materials; this is a vital means to enhance our understanding of the sequence of phenomena accompanying the placement of a material in the oral cavity. Most importantly, beca...

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 19 Nov 2010 05:03:40 +0100

(Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Editorial Board

Seminars in Orthodontics — Fri, 19 Nov 2010 05:03:40 +0100

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Skeletal Implant Anchorage in the Treatment of Impacted Teeth—A Review of the State of the Art

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 05:38:35 +0100

The surgical-orthodontic approach is the most commonly used modality in patients with impacted teeth. It is also the most challenging. The prognosis of treatment is uncertain, treatment takes much longer and is more painful, and the enhanced biomechanical efforts required to bring the tooth to its ideal position frequently cause deleterious side effects to the remainder of the dentition. Skeletal anchorage is a useful aid in these cases. It can be judiciously exploited to assess the prognosis of canine movement, open adequate space for the canine, and build up a reliable anchorage unit that will allow the application of controlled directional forces with fewer side effects on the anchorage teeth. Treatment is facilitated and shortened because the resolution of the impaction may be performe...

Extreme Tooth Impaction and Its Resolution

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 05:38:35 +0100

Operative decisions in relation to the resolution of impacted teeth with extreme ectopia frequently result in extraction of the tooth and orthodontic treatment planning that aims to achieve an optimum alignment and occlusion in its absence. As the result, many compromises are made in function, appearance, and longevity of the outcome. The decision to abandon the tooth is sometimes justified by rules promulgated by scientific studies of large samples of similar cases, but it often is because of the difficulty in accurately defining its 3-dimensional location, sometimes because its orthodontic resolution may require an unorthodox approach, and occasionally because the operator may have never before seen a similar case. The present article discusses these issues and offers 3 widely differing ...

Efficient Management of Unerupted Teeth: A Time-Tested Treatment Modality

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 05:38:35 +0100

This report will describe the most frequent adverse problems encountered with management of unerupted teeth and suggest a means to prevent them. A recent study will be reviewed that will demonstrate a time-tested evidence-based approach that can prevent these commonly encountered adverse problems as well as reduce treatment time required to position the malposed tooth into the line of occlusion regardless of the patient's age. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Preorthodontic Uncovering and Autonomous Eruption of Palatally Impacted Maxillary Canines

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 05:38:34 +0100

This article discusses the advantages of preorthodontic uncovering and autonomous eruption of palatally impacted maxillary canines. The surgical technique will be described and illustrated, and consecutively treated cases will be displayed. An evidence-based discussion will feature the benefits of preorthodontic uncovering and autonomous eruption of palatally impacted maxillary canines. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in the Management of Impacted Canines

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 05:38:34 +0100

Management of impacted maxillary canines may be one of the most challenging problems for orthodontists. The authors review the limitations of conventional 2-dimensional modalities and present the use of cone beam computed tomography for assessment of impacted canines. Detailed information from the imagery is used to implement novel biomechanical approaches to managing these teeth. The use of cone beam computed tomography has allowed a more profound understanding of impacted canines and lead to the development of new more efficient biomechanical approaches with biological considerations. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Maxillary Canines in Patients With Multiple Congenitally Missing Teeth: A Roentgenographic Study

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 05:38:34 +0100

A group of 122 patients with multiple (at least 3) congenitally missing teeth was screened roentgenographically for the condition of their maxillary canines (missing, malposed, impacted, and normally erupted). Full information was available for 89 patients of the original group, who were divided into 2 subgroups, one with maxillary lateral incisors present (A) and the other with missing lateral incisors (B). Their chronologic age was found to be 12.4 ± 2.9 years, which was close to their dental age, 12.4 ± 2.1 years. The position of the maxillary canines was determined by a modified sector method. Of the expected number of maxillary canines, 20.4% were missing. In the group with full documentation, 42.4% were mesially displaced (most of them adjacent to a missing lateral incisor), wherea...

Risk Indicators and Interceptive Treatment Alternatives for Palatally Displaced Canines

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 05:38:34 +0100

The present article reviews diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic aspects related to palatal displaced canines (PDCs) and their possible evolution to palatally impacted canines (PICs). Through the analysis of the relevant literature, a series of dental anomalies can be identified that present with a significant clinical association with PDC. Because these tooth disturbances may appear before PDC, they represent risk indicators for the occurrence of the eruption anomaly of the maxillary permanent canine. The second part of this work describes comparatively the effectiveness of several interceptive treatment approaches to PDC to avoid the evolution from PDC to PIC. In particular, the extraction of the deciduous canine, alone or in combination with orthodontic forces aimed to prevent the ph...

The Etiology of Eruption Disorders—Further Evidence of a “Genetic Paradigm”

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 05:38:34 +0100

In this report, we evaluated the current terminology (ie, ankylosis, PFE, secondary retention) used to describe nonsyndromic eruption disorders, in light of this genetic discovery. We observed that some patients previously diagnosed with ankylosis were subsequently found to have alterations in the PTH1R gene, indicating the initial misdiagnosis of ankylosis and the necessary reclassification of PFE. We further investigated the relationship of the PTH1R gene, by using a network pathway analysis, to determine its connectivity to previously identified genes that are critical to normal tooth eruption. We found that PTH1R acts in a pathway with genes, such as parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHrP), that have been shown to be important in bone remodeling, hence eruption, in a rat model. Thu...

Phenotypic Classification of 90 Dentitions With Arrested Eruption of First Permanent Mandibular or Maxillary Molars

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 05:38:34 +0100

The purpose of the present study was to subclassify by phenotype those patients who had retained first molars. Radiographs from 53 male and 37 female patients (7 years, 10 months to 17 years, 8 months) comprised the study sample. Subdivision of material according to primary retention (arrested eruption of the first molar occurred before the tooth penetrates the oral mucosa) or secondary retention (continued eruption of a molar arrests after the tooth has penetrated the oral mucosa) revealed that the average age at first diagnosis of primary retention was 9.2 years and of secondary retention 13.8 years of age. The study indicated that primary retention was more frequent than secondary retention and that male and female patients were affected with equal frequency. Primary retention occurred ...

Genetic Factors in the Etiology of Palatally Displaced Canines

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 05:38:33 +0100

Palatal displacement of maxillary canines (palatally displaced canines [PDCs]) can be associated with agenesis of the ipsilateral (adjacent) permanent lateral incisor, suggesting a developmental sequence secondary to a genetic influence on permanent maxillary lateral incisor development. They can also occur with small or normal ipsilateral permanent lateral incisors and or agenesis of other teeth, suggesting an overall effect on the dentition that may be primarily mediated to some degree by genetic factors. PDCs tend to cluster in some families, with segregation analysis suggesting a single gene having a dominant effect with low penetrance. The marked propensity to skip generations and variable presentation also suggests the possibility of a complex etiology with multiple genetic or enviro...

Introduction

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 05:38:33 +0100

Evidence-based research has indicated that most malocclusions should be treated in the early stages of the permanent dentition stage of development, which means that orthodontics is the alignment of teeth that have already erupted into the oral cavity. The teeth in these patients may therefore be assumed to have a normal eruption mechanism. This assumption has enabled ease of prediction in achieving resolution of a given malocclusion and success in the overall treatment, with a high degree of certainty. Few disciplines within medicine and dentistry can aspire to the degree of excellence achievable in orthodontics with the same level of confidence in its achievement. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 05:38:33 +0100

(Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Editorial Board

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 24 Aug 2010 05:38:33 +0100

(Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

The Future? Craniofacial Skeletal Muscle Engineering as an Aid for the Management of Craniofacial Deformities

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Craniofacial skeletal muscle engineering has the potential to avoid the limitations associated with the current technique of surgical tissue transfer for the management of soft-tissue defects. The ability to create new replacement tissue identical to that absent is attractive, particularly if function and esthetics are restored to ideal and there is reduced donor site morbidity. This review will discuss the in vitro investigations undertaken thus far to produce skeletal muscle tissue, which has the correct architecture and functional capabilities suited to individual demands. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Regeneration of Jaw Muscle—Potential Cellular Mechanisms

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Changes in the occlusion, occurring because of ageing or dental/orthodontic/surgical therapies, can lead to microtrauma of the masticatory muscles. As in all skeletal muscles, trauma initiates a repair and regenerative process within the muscle tissue, but the response varies between different muscle groups. The effectiveness of this regeneration, and hence implied adaptability, can determine how an individual copes with such therapeutic interventions. This review will highlight the underlying mechanisms responsible. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Orthodontics at a Pivotal Point of Transformation

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

The profession of orthodontics is projected to face a multitude of challenges. Do cyclic forces accelerate the rate of tooth movement and hence the speed of orthodontic treatment? Would bioengineered cementum and dentin be a solution to root resorption? What will orthodontics be like when bioengineered periodontal ligament and alveolar bone become clinical practice, or, when one day entire teeth are bioengineered? Would it be possible to selectively differentiate stem cells into osteoblasts or osteoclasts by either static or cyclic forces? What is the new demand on orthodontic expertise with increasingly automated appliances? What will be the impact of the next generation of dental implants or rapid prototyped crowns on orthodontics? A century ago, Edward Angle's practice of fixed applianc...

The Role of Connective Tissue and Extracellular Matrix Signaling in Controlling Muscle Development, Function, and Response to Mechanical Forces

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Continued improvements in orthodontic therapy are likely to rely heavily on our further understanding of masticatory muscle biology. Specifically, the ability of the jaw musculature to adapt to changes in load gives strong implications as to its capability in responding to treatment. The dynamic and adaptive nature of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is of critical importance in the correct functioning of all skeletal muscle and can have a dramatic impact on the homeostasis of the tissue. Misregulation or mutation in ECM structures or proteins can therefore lead to a variety of clinical conditions in both the craniofacial and noncraniofacial musculature. A complete comprehension of ECM signaling and its role in correct skeletal muscle function will form a vital part of this improved knowledg...

Growth Factor Targets for Orthodontic Treatments

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

The use of growth factors to modulate the craniofacial skeleton is poised to become a new avenue of therapy for the orthodontic community. Growth factor actions occur not only directly on cells within bone but may also stimulate other tissues, such as skeletal muscle that can indirectly modify skeletal growth. The interaction of direct and indirect targets that lead to skeletal changes must be recognized to design effective treatment regimens. As an example of this concept, this review will focus on insulin-like growth factor-1; its actions in muscle, bone, and cartilage; and how the interplay among its effects on multiple targets could ultimately modulate craniofacial growth. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Molecular Diagnosis in Orthodontics, Facial Orthopedics, and Orthognathic Surgery: Implications for Treatment Progress and Relapse

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

One of the expectations after orthodontic, orthopedic, or orthognathic treatment is improved orofacial function, which arises through adaptation of muscle capacity. However, some patients fail to show any improvement, whereas others may relapse. Adaptation of muscle is attributable to changes in the expression of genes and proteins within the tissue, and these changes can be measured by a variety of molecular biological techniques. As technology has advanced, so these techniques have changed, yet many have been applied to the study of human masticatory muscle harvested in association with the various functional treatments. The transcription of a gene is the first step in the production (translation) of the protein. However, it is often easier and quicker to measure the amount of gene trans...

Long-Face Craniofacial Morphology: Cause or Effect of Weak Masticatory Musculature?

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

The masticatory performance of subjects with a long-face (LF) craniofacial morphology is considerably reduced compared with subjects with a vertically normal skull form, which has been put forward repeatedly as a major determinant of this excessively vertical growth pattern. The author evaluated the validity of this assumption by analyzing the geometrical data of the jaw closing muscles of 54 subjects with different vertical craniofacial form obtained from magnetic resonance imaging scans. Subsequently, these geometrical data served as input in a 2-dimensional mechanical model of the mandible to predict maximum bite force. It was found that LF jaw closing muscles are up to 33% smaller compared with normal subjects, whereas variation in spatial orientation and mechanical advantage was less ...

Rat as a Model for Studying the Effect of Masticatory Muscle Function on Craniofacial Growth

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Over the years there has been a need to study the influence of masticatory muscle function on craniofacial growth because the knowledge of the mechanisms behind both normal and abnormal craniofacial growth is a prerequisite for adequate treatment of craniofacial anomalies, including dental malocclusions. In this article, an animal experimental model is presented that helps to further elucidate this topic. A common characteristic of the investigations referred to has been the change of the consistency of diet to reduce or to rehabilitate masticatory muscle function, with or without the help of functional appliances. From these investigations it has been learned that the decreased loading of the jaws, as the result of masticatory muscle hypofunction, influences sutural growth, transverse gro...

Introduction

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

In general, when orthodontists discuss the importance of the orofacial soft tissues with regard to the etiology and prognosis for treatment of malocclusion, they immediately think of the muscles of facial expression, including the lips, cheeks, and tongue. The part played by the muscles of mastication tends to be forgotten or, at best, ill-understood. Nevertheless, the muscles of mastication may play pivotal roles, not only in contributing to the etiology of a malocclusion, but also from the point of view of the application of treatment mechanics and the potential success of treatment outcomes. Several research groups around the world are now focusing on these important structures. This issue of the journal is designed to provide an overview of recent research into the significance of the ...

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

(Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Editorial Board

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

(Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Polymerization Lamps and Photocuring in Orthodontics

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100

The purpose of this article is to review the fundamentals of photocuring with various types of lamps in orthodontics. Information on the characteristics of lamps, photopolymerization, from the perspective of both the material composite resin adhesive and source (lamp) are discussed, with reference to light scattering, optimum filler size, extent of polymerization, and the degree of cure of resins irradiated with different lamps. This discussion is followed by a review of the clinically useful listing of properties of lamps and their application to orthodontic bonding as these are reflected in 4 key properties of the material, such as polymerization efficiency (degree of cure), mechanical properties (bond strength), clinical performance (failure rate), and biological properties of blue ligh...

In Vitro Comparison of the Debonding Characteristics of 2 Pliers Used for Ceramic Brackets

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Recently, a new type of debonding instrument designed to be used with ceramic brackets was introduced. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the debonding characteristics of the new instrument when removing ceramic and metal brackets and to compare these characteristics to those produced by conventional debonding pliers. Forty-five maxillary premolars were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups. In group 1, Clarity Collapsible Ceramic Brackets (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA) were debonded using conventional Utility/Weingart pliers (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA). In group 2, the ceramic brackets were debonded using the new Debonding Instrument (3M Unitek). In group 3, Metal brackets (Victory series 3M Unitek) were debonded using conventional pliers. In group 4, the metal brackets were debonded using t...

A New Technique With Sodium Hypochlorite to Increase Bracket Shear Bond Strength of Fluoride-releasing Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cements: Comparing Shear Bond Strength of Two Adhesive Systems With Enamel Surface Deproteinization Before Etching

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100

The objective of this study was to determine whether deproteinization of human dental enamel surfaces, with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) before etching, increases orthodontic bracket shear bond strength (SBS) of 2 adhesive systems: a composite resin and a RMGI.Seventy-six extracted human premolars were cleaned, and randomly divided into 4 groups (2 experimental and 2 control), with 19 premolars in each group. In group 1 (experimental) and group 2 (control), brackets were bonded to the teeth using Transbond XT (3M Unitek Orthodontic Products, Monrovia, CA) and in group 3 (experimental) and group 4 (control), Fuji Ortho LC (GC America, Inc., Alsip, IL) was used. The buccal surfaces of the premolars in experimental groups 1 and 3 were deproteinized with 5.25% NaOCl for 1 minute followed ...

Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives of Improved Orthodontic Bonding to Normal, Hypoplastic, and Fluorosed Enamel

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Success in fixed orthodontic treatment is highly dependent on the maintenance of the bond between orthodontic attachments, and etched enamel for the duration of treatment. Bracket debonding can significantly increase treatment time, operator time, material costs, and patient discomfort. It is therefore essential for the orthodontist to be able to obtain reliable bonding to enamel at the initial bonding appointment. At times, the orthodontist may need to bond to compromised enamel surfaces with the standard acid-etch protocol. The advent of adhesion promoters has provided orthodontists the possibility to potentially increase the bond strength of orthodontic attachments to these compromised enamel surfaces. The current paper presents a summary of investigations of bond strengths of orthodont...

Influence of Various Storage Media on Shear Bond Strength and Enamel Fracture When Debonding Ceramic Brackets: An In Vitro Study

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100

This study aimed to investigate the influence of different storage media on the shear bond strength and the risk of enamel fracture of human teeth measured in vitro. A total of 360 teeth stored in 96% ethanol and 360 teeth stored in 0.1% thymol solution were bonded with Fascination® and Fascination®2 brackets (Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany) (360 per group) using 3 different light curing units and 3 different adhesives. Debonding was performed according to International Standards Organization specification DIN EN ISO 10477 using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The teeth stored in 0.1% thymol solution showed significantly higher shear bond strengths (P < 0.001, Mann–Whitney-U test) (median, 16.7 MPa) than teeth stored in 96% ethanol (median, 13.2 MPa). The...

The Enamel Surface and Bonding in Orthodontics

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Current research on the enamel surface after different bonding and debonding procedures is discussed in this review. Preconditioning the enamel surface with a 37% orthophosphoric acid solution or gel for approximately 30 seconds dissolves the minerals and thus induces irreversible changes to the enamel. The cumulative enamel loss of pumicing, bonding, debonding, and clean ups is difficult to estimate precisely as minerals are not dissolved in a uniform way. Residual adhesive may persist in surface enamel after debonding. Resin tags can reach more than 20 μm into the enamel after bonding based on the acid-etching principle, and alteration of the prism structure even further. Little research is available on the long-term effect of residual adhesive material in surface enamel. Bonding system...

Bonding and Debonding From Metal to Ceramic: Research and its Clinical Application

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Over the last 50 years, the bonding of various resins to enamel has also developed a niche in orthodontics. The direct bonding technique revolves around the concept of attaching orthodontic appliances to tooth structure using adhesives, and this technique has become a foundation of contemporary orthodontics.Although the specific techniques and materials used in bracket bonding have changed, the basic procedure has remained relatively constant. In general, the technique for orthodontic bonding includes 3 steps using an etchant, a primer, and an adhesive. More recently, these 3 steps have been combined into 2 or even 1 step. At the present time, numerous bonding materials, techniques, and protocols have been established that have the ability to provide the clinician with adequate bracket/adh...

A Historical Overview of the Development of the Acid-Etch Bonding System in Orthodontics

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100

This article will provide some historical perspectives of the evolution of orthodontic bonding as well as refer to some significant research contributions to the process. In addition current perspectives will be addressed. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Introduction

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100

The development of directly bonding orthodontic attachments to dental enamel is perhaps among the most significant advances in orthodontics in the past 50 years. Bonding directly to enamel which replaced, for the most part, the long and arduous task of banding all the teeth to be moved during orthodontic treatment created several possibilities. These included the length of chair-side time to place the attachments to the teeth to permit force application, the number of patients under the care of an orthodontist, perhaps decreasing enamel demineralization beneath the luted bands, and perhaps not always fully appreciated, a decrease in the number of extractions needed for orthodontic care because of the decreased arch length required in bonding versus banding teeth. It has been estimated that...

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100

(Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Editorial Board

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100

(Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Surgical/Orthodontic Treatment of Mandibular Asymmetries

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

The management of a mandibular asymmetry requires a combined surgical and orthodontic approach. Orthodontic and orthopedic management in a growing patient can sometimes fully correct an emerging minor mandibular asymmetry. Moderate to severe asymmetries can usually be minimized but not fully corrected with early orthodontic and orthopedic intervention. Sometimes the severity of associated dysfunction or the presence of developmental compensations that are occurring with growth require early surgical intervention. Early surgical asymmetry correction (during growth), as well as surgical treatment at growth cessation, has the same requirements with respect to selecting the proper treatment approach. Ideally, the selected treatment should optimize symmetry, while minimizing morbidity and treat...

Intraoral Distraction of Segmental Osteotomies and Miniscrews in Management of Alveolar Cleft

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This article aims to introduce the techniques of intraoral distraction of segmental osteotomy for solving a wide alveolar cleft, and orthodontic management with miniscrews for solving alveolar bone graft failure; and also to evaluate the feasibility and clinical results of moving teeth into alveolar clefts. Interdental distraction osteogenesis was performed to minimize the alveolar cleft before alveolar bone grafting in 21 patients whose alveolar cleft was wider than a maxillary canine. All clefts were successfully approximated, and the 4- to 5-year results were shown to be stable. In addition, orthodontic protraction of the buccal teeth by using miniscrews as a temporary anchorage device was performed in 13 cases to minimize and/or eliminate the residual bony bridge or alveolar cleft afte...

Management of Severe Cleft and Syndromic Midface Hypoplasia

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Distraction osteogenesis has become an alternative treatment to treat severe craniofacial skeletal dysplasias. A rigid external distraction device has been successfully used to advance the maxilla as well as the maxillary, orbital, and forehead complex (monobloc) in children as young as 2 years, adolescents, and adults. This approach has provided reduced morbidity, and predictable and stable results in this challenging group of patients. With the experience gained, the technique has been successfully applied to patients with isolated dentofacial deformities. Distraction techniques can be applied by themselves or as an adjunct to conventional orthognathic and craniofacial surgical procedures. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Role of the Craniofacial Orthodontist on the Craniofacial and Cleft Lip and Palate Team

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Patients born with a craniofacial deformity and their families experience significant psychosocial effect as they deal with physical appearance that has been esthetically and functionally compromised. The deformity usually involves skeletal and soft-tissue elements, which often affect facial symmetry and esthetics. As the dentition is directly related to the jaw structures, a wide variety of malocclusions may result. As patients with craniofacial anomalies present with multiple dental and medical conditions, an interdisciplinary team approach is highly recommended to accurately diagnose and to properly customize a treatment plan. Craniofacial Orthodontics is the area of orthodontics that treats patients with congenital and acquired deformities of the integument and its underlying musculosk...

Development of Craniofacial Orthodontics as a Subspecialty at New York University Medical Center

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This is a brief personal history of craniofacial orthodontics as reported by Dr Joseph G. McCarthy, Professor of Plastic Surgery and Director of the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York. He describes early collaborations with research orthodontists who were, at the time, studying the development in patients experiencing severe anomalies of craniofacial growth. From these early collaborations came an appreciation for the role of orthodontists in the interdisciplinary treatment team that was caring for patients with complex craniofacial problems as well as those patients who presented with cleft lip and palate. Both the distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton and nasoalveolar molding are clinical innovations that came...

Introduction

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

It is both a privilege and a pleasure to write a brief history of Craniofacial Orthodontics, its evolution and approval as a formal postresidency fellowship training program of dentistry and orthodontics in the United States of America. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

(Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Editorial Board

Seminars in Orthodontics — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

(Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Erratum

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

In Schendel SA, Lane C: 3D orthognathic surgery prediction using image fusion. Semin Orthod 15:48-56, 2009, Dr Chris Lane's affiliation is incorrectly published as Professor of Radiology and Imaging Science, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY. This affiliation should appear as follows: Chief Executive Officer, 3dMD. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Facial Soft Tissue: The Alpha and Omega of Treatment Planning in Orthognathic Surgery

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

The soft tissues of the face are attached to and are draped over the underlying hard tissues. Logically, then, it may be expected that there is a mutual relationship which in the long run will determine the appearance and balance of the soft tissues. The dilemma has been that these relationships are not constant overall but appear to vary from site to site. The research on which the papers in this Journal have been based has been directed at ascertaining as accurately as possible the patterns between relative movements of the hard and soft tissues at selected sites. These data may then be applied in a prediction analysis where surgical adjustments of the hard tissues are mathematically related to the resultant re-arrangement of the associated soft tissues. This philosophy has evolved into ...

Sagittal Soft-Tissue Changes of the Lower Lip and Chin Associated with Surgical Maxillary Impaction and Consequent Mandibular Autorotation

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

A retrospective cephalometric study was undertaken to assess the sagittal soft-tissue changes of the lower lip and chin in 22 patients who exhibited autorotation of the mandible after surgical vertical impaction of the maxilla. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken immediately before surgery and on average 15 months after surgery. Sixteen cephalometric landmarks were digitized by the use of a Kontron Videoplan Image Analysis System (Kontron Messgerate, GmbH, Image-analysis-systems, Eching/München, West Germany). The comparison between those cases that received maxillary elevation only and 6 cases that had additional advancement genioplasties revealed statistically significant proportional differences in the changes in the chin area, but not in the lower lip response, between the 2 ...

Sagittal Soft-Tissue Changes Related to the Surgical Correction of Maxillary-Deficient Class III Malocclusions

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

This retrospective study on cephalometric head films assessed the sagittal soft-issue changes in relation to the underlying hard tissue changes resulting from maxillary surgical correction in 26 Class III cases. Thirteen patients received additional mandibular surgery. The radiographs were taken immediately before surgery and from 3 to 16 months after surgery. Twenty-six cephalometric landmarks were identified, and 6 linear and 7 angular measurements on each radiograph were digitally recorded relative to X-Y coordinates traced on the radiographs. This system enabled the recording of horizontal and vertical changes of the hard and soft tissues. Proportional analyses between the cases that had maxillary advancement and those cases having additional mandibular surgery showed no significant di...

Soft-Tissue Changes Related to Mandibular Advancement Surgery

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

This retrospective study assessed the relationship between the soft-tissue contours of the lower lip and chin and the underlying hard tissues consequent to surgical advancement of the mandible in the endeavour to enhance prediction in treatment planning. Cephalometric head films of 25 cases, 7 of which had advancement genioplasties, were available at presurgical, early postsurgical, intermediate, and long-term stages. Nineteen cephalometric landmarks were located and the data measured relative to X-Y coordinates constructed on the head films and were recorded on a Kontron video plan computer (Kontron Messgerate, GmbH, Image-analysis-systems, Eching/München, West Germany). The data were organized and tabulated with Statgraphics version 4.0 software and statistically analyzed at the Institu...

Introduction

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Why not spend some time in determining what is worthwhile for us and then go after that? William Ross. What makes the discipline of orthognathic surgery worthwhile for orthodontists is the potential to achieve not only a healthy well-balanced functional occlusion but also an accompanying considerable improvement in esthetics. Realizing that potential, however, poses several problems, for we have to rely on the accuracy of our predictions of treatment outcome. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

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Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

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Future Issues

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100

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Effects of Mandibular Advancement Device (MAD) on Airway Dimensions Assessed With Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100

Upper airway constriction is an important contributing factor to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which may be treated in a palliative manner with mandibular advancement devices (MADs) to increase patency of the airway. It may be the treatment of choice for affected individuals who cannot use a continuous positive airway pressure device or who are not candidates for surgical correction of OSA. The specific distance applied during mandibular advancement, however, is often arbitrarily determined. This project uses cone beam computed tomography imaging in patients with OSA to determine a quantifiable relationship between airway patency and mandibular advancement. This correlation may be the basis to create an ideal technique to diagnose and treat patients having OSA. Twenty-six subjects success...

Evaluation of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome by Computational Fluid Dynamics

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100

The amelioration of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) by maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) surgery can be predicted by analyzing anatomical airway changes with 3-dimensional (3D) geometrical reconstruction and computational fluid dynamics. Computer Enabling Technology Lab (ETLab) and Computational Simulation Lab (CSLab) can be used to analyze anatomic airway change for previously operated patients with a clinical cure of OSAS. MMA surgery reduces airway resistance and pressure effort (gradient) of OSAS by increasing the dimension of the airway. ETLab has been used to reconstruct the upper airway as a 3D computer model (bone and soft tissue surrounding the pharyngeal airway) from existing helical computed tomography scan format of OSAS patients. ETLab can compare and construct the g...

Surgical Maxillomandibular Advancement Technique

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100

Some of the most severe forms of obstructive sleep apnea are attributed to anatomic abnormalities in the facial skeleton. With the use of conventional orthognathic surgical techniques, it is possible to expand the posterior airway. In fact, there is strong evidence in the literature to support maxillomandibular advancement as one of the most efficacious surgical procedures for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). There are complications associated with this procedure but these are minor when compared with the risk of inadequately treated OSA. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Surgical Procedures for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome is a serious health problem that affects a large number of individuals. Research in the field has improved our understanding of the disease, and a holistic management of the OSA patient is becoming widely adopted. When continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and dental appliance have failed, surgical procedures to improve the posterior airway are performed. When chosen correctly, these procedures have tremendous benefit to the airway and can potentially cure this devastating syndrome. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

An Overview of Oral Appliances and Managing the Airway in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100

This article gives an overview on the use of oral appliances in managing airway patency of pediatric and adult patients with OSA. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Normal Sleep Architecture

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100

Normal sleep is a complex and critical physiological activity. It is characterized by discrete neurological patterns that represent different stages of sleep. To have restful sleep, each phase of sleep must be completed; otherwise, sleep disruption will result. Disruption of sleep architecture will result in excessive daytime somnolence and can lead to systemic disease. (Source: Seminars in Orthodontics)

Introduction

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a serious condition that afflicts a substantial number of individuals. It is characterized by disruption of normal sleep architecture by complete or partial obstruction of respiratory airflow. Airflow obstruction results in a reduction of blood oxygen saturation know as hypoxemia. It produces arousal in an attempt to reopen the airway. These recurring arousals disrupt sleep architecture, which diminishes the quality of sleep. This cycle results in excessive daytime somnolence, which is one of the hallmark features of this disease condition. Excessive daytime somnolence greatly diminishes the quality of life in affected individuals and impacts unfavorably their state of health. Affected individuals with excessive daytime somnolence have greatly diminished...

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100

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Editorial Board

Seminars in Orthodontics — Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100

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Future Issues

The Financial and Performance Monitors Orthodontists Should Use to Understand the Status and Performance of Their Practice

A Guide to Understanding an Orthodontic Practice Financial Statement

Patient Statistics: What You Really Need to Know

External Marketing with Class and Style to General Dentists

Marketing Directly to Patients

Work Hard … Get Lucky

The New Patient Process

The Top Ten Management Mistakes That Orthodontists Make

Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Top Performers

Creating and Managing a First-Class Team

Leading Your Practice

Introduction

Editorial

Table of Contents

Editorial Board

Early Orthopedic Treatment and Mandibular Growth of Children with Temporomandibular Joint Abnormalities

New Methods to Evaluate Craniofacial Deformity and to Plan Surgical Correction

Twenty-Year Follow-Up of 50 Consecutive Patients Born with Unilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate Treated by the Oslo Cleft Team, Norway

Orthognathic Cleft—Surgical/Orthodontic Treatment

Restitution of the Temporomandibular Joint in Patients with Craniofacial Microsomia After Multiplanar Mandibular Distraction: Assessment by Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Development of Surgeon-Orthodontist Interaction in Orthognathic Surgery

Introduction

Table of Contents

Editorial Board

Future Issues and Recent Issues

Erratum

Complications Encountered in Temporary Orthodontic Anchorage Device Therapy

A New Treatment Method to Retract Anterior Teeth with the Double J Retractor System in Class III Malocclusions

Protocols for Late Maxillary Protraction in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients at Childrens Hospital, Los Angeles

Skeletal Anchorage for Orthopedic Correction of Growing Class III Patients

Class III Correction Using Biocreative Therapy (C-Therapy)

Treatment of Class III Malocclusions Using Miniplate and Mini-Implant Anchorage

Application of Temporary Anchorage Devices for the Treatment of Adult Class III Malocclusions

Introduction

Table of Contents

Editorial Board

Forthcoming Topics

Erratum

Cone Beam Computed Tomography: A Link with the Past, a Promise for the Future

Clinical Application of 3D Imaging for Assessment of Treatment Outcomes

Advanced Applications of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Orthodontics

A Comparison of the Accuracy of Linear Measurements Obtained from Cone Beam Computerized Tomography Images and Digital Models

The Virtual Patient Specific-Model and the Virtual Dental Model

The Future of Orthodontic Diagnostic Records

Comparing Cone Beam Computed Tomography Systems from an Orthodontic Perspective

The Use of Cone Beam Computed Tomography for the Evaluation of Pathology, Developmental Anomalies and Traumatic Injuries Relevant to Orthodontics

The Radiology Decision

A Few Comments on an Elegant Answer in Search of Useful Questions

The Road to Three-Dimensional Imaging in Orthodontics

Introduction

Table of Contents

Editorial Board

Fluoride-Containing Materials and the Prevention of Demineralization During Orthodontic Treatment—Which Research Method Should We Now Use?

The Release of Ions from Metallic Orthodontic Appliances

A Critical Appraisal of the Biological Assessment of Materials in Orthodontics with Emphasis on the Differences Between Conventional and 3-D Cell Cultures

Degree of Cure and Monomer Leaching from Orthodontic Adhesive Resins: In Vitro and in Vivo Evidence

Treatment Efficiency with Self-Ligating Brackets: The Clinical Evidence

Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) Arch Wires: The Clinical Significance of Super Elasticity

Critical Appraisal of in Vitro Steady-State Frictional Resistance Studies

Introduction

Table of Contents

Editorial Board

Skeletal Implant Anchorage in the Treatment of Impacted Teeth—A Review of the State of the Art

Extreme Tooth Impaction and Its Resolution

Efficient Management of Unerupted Teeth: A Time-Tested Treatment Modality

Preorthodontic Uncovering and Autonomous Eruption of Palatally Impacted Maxillary Canines

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in the Management of Impacted Canines

Maxillary Canines in Patients With Multiple Congenitally Missing Teeth: A Roentgenographic Study

Risk Indicators and Interceptive Treatment Alternatives for Palatally Displaced Canines

The Etiology of Eruption Disorders—Further Evidence of a “Genetic Paradigm”

Phenotypic Classification of 90 Dentitions With Arrested Eruption of First Permanent Mandibular or Maxillary Molars

Genetic Factors in the Etiology of Palatally Displaced Canines

Introduction

Contents

Editorial Board

The Future? Craniofacial Skeletal Muscle Engineering as an Aid for the Management of Craniofacial Deformities

Regeneration of Jaw Muscle—Potential Cellular Mechanisms

Orthodontics at a Pivotal Point of Transformation