MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Springer Seminars in Immunopathology' source. Sat, 10 Oct 2009 19:37:19 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336015&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F656113k5r61153p6%2F Abstract  The immune recognition of unmethylated CpG motifs appears to be an example of the ability of the immune system to detect molecular patterns which are characteristic of microbes, but are not present in vertebrates. This detection is accomplished by the means of pattern recognition receptors (PRR). Unlike some other examples of PRR, immune recognition of CpG DNA appears to require cell uptake and to be accomplished through an intracellular PRR system. This then results in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, culminating in the phosphorylation of transcription factors and the activation of transcription and translation. The rapid activation of these pathways by CpG DNA leads to the induction of protective immune responses. Content Type Journal Artic... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336015 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 08:02:26 +0100 2336015 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336014&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe7511456167384m2%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s002810050027Authors Dennis M. Klinman, Food and Drug Administration Section of Retroviral Research, Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Bldg 29A Rm 3 D 10 20892 Bethesda MDSoren Kamstrup, Food and Drug Administration Section of Retroviral Research, Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Bldg 29A Rm 3 D 10 20892 Bethesda MDDaniela Verthelyi, Food and Drug Administration Section of Retroviral Research, Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Bldg 29A Rm 3 D 10 20892 Bethesda MDIhsan Gursel, Food and Drug Administration Section of Retroviral Research, Center for Biologies Evaluation and Research Bldg 29A Rm 3 D 10 20892 Bethesda MDKen J. Ishii, Food and Drug Administration Section of Retroviral Research, Center for Biologies Eva... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336014 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 08:02:26 +0100 2336014 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336016&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm07235858448q262%2F Conclusion  A variety of DNA-based methods of modulating the immune and/or inflammatory response in animal models of asthma have shown significant promise. Antisense strategies seek to inhibit expression of specific host genes, whereas DNA vaccines aim to modulate the immune response to specific encoded allergens. In contrast, ISS DNA therapy seeks to redirect the host immune response from a Th2 to a Th1 response. Current human studies will help to determine which, if any, of these DNA based therapies is a safe and effective therapy for human asthma. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s002810050021Authors David Broide, University of California San Diego Department of Medicine Basic Science Building, Room 5090, 9500 Gilman Drive 92093-0635 La Jolla CA USAJae Youn Cho... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336016 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 08:02:22 +0100 2336016 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336017&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F574755w0676423u2%2F Abstract  The cellular organization and the compartmentalization in multicellular organisms is mediated by the extracellular matrix (ECM). This structure is composed by a wide variety of different macromolecules which carry distinct domains with defined structural and/or biological activities. Cells are known to interact with these molecules via specific receptors. Following activation, these receptors transduce signals either directly to the intracellular cytoskeleton or via different signalling cascades. Cell-matrix interactions, therefore, not only control the shape and orientation of cells but can also directly regulate cellular functions, including migration, differentiation, proliferation, and the expression of different genes. These cell-matrix interactions have been... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336017 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 08:02:17 +0100 2336017 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336019&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu40u4641rt306486%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s002810000032Authors Ante Jelaska, Boston University School of Medicine The Arthritis Center 715 Albany St. 02118 Boston MA USADavid Strehlow, Boston University School of Medicine The Arthritis Center 715 Albany St. 02118 Boston MA USAJoseph H. Korn, Boston University School of Medicine The Arthritis Center 715 Albany St. 02118 Boston MA USA Journal Springer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 Journal Volume Volume 21 Journal Issue Volume 21, Number 4 / June, 2000 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336019 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 08:02:15 +0100 2336019 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336018&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4432150n96w1k3k2%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s002810000031Authors Carlo Chizzolini, Geneva University Hospital Division of Immunology and Allergy 1211 Geneva 14 Switzerland Journal Springer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 Journal Volume Volume 21 Journal Issue Volume 21, Number 4 / June, 2000 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336018 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 08:02:15 +0100 2336018 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336020&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3487g0nk0w34670p%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s002810000036Authors Carmen Fonseca, University College London, (Royal Free Campus) Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School Rowland Hill Street NW3 2PF London UKDavid Abraham, University College London, (Royal Free Campus) Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School Rowland Hill Street NW3 2PF London UKCarol M. Black, University College London, (Royal Free Campus) Centre for Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Royal Free and University College Medical School Rowland Hill Street NW3 2PF London UK Journal Springer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 Journal Volume Volume 21 Journal Issue V... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336020 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 08:02:14 +0100 2336020 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336022&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj8314rnmp4741020%2F Abstract  Knowledge on the development and progression of liver fibrosis has grown exponentially in the past decade. At present, liver fibrogenesis is referred to as a dynamic process involving complex cellular and molecular mechanisms, resulting from the chronic activation of the tissue repair mechanisms that follows reiterated liver tissue injury. The identification and characterization of the cell types and of the different mediators involved in this process has allowed a “re-visitation” of several issues related to liver cirrhosis and its immediate consequences. Among these, evaluation of the relationships occurring between fibrogenesis and portal hypertension, cholestasis and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, represent some of the hottest areas of resear... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336022 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 08:02:13 +0100 2336022 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2336021&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj532817r384x64g7%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s002810000035Authors Carlo Chizzolini, University Hospital Division of Immunology and Allergy 1211 Geneva 14 Switzerland Journal Springer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 Journal Volume Volume 21 Journal Issue Volume 21, Number 4 / June, 2000 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2336021 Wed, 08 Apr 2009 08:02:13 +0100 2336021 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1900432&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb636418t1708w068%2F Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s002810050052Authors Dieter Kabelitz, Department of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51–59, D-63225 Langen, Germany DEDaniela Wesch, Department of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51–59, D-63225 Langen, Germany DEThomas Hinz, Department of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51–59, D-63225 Langen, Germany DE Journal Springer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 Journal Volume Volume 21 Journal Issue Volume 21, Number 1 / March, 1999 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1900432 Wed, 22 Oct 2008 06:28:18 +0100 1900432 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=455815&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fw351n44w9553453t%2F Abstract??We review the field of photoimmunology with emphasis on immunosuppression induced by ultraviolet B radiation. Recent studies have focused on UVB-induced alterations in epidermal Langerhans cell function, resulting in a shift from Th1 to Th2 phenotype and the activation of regulatory T cells as the source of IL-10 that is central to this form of immunosuppression. Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpringer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=455815 Mon, 05 Mar 2007 16:02:25 +0100 455815 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=455816&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fm92n14755g328317%2F Abstract??Skin is an ideal tissue for vaccine administration, as it is comprised of immunocompetent cells such as keratinocytes and Langerhans cells and elicits both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this paper, we summarize the immune responses induced by topical vaccination of the skin and review the effects of adjuvants on skin vaccination. We also summarize the existing techniques for skin vaccination. New techniques such as the use of lasers to enhance skin permeability are also discussed, as well as the role of the stratum corneum in skin vaccination. A recent study demonstrating enhanced skin vaccination by using surfactants to extract partial lamellar lipids of the stratum corneum will also be introduced in this review. Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpringer Semin... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=455816 Mon, 05 Mar 2007 16:02:24 +0100 455816 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=439926&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0n64753455p0w066%2F Abstract??Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important pattern-recognition receptors involved in host defense against a variety of pathogenic microorganisms. Activation of TLRs leads to the production of cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, and upregulation costimulatory and adhesion molecules involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are expressed on a variety of cell types found in the skin, including keratinocytes and Langerhans cells in the epidermis, resident and trafficking immune-system cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B cells, and mast cells in the dermis, endothelial cells of the skin microvasculature, and skin stromal cells such as fibroblasts and adipocytes. There have been an increasing number of reports demonstrating that TLRs play a key rol... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=439926 Fri, 23 Feb 2007 22:07:32 +0100 439926 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=282372&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6837340x9j331624%2F Abstract Autoimmune disorders are characterized by the destruction of self-tissues by the immune system. Multiple checkpoints are in place to prevent autoreactivity under normal circumstances. Coexpression of activating and inhibitory Fc receptors (FcR) represents such a checkpoint by establishing a threshold for immune cell activation. In many human autoimmune diseases, however, balanced FcR expression is disturbed. Analysis of murine model systems provides strong evidence that aberrant FcR expression can result in uncontrolled immune responses and the initiation of autoimmune disease. This review will summarize this data and explain how this information might be used to better understand human autoimmune diseases and to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Content TypeJournal Article ... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=282372 Sat, 18 Nov 2006 08:38:47 +0100 282372 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=282373&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ft685302x567050m2%2F Abstract The recreational use of legal and illegal drugs has significant effects on immune responses and can potentially modulate susceptibility to infection by a number of pathogens. A number of agents including cannabinoids (marijuana), cocaine opiates, amphetamines, nicotine and alcohol were demonstrated to have potentially adverse effects on the susceptibility to infections, mediated most likely, by adverse effects on immunity. As such, these drugs of abuse could have significant and potentially adverse effects on the vaccination efficacy of a number of vaccines currently on the market and on potential experimental vaccines currently in the pipeline. This review will present an overview on how drugs of abuse potentially impacts immune responses and vaccination efficacy. The emphasis of... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=282373 Fri, 17 Nov 2006 17:51:28 +0100 282373 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=278948&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe084160uv163722w%2F Abstract It has become increasingly clear that receptors for the immunoglobulin Fc region play pivotal roles in immune homeostasis and disease. This review describes the fine regulation of the high-affinity IgE-receptor (FcεRI) signaling, especially focusing on the early events that are coordinately regulated by Src family protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), FcεRI β-subunit, and membrane lipid rafts. Because allergen-mediated FcεRI cross-linking leads to the synthesis and release of a variety of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines, the duration and amplitude of the signal need to be strictly controlled, and the counterbalancing signaling is provided by specialized inhibitory receptors and molecules. However, recent work have revealed that Src family PTKs and FcεRI... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=278948 Thu, 16 Nov 2006 02:03:35 +0100 278948 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=276327&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F5068815437758157%2F Abstract FcγRs are a family of heterogeneous molecules that play opposite roles in immune response and control the effector functions of IgG antibodies. In many cancers, IgG antibodies are produced that recognize cancer cells, form immune complexes and therefore, activate FcγR. The therapeutic efficacy of monoclonal IgG antibodies against hematopoietic and epithelial tumors also argue for an important role of IgG antibodies in anti-tumor defenses. Since the 1980s, a series of lines of evidence in experimental models and in humans strongly suggest that FcγR are involved in the therapeutic activity of monoclonal IgG antibodies by activating the cytotoxic activity of FcγR-positive cells such as NK cells, monocytes, macrophages and neutrophils and by increasing antigen pres... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=276327 Fri, 10 Nov 2006 08:15:57 +0100 276327 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=269960&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd46268403237124v%2F Abstract Immunotherapy using Rituximab, an unconjugated CD20 monoclonal antibody, has proven effective for treating non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and autoimmune disease. CD19 antibody immunotherapy is also effective in mouse models of lymphoma and autoimmunity. In both cases, mouse models have demonstrated that effector cell networks effectively deplete the vast majority of circulating and tissue B lymphocytes through Fcγ receptor-dependent pathways. In mice, B cell depletion is predominantly, if not exclusively, mediated by monocytes. CD20 mAbs rapidly deplete circulating and tissue B cells in an antibody isotype-restricted manner with a hierarchy of antibody effectiveness: IgG2a/c > IgG1 > IgG2b >> IgG3. Depending on antibody isotype, m... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=269960 Wed, 08 Nov 2006 08:23:14 +0100 269960 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=269959&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F57h7734172x70170%2F Abstract The FcR are a crucial link in the immune response between humoral and cellular immunity and cell-based effector systems, mediating a wide variety of physiological and biochemical responses. The FcR for IgG (FcγR) and in particular the most widely expressed of these, FcγRII, are important in regulating adaptive immunity. Disruption of their function is a key factor in the development of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which are characterized by chronic, multi-organ inflammation. Studies of the FcγRII include structure/function relationships, investigation of the associations between FcR polymorphisms and human disease and animal studies using knockout or transgenic mouse models. These investigations showed... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=269959 Wed, 08 Nov 2006 08:23:13 +0100 269959 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=254936&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fe5688x17045n9467%2F Abstract  IgM is the first antibody to be produced in a humoral immune response and is a major isotope of natural antibodies and may play an important role in innate immunity. On the other hand, IgA is a secreted antibody at the mucosal membrane such as the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and protects from initial invasion of microbes. However, how these antibodies are involved in immunity has been poorly elucidated. We previously identified a novel Fc receptor for IgA and IgM, designated Fcα/μ receptor (Fcα/μR), whose gene is closely located at the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (poly-IgR), also a receptor for IgA and IgM, in the Fc receptor gene cluster on the chromosome 1. In contrast to the the poly-IgR that is expressed on epithelial, but not hematopoietic, cells, Fc�... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=254936 Tue, 24 Oct 2006 07:41:26 +0100 254936 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=254935&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F6817531201813469%2F Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpringer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=254935 Tue, 24 Oct 2006 07:41:26 +0100 254935 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=246875&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F86751330l8540258%2F Abstract  This review highlights some of the most common cytokines currently being tested as adjuvants in HIV-1-DNA vaccine regimens. We discuss their use in both the prophylactic and therapeutic setting. Finally, we describe a novel dendritic cell-targeted vaccine candidate for HIV-1 treatment and prevention called DermaVir and explore the combination of the DermaVir technology with the cytokine adjuvants interleukin-7 and interleukin-15. Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpringer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=246875 Fri, 20 Oct 2006 08:32:04 +0100 246875 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243824&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F34820784575w8437%2F Abstract  Mucosal secretions of the human gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genital tracts contain significant quantities of IgG. The neonatal Fc receptor for IgG (FcRn) plays a major role in regulating host IgG levels and transporting IgG and associated antigens across polarized epithelial barriers. The FcRn can then recycle the IgG/antigen complex back across the intestinal barrier into the lamina propria for processing by dendritic cells and presentation to CD4+ T cells in regional organized lymphoid structures. FcRn, through its ability to secrete and absorb IgG, thus integrates luminal antigen encounters with systemic immune compartments and, as such, provides essential host defense and immunoregulatory functions at the mucosal surfaces. Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpr... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243824 Thu, 19 Oct 2006 07:51:53 +0100 243824 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243827&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp37q2h863621l436%2F Abstract  Autoantibodies of the IgG class and the immune complexes they form are central players in the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Receptors for the Fc part of IgG, FcγR constitute one of the main effector mechanisms through which IgG immune complexes exert their action. The different members of the FcγR family exhibit extensive structural homology leading to redundancy in ligand specificity and signal transduction. Moreover, the initiation of effector mechanisms by IgG immune complexes can also be mediated by the complement system. This strong redundancy and high degree of complexity hampers a direct in vivo analysis of antibody effector pathways. Over the last decade, mice deficient for different combinations of FcγR have been generated by gene targeting. These knockout... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243827 Tue, 17 Oct 2006 08:00:55 +0100 243827 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243826&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ffm6w114635qk5361%2F Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpringer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243826 Tue, 17 Oct 2006 08:00:54 +0100 243826 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243825&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F7r48738h41588700%2F Abstract  IgA antibodies play an important role in humoral immunity. IgA is the predominant antibody in mucosal secretions and the second most prevalent in the serum. It occupies a unique position among human antibodies in that it can both trigger and suppress inflammatory responses, depending on the situation. Recent structural and functional studies have revealed details of the structure of IgA and its interaction with key cell-surface receptors. We look at the role IgA and IgA receptors (particularly FcαRI) play in the pathogenesis of diseases such as IgA nephropathy and other autoimmune conditions. Finally, we address the potential of IgA as a therapeutic tool to either trigger specific inflammatory responses to destroy target cells or suppress inflammatory responses in the case of ... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243825 Tue, 17 Oct 2006 08:00:54 +0100 243825 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243829&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F20410t9437214q6j%2F Abstract  Vaccines have entered into human clinical trials against infectious diseases and as therapies against cancer. The HIV virus establishes a latent infection at a very early stage and the T cell memory of the infected patient is rapidly destroyed. However, results of immunotherapy after DNA and protein immunization show that vaccine-induced immune responses might be present for a long period of time. Patients subjected to therapeutic immunization appear to do well, and to have a small immunological advantage, which, however, will have to be improved. The vaccine therapy should start early, while adequate reservoirs of appropriate T helper cells are available and still inducible. The DNA vaccines induce a relatively long-lived immunological memory, and gene-based immunization is ef... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243829 Wed, 11 Oct 2006 19:31:23 +0100 243829 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=243828&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa428888q1805w400%2F Abstract  In December 2005, the UNAIDS and WHO reported that the global epidemic known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has claimed the lives of more than 25 million adults and children over the past 26 years. These figures included an estimated 3.1 million AIDS-related deaths in 2005. Despite enormous efforts to control the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) new infection rates are on the rise. An estimated 40.3 million people are now living with HIV, including 4.9 million new infections this past year. Nearly half of new HIV infections are in young people between the ages of 15 and 24. While drug therapies have helped sustain the lives of infected individuals in wealthy regions, they are relatively unavailable to the poorest global regions. This includes sub-Saha... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=243828 Wed, 11 Oct 2006 19:31:23 +0100 243828 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=205064&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fh054762x277020p5%2F Abstract  The capacity to locate polymorphisms on a virtually complete map of the human genome coupled with the ability to accurately evaluate large numbers (by historical standards) of genetic markers has led to gene identification in complex diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus). While this is a phenotype with enormous clinical variation, the twin studies and the observed familial aggregation, along with the genetic effects now known, suggest a strong genetic component. Unlike type 1 diabetes, lupus genetics is not dominated by the powerful effect of a single locus. Instead, there are at least six known genetic association effects in lupus of smaller magnitude (odds ratio 10) are expected to be identified to contribute to lupus or in its many subsets defined by ... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=205064 Fri, 22 Sep 2006 08:44:35 +0100 205064 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=205066&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F41w57r4366p60551%2F Abstract  Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against a relatively limited range of nuclear antigens. These autoantibodies result in the formation of immune complexes that deposit in tissues and induce inflammation, thereby contributing to disease pathology. Growing evidence suggests that recognition of nucleic acid motifs by Toll-like receptors may play a role in both the activation of antinuclear B cells and in the subsequent disease progression after immune complex formation. The endosomal localization of the nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs), TLR3, 7, and 9, is believed to contribute to the distinction between endogenous nucleic acids and those of foreign origin. In this article we review recent work th... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=205066 Thu, 21 Sep 2006 10:07:26 +0100 205066 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=205065&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu567wk12887h0011%2F Abstract  A major challenge in developing an HIV vaccine is to identify immunogens and delivery methods that will elicit balanced humoral and cell mediate immunities against primary isolates of HIV with diverse sequence variations. Since the discovery of using protein coding nucleic acids (mainly DNA but also possible RNA) as a means of immunization in the early 1990s, there has been rapid progress in the creative use of this novel approach for the development of HIV vaccines. Although the initial impetus of using DNA immunization was for the induction of strong cell-mediated immunity, recent studies have greatly expanded our understanding on the potential role of DNA immunization to elicit improved quality of antibody responses. This function is particularly important to the development... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=205065 Thu, 21 Sep 2006 10:07:26 +0100 205065 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=199415&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fmk1132080413p160%2F Abstract  The need for an effective HIV/AIDS vaccine is imperative to halt a pandemic that involves more than 40 million individuals worldwide as of 2005 and is causing enormous socio-economic losses, especially in developing countries (DC). The overall failure of more than two decades of HIV vaccine research justifies the demands for a concerted effort for the rapid development of new and efficacious vaccines against HIV/AIDS. In this context, building international collaborative networks is a must for speeding up scientific research and optimizing the use of funding in a synergistic fashion, as resources for HIV/AIDS are limited and do not involve most of the biggest Pharmas that are more interested in drug discovery. The AIDS Vaccine Integrated Project (AVIP) consortium is an example ... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=199415 Tue, 19 Sep 2006 07:13:27 +0100 199415 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=196606&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F903208u368775j34%2F Abstract  Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) is currently under evaluation as a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 vaccine vector. The most compelling reasons to develop rVSV as a vaccine vector include a very low seroprevalence in humans, the ability to infect and robustly express foreign antigens in a broad range of cells, and vigorous growth in continuous cell lines used for vaccine manufacture. Numerous preclinical studies with rVSV vectors expressing antigens from a variety of human pathogens have demonstrated the versatility, flexibility, and potential efficacy of the rVSV vaccine platform. When administered to nonhuman primates (NHPs), rVSV vectors expressing HIV-1 Gag and Env elicited robust HIV-1-specific cellular and humoral immune responses, and animals immunized ... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=196606 Fri, 15 Sep 2006 08:02:51 +0100 196606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=193731&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F27v8r5562486p386%2F Abstract  Genetic studies in spontaneous, induced, and gene-manipulated mouse models of SLE have provided significant insights into the potential number and diversity of genes that can promote, resist, and modify lupus susceptibility. Novel genes and mechanisms of disease pathogenesis have also been identified. Importantly, mouse models have provided an initial view of the genomic landscape of lupus-affecting genes, and have documented the complexities of verifying and determining the role of specific candidate loci and genes. Mouse models of lupus should continue to serve as a vital approach to defining the genetics of SLE. Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpringer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=193731 Thu, 14 Sep 2006 11:30:18 +0100 193731 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=193730&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fa02822r6120p1587%2F Abstract  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic antibody-mediated autoimmune disease that develops under the control of multiple susceptibility genes. Genetic studies in murine and human SLE have identified several chromosomal intervals that contain candidate susceptibility genes. However, the ultimate identification of the genes and their roles in disease process need much further investigation. Spontaneous murine SLE models provide useful tools in this respect. In this chapter, we show this line of investigation, particularly focusing on the roles of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and immunoglobulin G Fc receptors (FcγRs). The existence of high-affinity autoantibodies is evidence that autoimmunity in SLE is antigen-driven. Thereby, MHC class II haplotypes h... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=193730 Thu, 14 Sep 2006 11:30:18 +0100 193730 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=190470&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu7w1hr3064837005%2F Abstract  Long-term maintenance of memory T cell response is the hallmark of immune protection and hence the holy grail of most vaccine development studies. Persistent memory cells, developed after either viral infection or vaccination, ensure the generation of an antiviral response upon reexposure to the pathogen. During acute viral infections, as in the case of measles and influenza viruses, strong T cell effector functions, which eradicate the virus and protect patients against reexposure, are achieved by the generation of persistent protective memory cells. However, in chronic infections, T cells drastically lose effector functions before acquiring a memory phenotype. Chronic infections can be categorized into infections where viremia is controlled and protective memory cells are mai... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=190470 Tue, 12 Sep 2006 07:15:58 +0100 190470 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=188140&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Ff71l3q477663g437%2F Abstract  The identification of genes for autoimmune diseases is just the first step towards our understanding of disease pathogenesis. In investigating how mutations, deletions or other types of polymorphic defects occur, it is important to determine the pathways and the mechanisms through which susceptibility leads to disease. In this review I touch on three examples of studies that have attempted to understand the mechanisms of genetic susceptibility in three genes identified recently for systemic lupus erythematosus: PDCD1, PTPN22 and IRF5. We are just beginning to comprehend and much needs to be done. Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpringer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=188140 Sat, 09 Sep 2006 07:31:17 +0100 188140 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=180677&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk834j524734788p6%2F Abstract  The pathogenesis of autoantibody-mediated cellular and tissue lesions in autoimmune diseases is most straightforwardly attributable to the combined action of self-antigen binding properties and effector functions associated with the Fc regions of the different immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes. The analysis of two different sets of monoclonal autoantibodies derived from lupus-prone mice revealed remarkable differences in the pathogenic potentials of different IgG subclasses: (1) the IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses of anti-red blood cell (RBC) autoantibodies are the most pathogenic and efficiently activate two classes of activating IgG Fc receptors (FcγRIII and FcγRIV) and complement; (2) the IgG3 subclass is less pathogenic and activate only complement; and (3) the IgG1 subclass is the... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=180677 Tue, 05 Sep 2006 07:12:04 +0100 180677 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=180676&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fj507q15g71857u70%2F Abstract  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology. Tyrosine phosphorylation and protein expression of the T-cell receptor ζ chain (ζ) have been reported to be significantly decreased in SLE T cells. In addition, ζ mRNA with alternatively spliced 3′ untranslated region (ζmRNA/as-3′UTR) is detected predominantly in SLE T cells, and aberrant ζ mRNA accompanied by the mutations in the open reading frame including ζ mRNA lacking exon7 (ζmRNA/exon7-) is observed in SLE T cells. These ζ mRNA splice variant forms exhibit a reduction in the expression of TCR/CD3 complex and ζ protein on their cell surface due to the instability of ζ mRNA splice variant forms as well as the reduction in interleukin (IL)-2 production after stimulating wi... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=180676 Tue, 05 Sep 2006 07:12:04 +0100 180676 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=176130&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F07k16846j7820g51%2F Abstract  T cells undergo full and productive activation when they traffic to lymph nodes where they encounter dendritic cells displaying foreign antigen in the context of MHC molecules on their surface. Recognition of these antigen–MHC complexes by the T cell’s receptor for antigen, or T cell receptor, provides the first of two obligate signals needed to drive cell proliferation. The second antigen-independent signal is provided by the costimulatory receptor, CD28, as it engages its ligand on the antigen-presenting cells. Failure of the T cell to receive this second signal after antigen recognition leaves the T cell in a state of anergy. Understanding the role of T cell costimulatory receptors in T cell activation has led to the development of novel approaches for regulating immune ... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=176130 Sat, 02 Sep 2006 07:19:16 +0100 176130 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173981&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fbh227027667x28k3%2F Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpringer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173981 Tue, 29 Aug 2006 07:14:41 +0100 173981 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173979&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk288353703n18216%2F Abstract  Programmed cell death and the disposal of cell corpses by phagocytic cells are highly regulated ongoing processes essential for the survival and well-being of higher organisms. Abnormalities in the susceptibility of certain cells to receptor-induced death are known to lead to certain human diseases (e.g., autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome) and may contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Impaired clearance of apoptotic cells is also likely to be an important factor in lupus pathogenesis, though the biological basis of such a defect remains elusive. Finally, the process of apoptosis has been shown to contribute to lupus disease effector mechanisms. A better understanding of the role of apoptosis in lupus very likely will lead to improved diagnosis an... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173979 Tue, 29 Aug 2006 07:14:41 +0100 173979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173980&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F3t78075166304371%2F Abstract  Susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) depends on genetic and environmental factors. Genome scan studies have identified eight chromosomal regions with significant linkage to SLE that are confirmed by individual cohorts, suggesting that susceptibility genes may be identified within each of these loci. Linkage studies and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have led to the identification of positional candidate genes, and their functional allelic variants have demonstrated molecular pathogenesis of the disease. The discovery of positional candidate genes that are associated with various autoimmune diseases signifies a common pathway in the mechanism of these diseases. Copy polymorphisms in susceptibility genes provide evidence in how genetic plasticity affects c... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173980 Tue, 29 Aug 2006 07:14:40 +0100 173980 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173982&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fk3r483h74427q470%2F Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpringer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173982 Fri, 25 Aug 2006 07:10:35 +0100 173982 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173990&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fb7m4226878m44758%2F Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpringer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 Journal VolumeVolume 28 Journal IssueVolume 28, Number 1 / September, 2006 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173990 Tue, 22 Aug 2006 07:14:29 +0100 173990 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173989&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F121020312705835m%2F Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpringer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 Journal VolumeVolume 28 Journal IssueVolume 28, Number 1 / September, 2006 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173989 Tue, 22 Aug 2006 07:14:29 +0100 173989 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173983&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fu1065w4492678w31%2F Abstract  In the most simplistic terms, immune tolerance can be envisioned as a balance with autoreactive cells that arise naturally in all individuals on one side and regulatory mechanisms designed to counter those autoreactive processes on the other. A tilt of the balance toward the autoreactive side, either by increasing the number or function of autoreactive cells or by diminishing regulatory mechanisms, is manifested as autoimmunity. In contrast, tilting of the balance toward increased regulation could conceivably cause immunodeficiency. Regulatory T cells (TREG), and particularly the naturally arising CD4+CD25+ subset of TREG cells, provide a substantial component of the autoimmune counterbalance. The identification of forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) as a critical determinant of CD4+CD25+ ... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173983 Tue, 22 Aug 2006 07:14:29 +0100 173983 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173991&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fq74x4641x4603376%2F Abstract  Natural T regulatory cells (NatTReg) limit immunopathology and protective immune responses induced upon microbial infection. In addition, infection increases the number and activity of NatTReg. These findings need to be conciliated with the process of ‘self–nonself’ discrimination based on the function of NatTReg committed intrathymically and positively selected (and activated) on thymic epithelial cells. A review of the available evidence comforts the assumptions that, in physiological conditions, NatTReg engaged in the immune responses to microbial infections are drawn from the autoreactive repertoire even if some may appear to be microbe specific. This contention also provides a suitable explanation for the ‘hygiene hypothesis’: infections re-enforce the physiologi... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173991 Tue, 22 Aug 2006 07:14:28 +0100 173991 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173988&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F8112u57505512483%2F Abstract  Innate and adaptive immunity play important roles in immunosurveillance and tumor destruction. However, increasing evidence suggests that tumor-infiltrating immune cells may have a dual function: inhibiting or promoting tumor growth and progression. Although regulatory T (Treg) cells induce immune tolerance by suppressing host immune responses against self- or nonself-antigens, thus playing critical roles in preventing autoimmune diseases, they might inhibit antitumor immunity and promote tumor growth. Recent studies demonstrate that elevated proportions of Treg cells are present in various types of cancers and suppress antitumor immunity. Furthermore, tumor-specific Treg cells can inhibit immune responses only when they are exposed to antigens presented by tumor cells. Therefo... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173988 Tue, 22 Aug 2006 07:14:28 +0100 173988 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173987&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F672413278323615h%2F Abstract  In recent years, regulatory T cells have received increased attention for their role in immune responses to microbial infections. The list of microbial pathogens associated with regulatory T cell responses is growing rapidly and includes bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. As the biology of regulatory T cells is revealed, we are discovering that their induction during infection is a normal aspect of immunity, necessary to limit collateral damage from inflammatory responses and aggressive immunological effectors. Thus, these cells play a critical role in maintaining the delicate balance between preventing immunopathology and allowing the immune response to clear infections. While generally successful, there are notable exceptions where regulatory T cell-mediated suppression... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173987 Tue, 22 Aug 2006 07:14:28 +0100 173987 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173984&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fg2066533508p6p41%2F Abstract  Tolerance mechanisms are responsible for the survival of the fetus within the maternal uterus without being attacked by the cells of the maternal immune system despite their direct contact. Regulatory T cells (Treg) were claimed to be important players in the tolerance towards the fetus bearing alloantigens. Recent evidence confirmed an augmentation in the number of Treg during pregnancy and, most importantly, diminished numbers of Treg were associated with immunological rejection of the fetus. This could be prevented by adoptively transferring CD4+/CD25+ Treg cells from normal pregnant mice into abortion-prone animals. Treg prevented abortion while creating a transient tolerant microenvironment characterized by high levels of TGF-β, LIF, and HO-1. Downregulated levels of Treg... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173984 Tue, 22 Aug 2006 07:14:28 +0100 173984 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173986&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F0j7k754v7n2230g6%2F Abstract  During the past 10 years, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) have been extensively studied for their function in autoimmune disease. This review summarizes the evidence for a role of Treg in suppression of innate and adaptive immune responses in experimental models of autoimmunity including arthritis, colitis, diabetes, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, lupus, gastritis, oophoritis, prostatitis, and thyroiditis. Antigen-specific activation of Treg, but antigen-independent suppressive function, emerges as a common paradigm derived from several disease models. Treg suppress conventional T cells (Tcon) by direct cell contact in vitro. However, downmodulation of dendritic cell function and secretion of inhibitory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β might underlie Treg function i... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173986 Tue, 22 Aug 2006 07:14:27 +0100 173986 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173985&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fy287p0w5p6407717%2F Abstract  Alloreactive T cells present in a bone marrow transplant are responsible for graft-vs-host disease, but their depletion is associated with impaired engraftment, immunosuppression, and loss of the graft-vs-leukemia effect. The subpopulation of CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells was first identified based on its crucial role in the control of autoimmune processes, but they also play a role in alloreactive responses. Moreover, these cells could be used to develop innovative strategies in the field of transplantation and particularly to prevent graft-vs-host disease. Indeed, high numbers of CD4+CD25+ immunoregulatory T cells can modulate graft-vs-host disease if administered at the same time as allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in mice. This review discusses variou... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173985 Tue, 22 Aug 2006 07:14:27 +0100 173985 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173993&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fd0207rx745g2967w%2F Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpringer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 Journal VolumeVolume 27 Journal IssueVolume 27, Number 4 / June, 2006 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173993 Tue, 16 May 2006 07:08:11 +0100 173993 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173992&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F58653781j3784kp5%2F The concept of costimulation, the requirement for an independent accessory cellular activation signal that supplements the signal delivered to a lymphocyte by antigen, has been a focal point of progress in understanding the regulation of the immune system. While considerable attention has been directed to new developments related to the activation of cells of the innate immune system through Toll-like receptors, resulting in the production of soluble mediators, augmented expression of cell surface costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells is arguably the most significant early outcome of immune system activation. It is those cell surface molecules that provide the essential afferent costimulatory signals to T cells of the adaptive immune response. Once fully activated, T cells ex... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173992 Tue, 16 May 2006 07:08:10 +0100 173992 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173995&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fl0r55114lw236772%2F Content TypeJournal Article JournalSpringer Seminars in ImmunopathologyOnline ISSN 1432-2196Print ISSN 0344-4325 Journal VolumeVolume 27 Journal IssueVolume 27, Number 4 / June, 2006 (Source: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology) Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173995 Tue, 09 May 2006 08:11:57 +0100 173995 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173996&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F461288p160j56701%2F Blockade of cytokines, particularly of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), in immuno-inflammatory diseases, has led to the greatest advances in medicine of recent years. We did a thorough review of the literature with a focus on inflammation models in rodents on modified gene expression or bioactivity for IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, and we summarized the results of randomized controlled clinical trials in human disease. What we have learned herewith is that important information can be achieved by the use of animal models in complex, immune-mediated diseases. However, a clear ranking for putative therapeutic targets appears difficult to obtain from an experimental approach alone. This is primarily due to the fact that none of the disease models has proven to cover more than one crucial path... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173996 Tue, 09 May 2006 08:11:56 +0100 173996 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173994&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fc15306345m33tj08%2F Biologics are used in solid organ allografting and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for the induction and maintenance of immunosuppression. In solid organ transplantation, antibodies targeting T cells are part of induction protocols administered for initiation of immunosuppression during organ transfer and during sustained post transplant periods for prevention of graft rejection. Several clinical trials in renal allografting provide data for the efficacy and safety of biologics in this clinical setting. Application of biologics also allows the reduction of calcineurin inhibitors, thereby reducing toxicity and improving long-term graft function. In acute rejection periods, anti T cell antibodies are established in steroid-resistant cases. Strategies interfering with the activ... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173994 Tue, 09 May 2006 08:11:56 +0100 173994 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173997&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2F4v6015w03n827376%2F The term auto-inflammatory disorders has been coined to describe a group of conditions characterized by spontaneously relapsing and remitting bouts of systemic inflammation without apparent involvement of antigen-specific T cells or significant production of auto-antibodies. The hereditary periodic fever syndromes are considered as the prototypic auto-inflammatory diseases, and genetic studies have yielded important new insights into innate immunity. DNA analysis has greatly enhanced the clinical characterization of these conditions, and elucidation of their molecular aetiopathogenesis has suggested that therapies may be aimed at specific targets within the immune cascade. The availability of biologic response modifiers such as inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1β... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173997 Fri, 05 May 2006 02:17:50 +0100 173997 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=173998&cid=s_33290_32_f&fid=33290&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springerlink.com%2Fcontent%2Fp43v3220121k3855%2F Among the cells of the immune system involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease, T cells have received the most attention. The central role of these cells in several animal models of autoimmune diseases and in human disease counterparts has provided the rationale for specific therapeutic targeting of T cell subsets, especially CD4 T cells. So far, the applicability of this approach has not been clearly evident in clinical trials, which was also the case when nondepleting “coating” anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies was used. In the past several years, experimental evidence supporting a major role of B cells in systemic autoimmune disease has grown. This includes the pathogenicity of certain autoantibodies, the potential of B cells to present antigen in the context of MHC Class II a... Springer Seminars in Immunopathology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=173998 Fri, 28 Apr 2006 08:30:40 +0100 173998