MedWorm.com provides a medical RSS filtering service. Over 6000 RSS medical sources are combined and output via different filters. This feed contains the latest items from the 'Trends in Parasitology' source. Wed, 17 Mar 2010 16:51:12 +0100 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3354983&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20211583%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Salavati R, Najafabadi HS The genomes of trypanosomatids are distantly related to other eukaryotes, with significant numbers of hypothetical or conserved hypothetical trypanosomatid-specific genes, whose functions cannot be determined using homology-dependent annotation methods. Here, we describe homology-independent methods to infer biological functions of genes based solely on their sequences. These approaches are not limited to trypanosomatid genomes and provide grounds for analysis of genomes of Plasmodium falciparum and other parasites associated with neglected tropical diseases. A critical evaluation of the current state of annotation of parasitic genomes endorses the need to exploit homology-independent computational methods, which can identify protein functions, potent... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3354983 Sat, 06 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3354983 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3347341&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20207197%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nicholson WL, Allen KE, McQuiston JH, Breitschwerdt EB, Little SE Dogs and people are exposed to and susceptible to infection by many of the same tick-borne bacterial pathogens in the order Rickettsiales, including Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis, E. chaffeensis, E. ewingii, Rickettsia rickettsii, R. conorii, and other spotted fever group rickettsiae. Recent findings include descriptions of novel Ehrlichia and Rickettsia species, recognition of the occurrence and clinical significance of co-infection, and increasing awareness of Rhipicephalus sanguineus-associated diseases. Newer molecular assays are available, although renewed efforts to encourage their use are needed. This review highlights the ecology and epidemiology of these diseases, and proposes avenues for f... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3347341 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3347341 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3347340&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20207198%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Little SE, Heise SR, Blagburn BL, Callister SM, Mead PS Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto is the only established etiologic agent of Lyme borreliosis in dogs and in humans in North America. Lyme borreliosis differs in dogs and humans in terms of clinical outcome following infection, diagnostic approaches, prevention strategies and treatment recommendations. Nonetheless, serologic evidence of exposure of dogs to B. burgdorferi agrees with the geographical distribution of autochthonous transmission of the agent of Lyme borreliosis, and continued monitoring of exposure rates in dogs might allow early recognition of geographic expansion of endemic areas as well as identify hyperendemic areas where both humans and dogs are at increased risk of infection. PMID: 20207198 [PubMed... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3347340 Thu, 04 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3347340 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3336259&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20202905%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Solano P, Ravel S, de Meeûs T In sub-Saharan Africa, tsetse transmitted Trypanosomiases have an enormous impact on human health and economic development. Both the World Health Organisation and African countries through the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) have recently asserted their determination to rid the sub-continent of these diseases, and it is increasingly recognised that vector control should play an important role. This review mainly focuses on population genetics of tsetse of the palpalis group, the main vectors of sleeping sickness, and reports recent results on tsetse population structure and on measures of gene flow between populations. Implications of these studies for large-scale tsetse control programmes being undertaken... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3336259 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3336259 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3336258&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20202906%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ballweber LR, Xiao L, Bowman DD, Kahn G, Cama VA Molecular data have defined seven genetic Assemblages of Giardia duodenalis, named A-G. Humans are infected with Assemblages A and B, dogs primarily with C and D, and cats with F. Assemblage A has been subclassified into subtypes A-I to A-IV: A-I has been reported in humans and animals, A-II in humans, and A-III and IV exclusively in animals. Assemblage B has broad host specificity infecting humans and animals. Recently, small numbers of dogs and cats have been reported to also carry Assemblages A-I or B. Because these genotypes are found primarily in humans, and no comprehensive studies to address zoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis are yet available, the potential role of dogs and cats cannot be conclusively excluded. P... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3336258 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3336258 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3336257&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20202907%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Elmore SA, Jones JL, Conrad PA, Patton S, Lindsay DS, Dubey JP Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite of birds and mammals. Cats are the only definitive host and thus the only source of infective oocysts, but other mammals and birds can develop tissue cysts. Although feline infections are typically asymptomatic, infection during human pregnancy can cause severe disease in the fetus. Cat owners can reduce their pets' exposure risk by keeping all cats indoors and not feeding them raw meat. Humans usually become infected through ingestion of oocyst-contaminated soil and water, tissue cysts in undercooked meat, or congenitally. Because of their fastidious nature, the passing of non-infective oocysts, and the short duration of oocyst shedding, direct contact with cats is not thought to be... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3336257 Tue, 02 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3336257 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3322194&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20189877%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fernández-Robledo JA, Vasta GR Although the past decade has witnessed sequencing from an increasing number of parasites, modern high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have the potential to generate complete genome sequences at even higher rates. Along with the discovery of genes that might constitute potential targets for chemotherapy or vaccination, the need for novel protein expression platforms has become a pressing matter. In addition to reviewing the advantages and limitations of the currently available and emerging expression systems, we discuss novel approaches that could overcome current limitations, including the 'pseudoparasite' concept, an expression platform in which the choice of the surrogate organism is based on its phylogenetic affinity to the target ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3322194 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3322194 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3322193&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20189878%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Todryk SM PMID: 20189878 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3322193 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3322193 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3322192&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20189879%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dahlbäck M, Nielsen MA, Salanti A Pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM) is caused by Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) accumulating in the placenta and has dire consequences for both mother and child. The multi-domain antigen VAR2CSA confers specific adhesion of IEs to chondroitin sulphate A (CSA) in the placenta, and is the leading PAM vaccine candidate. Recent data from different laboratories show that the binding properties of individual VAR2CSA domains do not reflect the native CSA-specific adhesion of IEs, which questions the relevance of the information obtained from single domain binding assays and co-crystallization experiments. Here, we discuss the implications of these findings for VAR2CSA vaccine development and highlight the need for studying the ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3322192 Fri, 26 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3322192 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3322195&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20189454%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bowman DD, Montgomery SP, Zajac AM, Eberhard ML, Kazacos KR Dogs and cats are hosts to hookworms that may cause zoonotic disease, most notably, cutaneous larva migrans. Ancylostoma braziliense is most often implicated in dermatological lesions, and Ancylostoma caninum has been associated with eosinophilic enteritis and suggested as a possible cause of diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis in humans. Other manifestations include eosinophilic pneumonitis, localized myositis, folliculitis, erythema multiforme, or ophthalmological manifestations. Ancylostoma eggs are morphologically indistinguishable, which complicates epidemiological studies. Surveys of dermatologists, gastroenterologists, and ophthalmologists would help to define the incidence of these zoonotic infections. ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3322195 Thu, 25 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3322195 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3316367&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20185369%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McElroy KM, Blagburn BL, Breitschwerdt EB, Mead PS, McQuiston JH Cat-scratch disease, flea-borne typhus, and plague are three flea-associated zoonoses of cats of concern in the USA. Although flea concentrations may be heaviest in coastal and temperate climates, fleas and flea-borne disease agents can occur almost anywhere in the USA. Understanding flea-borne pathogens, and the associated risks for owners and veterinarians, is important to reduce the likelihood of zoonotic infection. PMID: 20185369 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3316367 Tue, 23 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3316367 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3312179&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20181530%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee AC, Montgomery SP, Theis JH, Blagburn BL, Eberhard ML Heartworms can cause serious cardiopulmonary disease in their canid hosts. Canine heartworm has become widespread in many parts of the world, and its range continues to expand. Wildlife reservoirs play a role in perpetuation and transmission of this parasite to dogs. Human heartworm infection is incidental and is typically not associated with severe clinical disease; however, because no serological test is readily available, patients must undergo invasive procedures to differentiate heartworm from other more serious diseases. Human cases have been reported mainly in areas of high canine prevalence, highlighting the importance of heartworm testing and chemoprophylaxis in all dogs to reduce transmission. Future efforts sh... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3312179 Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3312179 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3312178&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20181531%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Paul M, King L, Carlin EP PMID: 20181531 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3312178 Mon, 22 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3312178 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3303260&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20176507%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lucio-Forster A, Griffiths JK, Cama VA, Xiao L, Bowman DD The role of dogs and cats in human cryptosporidiosis has been the focus of much attention. Studies in which genotyping of Cryptospiridium oocysts in feces of dogs and cats have been successful and have demonstrated that most infections in these animals are caused by host-specific C. canis and C. felis, respectively. Most human cases of cryptosporidiosis are associated with C. hominis and C. parvum; C. canis and C. felis are responsible for only a small number of cases. Thus, molecular epidemiologic studies support the contention that the risk of zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. from pet cats and dogs is low. Veterinarians can inform their clients of this minimal risk, but nevertheless advise them to minimiz... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3303260 Sat, 20 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3303260 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3303261&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20172762%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lee AC, Schantz PM, Kazacos KR, Montgomery SP, Bowman DD Toxocaracanis and Toxocara cati of dogs and cats, respectively, can cause significant disease in people. Human seroprevalence for Toxocara antibodies varies with factors such as geographic location, socio-economic status, and dietary habits. Risk factors for infection include geophagia and low-level education. Toxocara canis is better recognized as a cause of human toxocariasis, but Toxocara cati should not be overlooked. In addition, patent infections with Baylisascaris procyonis, the raccoon ascarid, have been increasingly recognized in dogs. Pet owners need to be properly educated about zoonotic risks, and veterinarians should institute regular parasite screening and treatment for all pets. Establishment of national s... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3303261 Fri, 19 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3303261 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3249019&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20133198%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wells TN, Burrows JN, Baird JK Plasmodium vivax is the major species of malaria parasite outside Africa. It is especially problematic in that the infection can relapse in the absence of mosquitoes by activation of dormant hypnozoites in the liver. Medicines that target the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum are also active against P. vivax, except where these have been compromised by resistance. However, the only clinical therapy against relapse of vivax malaria is the 8-aminoquinoline, primaquine. This molecule has the drawback of causing haemolysis in genetically sensitive patients and requires 14 days of treatment. New, safer and more-easily administered drugs are urgently needed, and this is a crucial gap in the broader malaria-elimination agenda. New development... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3249019 Tue, 02 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3249019 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3213164&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20097134%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Miller LH The Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM) started in 1997 with the aim of giving African scientists an equal voice with Northern scientists in making decisions about malaria research in Africa. Is there a need for MIM today with the large increase in funding for malaria research from governments and foundations? I conclude that MIM is still needed today to support African scientists' investigator-initiated research and training. PMID: 20097134 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3213164 Thu, 21 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3213164 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3194705&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20089451%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tedder PM, Bradford JR, McConkey GA, Bulpitt AJ, Westhead DR The genome sequence of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum was published in 2002 and revealed that approximately 60% of its genes could not be assigned a function. Eight years later the majority of P. falciparum proteins are still of unknown function. We therefore present PlasmoPredict, an easy-to-use online gene function prediction tool that integrates a wide range of functional genomics data for P. falciparum to aid in the annotation of these genes. PMID: 20089451 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3194705 Mon, 18 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3194705 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3187465&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20083435%26dopt%3DAbstract This article considers the nature of the biosynthetic pathway of nematode PC-containing glycoconjugates and, in particular, the identity of the final component in the pathway - the enzyme that transfers PC to carbohydrate (the 'PC transferase'). We offer the opinion that the PC transferase could be a member of the fukutin family (fukutin refers to the mutated gene product that causes Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy), a group of enzymes with apparent phosphoryl-ligand transferase activity that are found in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans. PMID: 20083435 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3187465 Sat, 16 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3187465 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3187464&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20083436%26dopt%3DAbstract This article considers these limitations and proposes a framework for reporting, interpreting and improving PCR correction of antimalarial trials. PMID: 20083436 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3187464 Sat, 16 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3187464 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3187463&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20083437%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Webster JP, Oliviera G, Rollinson D, Gower CM The blood flukes Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mansoni are the first major human platyhelminth pathogens to have their genome sequences published. The work of two large international consortia offers draft sequence information and detailed analyses presenting a wealth of information addressing, in particular, metabolic and signalling pathways, host-parasite interactions and potential new drug targets. We comment on these breakthroughs and their potential applications in the study and control of schistosomes. PMID: 20083437 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3187463 Sat, 16 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3187463 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3187461&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20083438%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Deckers N, Dorny P Neurocysticercosis, the infection of the central nervous system by larvae of Taenia solium, is a major cause of epilepsy in developing countries. This cestode is a public health problem in most developing countries where pigs are raised and its occurrence is strongly associated with poverty. The development of immunodiagnostic tools has contributed to our knowledge on the importance of this parasite by enabling seroepidemiological surveys and community-based studies to be conducted. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the various proteins used in antibody detection techniques, as well as the latest developments in antigen detection techniques and serodiagnosis of taeniosis. A critical view on the use of serology in epidemiological studies and clinic... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3187461 Sat, 16 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3187461 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3154003&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20056485%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cohuet A, Harris C, Robert V, Fontenille D In human malaria, transmission intensity is highly dependent on the vectorial capacity and competence of local mosquitoes. Most mosquitoes are dead ends for the parasite, and only limited ranges of Anopheles are able to transmit Plasmodium to humans. Research to understand the determinants of vectorial capacity and competence has greatly progressed in recent years; however, some aspects have been overlooked and the evolutionary pressures that affect them often neglected. Here, we review key factors of vectorial capacity and competence in Anopheles, with a particular focus on the most important malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. We aim to point out selection pressures exerted by Plasmodium on Anopheles to improve its own transmission an... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3154003 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3154003 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3154002&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20056486%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Robertson LJ, Hanevik K, Escobedo AA, Mørch K, Langeland N Although giardiasis is considered by most medical practitioners to be an easily treated infection, prolonged symptoms due to, or following, Giardia duodenalis infection can have a significant impact on quality of life. Symptom recurrence, including abdominal symptoms and fatigue, can result from re-infection, treatment failure, disturbances in the gut mucosa or post-infection syndromes. In developed countries, these sequelae can have an enormous impact on quality of life; in developing countries, particularly in children, they add yet another burden to populations that are already disadvantaged. Here, we outline current knowledge, based on individual case sequelae from sporadic infections, observations of populati... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3154002 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3154002 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3154001&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20056487%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Nzila A, Okombo J, Becker RP, Chilengi R, Lang T, Niehues T The emergence of artemisinin resistance could adversely impact the current strategy for malaria treatment; thus, new drugs are urgently needed. A possible approach to developing new antimalarials is to find new uses for old drugs. Some anticancer agents such as methotrexate and trimetrexate are active against malaria. However, they are commonly perceived to be toxic and thus not suitable for malaria treatment. In this opinion article, we examine how the toxicity of anticancer agents is just a matter of dose or 'only dose makes the poison', as coined in Paracelsus' law. Thus, the opportunity exists to discover new antimalarials using the anticancer pharmacopoeia. PMID: 20056487 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3154001 Tue, 05 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100 3154001 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3130150&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20036799%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Williams PD From the seemingly inevitable emergence of antibiotic resistance following drug use to the necessity of annual influenza vaccine updates, the ability of pathogens to evolve appears to preclude the development of effective, long-term interventions for many diseases. Despite this gloomy forecast, recent research explores how various principles and concepts from evolutionary ecology might inform practical attempts to bring these disease-causing agents under greater human control. By utilizing evolutionary and ecological information at various scales, these works investigate some promising avenues of disease intervention, from trapping pathogens in evolutionary dead ends, through slowing or inhibiting the process of pathogen adaptation, to more accurate forecasting of ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3130150 Fri, 25 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3130150 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3115479&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20022560%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Chubb JC, Ball MA, Parker GA In the complex life cycles of helminths, life in intermediate hosts poses special problems not covered by standard life history strategy theory. While under selection to reduce mortality and to increase growth, there is the additional problem of transmission between hosts. This review attempts to harmonise classical knowledge of the overall life cycle patterns with recent evolutionary theory as to how larval helminths exploit intermediate host tissues and avoid the gut to maximise fitness in terms of growth and mortality. It also considers the evolutionary rules by which trophically transmitted larvae are expected to increase their transmission rates to the next host. PMID: 20022560 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasit... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3115479 Thu, 17 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3115479 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3115478&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D20022561%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Birky CW Although Giardia is of practical importance as a pathogen and has theoretical importance in evolutionary biology, it is not known whether it ever reproduces sexually. Several recent papers have shed light on this problem, without completely solving it. One paper shows that nuclei in the encysted organism can temporarily fuse and exchange genes; this may explain the genetic similarity of the two nuclei in a cell. Another paper demonstrates that Giardia does undergo sexual reproduction with outcrossing. However, we still do not know whether this involves a meiotic or a parasexual cycle, when it occurs, or how common it is. PMID: 20022561 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3115478 Thu, 17 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3115478 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3040451&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19945346%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Vidal-Martínez VM, Pech D, Sures B, Purucker ST, Poulin R This review assesses the usefulness of parasites as bioindicators of environmental impact. Relevant studies published in the past decade were compiled; factorial meta-analysis demonstrated significant effects and interactions between parasite levels and the presence and concentration of various pollutants and/or environmental stressors. These effects and interactions were also evident in subsets of studies that used different methods such as field surveys or experimental exposure. From this meta-analysis we conclude that parasites are useful bioindicators of environmental impact. Further, by examining aspects of study design, we put forward recommendations for the design of future studies to evaluate anthropogenic ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3040451 Thu, 26 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3040451 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3033968&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19939733%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Müller IB, Hyde JE, Wrenger C The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum depends primarily on nutrient sources from its human host. Most compounds, such as glucose, purines, amino acids, as well as cofactors and vitamins, are abundantly available in the host cell, and can be readily salvaged by the parasite. However, in some cases the parasite can also synthesize cofactors de novo in reactions that appear to be essential. Importantly, the three biosynthetic pathways that produce vitamins B(1), B(6) and B(9) are absent from the host, but are well established in P. falciparum. This review summarizes and updates the current knowledge of vitamin B de novo synthesis and salvage in P. falciparum and focuses on their potential as targets for drug intervention. PMID: 19939733... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3033968 Mon, 23 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3033968 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3033969&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19932638%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: White NJ, Turner GD, Medana IM, Dondorp AM, Day NP P.berghei ANKA infection in CBA or CB57BL/6 mice is used widely as a murine 'model' of human cerebral malaria (HCM), despite markedly different histopathological features. The pathology of the murine model is characterised by marked inflammation with little or no intracerebral sequestration of parasitised erythrocytes, whereas HCM is associated with intense intracerebral sequestration, often with little inflammatory response. There are now more than ten times as many studies each year of the murine model than on HCM. Of 48 adjunctive interventions evaluated in the murine model, 44 (92%) were successful, compared with only 1 (6%) of 17 evaluated in HCM during the same period. The value of the mouse model in identifying patholog... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3033969 Fri, 20 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3033969 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3001159&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19914134%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Scholzen A, Minigo G, Plebanski M Infection with Plasmodium parasites can cause severe disease due to a lack of protective immune responses to clear parasitemia, or to the host's inability to control excessive inflammation resulting in immunopathology. T regulatory cells (Tregs), key mediators of immune homeostasis, are increased in number and modulate disease in human and murine malaria. Several recent studies provide new insights into the mechanisms and functional consequences of Treg induction by P. falciparum. This review integrates and discusses the findings published on Tregs in human and murine malaria to date, with emphasis on Treg induction (host components, kinetics and parasite-dependence) and their diverse roles (protective or pathological) during infection. PM... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3001159 Thu, 12 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3001159 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=3001160&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19910253%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rojas L, Vazquez A, Domenech I, Robertson LJ Fascioliasis, an emerging parasitic infection, impacts significantly on both veterinary and human health worldwide. Endemic foci are not limited only to areas of extensive livestock farming, but owing to the parasite's abilities to colonise new intermediate hosts and adapt to new environments, also occur in other places, including Cuba. In Cuba, despite a high prevalence of fascioliasis in livestock, and the widespread occurrence of two potential intermediate hosts, human infection has decreased steadily over the past 10 years. In other parts of the world, human fascioliasis is apparently becoming more frequent. Problems in counteracting the spread of fascioliasis, and approaches used in Cuba to limit zoonotic transmission are discu... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=3001160 Tue, 10 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100 3001160 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2954980&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19879191%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Spielmann T, Gilberger TW Intracellular malaria parasites export numerous proteins into their host cell, a process essential for parasite survival and virulence. Many of these proteins are defined by a short amino acid sequence motif termed PEXEL or VTS that mediates their export, suggesting a collective trafficking route. The existence of several PEXEL-negative exported proteins (PNEPs) indicates that alternative export pathways might also exist. We review recent data on the sequences mediating export of PNEPs and compare this process to PEXEL export taking into account novel findings on the function of this motif. Based on this we propose that, despite the lack of a PEXEL in PNEPs, both groups of proteins might converge in a single export pathway on their way into the host c... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2954980 Wed, 28 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2954980 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2954979&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19879192%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Boussinesq M, Kamgno J, Pion SD, Mackenzie CD PMID: 19879192 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2954979 Wed, 28 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2954979 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2944430&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19864183%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Escalante AA, Smith DL, Kim Y The evolution of resistance in Plasmodium falciparum against safe and affordable drugs such as chloroquine (CQ) and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is a major global health threat. Investigating the dynamics of resistance against these antimalarial drugs will lead to approaches for addressing the problem of resistance in malarial parasites that are solidly based in evolutionary genetics and population biology. In this article, we discuss current developments in population biology modeling and evolutionary genetics. Despite great advancements achieved in the past decade, understanding the complex dynamics of mutations conferring drug resistance in P. falciparum requires approaches that consider the parasite population structure among other demograph... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2944430 Mon, 26 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2944430 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2935629&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19854678%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Atkinson HJ, Babbitt PC, Sajid M The accumulation of sequenced genomes has expanded the already sizeable population of cysteine peptidases from parasites. Characterization of a few of these enzymes has ascribed key roles to peptidases in parasite life cycles and has also shed light on mechanisms of pathogenesis. Here we discuss recent observations on the physiological activities of cysteine peptidases of parasitic organisms, paired with a global view of all cysteine peptidases from the MEROPS database grouped by similarity. This snapshot of the landscape of parasite cysteine peptidases is complex and highly populated, suggesting that expansion of research beyond the few 'model' parasite peptidases is now timely. PMID: 19854678 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: T... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2935629 Fri, 23 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2935629 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2935630&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19853513%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Volohonsky G, Steinert S, Levashina EA Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium and transmitted to humans by the Anopheles mosquitoes. The mosquito immune system predominantly targets Plasmodium at the ookinete stage, and efficiently eliminates the majority of invading parasites. Identification of the components of the mosquito complement system now provides new focus for studies on the activation and control of this pathway, whose manipulation is expected to block malaria transmission at the vector level. PMID: 19853513 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2935630 Wed, 21 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2935630 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2924135&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19850522%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: James CE, Hudson AL, Davey MW PMID: 19850522 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2924135 Tue, 20 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100 2924135 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2912772&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19837633%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Craig AG, Holder AA, Leroy OY, Ventura RA In the field of malaria vaccines, there are many barriers to moving lead candidates from the bench into developmental programmes before clinical testing. Many of the same challenges are to be found in the field of vaccines for other infectious diseases. Here, we briefly outline the process of pre-clinical development to help identify ways to support the translation of laboratory-based information into viable vaccine candidates. PMID: 19837633 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2912772 Thu, 15 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2912772 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2887557&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19819757%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Noedl H Almost one million people die of severe malaria every year. In recent years, artemisinin-based combination therapies have become the backbone of the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria and have helped to reduce the burden of malaria in large parts of the malaria-endemic world. However, the treatment of severe malaria, the clinical syndrome responsible for most malaria-associated deaths, remains largely unaffected by this development. Invasive bacterial infections and misdiagnosis of bacterial infections as severe malaria are well recognized phenomena, but recent data indicate that their prevalence and clinical importance might be far greater than previously anticipated. Therefore, there could be good reasons to routinely combine antimalarials, such as artemis... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2887557 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2887557 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2887556&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19819758%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tarun AS, Vaughan AM, Kappe SH Fatty acids are essential components of membranes, and are also involved in cell signalling. Plasmodium, the parasite that causes malaria, scavenges fatty acids from its hosts. However, Plasmodium also possesses enzymes for a prokaryotic-like de novo fatty acid synthesis pathway, which resides in the apicoplast. Recent research has demonstrated that Plasmodium parasites depend on de novo fatty acid synthesis only for liver-stage development. This finding demonstrates that basic anabolic functions of Plasmodium parasites are not necessary for the growth and replication of every life cycle stage. We discuss the role of fatty acid metabolism in Plasmodium and why we believe that de novo fatty acid synthesis is only required for parasite late liver-s... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2887556 Thu, 08 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2887556 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2866054&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19800291%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lafferty KD, Kuris AM Castration is a response to the tradeoff between consumption and longevity faced by parasites. Common parasitic castrators include larval trematodes in snails, and isopod and barnacle parasites of crustaceans. The infected host (with its many unique properties) is the extended phenotype of the parasitic castrator. Because an individual parasitic castrator can usurp all the reproductive energy from a host, and that energy is limited, intra- and interspecific competition among castrators is generally intense. These parasites can be abundant and can substantially depress host density. Host populations subject to high rates of parasitic castration appear to respond by maturing more rapidly. PMID: 19800291 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trend... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2866054 Tue, 29 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2866054 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2839484&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19782643%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Voehringer D Protective immunity against gastrointestinal and tissue dwelling helminths is coordinated by interaction of different effector cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Helminths induce a strong type 2 immune response which is characterized by high levels of IgE and increased numbers of Th2 cells, eosinophils, mast cells and basophils. Basophils are rapidly mobilized after helminth infection and can be efficiently recruited into lymphoid and peripheral tissues where they execute their effector functions. Recent work demonstrated that basophils contribute to initiation and execution of type 2 immunity. This review discusses the potential role of basophils for protective immunity against helminths. PMID: 19782643 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2839484 Wed, 23 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2839484 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2810321&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19762280%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ritter U, Frischknecht F, van Zandbergen G Neutrophils are the most crucial cells for early defence against infections. When appropriately activated, they can kill obligate intracellular pathogens such as Leishmania. However, once the phagocytotic killing has been evaded, neutrophils can serve as host cells for Leishmania. Parasitized neutrophils were suggested to function as a 'Trojan horse', to transfer Leishmania silently to macrophages. In vivo imaging has contributed a second evasion mechanism. We termed it the 'Trojan rabbit' strategy, whereby parasites escape dying neutrophils to infect macrophages. Here, we discuss the different experimental models used to study neutrophil function in leishmaniasis. We suggest that the capacity of neutrophils to function as an immune e... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2810321 Mon, 14 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2810321 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2810320&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19762281%26dopt%3DAbstract This article focuses on two potential drivers that could be forcing these flies into extinction: (i) the highly effective and widespread use of anti-parasitic drugs for domestic livestock; and (ii) the co-extinction of oestrids associated with non-domestic hosts that are endangered. Other oestrid species could be the victims of benign neglect in that they are so poorly studied that their disappearance might go unnoticed. In addition, we explore current knowledge in each of these categories of vulnerability for oestrids, and address the potential impacts of their disappearance. Finally, we examine the potential consequences of eradicating a group of livestock parasites, and ask what possibilities for improvement of the health of humans and animals might also be lost. PMID: 19762281 [Pub... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2810320 Mon, 14 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2810320 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2797741&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19748317%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Tielens AG, van Hellemond JJ The metabolism of Trypanosomatidae differs significantly between distinct species and can even be completely different between various life-cycle stages of the same species. It has been proposed that differences in energy metabolism are related to differences in nutrient supply in the environments of the various trypanosomatids. However, the literature shows that availability of substrates does not dictate the type of energy metabolism of trypanosomatids, as Trypanosoma theileri, Trypanosoma lewisi and African trypanosomes all live in the bloodstream of their mammalian host, but have surprisingly large differences in metabolism. Furthermore, in trypanosomatids no obvious relationship exists between energy metabolism and phylogeny or mode of transmi... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2797741 Wed, 09 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2797741 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2797744&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19747878%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: House BL, Hollingdale MR, Sacci JB, Richie TL For more than 25 years, the ISI assay and ILSDA have been used to study the development of the malaria parasite in the liver, to discover and characterize sporozoite and liver-stage antigens, to support the development of malaria vaccine candidates, and to search for immunological correlates of protection in animals and in humans. Although both assays have been limited by low sporozoite invasion rates, significant biological variability, and the subjective nature of manually counting hepatocytes containing parasites as the read-out, they have nevertheless been useful tools for exploring parasite biology. This review describes the origin, application and current status of these assays, critically discusses the need for improvements,... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2797744 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2797744 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2797743&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19747879%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Leroux M, Lakshmanan V, Daily JP Recent studies of Plasmodium falciparum isolated directly from infected patients indicate that alternative parasite biological states occur in the natural host that are not observed with in vitro cultivated parasites. Variation in host substrates, immune responses and other factors probably induce modifications in parasite biology. These biological states could have important implications for pathogenesis, transmission and therapy. We review the differences between P. falciparum in vitro culture systems and in vivo host environments, as well as evidence that host conditions can alter pathogen biology. For select biological questions, the incorporation of naturally occurring conditions into in vitro experimental manipulation of microbes may prov... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2797743 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2797743 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2797742&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19747880%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sharma R, Gluenz E, Peacock L, Gibson W, Gull K, Carrington M The first description of African trypanosomes was made over a century ago. The importance of the tsetse in transmission and cyclic development of trypanosomes was discovered soon afterwards, and has been the focus of numerous studies since. However, investigation of trypanosomes in tsetse flies requires high resource investment and unusual patience; hence, many facets of trypanosome biology in the tsetse remain to be characterised despite the long history of research. Here, current knowledge and questions about some of the developmental changes in trypanosomes that occur in tsetse flies are summarised, along with recent technical advances that can now be used to provide some answers. PMID: 19747880 [PubMed - as ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2797742 Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2797742 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2789320&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19744885%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fitzsimmons CM, Dunne DW Allergologists have long recognized that only a small fraction of the environmental and food proteins that we are exposed to give rise to IgE responses. This has raised the intriguing and important question: What makes an allergen an allergen? Many protein allergens have close homologs in metazoan parasites, and as helminth genome information grows, it appears increasingly clear that not only are the immune mechanisms of allergy and anti-helminth immunity closely related, but so are the helminth and allergen proteins that induce them. This suggests that at least part of the secret of what allows some proteins to be allergens may actually lie in the long co-evolutionary relationship between worms and their vertebrate (and latterly human) hosts. PMID... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2789320 Mon, 07 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2789320 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2789319&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19744886%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pollard AM, Knoll LJ, Mordue DG Infection with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii stimulates an innate immune response in the host. T. gondii also induces alterations in infected monocytes and dendritic cells that probably contribute to its ability to disseminate and ultimately to establish persistent infection. Recent progress has linked specific parasite molecules to immune stimulation or the ability of the parasite to subvert intracellular signaling pathways in infected cells to evade immunity. PMID: 19744886 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2789319 Mon, 07 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2789319 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2789318&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19744887%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smith DL, Hay SI, Noor AM, Snow RW The Roll Back Malaria (RBM) partnership has established goals for protecting vulnerable populations with locally appropriate vector control. In many places, these goals will be achieved by the mass distribution of insecticide treated bednets (ITNs). Mathematical models can forecast an ITN-driven realignment of malaria endemicity, defined by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite rate (PfPR) in children, to predict PfPR endpoints and appropriate program timelines for this change in Africa. The relative ease of measuring PfPR and its widespread use make it particularly suitable for monitoring and evaluation. This theory provides a method for context-dependent evaluation of ITN programs and a basis for setting rational ITN coverage targets over the ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2789318 Mon, 07 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2789318 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2775355&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19734092%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pleass RJ, Behnke JM Two recent papers published in Immunity and Cell Host & Microbe underline the great importance of B cells and of antibodies (Abs) in orchestrating crucial T helper cell type 2 (Th2) protective immune responses to gastrointestinal nematodes. The findings in animal models now raise major questions as to how B cells and Abs carry out these functions in humans. Here we discuss recent technological advances in humanizing animal models at the level of both Abs and their Fc-receptors, that might provide some answers. PMID: 19734092 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2775355 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2775355 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2775354&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19734093%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Treeck M, Tamborrini M, Daubenberger CA, Gilberger TW, Voss TS Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) plays an essential role in host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites. A recent study by Collins et al. investigated the mode of action of an anti-AMA1 invasion-inhibitory antibody. They demonstrated the interference of this antibody with invasion complex formation, which was dependent in turn on a single conserved tyrosine residue in AMA1. Their findings reveal important new insights into parasite biology and are highly relevant for rational vaccine design. PMID: 19734093 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2775354 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2775354 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2775353&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19734094%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lang T, Lecoeur H, Prina E The interactions between the Leishmania parasite and its mammalian host cells are strongly regulated dynamic processes that take place at the molecular, cellular and organ level. Several different interaction models have been developed to take advantage of the development of imaging technologies. Here, we first review how conventional imaging techniques have been applied to fixed Leishmania-loaded tissue and cell samples. Then, we show how transgenic Leishmania expressing fluorescent or bioluminescent reporters allowed characterization of their tissue and cell host niches. Most notably, the use of whole-body imaging or intravital microscopy techniques has allowed accurate real-time monitoring of parasites in their environment. Finally, we discuss how... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2775353 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2775353 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2775352&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19734095%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Karanis P, Ongerth J PMID: 19734095 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2775352 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2775352 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2775351&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19734096%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stein WD, Sanchez CP, Lanzer M Virulence and drug resistance are traits that pathogens can acquire independently, albeit these traits can influence each other. A recent publication has reported on the co-evolution of virulence and pyrimethamine resistance in malaria parasites. Here, we discuss this finding in the context of the folate biosynthesis pathway and explain how mutational changes in this pathway can affect both parasite replication rates and the development of drug resistance. PMID: 19734096 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2775351 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2775351 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2775350&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19734097%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Singh V, Mishra N, Awasthi G, Dash AP, Das A Malaria is a major vector-borne disease in India. Based on vast geographic areas with associated topographic and climatic diversity, the variable malaria epidemiology in India is associated with high parasite genetic diversity and rapidly evolving drug resistance, differential distribution of vector species and emerging insecticide resistance and underlying human genetic diversity and past evolutionary histories. Further, changing climatic patterns have possibly changed malaria epidemiology to a great extent. The outcome of these changes is an increased incidence of Plasmodium falciparum over the P. vivax malaria in recent years. Accordingly, the drug and insecticide application policy in India has changed too. The above facts and a... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2775350 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2775350 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2775349&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19734098%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Karunaweera ND Research involving leishmaniasis, a newly established disease in Sri Lanka, has focused mostly on parasitological and clinical factors, with inadequate understanding of other aspects, including its epidemiology and vector. The escalation in the spread of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases within Sri Lanka and the close resemblance (genotypic and phenotypic) between the local parasite Leishmania donovani MON-37 and the parasite causing visceral leishmaniasis in India (L. donovani MON-2), underscored by the more recent case reports of autochthonous cases of visceral and mucocutaneous-like disease, are clear warnings to the health authorities, scientists and policy makers. An effective control strategy is needed to contain further spread of cutaneous disease and avert a... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2775349 Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2775349 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2762121&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19720564%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dube A, Gupta R, Singh N Transfection of protozoan parasites, such as Plasmodium, Leishmania, Trypanosoma and Toxoplasma, with various reporter gene constructs, has revolutionized studies to understand the biology of the host-parasite interactions at the cellular level. It has provided impetus to the development of rapid and reliable drug screens both for established drugs and for new molecules against different parasites and other pathogens. Furthermore, reporter genes have proved to be an excellent and promising tool for studying disease progression. Here, we review the recent advances made by using reporter genes for in vitro and in vivo drug screening, high-throughput screening, whole-animal non-invasive imaging for parasites and for the study of several aspects of host-pa... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2762121 Fri, 28 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2762121 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2762120&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19720565%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Payne RJ, Turner L, Morgan ER The dominant metric for setting public health priorities, the disability-adjusted life year (DALY), is unsuited to parasitic infections. In particular, the current DALY framework fails to acknowledge the non-linear pathologies of infection, the community level dynamics of epidemiology and the co-morbidities of polyparasitism. Parasitologists must urgently provide a better way of accounting for the true costs of parasitic disease. PMID: 19720565 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2762120 Fri, 28 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2762120 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2762118&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19720566%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Simón F, Morchón R, González-Miguel J, Marcos-Atxutegi C, Siles-Lucas M Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens, the causal agents of cardiopulmonary and subcutaneous dirofilariosis, respectively, affect canine, feline and human populations with an increasing incidence in temperate and tropical areas of the world. In the past decade outstanding advances in the knowledge of dirofilariosis have been achieved. Nevertheless, questions such as the impact of climate change in the transmission and distribution of dirofilariosis, as well as a profound evaluation of both the role of Dirofilaria and Wolbachia and the proteins produced by them in the parasite-host relationship have not been fully addressed; therefore there must be milestones in dirofilariosis research in order t... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2762118 Fri, 28 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2762118 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2752608&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19717339%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bongfen SE, Laroque A, Berghout J, Gros P The Plasmodium parasite successfully infects and replicates in both human and insect vectors. Population studies in humans have long detected the enormous selective pressure placed by the parasite on its human host, revealing the footprints of co-evolution. Available complete genomic sequences for the human and insect hosts, and additional sequences from multiple field isolates of Plasmodiumfalciparum have identified a wide array of protein and gene families that play a crucial role at the interface of host-parasite interaction. Selected examples of such interactions will be reviewed herein. PMID: 19717339 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2752608 Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2752608 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2752607&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19717340%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wilson RA, Coulson PS A recombinant antigen vaccine against Schistosoma mansoni remains elusive, in part because the parasite deploys complex defensive and offensive strategies to combat immune attack. Nevertheless, research on rodent and primate models has shown that schistosomes can be defeated when appropriate responses are elicited. Acquired protection appears to involve protracted inhibition of larval migration or key molecular processes at the adult surfaces, not rapid cytolytic killing mechanisms. A successful vaccine will likely require a cocktail of antigens rather than a single recombinant protein. In addition, ways need to be found of keeping the immune system on permanent alert, either to achieve adequate inhibition of protein function in adults, or because a trick... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2752607 Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2752607 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2752606&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19717341%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Conlan JV, Vongxay K, Fenwick S, Blacksell SD, Thompson RC It is well understood that sociocultural practices strongly influence Taenia solium transmission; however, the extent to which interspecific parasite competition moderates Taenia transmission has yet to be determined. This is certainly the case in Southeast Asia where T. solium faces competition in both the definitive host (people) and the intermediate host (pigs). In people, adult worms of T. solium, T. saginata and T. asiatica compete through density-dependent crowding mechanisms. In pigs, metacestodes of T. solium, T. hydatigena and T. asiatica compete through density-dependent immune-mediated interactions. Here, we describe the biological and epidemiological implications of Taenia competition and propose that inter... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2752606 Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2752606 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2752605&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19717342%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ortega-Pierres G, Smith HV, Cacciò SM, Thompson RC The ubiquity and importance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium as pathogens are reflected in the increasing number of publications concerning these organisms, but they are not the only reason why researchers are increasingly turning their attention to studying Giardia and Cryptosporidium. As new tools and databases become available, it is now possible to investigate fundamental issues related to their biology and relationship with their hosts. In this article, we highlight recent advances in research and outline questions arising that need to be addressed as a way of focusing the attention of the research and health communities and encouraging further dialogue and collaboration. PMID: 19717342 [PubMed - as supplied by pub... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2752605 Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2752605 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2752604&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19717343%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Whitaker JW, Westhead DR, McConkey GA PMID: 19717343 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2752604 Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2752604 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2654338&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19635679%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kocken CH, Zeeman AM, Voorberg-van der Wel A, Thomas AW Plasmodium knowlesi is a primate malaria parasite that is phylogenetically close to the major human parasite Plasmodium vivax. P. knowlesi causes life-threatening disease in humans, infects a wide range of non-human primates and is one of few malaria parasites amenable to cyclical in vitro propagation. A robust in vivo and in vitro genetic manipulation system has been developed for this parasite, enabling in vitro-in vivo shuttling of transgenes, which (together with recent characterization of its genome and that of its macaque experimental host) offers unique opportunities to gain insight in molecular function and parasite-host interactions. PMID: 19635679 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasi... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2654338 Fri, 24 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2654338 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2654337&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19635680%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Maude RJ, Beare NA PMID: 19635680 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2654337 Fri, 24 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2654337 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2654336&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19635681%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morrison DA The Apicomplexa is the only large taxonomic group whose members are entirely parasitic and is, therefore, presumably of major interest to parasitologists. We might, for example, expect that we know a great deal about the biology of the group by now and that we have a clear phylogenetic framework within which to organize that knowledge. It might thus come as a surprise to learn that in terms of biodiversity, the Apicomplexa is actually the least-known group of all. Furthermore, the taxonomic framework for the Apicomplexa is rather tenuous in many respects. This situation is unlikely to change in the short term. PMID: 19635681 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2654336 Fri, 24 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2654336 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2646189&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19632154%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McCulloch R, Horn D Antigenic variation is crucial for the survival of African trypanosomes in mammals and involves switches in expression of variant surface glycoprotein genes, which are co-transcribed with a number of expression-site-associated genes (ESAGs) from loci termed 'bloodstream expression sites' (BESs). Trypanosomes possess multiple BESs, although the reason for this (and why ESAGs are resident in these loci) has remained a subject of debate. The genome sequence of Trypanosoma brucei, released in 2005, did not include the BESs because of their telomeric disposition. This gap in our knowledge has now been bridged by two new studies, which we discuss here, asking what has been revealed about the biological significance of BES multiplicity and ESAG function and evolut... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2646189 Wed, 22 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2646189 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2646188&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19632155%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Babiker HA PMID: 19632155 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2646188 Wed, 22 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2646188 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2640363&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19625217%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Blanchet S, Thomas F, Loot G Relationships between the host phenotype and pathogen infection are assumed to reflect either causes or consequences of the infection. In fact, these processes are likely to co-occur, even in the same phenotypic traits. For example, hosts with high ingestion rates have a higher growth rate but are also more infected by trophically transmitted pathogens that subsequently reduce the host growth rate. Here, we briefly review the empirical evidence suggesting reciprocal effects in host-pathogen interaction. We then provide a 'verbal' model that aims to predict how reciprocal effects can bias our interpretation of the relationship between host phenotype and pathogen infection. Finally, we outline technical avenues for explicitly considering reciprocal e... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2640363 Sun, 19 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2640363 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2622132&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19617000%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lok JB In spite of recent progress in the development of transgenesis in parasitic nematodes, several impediments remain before this methodology can become a practical and widely employed tool in parasitology. Recently published studies on transgenesis in the necromenic nematode Pristionchus pacificus from the laboratory of Ralf Sommer highlight several leads that might be valuable as efforts to refine current systems in obligate parasites go forward. PMID: 19617000 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2622132 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2622132 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2622131&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19617001%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kusel JR, McVeigh P, Thornhill JA There is a gulf between the enormous information content of the various genome projects and the understanding of the life of the parasite in the host. In vitro studies with adult Schistosoma mansoni using several substrates suggest that the excretory system contains both P-glycoproteins and multiresistance proteins. If both these families of protein were active in vivo, they could regulate parasite metabolism and be responsible for the excretion of drugs. During skin penetration, membrane-impermeant molecules of a wide range of molecular weights can be taken into the cercaria and schistosomulum through the nephridiopore, through the surface membrane or through both. We speculate that this uptake process might stimulate novel signalling pathway... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2622131 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2622131 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2622130&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19617002%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sakthianandeswaren A, Foote SJ, Handman E Leishmaniasis is one of the world's important infectious diseases. It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions of the world and endemic in 88 countries, with two million new cases of leishmaniasis reported annually. As a complex disease, the pathology of leishmaniasis varies and is determined by factors such as the environment, the insect vector, and parasite and host genetics. The contributing host genetics involve multiple genes; thus, the mouse model of leishmaniasis has been exploited extensively in an attempt to identify and dissect the contribution of disease modifier genes to pathogenesis. This review summarizes recent advances in the identification of genetic loci involved in the host response to Leishmania spp. in the ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2622130 Thu, 16 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2622130 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2622133&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19616476%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kolev NG, Ullu E In the expanding world of small regulatory RNAs, a recent paper by Saraiya and Wang has reported the identification in the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia of a novel class of small RNAs, which are derived by Dicer processing of small nucleolar RNAs and have the potential to function as micro RNAs. Interestingly, these RNAs occur not only in this parasite but also in humans. PMID: 19616476 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2622133 Wed, 15 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2622133 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2556873&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19559648%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Anderson TJ, Patel J, Ferdig MT Alteration in gene copy number provides a simple way to change expression levels and alter phenotype. This was fully appreciated by bacteriologists more than 25 years ago, but the extent and implications of copy number polymorphism (CNP) have only recently become apparent in other organisms. New methods demonstrate the ubiquity of CNPs in eukaryotes and their medical importance in humans. CNP is also widespread in the Plasmodium falciparum genome and has an important and underappreciated role in determining phenotype. In this review, we summarize the distribution of CNP, its evolutionary dynamics within populations, its functional importance and its mode of evolution. PMID: 19559648 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Para... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2556873 Tue, 23 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2556873 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2556872&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19559649%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pedersen EM, Stolk WA, Laney SJ, Michael E In addition to monitoring infection in the human host, there is also a need to assess larval infection in the vector mosquito population to evaluate the success of interventions for eliminating lymphatic filariasis transmission from endemic communities. Here, we review the current status of the available tools for quantifying vector infection and existing knowledge and evidence regarding potential infection thresholds for determining transmission interruption, to assess the potential for using vector infection monitoring as a tool for evaluating the success of filariasis treatment programmes. PMID: 19559649 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2556872 Tue, 23 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2556872 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549377&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19541539%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: James CE, Hudson AL, Davey MW Development of resistance to anthelmintic drugs is an increasing problem that decreases the productivity of livestock and threatens the success of treatment in humans. It is essential to understand the mechanisms in the development of resistance so that alternative treatment strategies can be developed. Changes in genes or in gene expression in response to drugs enable the organism to survive treatment and might reflect evolution in a toxic environment in which drug resistance leads to 'survival of the fittest'. Here, we review knowledge of resistance mechanisms, focusing on changes in drugs (identified by single-nucleotide polymorphisms), the involvement of transport proteins and drug efflux that prevent the drug from reaching the target, and the... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549377 Thu, 18 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549377 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549376&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19541540%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Clark IA, Alleva LM Much research into falciparum malaria coma assumes the primary event to be vascular obstruction by parasitized red blood cells. Recent evidence that vivax malaria, caused by a parasite traditionally thought not to block blood flow, seems to alter brain function to the same degree as falciparum malaria has seriously questioned this. These data are a timely call to reassess whether vascular obstruction should still be considered the primary cause of the coma of falciparum disease. They add to a growing literature that suggests that enhancement of brain-origin cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor, by non-brain systemic inflammation and an appreciation of the degree to which neuronal homeostasis depends on them provide a more fruitful research direction. ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549376 Thu, 18 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549376 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549380&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19540163%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morgan ER, Wall R Global climate change predictions suggest that far-ranging effects might occur in the population dynamics and distributions of livestock parasites, provoking fears of widespread increases in disease incidence and production loss. However, several biological mechanisms (including increased parasite mortality and more rapid acquisition of immunity), in tandem with changes in husbandry practices (including reproduction, housing, nutrition, breed selection, grazing patterns and other management interventions), might act to mitigate increased parasite development rates, preventing dramatic rises in overall levels of disease. Such changes might, therefore, counteract predicted climate-driven increases in parasite challenge. Optimum mitigation strategies will be hig... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549380 Tue, 16 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549380 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549379&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19540164%26dopt%3DAbstract This article describes the current status of NTDs and their control in Southern Sudan and outlines the opportunities for the development of evidence-based, innovative implementation of NTD control. PMID: 19540164 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549379 Tue, 16 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549379 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549378&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19540165%26dopt%3DAbstract This article describes networks of parasitologists in Europe. Some research networks are supported by the European Commission within highly diverse framework programs. The European Federation of Parasitologists aims to promote the exchange of knowledge and the coordination of research in the fields of basic, veterinary and medical parasitology, particularly via meetings (e.g. the European Multicolloquium of Parasitology) that offer an unparalleled opportunity to assess the development of the discipline on the continent. The present situation is discussed here and some perspectives are proposed. PMID: 19540165 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549378 Tue, 16 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549378 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549382&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19539528%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pleass RJ Platelets might have a crucial role in the pathogenesis of both human and rodent malarias by assisting in the sequestration of infected erythrocytes within the cerebral vasculature. However, recent elegant work by McMorran et al. suggests that they are also involved in innate protection during the early stages of infection. Here, we discuss the implications of their important findings in the context of immunity to malaria. PMID: 19539528 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549382 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549382 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2549381&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19539529%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Coelho PM, Enk MJ, Katz N PMID: 19539529 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2549381 Mon, 15 Jun 2009 23:00:00 +0100 2549381 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476505&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19409846%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Mideo N Competition between parasite species or strains within hosts is a major evolutionary force in infections. In response, parasites exhibit a diverse array of strategies that improve their chances of growth or reproduction over competitors. This Review describes three types of competition that parasites face (exploitation, apparent and interference), identifies successful strategies for confronting these and discusses whether these strategies are true adaptations to competition. Although many studies of multiple infections have focused on disease outcomes (e.g. virulence), rather than on the particular parasite strategies that have adapted in response to the ensuing competitive interactions, these strategies are ultimately responsible for shaping disease outcomes of inter... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476505 Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476505 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476503&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19423393%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Allred DR, Barbet AF, Barry JD, Deitsch KW Antigenic variation is a phylogenetically widespread phenomenon thought to lead to survival benefits for the pathogen. Although governed by genetic mechanisms, antigenic variation is ultimately manifested in variant proteins. The varDB database is an attempt to gain an overview of common structures and functions of variant proteins related to enhanced survival. varDB provides a wealth of sequence data and several tools to facilitate their analysis, but current limitations preclude achievement of its full promise. A critique of this database and how it could serve the scientific community is provided here. PMID: 19423393 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476503 Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476503 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476501&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19423394%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kirk K, Howitt SM, Bröer S, Saliba KJ, Downie MJ In a recent paper, Quashie et al. have proposed that purine uptake into the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite involves four different plasma membrane transporters - two high affinity and two low affinity. They equate one of the two high-affinity transporters with PfNT1, a transporter reported previously to be a low-affinity system. Here, we offer an alternative interpretation of their data, suggesting that the conclusions drawn by Quashie et al. take insufficient account of metabolism. PMID: 19423394 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476501 Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476501 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476498&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19423395%26dopt%3DAbstract The public, parasites and coffee: the Kenyan Science Café concept. Trends Parasitol. 2009 Jun;25(6):245 Authors: Mutheu J, Wanjala R PMID: 19423395 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476498 Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476498 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476495&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19423396%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bhardwaj R, Skelly PJ After tissue stress or injury, intracellular ATP can be released into the extracellular environment. This signals cell damage because extracellular ATP acts as a danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) that is potently proinflammatory. Vertebrates temper this effect by catabolizing ATP to adenosine - a strongly anti-inflammatory molecule - using a set of characterized ecto-enzymes (notably alkaline phosphatase, phosphodiesterase and ATP diphosphohydrolase). Strikingly, schistosomes in the bloodstream have this same set of ATP-catabolizing enzymes on their tegumental surfaces. It is our opinion that these function to remove the DAMP (ATP) released by host cells in response to schistosome intravascular migration. We propose this as one mechanism by which... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476495 Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476495 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476492&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19423397%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McKeever DJ Theileria parva and Theileria annulata are tick-borne parasites of cattle that infect and transform leukocytes, causing severe and often fatal parasitic leukoses. Both species provoke strong immunity against subsequent infection. However, considerable diversity is observed in field populations of each parasite and protection is only assured against homologous challenge. The life cycles of these parasites are complex and involve prolonged exposure to host and vector defence mechanisms. Although the relevant vector mechanisms are poorly defined, protective responses of cattle seem to be tightly focused and variable in their specificity between individuals. This review considers whether bovine immunity acts as a driver for diversity in T. parva and T. annulata and exp... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476492 Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476492 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476489&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19428303%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Polley L, Thompson RC For human, domestic animal and wildlife health, key effects of directional climate change include the risk of the altered occurrence of infectious diseases. Many parasite zoonoses have high potential for vulnerability to the new climate, in part because their free-living life-cycle stages and ectothermic hosts are directly exposed to climatic conditions. For these zoonoses, climate change can shift boundaries for ecosystem components and processes integral to parasite transmission and persistence, and these shifts can impact host health. Vulnerable boundaries include those for spatial distributions, host-parasite assemblages, demographic rates, life-cycle phenologies, associations within ecosystems, virulence, and patterns of infection and disease. This r... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476489 Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476489 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476486&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19442584%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Sam-Yellowe TY Maurer's clefts (MCs) are membranous structures that are formed by Plasmodium falciparum and used by the parasite for protein sorting and protein export. Virulence proteins, as well as other proteins used to remodel the erythrocyte, are exported. Discontinuity between major membrane compartments within the infected erythrocyte cytoplasm suggests multiple traffic routes for exported proteins. The sequences of the conserved Plasmodium export element seem insufficient for export of all parasite proteins. The parasite displays remarkable versatility in the types of proteins exported to the MCs and in the functions of the proteins within the MCs. In this Review, protein export to the MCs and the role of the MCs in the transport of proteins to the erythrocyte membrane... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476486 Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476486 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476484&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19443271%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Koslowsky DJ Trypanosomes undergo extreme physiological changes to adapt to different environments as they cycle between hosts. Adaptation to the different environments has evolved an energy metabolism involving a mitochondrion with an unusual genome. Recently, Aphasizhev and colleagues have identified two new protein complexes, a mitochondrial polyadenylation complex and a guide RNA stabilization complex, that provide novel insights into the coordinated expression of the mitochondrial genome. PMID: 19443271 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476484 Mon, 01 Jun 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476484 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476524&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19345613%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Galinski MR, Barnwell JW Four human deaths caused by Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria species, are stimulating a surge of public health interest and clinical vigilance in vulnerable areas of Southeast Asia. We, and other colleagues, emphasize that these cases, identified in Malaysia, are a clear warning that health facilities and clinicians must rethink the diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases presumed to be caused by a less virulent human malaria species, Plasmodium malariae. PMID: 19345613 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476524 Fri, 01 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476524 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476523&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346163%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lim L, Kalanon M, McFadden GI Several apicomplexan parasites harbour an essential plastid known as the apicoplast. Apicoplasts import proteins and metabolites for several biological functions, but how import is achieved is largely unknown. Two recent reports have identified novel proteins in the apicoplast membranes, providing new perspectives on how proteins traffic to this organelle. The first report contributes to a newly recognized apicoplast-targeting pathway for membrane proteins, and the second identifies the first member of the protein-translocation complex in apicoplasts. PMID: 19346163 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476523 Fri, 01 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476523 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476520&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19346164%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Breitschwerdt EB Despite recent achievements in scientific knowledge related to canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) of zoonotic concern, their management is still impaired by several neglected issues related to accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of both single and co-infections. A better understanding of the pathogenesis and the progression of clinical, hematological and biochemical abnormalities of CVBDs will be important in choosing appropriate diagnostic tests and in establishing the best strategies for treatment and control. Nonetheless, the diagnosis and control of zoonotic infections in clinically healthy dogs remain challenging. This review discusses the crucial aspects involved in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476520 Fri, 01 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476520 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476517&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19349210%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Anstey NM, Russell B, Yeo TW, Price RN Long considered a benign infection, Plasmodium vivax is now recognized as a cause of severe and fatal malaria, despite its low parasite biomass, the increased deformability of vivax-infected red blood cells and an apparent paucity of parasite sequestration. Severe anemia is associated with recurrent bouts of hemolysis of predominantly uninfected erythrocytes with increased fragility, and lung injury is associated with inflammatory increases in alveolar-capillary membrane permeability. Although rare, vivax-associated coma challenges our understanding of pathobiology caused by Plasmodium spp. Host and parasite factors contribute to the risk of severe disease, and comorbidities might contribute to vivax mortality. In this review, we discuss ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476517 Fri, 01 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476517 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476514&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19356982%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Wolinska J, King KC Characteristics of hosts and parasites have a genetic basis, and thus can be shaped by coevolution. Infections measured under laboratory conditions have shown that the environment in which hosts and parasites interact might substantially affect the strength and specificity of selection. In addition, various components of host-parasite fitness are differentially altered by the environment. Despite this, environmental fluctuations are often excluded from experimental coevolutionary studies and theoretical models as 'noise'. Because most host-parasite interactions exist in heterogeneous environments, we argue that there is a need to incorporate fluctuating environments into future empirical and theoretical work on host-parasite coevolution. PMID: 19356982 ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476514 Fri, 01 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476514 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476511&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19359219%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Coppel RL Human trials of subunit vaccines against the asexual blood stage of malaria are yielding disappointing results, supporting the premise that a single recombinant protein will not be particularly efficacious and that additional proteins must be added. The genome sequence of Plasmodium falciparum offers a large number of additional candidates, but which should be chosen? Various criteria have been suggested to rank the additional candidates, but in the absence of even a partially effective asexual-stage vaccine, the criteria remain unvalidated. These issues are discussed here, together with some suggestions as to how the development of an asexual-stage vaccine could be progressed. PMID: 19359219 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476511 Fri, 01 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476511 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2476508&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19369117%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Donnelly MJ, Corbel V, Weetman D, Wilding CS, Williamson MS, Black WC Several groups are developing and applying DNA-based technologies to monitor insecticide-based disease control programmes. However, several recent papers have concluded that the knockdown resistance (kdr) genotype-phenotype correlation that is observed in a wide variety of taxa might not hold in all mosquitoes. In this article, we review the evidence to support this putative breakdown and argue that the conclusion follows from unreliable data or the unparsimonious interpretation of data. We assert that the link between kdr genotype and DDT- and pyrethroid-susceptibility phenotype is clear. However, we emphasize that kdr genotype might explain only a portion of heritable variation in resistance and that diagn... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2476508 Fri, 01 May 2009 04:00:00 +0100 2476508 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2260265&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19269897%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Husson SJ, Lindemans M, Janssen T, Schoofs L Neuropeptides are small messenger molecules that can be found in all metazoans, where they govern a diverse array of physiological processes. Because neuropeptides seem to be conserved among pest species, selected peptides can be considered as attractive targets for drug discovery. Much can be learned from the model system Caenorhabditis elegans because of the availability of a sequenced genome and state-of-the-art postgenomic technologies that enable characterization of endogenous peptides derived from neuropeptide-like protein (NLP) precursors. Here, we provide an overview of the NLP peptide family in C. elegans and discuss their resemblance with arthropod neuropeptides and their relevance for anthelmintic discovery. PMID: 192... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2260265 Fri, 06 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2260265 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2260264&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19269898%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Breitschwerdt EB Canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) comprise a group of globally distributed and rapidly spreading illnesses that are caused by a range of pathogens transmitted by arthropods including ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and phlebotomine sandflies. In addition to their veterinary importance, some CVBD-causing pathogens are of major zoonotic concern. Recent studies using sophisticated and advanced methodologies and technologies have provided new insights into the epidemiology of many CVBDs. This review is the first of two articles and focuses on the zoonotic relevance of CVBDs, the significance of co-infection and the role of infected but clinically healthy dogs in spreading different pathogens among human and canine populations. PMID: 192... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2260264 Fri, 06 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2260264 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2260263&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19269899%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Bergquist R, Johansen MV, Utzinger J Available data regarding the distribution, prevalence and severity of various diseases are based on the performance and operational characteristics of the diagnostic techniques applied; this is a fact that is particularly apparent in the study of helminth infections. An important lesson learnt from the efforts to rein in dracunculiasis, lymphatic filariasis and schistosomiasis is that the diagnostic approach needs to be changed as further progress is made towards control and ultimate elimination of the disease. This insight prompted the opinion piece presented here, which highlights diagnostic dilemmas in helminthology related to the stage of control achieved and sets out some research needs. PMID: 19269899 [PubMed - as supplied by publ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2260263 Fri, 06 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2260263 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2260262&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19269900%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lyimo IN, Ferguson HM Insects exhibit diverse resource-exploitation strategies, including predation, herbivory and parasitism. The ecological and evolutionary factors that influence the resource selection of some insects (e.g. herbivores) have been extensively investigated because of their agricultural importance. By contrast, there has been little investigation of the selective forces that mediate host choice in haematophagous insects, despite their importance as vectors of disease. Here, we review potential determinants of host species choice in mosquitoes, the most important insect vectors of human disease, and discuss whether these could be manipulated to yield new disease-control strategies based on vector behavioural change. PMID: 19269900 [PubMed - as supplied by pu... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2260262 Fri, 06 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2260262 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2260269&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19269248%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Torgerson PR, Deplazes P Diagnosis is a basic component of population studies on echinococcosis. Other than careful necropsy in animals, there is no perfect gold standard. In the definitive host, techniques for direct parasite identification include copro-antigen and copro-DNA detection. In intermediate hosts, necropsy is typically used. In humans, diagnostic imaging and serology are both widely employed. The use of multiple parallel testing or an additional confirmatory test (or tests) in a diagnostic strategy can overcome the lack of a perfect gold standard. This will yield valuable information at population and individual levels, providing the study is well designed and any shortcomings of the tests are incorporated into the analysis. Here, we discuss analytical approaches ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2260269 Thu, 05 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2260269 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2260268&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19269249%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Zimmermann R, Blatch GL A recent functional analysis of the protein translocase, which is present in the trypanosomal endoplasmic reticulum membrane, by Michaeli and co-workers has indicated an unexpected diversity in the mechanisms and components of protein secretion in eukaryotes and might eventually pave the way for the development of anti-trypanosomal drugs. Furthermore, the work on these human parasites also supports conclusions that were drawn previously for components of protein secretion in human cells on the basis of in vitro studies. PMID: 19269249 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2260268 Thu, 05 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2260268 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2260267&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19269250%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Jochim RC, Teixeira C Neutrophils are the first cells to migrate to the site of tissue damage. Recent work has addressed Leishmania survival and entry into macrophages through the infection of neutrophils that are recruited as a normal response to sandfly bites. New findings indicate that Leishmania is able to escape from neutrophils and 'silently' enter macrophages, a modification of the 'Trojan horse' model. Neutrophil depletion impaired disease progression, indicating an important role for neutrophils in leishmaniasis. PMID: 19269250 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2260267 Thu, 05 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2260267 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2260266&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19269251%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Smith H, Holland C, Taylor M, Magnaval JF, Schantz P, Maizels R Our understanding of the global impact and cost of human toxocariasis is poor because there is insufficient clinical awareness and no clear repository for the efficacy of clinical, laboratory and treatment interventions. Uniform clinical and laboratory investigative approaches maximize disease diagnosis. International collaboration is required to develop web-based, professional educational support, surveillance questionnaires and standardized serodiagnostic criteria. Determining clinical benefits and treatment outcomes using less crossreactive antigens will enhance clinical and treatment interventions. Increased liaison will identify realistic occurrence and prevalence data and cost benefits of intervention. Web-b... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2260266 Thu, 05 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2260266 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2191214&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19217826%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Gilchrist CA, Petri WA The release of the Entamoeba histolytica genome has facilitated the development of techniques to survey rapidly and to relate gene expression with biology. The association and potential contribution of differential gene expression to the life cycle and the virulence of this protozoan parasite of humans are reviewed here. PMID: 19217826 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2191214 Thu, 12 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2191214 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2173568&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19201653%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Schall JJ The ratio of male to female gametocytes seen in infections of Plasmodium and related haemosporidian parasites varies substantially, both within and among parasite species. Sex ratio theory, a mainstay of evolutionary biology, accounts for this variation. The theory provides an algebraic solution for the optimal sex ratio that will maximize parasite fitness. A crucial term in this solution is the probability of selfing by clone-mates within the vector (based on the clone number and their relative abundance). Definitive tests of the theory have proven elusive because of technical challenges in measuring clonal diversity within infections. Newly developed molecular methods now provide opportunities to test the theory with an exquisite precision. PMID: 19201653 [PubM... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2173568 Fri, 06 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2173568 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2173570&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19200783%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Geerts S, Osaer S, Goossens B, Faye D Although a lot of information is currently available on trypanotolerance in cattle, until recently the trypanotolerant nature of small ruminants was not well known. Trypanotolerance in small ruminants is less pronounced than in cattle and should be considered as resilience rather than resistance. West African Dwarf (WAD) goats seem to be less trypanotolerant than Djallonke sheep. However, recent studies have shown that there is an important introgression of genes of trypanosusceptible breeds into WAD goat populations, which possibly explains the loss of trypanotolerance in these animals. Measures need to be taken to safeguard and upgrade the genetic purity of trypanotolerant goat and sheep breeds in Africa. PMID: 19200783 [PubMed - as ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2173570 Wed, 04 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2173570 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2173569&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19200784%26dopt%3DAbstract This article discusses the evidence and controversies concerning the nature of these channels and surveys the potential role of phosphorylation in activating anion channels that could be important in developing novel strategies for future malarial chemotherapies. PMID: 19200784 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2173569 Wed, 04 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2173569 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2157116&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19185541%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fellous S, Salvaudon L Although parasitic infection is usually detrimental, it can be beneficial to the host in some situations. Parasites could help their host by providing a new function or modifying one of the host's life-history traits. We argue that the evolution towards a lasting mutualistic relationship would be more likely when parasites endow hosts with new abilities rather than alter a trait because hosts are less likely to evolve a new capability on their own than adjust their life history by microevolutionary steps. Furthermore, we underline how evolved dependence - the host's loss of ability to live alone owing to a long history of evolution in the presence of its parasites - has shaped contemporary mutualistic relationships. PMID: 19185541 [PubMed - as suppli... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2157116 Wed, 28 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2157116 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2138286&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19168391%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Pagnoni F If the United Nations Millennium Development Goals are to be met, there is a need to improve access to effective antimalarial treatment where the burden of malaria is highest. Health facilities are often bypassed by communities, and inappropriate and poor-quality self-medication is common. The home management of malaria (HMM) strategy has been shown to have an effect on malaria morbidity and mortality in the chloroquine era, but several evidence gaps remain to be filled to confirm its value in the era of artemisinin-based combination therapies. Nevertheless, if a substantial reduction of the malaria burden is to be achieved, access to effective medicines has to be vastly improved, and in most of sub-Saharan Africa, this will have to be through HMM. PMID: 19168391... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2138286 Fri, 23 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2138286 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2138285&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19168392%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Takken W, Knols BG The recently announced call for malaria eradication represents a new page in the history of this disease. This has been triggered by remarkable reductions in malaria resulting from combined application of effective drugs and vector control. However, this strategy is threatened by development of insecticide resistance. Efforts to develop alternative tools to complement or even replace insecticide-based vector-control strategies must continue. Here, an overview is presented of the novel vector-control tools expected to contribute to malaria eradication. PMID: 19168392 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2138285 Fri, 23 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2138285 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2138288&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19167926%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: McKay DM By definition, parasites harm their hosts. Yet substantial evidence from animal models of human disease support the hypothesis that infection with helminths can suppress the development of other maladies. Here, the view is presented that assessment of the immunophysiological response to helminths could identify that infection with specific parasites would be therapeutically useful (although many helminths could not fulfil this role) and lead to precise knowledge of the immune events following infection, to identify ways to intervene in disease processes (in the absence of infection per se) that can be used to treat, and eventually cure, inflammatory and autoimmune disease. PMID: 19167926 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2138288 Thu, 22 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2138288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2138287&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19167927%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rayner JC Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte invasion depends on several imperfectly understood multiprotein families. Two recent papers have shifted our understanding of the P. falciparum reticulocyte-binding-like family to the level of individual amino acids by identifying an erythrocyte-binding domain in one ligand and showing that polymorphisms in another can change the species specificity of erythrocyte binding. Erythrocyte invasion might be even more complex and harder to target than previously thought. PMID: 19167927 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2138287 Thu, 22 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2138287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2131684&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19162551%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Lun ZR, Reid SA, Lai DH, Li FJ PMID: 19162551 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2131684 Tue, 20 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2131684 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2101600&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19135416%26dopt%3DAbstract This article outlines the current status of ITM immunization in the field, with associated developments in the molecular epidemiology of T. parva. PMID: 19135416 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2101600 Wed, 07 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2101600 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2101599&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19135417%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Monis PT, Caccio SM, Thompson RC Taxonomic uncertainty has had a negative impact on our understanding of the epidemiology of Giardia infections, particularly the role of wild and domestic animals as sources of human infection. The lack of morphological criteria for species identification and the failure of cross-infection experiments to unequivocally determine host specificity have largely contributed to this uncertainty. However, over the past ten years, it has been possible not only to demonstrate extensive genetic heterogeneity among Giardia isolates from mammals but also to confirm levels of host specificity that were recognized by early taxonomists when they proposed a series of host-related species that we consider should now be re-established. PMID: 19135417 [PubMed... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2101599 Wed, 07 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100 2101599 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2067972&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19110470%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: van den Berg H, Takken W Initiatives on integrated vector management (IVM) approaches are increasingly undertaken as alternatives to existing vector control. An impact model of IVM is presented with performance and impact indicators at six causal steps from coverage of the intervention to impact on disease. Impacts in fields other than health are also discussed because of the emphasis in IVM on capacity building, partnerships and sustainability. A conceptual framework for evaluation of IVM is designed, based on considerations of the selection of indicators, level of inference, cluster size and method of evaluation. The framework, which is tested in three case studies, is intended as guidance for public health workers and policy-makers. PMID: 19110470 [PubMed - as supplied ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2067972 Tue, 23 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2067972 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2061790&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19101206%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Byers JE Growing evidence indicates parasite inclusion in food-web analyses is a logical default. Comparisons of food webs including and excluding host-parasite interactions demonstrate the influence of parasites on community dynamics. Although including parasites is undoubtedly informative, the necessary level of detail exists for only a handful of systems. In a recent Ecology Letters article, Lafferty et al. pose many good questions to catalyze discussions for determining when and how parasites should be incorporated into food-web analyses. PMID: 19101206 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2061790 Thu, 18 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2061790 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2061789&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19101207%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Dalton JP, Brindley PJ, Donnelly S, Robinson MW PMID: 19101207 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2061789 Thu, 18 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2061789 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2061788&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19101208%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Morahan BJ, Wang L, Coppel RL Host-cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites is a unique process that is powered by the gliding motility motor and requires a transmembrane link between the parasite cytoskeleton and the host cell. The thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) from Plasmodium plays such a part during sporozoite invasion by linking to actin through its cytoplasmic tail while binding to hepatocytes via its extracellular portion. In recent years, there have been major advances in the identification and characterization of TRAP-family proteins in the other invasive stages of Plasmodium as well as other Apicomplexa. This review summarizes the recent experimental data on these TRAP-family proteins, focusing on their structure and function. PMID: 19101208 [PubM... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2061788 Thu, 18 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2061788 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2056468&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19095498%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Boëte C The polymorphism of genes involved in the immunity of malaria vectors has been the subject of several recent studies with mosquitoes from natural populations. Most of the genes examined are known for their role against Plasmodium berghei and not necessarily for their role against Plasmodium falciparum. It seems, therefore, to be highly important not only to be cautious when linking natural selection with malaria epidemiology but also to consider the importance of other parasites and the environment on the mosquito genome. PMID: 19095498 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2056468 Tue, 16 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2056468 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2053403&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19091632%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Rosenthal BM Have farmers inadvertently promoted the distribution, and limited the diversity, of animal parasites? Abundant and broadly distributed livestock hosts evidently harbor exceptionally uniform populations of Trichinella, Taenia, Toxoplasma and Sarcocystis, indicating a fruitful avenue for future research on how we have influenced parasite evolutionary ecology. PMID: 19091632 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2053403 Mon, 15 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2053403 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=2047916&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19084478%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Torgerson PR PMID: 19084478 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=2047916 Wed, 10 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100 2047916 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1996956&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19036639%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fernandez-Becerra C, Yamamoto MM, Vêncio RZ, Lacerda M, Rosanas-Urgell A, Del Portillo HA Plasmodium vivax is responsible for more than 100 million clinical cases yearly. Unlike P. falciparum, in which infected red blood cells cytoadhere via variant proteins, avoiding passage through the spleen, P.-vivax-infected reticulocytes seem not to cytoadhere. However, a variant subtelomeric multigene vir family has been identified in P. vivax. Thus, questions remain about how P. vivax circulates through the spleen and the role of Vir proteins. In this review, the importance of the vir multigene superfamily is reviewed in the light of the completion of the entire genome sequence of P. vivax and from data gathered from experimental infections in reticulocyte-prone non-lethal malaria... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1996956 Mon, 24 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1996956 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1969509&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19013108%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Stensvold CR, Nielsen HV, Mølbak K, Smith HV The clinical significance of one of the most prevalent single-celled intestinal parasites worldwide, Blastocystis, remains unsettled. A plethora of clinical and epidemiological studies have been undertaken to generate data on its prevalence in different populations and investigate the role of the parasite as a cause of gastro- and extra-intestinal disease. In this article, we pinpoint limitations of studies that seek to determine the clinical significance of Blastocystis, based on shortcomings in our understanding of Blastocystis diagnosis and biology, and identify methodologies for further studies aimed at determining the molecular epidemiology and clinical impact of this parasite. PMID: 19013108 [PubMed - as supplied by p... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1969509 Wed, 12 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1969509 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1964469&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19008150%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ramaiah KD PMID: 19008150 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1964469 Tue, 11 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1964469 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1964468&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19008151%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Churcher TS, Basáñez MG The large-scale use of mass drug administration in human helminthiases control has raised awareness that anthelmintic resistance could develop. This has motivated an increasing number of studies to investigate changes in genetic structure of parasite populations undergoing treatment. For these studies to reflect accurately the current situation, parasitologists need to consider the sampling schemes they employ. In this article, we use mathematical models to discuss issues such as which hosts to examine, on which parasite life stage(s) to focus, and when after treatment to sample to quantify the presence and frequency of genetic markers of treatment-induced selection or drug resistance. PMID: 19008151 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (So... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1964468 Tue, 11 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1964468 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1964467&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D19008152%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Casals-Pascual C, Idro R, Picot S, Roberts DJ, Newton CR Erythropoietin (Epo) modulates the survival of developing erythroid cells and the production of new erythrocytes in the bone marrow and is a key molecule in the adaptation to hypoxia and anaemia. Epo receptors have been found to be widely expressed on non-haematopoietic cells, and Epo has been shown to have diverse actions (in particular, preventing ischaemic damage to tissues of the central nervous system). Recently, Epo has been shown to improve the outcome in a murine model of malaria, and high plasma levels of Epo in children with cerebral malaria were associated with a better outcome. Here, we review the biological importance of Epo, its mechanisms of action and the rationale for the proposed use of Epo as an adjunc... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1964467 Tue, 11 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1964467 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1943640&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18986839%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ginsburg H The functional reconstruction of metabolic pathways from an annotated genome is a tedious and demanding enterprise. Automation of this endeavor using bioinformatics algorithms could cope with the ever-increasing number of sequenced genomes and accelerate the process. Here, the manual reconstruction of metabolic pathways in the functional genomic database of Plasmodium falciparum - Malaria Parasite Metabolic Pathways - is described and compared with pathways generated automatically as they appear in PlasmoCyc, metaSHARK and the Kyoto Encyclopedia for Genes and Genomes. A critical evaluation of this comparison discloses that the automatic reconstruction of pathways generates manifold paths that need an expert manual verification to accept some and reject most others b... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1943640 Mon, 03 Nov 2008 05:00:00 +0100 1943640 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1930529&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18977175%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: de Koning-Ward TF, Gilson PR The ability to genetically manipulate malaria parasites in recent times has contributed considerably to our understanding of the biology of this deadly pathogen. Epp et al. have now expanded the repertoire of molecular tools available for the transgenesis system for the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum by developing a simple methodology to regulate malaria gene expression. In this article, we comment on this technique and discuss its potential applications in the study of the biology of malaria parasites. PMID: 18977175 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1930529 Thu, 30 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1930529 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1911725&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18951846%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Holder AA, Veigel C Apicomplexan parasites are motile and invade host cells. The force required for this is generated by an actomyosin motor. In a recent paper, Baum and colleagues suggest that the protein formin regulates the polymerization of actin at the moving junction between parasite and host cell. This finding provides novel insight into the mechanism of host cell invasion. PMID: 18951846 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1911725 Thu, 23 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1911725 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1911724&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18951847%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Kijlstra A, Jongert E In 2008, the centennial of the discovery of Toxoplasma gondii was celebrated. However, toxoplasmosis is still seen as a neglected and underreported disease, despite having a disease burden similar to that of salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis. Human vaccines are not available and current antiparasitic treatment is disappointing. This has led to an urge to focus more on prevention. Food, soil or water contaminated with oocysts from cat faeces and undercooked meat from infected intermediate hosts are important routes of infection. Oocyst contamination is difficult to control, whereas in Western countries, the control of T. gondii in meat should be feasible. Here, we discuss strategies aimed at developing a Toxoplasma-safe meat chain. PMID: 18951847 [P... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1911724 Thu, 23 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1911724 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1895779&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18938106%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Fidock DA, Eastman RT, Ward SA, Meshnick SR This review summarizes recent investigations into antimalarial drug resistance and chemotherapy, including reports of some of the many exciting talks and posters on this topic that were presented at the third Molecular Approaches to Malaria meeting held in Lorne, Australia, in February 2008 (MAM 2008). After surveying this area of research, we focus on two important questions: what is the molecular contribution of pfcrt to chloroquine resistance, and what is the mechanism of action of artemisinin? We conclude with thoughts about the current state of antimalarial chemotherapy and priorities moving forward. PMID: 18938106 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1895779 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1895779 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1895778&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18938107%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Carlton JM, Escalante AA, Neafsey D, Volkman SK The parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are responsible for the majority of human malaria cases worldwide. Despite many similarities in their biology, they frequently are studied in isolation. With the completion of the P. vivax genome and the generation of an initial P. falciparum genetic diversity map, attempts are being made to infer inter- and intra-species genome evolution. Here, we briefly review our current knowledge of comparative evolutionary genomics of the two species in the light of several presentations at the Molecular Approaches to Malaria 2008 meeting in Lorne, Australia and ask the question: can evolutionary genomics of one species inform the other? PMID: 18938107 [PubMed - as supplied by pub... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1895778 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1895778 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1895777&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18938108%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Plebanski M, Locke E, Kazura JW, Coppel RL Recent advances in adjuvant and delivery systems, in addition to a wealth of genomic and proteomic information on parasite composition, are being harnessed to develop a malaria vaccine. To do so effectively, it might be necessary to reassess the criteria by which formulations have been selected to progress to clinical trials. Specifically, better in vitro surrogates of protective immunity, better animal models and a more complete understanding of the unique canvas presented by the immune system of individuals who have experienced multiple malaria infections are needed. PMID: 18938108 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1895777 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1895777 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1895776&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18938109%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beck HP, Tetteh K The third 'Molecular Approaches to Malaria' conference was held in Lorne, Australia, in February 2008 and provided extensive information on the application of molecular tools in field studies on malaria. In recent years, technological advances and capacity building in malaria-endemic countries have permitted molecular tools to be applied much more frequently and successfully with exciting new findings. In this review, Hans-Peter Beck and Kevin Tetteh report on the most recent findings using molecular tools in field studies. PMID: 18938109 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1895776 Sat, 18 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1895776 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1895780&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18930439%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Andrews RH, Sithithaworn P, Petney TN Infection with Opisthorchis viverrini and its associated cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an underestimated problem in the Mekong region of Southeast Asia, despite the widespread use of praziquantel and health education measures for parasite control. Although data from Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam are rare, data from Thailand often show wide-ranging variability in epidemiological parameters, including human morbidity and the prevalence and incidence of CCA. The recent discovery of high levels of population genetic variability in O. viverrini in different wetlands in Thailand and Laos, which indicates the presence of sibling species, suggests that we have underestimated the complexity of this epidemiological situation. Future research should deter... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1895780 Thu, 16 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1895780 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1895783&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18929511%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Ménard R, Heussler V, Yuda M, Nussenzweig V The pre-erythrocytic (PE) phase of malaria infection, which extends from injection of sporozoites into the skin to the release of the first generation of merozoites, has traditionally been the 'black box' of the Plasmodium life cycle. However, since the advent of parasite transfection technology 13 years ago, our understanding of the PE phase in cellular and molecular terms has dramatically improved. Here, we review and comment on the major developments in the field in the past five years. Progress has been made in many diverse areas, including identifying and characterizing new proteins of interest, imaging parasites in vivo, understanding better the cell biology of hepatocyte infection and developing new vaccines against PE st... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1895783 Wed, 15 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1895783 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1895782&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18929512%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Llinás M, Deitsch KW, Voss TS Gene expression in the malaria parasite has received generous attention over the past several decades, predominantly because of the importance of var gene regulation, which is key to antigenic variation and host immune evasion. However, the role of transcriptional regulation in governing other genes expressed during the various stages of development has remained less well characterized. This mostly has been due to the lack of defined transcriptional regulators in Plasmodium parasites. Here, we describe recent advances that have become possible by joining traditional biochemistry with new technological innovations. These studies have increased our understanding of the role of transcriptional regulation, not only in the control of gene expressi... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1895782 Wed, 15 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1895782 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1895781&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18929513%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Cooke BM, Crabb BS, Cowman A PMID: 18929513 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology) Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1895781 Wed, 15 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1895781 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1873288&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18848497%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Beeson JG, Osier FH, Engwerda CR Effective immunity to malaria has been clearly demonstrated among individuals naturally exposed to malaria, and can be induced by experimental infections in animals and humans. The large number of malaria antigens has presented a major challenge to identifying protective responses and their targets, and it is likely that robust immunity is mediated by responses to multiple antigens. These include merozoite surface antigens and invasion ligands, variant antigens on the surface of parasitized red blood cells, in addition to sporozoite and liver-stage antigens. Immunity seems to require humoral and cellular immune components, probably in co-operation, although the relative importance of each remains unclear. This review summarizes recent progress ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1873288 Wed, 08 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1873288 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1873287&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18848498%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Milner DA, Montgomery J, Seydel KB, Rogerson SJ This review summarizes progress in preventing and treating severe malaria, which has been accompanied by advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of severe malaria complications. New drugs such as intravenous artesunate and oral artemisinin combinations, with increased access to insecticide-treated bed nets, are improving outcomes and decreasing malaria deaths. Several groups are beginning to identify characteristics of parasite var genes associated with cerebral malaria. Understanding of the interactions between malaria and other diseases in causing severe anaemia and cerebral malaria has increased substantially, and at the cellular level, the disturbances leading to coma or other complications are becoming clearer. ... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1873287 Wed, 08 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1873287 http://www.medworm.com/index.php?rid=1868737&cid=s_36146_141_f&fid=36146&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fentrez%2Fquery.fcgi%3Ftmpl%3DNoSidebarfile%26db%3DPubMed%26cmd%3DRetrieve%26list_uids%3D18845480%26dopt%3DAbstract Authors: Doerig C, Billker O, Haystead T, Sharma P, Tobin AB, Waters NC Protein kinases (PKs) play crucial roles in the control of proliferation and differentiation in eukaryotic cells. Research on protein phosphorylation has expanded tremendously in the past few years, in part as a consequence of the realization that PKs represent attractive drug targets in a variety of diseases. Activity in Plasmodium PK research has followed this trend, and several reports on various aspects of this subject were delivered at the Molecular Approaches to Malaria 2008 meeting (MAM2008), a sharp increase from the previous meeting. Here, the authors of most of these communications join to propose an integrated update of the development of the rapidly expanding field of Plasmodium kinomics. PMID: 1884... Trends in Parasitology journals http://www.medworm.com/rss/comments.php?id=1868737 Tue, 07 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100 1868737