MedWorm: Anatomy

Use of electronic anatomy practical examinations for remediating "at risk" students

Anatomical Sciences Education — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This article describes a combination of anatomy testing and grading strategies to allow "at risk" (borderline failing) students an opportunity to remediate their lowest set of examination scores and pass their anatomy course. An alternative electronic practical examination for these students provided flexibility in laboratory scheduling, thereby increasing laboratory access for other students taking concurrent courses. Specifically, the electronic examinations allowed for a reduction in the amount of time the cadaver laboratory is locked down for examination purposes. Masters-level occupational therapy (MOT) students, physician assistant students (MPA), and doctoral level physical therapy (DPT) students participated in a prosection-based human cadaver laboratory and take cadaver-based prac...

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Meta-evaluation in clinical anatomy: A practical application of item response theory in multiple choice examinations

Anatomical Sciences Education — Thu, 19 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This study sought to measure the quality of a clinical anatomy multiple-choice final examination using item response theory (IRT) models. One hundred seventy-six students took a multiple-choice clinical anatomy examination. One- and two-parameter IRT models (difficulty and discrimination parameters) were used to assess item quality. The two-parameter IRT model demonstrated a wide range in item difficulty, with a median of -1.0 and range from -2.0 to 0.0 (25th to 75th percentile). Similar results were seen for discrimination (median 0.6; range 0.4-0.8). The test information curve achieved maximum discrimination for an ability level one standard deviation below the average. There were 15 items with standardized loading less than 0.3, which was due to several factors: two items had two correc...

Reformatted computed tomographic evaluation of the thoracic pedicle in a Chinese population for the surgical application of transpedicular screw placement

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Tue, 17 Nov 2009 23:57:43 +0100

Conclusions The results of this study suggest that transpedicular screw fixation may not be suitable for the mid-thoracic regions in most Chinese females and that modified pedicle screw techniques or modified type of fixation is required in these patients. CT evaluation is a must before this procedure is performed. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0592-xAuthors Yuchun Chen, ShanTou University Medical College Orthopedics Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital 515041 Guangdong ChinaJican Zeng, ShanTou University Medical College Orthopedics Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital 515041 Guangdong ChinaJitian Guan, ShanTou University Medical College Radiology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital 515041 Guangdon...

A 3D reconstruction of pancreas development in the human embryos during embryonic period (Carnegie stages 15–23)

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Tue, 17 Nov 2009 23:57:42 +0100

Conclusion The 3D computer-assisted reconstruction of the human pancreas visualized the relationships between the two pancreatic buds. This explains the disposition and the modality of the components fusion. This embryologic development permits a better understanding of congenital abnormalities. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0533-8Authors M. Radi, University Montpellier I Avenue Kennedy Laboratory of Experimental Anatomy Faculty of Medicine Montpellier-Nimes 30908 Nîmes FranceJ. Gaubert, University Montpellier I Avenue Kennedy Laboratory of Experimental Anatomy Faculty of Medicine Montpellier-Nimes 30908 Nîmes FranceR. Cristol-Gaubert, University Montpellier I Avenue Kennedy Laboratory of Experimental Anatomy Faculty of ...

A qualitative study of student responses to body painting

Anatomical Sciences Education — Tue, 17 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

One hundred and thirty-three preclinical medical students participated in 24 focus groups over the period 2007-2009 at Durham University. Focus groups were conducted to ascertain whether or not medical students found body painting anatomical structures to be an educationally beneficial learning activity. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Five principal themes emerged: (1) body painting as a fun learning activity, (2) body painting promoting retention of knowledge, (3) factors contributing to the memorability of body painting, (4) removal from comfort zone, and (5) the impact of body painting on students' future clinical practice. Students perceive body painting to be a fun learning activity, which aids their retention of the anatomical knowledge acquired during the sessi...

Review of the surgical anatomy of the axillary nerve and the anatomic basis of its iatrogenic and traumatic injury

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Mon, 16 Nov 2009 18:07:48 +0100

The objective of this review, therefore, is to discuss the surgical anatomy of the axillary nerve and further emphasize the clinical importance of the its injury following shoulder trauma. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ReviewDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0594-8Authors Nihal Apaydin, Ankara University School of Medicine Department of Anatomy Sihhiye 06100 Ankara TurkeyR. Shane Tubbs, Children’s Hospital Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery Birmingham AL USAMarios Loukas, St. George’s University Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine St. George’s Grenada, West IndiesFabrice Duparc, Faculté de Médecine Pharmacie Laboratoire d’Anatomie 76183-1 Rouen France Journal Surgical and Radiologic AnatomyOnline ISSN 1279-8517Print ISSN 0930-1038 (Source: Surgical and ...

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Morphological adaptation of the tarso-metatarsal joints onto load transmission in the foot

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Sat, 14 Nov 2009 20:43:32 +0100

Conclusion In healthy feet, force transmission in the TMT joints appears to occur via the dorsal and medial edges. Considering the correlation of topical cartilaginous surface DMC and subchondral density patterns, clinical application of CT-OAM seems to be recommendable in the case of undefined middle foot pain. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0554-3Authors Christine Maria Isabel Ebel, Anatomische Anstalt der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität Pettenkoferstr. 11 Munich 80336 GermanyPeter M. Prodinger, Klinik für Orthopädie, Klinikum Rechts der Isar Ismaningerstr. 22 81675 Munich GermanyHeinz Mühlhofer, Anatomische Anstalt der Ludwig-Maximilians Universität Pettenkoferstr. 11 Munich 80336 GermanyMagdalena Müller-Gerbl, Anat...

Right posterior sinoatrial node artery showing a pericaval course: a previously undescribed mode of termination

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Sat, 14 Nov 2009 07:14:58 +0100

We present a case of right PSNA which terminated in a previously unreported course, i.e., the pericaval. Discussion pertains to the anatomic features of the PSNA that render it susceptible to the aforementioned complications. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Anatomic VariationsDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0593-9Authors Andreas Yiangou Andreou, Nicosia General Hospital Cardiology Department Old Road Nicosia-Limassol 213, Strovolos P.O. Box 2029 Nicosia CyprusGeorge M. Georgiou, Nicosia General Hospital Cardiology Department Old Road Nicosia-Limassol 213, Strovolos P.O. Box 2029 Nicosia CyprusPanayiotis C. Avraamides, Nicosia General Hospital Cardiology Department Old Road Nicosia-Limassol 213, Strovolos P.O. Box 2029 Nicosia Cyprus Journal Surgical and Radiologic AnatomyOnline I...

A mini pig model for visualization of perforator flap by using angiography and MIMICS

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Sat, 14 Nov 2009 07:14:57 +0100

Conclusions 3D modeling in combination with traditional sectional imaging of the pig model enables blood vessels to be displayed more dynamically with greater realism. The procedure described could be useful for future flap research, by offering a better visualization of the vascular structure of the skin flap, allowing for better anatomical understanding. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0588-6Authors Jin Mei, Wenzhou Medical College Department of Anatomy University-town 325035 Wenzhou Zhejiang ChinaZhiXun Yin, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College Department of Orthopaedic Surgery 510120 Guangzhou ChinaJi Zhang, Wenzhou Medical College Department of Anatomy University-town 325035 Wenzhou Zhejiang ChinaKoonh...

The Clinical Anatomy of the Coronary Arteries-An Anatomical Study on 100 Human Heart Specimens by Horia Muresian

Clinical Anatomy — Sat, 14 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

No abstract. (Source: Clinical Anatomy)

Michael H. Ross (1930-2009)

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

No abstract. (Source: Clinical Anatomy)

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Locating the arcuate line of Douglas: Is it of surgical relevance?

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This study is aimed at determining the position of the arcuate line in relation to anatomical landmarks of the anterior abdominal wall. Arcuate lines were examined in 80 (44 male, 36 female) subjects, aged between 18 and 70 years, during autopsies and dissection. The position of the arcuate line was determined in relation to the umbilicus, pubic symphysis, and intersections of rectus abdominis muscle. Sixty four (80.4%) cases had the arcuate line. In most cases (52), this line was located in the upper half of a line between the umbilicus and the pubic symphysis. Most males (93%) had the arcuate line, while more than a third of females did not have it. In all these cases, the line occurred bilaterally as a single arcade, constantly at the most distal intersection of the rectus abdominis mus...

An anatomic study on the junctura tendinum in the 4th intermetacarpal space and its clinical implication

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

We report results of anatomic study in the fourth intermetacarpal space, focusing on the pattern of junctura tendinum and variations of extensor tendons of the little finger with its clinical implication on snapping of the little finger. Fifty unpaired cadaveric hands were dissected from the wrist to the middle phalanx of the ring and little fingers. The type of junctura tendinum was judged based on Von Schroder's classification and the relationship with EDC were recorded. EDC to the little finger and EDM were dissected and the numbers were recorded. Forty six hands (92%) exhibited a junctura tendinum in the fourth intermetacarpal space and it was Type III in 42 hands (84%). The EDC-little finger was absent in 76% (38 of 50 hands). When present, EDC-little finger originated most commonly a...

Descriptive anatomy of the dominant septal perforators using Dual Source coronary CT angiography

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Although clinical outcomes for septal ablation in treating left ventricular outflow tract obstructions are generally favorable, a variety of complications have been reported including a high incidence of right bundle branch block. These complications may be attributed to anatomic variability of the dominant septal perforator. We used Dual Source CT Coronary Angiography (DS-CTA) to determine the location of the termination point of the dominant septal perforator as well as the distance of the termination point from the mitral annulus in patients undergoing DS-CTA. One-hundred-fourteen DS-CTA scans were retrospectively reviewed by two observers by consensus. The left ventricle was divided into anterior wall, anterioseptum, and inferioseptum. For each segment, the myocardium was divided into ...

Topographical anatomy of the transverse facial artery

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

The transverse facial artery (TFA) is found in the lateral face and supplies the parotid gland and duct, facial nerve, facial muscles, and skin. To better understand the cutaneous vascularization of the lateral face and to better characterize the topography and other anatomical features of the TFA, microsurgical dissection was performed in 44 cadavers. The number of TFAs present ranged from one to three, and a single TFA was most common (70.5%). The TFA originated from the superficial temporal artery at or above the level of crossing by the temporofacial trunk of the facial nerve in the parotid gland (57.6%). The TFA divided into superior and inferior trunks in the gland, and continued as emerging branch. The superior emerging branch emerged from the gland superior to the parotid duct and ...

Response to the letter to the editor by Joel Levi: Hermann Stieve's clinical-anatomical research on executed women during the "Third Reich"

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

No abstract (Source: Clinical Anatomy)

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Erb's point - do ear, nose and throat surgeons know where it is?

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

No abstract (Source: Clinical Anatomy)

Anatomical variation in the position of the brachiocephalic trunk (innominate artery) with respect to the trachea: A computed tomography-based study and literature review of innominate artery compression syndrome

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Respiratory compromise due to tracheal compression by the brachiocephalic trunk (BT), a condition first labeled as Innominate Artery Compression Syndrome (IACS), has been controversially attributed to an anomalous origin of this vessel to the left of, and hence crossing, the trachea. The aim of this study was to establish the normal relationship between the BT and trachea in infants, children, and young adults without obstructive respiratory symptoms. One hundred and eighty-one computed tomography (CT) examinations of the thorax, in three age groups, were reviewed. In axial cross section, the origin of the BT from the aortic arch was identified. The BT origin, with respect to the trachea, was recorded as for a clock face, approximated to the nearest half hour. There were 62 CTs in Group 1 ...

errare humanum est perseverare diabolicum

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

No abstract (Source: Clinical Anatomy)

Adductor magnus: A post-operative illustration of its dual nerve supply

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

We present a case in which MRI clearly demonstrated the function of the sciatic nerve by highlighting the complications of its involvement by disease and subsequent surgery. In this clinical case, the underlying diagnosis of a nerve sheath tumour had been established and treated surgically, and subsequent follow-up imaging confirmed the expected features of sciatic nerve transection. Six months following the removal of the tumour, atrophy was seen in the muscle groups supplied by the branches of this nerve. This was manifested as muscle wasting and high signal on T1 and T2-weighted MRI affecting the biceps femoris (short and long heads), semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and the hamstring (ischiocondylar) part of the adductor magnus, but the adductor part of the adductor magnus, supplied by...

Cervical lymph nodes are found in direct relationship with the internal carotid artery: Significance for the lymphatic drainage of the brain

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This study seeks to identify cervical lymph nodes related to the human internal carotid artery (ICA) that could act as the first regional lymph nodes for the brain. Bilateral dissections were carried out on four embalmed human heads, from the level of the carotid bifurcation in the neck, to the base of the skull. Lymph nodes from every specimen were processed for histological examination. A total of 51 deep cervical lymph nodes were identified: 12 lymph nodes (confirmed by histological examination) were observed to be in direct relationship with the ICA. These lymph nodes were found within the carotid sheath and had average diameters of 13.5 × 4.8 mm2. Solutes and interstitial fluid from the brain may drain along the walls of cerebral arteries and reach these lymph nodes. They may be site...

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Anatomic position of the asterion in Kenyans for posterolateral surgical approaches to cranial cavity

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This study aimed at determining the anatomic position of the asterion in a Kenyan population. Measurements from the asterion to the root of zygoma and the tip of mastoid process, respectively were taken on both left and right sides of 90 (51 male, 39 female) human skulls. The relation of the asterion to the transverse-sigmoid sinus junction was also determined. The distances on the right and left sides from the asterion to the root of the zygoma were 58.85 ± 2.50 mm and 58.44 ± 2.12 mm, respectively. The asterion was 47.89 ± 3.72 mm above the tip of mastoid process on the right side and 47.62 ± 2.87 mm on the left side. This point was significantly higher in males (48.36 ± 2.72 mm) than in females (46.62 ± 3.37 mm) with a P-value of 0.041. Regarding its position from the transverse-s...

The position of the mandibular canal and histologic feature of the inferior alveolar nerve

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This study found that the inferior alveolar nerve often gives rise to several branches at each level (range 0-3). To minimize the risk of injury, knowledge of the small branches of the nerve and of the detailed findings regarding the position of the mandibular canal reported here should be considered when planning mandibular surgery, especially during implant placement. Clin. Anat. 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. (Source: Clinical Anatomy)

The iliolumbar artery - Anatomic considerations and details on the common iliac artery trifurcation

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

The iliolumbar artery (ILA) of Haller is the largest nutrient pedicle of the ilium and its detailed knowledge is important for various surgical procedures that approach the lumbosacral junction, the L4/L5 disk space, the sacroiliac joint, the iliac and psoas muscles, or the lumbar spine. Also the ILA is relevant for various techniques of embolization. We aimed to evaluate the anatomic and topographic features of the ILA, by dissection on 30 human adult pelvic halves and on 50 angiograms. ILA was a constant presence and it emerged at Level A (from the common iliac artery (CIA), 8.75%), Level B (from the CIA bifurcation, 2.5%), Level C (from the internal iliac artery (IIA), 52.5%), Level D (from the IIA bifurcation, 3.75%), and Level E (from the posterior trunk of the IIA, 32.5%). Level B of...

Atlas of Descriptive Histology by Michael H. Ross, Wojciech Pawlina, and Todd A. Barnash

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 13 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

No abstract. (Source: Clinical Anatomy)

Variable patterns of cutaneous innervation on the dorsum of foot in fetuses

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 12 Nov 2009 18:56:24 +0100

Conclusions A comparison with cutaneous innervation patterns found in other population groups revealed three new variants which have not been reported in the other populations. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0587-7Authors Pratima Wahee, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER) Department of Anatomy HNo: 27, NAC, Shivalik Enclave Mani Majra, Chandigarh 160101 IndiaAnjali Aggarwal, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER) Department of Anatomy Research Block-B, PGIMER Chandigarh IndiaHarjeet, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER) Department of Anatomy Research Block-B, PGIMER Chandigarh IndiaDaisy Sahni, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Re...

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Morphology and compartmentation of the jugular foramen in adult Indian skulls

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 12 Nov 2009 06:53:32 +0100

Conclusion This information will be of help to the clinicians for understanding clinical presentations and progression of the lesions of the jugular foramen region and planning for the operations. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0591-yAuthors Sunita Arvind Athavale, KVG Medical College Department of Anatomy D.K. District Kurunjibag, Sullia Karnataka 574327 India Journal Surgical and Radiologic AnatomyOnline ISSN 1279-8517Print ISSN 0930-1038 (Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy)

Netter Images

Think Anatomy — Mon, 09 Nov 2009 20:18:12 +0100

From Netterimages.com Netterimages.com is a collection of medical illustrations by world renowned medical illustrator, Frank H. Netter, MD, and physician-artists, John Craig and Carlos Machado. Topics range from human anatomy to clinical disease states to new therapeutic technologies. Illustrations in this collection are offered for sale as rights-managed imagery. Author Elsevier Karen Oswald Digital Asset Manager e-mail: k.oswald@elsevier.com Features Hundreds and hundreds of the classic Netter medical illustrations to choose from Browse through mini-collections of predefined lightboxes such as, the Spine and the Wrist, that help you find related images on common health topics Ability to choose an image from a specific textbook featuring Netter images Images are categorized by specialt...

Micro-magnetic resonance imaging and embryological analysis of wild-type and pma mutant mice with clubfoot.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Duce S, Madrigal L, Schmidt K, Cunningham C, Liu G, Barker S, Tennant G, Tickle C, Chudek S, Miedzybrodzka Z Abstract Gross similarities between the external appearance of the hind limbs of the peroneal muscle atrophy (pma) mouse mutant and congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV), a human disorder historically referred to as 'clubfoot', suggested that this mutant could be a useful model. We used micro-magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the detailed anatomy of the hind limb defect in mutant pma mice and performed 3D comparisons between mutant and wild-type hind limbs. We found that the pma foot demonstrates supination (i.e. adduction and inversion of the mid foot and fore foot together with plantar flexion of the ankle and toes) and that the tibiale and distal tarsals displa...

Collagen fibril organization in the pregnant endometrium of decorin-deficient mice.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Sanches JC, Jones CJ, Aplin JD, Iozzo RV, Zorn TM, Oliveira SF Abstract In the pregnant mouse endometrium, collagen fibrillogenesis is characterized by the presence of very thick collagen fibrils which are topographically located exclusively within the decidualized stroma. This dynamic biological process is in part regulated by the small leucine-rich proteoglycans decorin and biglycan. In the present study we utilized wild-type (Dcn(+/+)) and decorin-deficient (Dcn(-/-)) time-pregnant mice to investigate the evolution of non-decidualized and decidualized collagen matrix in the uterine wall of these animals. Ultrastructural and morphometric analyses revealed that the organization of collagen fibrils in the pregnant endometrium of both non-decidualized and decidualized stroma sh...

Tissue distribution of cells derived from the area opaca in heterospecific quail-chick blastodermal chimeras.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

The objective of the current study was to determine the tissue distribution of cells derived from the area opaca in heterospecific quail-chick blastodermal chimeras. Quail-chick chimeras were constructed by transferring dissociated cells from the area opaca of the stage X-XII (EG&K) quail embryo into the subgerminal cavity of the unincubated chick blastoderm. The distribution of quail cells in embryonic as well as extra-embryonic tissues of the recipient embryo were examined using the QCPN monoclonal antibody after 6 days of incubation in serial sections taken at 100-mum intervals. Data gathered in the present study demonstrated that, when introduced into the subgerminal cavity of a recipient embryo, cells of the area opaca are able to populate not only extra-embryonic structures such ...

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The evolution of anatomical illustration and wax modelling in Italy from the 16th to early 19th centuries.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Riva A, Conti G, Solinas P, Loy F Abstract Although the contribution to anatomical illustration by Vesalius and his followers has received much attention, less credit has been given to Veslingius and particularly Fabricius. By 1600, Fabricius had amassed more than 300 paintings that together made the Tabulae Pictae, a great atlas of anatomy that was highly admired by his contemporaries. Many of his new observations were incorporated into subsequent books, including those by Casserius, Spighelius, Harvey and Veslingius. Also of importance were the Tabulae by Eustachius (1552), which, although only published in 1714, greatly influenced anatomical wax modelling. In 1742, Pope Benedict XIV established a Museum of Anatomy in Bologna, entrusting to Ercole Lelli the creation of sever...

The enamel-dentine junction in the postcanine dentition of Australopithecus africanus: intra-individual metameric and antimeric variation.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Braga J, Thackeray JF, Subsol G, Kahn JL, Maret D, Treil J, Beck A Abstract We used micro-computed tomography and virtual tools to study metric and morphological features at the enamel-dentine junction and on the outer enamel surface in the postcanine dentition of an exceptionally well-preserved maxilla and mandible of an early hominin. The fossil, Sts 52 from Sterkfontein, South Africa, is attributed to Australopithecus africanus and is about 2.5 million years old. For comparative purposes in this exploratory study, we also used micro-computed tomography to analyse the dentition of a common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), a pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) and three extant humans. Metameric variation of the 3D enamel-dentine junction in the two chimpanzee mandibles was much smal...

Dynamic expression of Six family genes in the dental mesenchyme and the epithelial ameloblast stem/progenitor cells during murine tooth development.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

In this study, we examined expression of six members of the Six family genes in the dental mesenchyme and the dental epithelium of the developing tooth germs in mice by in situ hybridization. We found dynamic expression patterns for Six1, Six2, Six4 and Six5 in the oral epithelium and mesenchymal cells with distinct expression patterns at the early stage before invagination of the dental epithelium. In addition, expression of Six1 and Six4 was observed in the inner enamel epithelium of the incisor and molar tooth germs at the cap stage. Expression of Six5 was maintained in the bell stage tooth germs, and intense expression of Six1 and Six4 was detected not only in the mesenchyme-derived dental follicle but also in the proliferating inner enamel epithelium of the labial cervical loop of the...

Functional morphology of the sound-generating labia in the syrinx of two songbird species.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Riede T, Goller F Abstract In songbirds, two sound sources inside the syrinx are used to produce the primary sound. Laterally positioned labia are passively set into vibration, thus interrupting a passing air stream. Together with subsyringeal pressure, the size and tension of the labia determine the spectral characteristics of the primary sound. Very little is known about how the histological composition and morphology of the labia affect their function as sound generators. Here we related the size and microstructure of the labia to their acoustic function in two songbird species with different acoustic characteristics, the white-crowned sparrow and zebra finch. Histological serial sections of the syrinx and different staining techniques were used to identify collagen, elasti...

The evolution of human artistic creativity.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 09 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Morriss-Kay GM Abstract Creating visual art is one of the defining characteristics of the human species, but the paucity of archaeological evidence means that we have limited information on the origin and evolution of this aspect of human culture. The components of art include colour, pattern and the reproduction of visual likeness. The 2D and 3D art forms that were created by Upper Palaeolithic Europeans at least 30 000 years ago are conceptually equivalent to those created in recent centuries, indicating that human cognition and symbolling activity, as well as anatomy, were fully modern by that time. The origins of art are therefore much more ancient and lie within Africa, before worldwide human dispersal. The earliest known evidence of 'artistic behaviour' is of human body ...

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Attitudes of healthcare students on gross anatomy laboratory sessions

Anatomical Sciences Education — Sat, 07 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This study provides support for the implementation of multiple laboratory sessions using cadavers into a uniform curriculum for physical therapy students in Japan. Anat Sci Educ. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists. (Source: Anatomical Sciences Education)

Antifertility Characteristics of the N-terminal Region of Mouse Equatorial Segment Protein.

Anatomical Record — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Lv ZM, Wang M, Xu C To investigate antifertility characteristics of the equatorial segment protein (ESP) and its potential immunocontraceptive effect, three partially overlapping cDNA fragments P1/P2/P3, together covering the entire mouse ESP, were cloned, expressed, and purified. The roles of P1/P2/P3 in fertility were investigated through in vitro fertilization and mouse mating test. Antibodies against P1/P2 significantly reduced the rates of fertilization in vitro in the zona-intact experiments. Coincubation of zona-free mouse oocytes with capacitated mouse spermatozoa in the presence of antibodies against P1/P2 also inhibited sperm-oolemma binding and fusion, while anti-P3 antibody virtually had no effect on in vitro fertilization at the same concentration. Immunization of...

Localization and Expression of Peroxiredoxin II in the Mouse Ovary, Oviduct, Uterus, and Preimplantation Embryo.

Anatomical Record — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

In this study, we aimed to study the localization and expression of Prx II in the mouse ovary, oviduct, and uterus, and preimplantation embryos. Immunohistochemical staining analysis showed that, in the ovary, Prx II was expressed in the oocyte cytoplasm of the primary follicle, the secondary follicle, and the premature follicle; Prx II was expressed in germinal vesicle-intact oocytes (GV oocytes) and metaphase II eggs (MII eggs), as well as at various stages in early embryos. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) results indicated that the Prx II mRNA was expressed at a high level in GV eggs, slightly lower levels in MII eggs, and had no detectable expression in four-cell embryos and early blastocysts. In the oviduct, Prx II was expressed in the epithelia, while in the ...

The Immunohistochemical Characterization of Human Fetal Olfactory Bulb and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Culture as a Source for Clinical CNS Restoration.

Anatomical Record — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Liu K, Li Y, Wang H, Jiang X, Zhao Y, Sun D, Chen L, Young W, Huang H, Zhou C Clinical studies have expanded the therapeutic olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) transplantation to different human Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases. In fact, the OEC transplantation in clinic is a mixture of olfactory bulb cells; they even have not demonstrated that they have such a subpopulation yet. However, as a source of OECs transplantation, the development and identification of human fetal OECs are still need more understanding, because some surgery try to restoration CNS injury with a more purity of OEC cultures generated by a number of different procedures. In this article, twelve human fetal olfactory bulb (OB) samples were obtained from six fetuses in 20 weeks of gestation, it was st...

The Structure of Tight Junctions in Mouse Submandibular Gland.

Anatomical Record — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

We examined TJs of mouse submandibular glands (SMG) in thin sections and freeze-fracture replicas. TJs between acinar cells and between intercalated duct cells had 2-6 parallel strands on the protoplasmic fracture face, with occasional branches, interconnections and free ends, and corresponding grooves on the extracellular face. Granular duct cell TJs had 2-30 strands, a depth of </=0.5 mum, and occasional loops extending further basally. Where 3 or 4 cells met, the TJs extended basally </=1 mum and consisted of 2 parallel boundary strands into which the apical strands inserted. Quantitative analyses showed significant differences in TJ complexity, measured by fractal geometry, and strand number of acinar compared to granular duct cells, and a greater number of strands in male compar...

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The Effect of Maternal Malnutrition During Lactation on the Endometrial ERalpha Expression, Collagen Type, and Blood Vessels in the Rats Offspring at Puberty.

Anatomical Record — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, maternal malnutrition during lactation caused changes in endometrial angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and Eralpha expression in female offspring that will appear in puberty and could affect the reproductive biology of the female offspring. Anat Rec, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 19899115 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record)

Age-Related Changes in Craniofacial Morphology in GDF-8 (Myostatin)-Deficient Mice.

Anatomical Record — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This study examines the onset and relationship between hypermuscularity and craniofacial morphology in neonatal and adult mice with GDF-8 deficiency. Fifteen (8 wild-type and 7 GDF-8 -/-), 1-day-old and 16 (9 wt and 7 GDF-8 -/-), 180-day-old male CD-1 mice were used. Standardized radiographs were taken of each head, scanned, traced, and cephalometric landmarks identified. Significant mean differences were assessed using a group x age, two-way ANOVA. Myostatin-deficient mice had significantly (P < 0.01) smaller body and masseter muscle weights and craniofacial skeletons at 1 day of age and significantly greater body and masseter muscle weights at 180 days of age compared to controls. Myostatin-deficient mice showed significantly (P < 0.001) longer and "rocker-shaped" mandibles and sho...

Development of the Stapedius Muscle and Unilateral Agenesia of the Tendon of the Stapedius Muscle in a Human Fetus.

Anatomical Record — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

The objective was to analyze the development of the stapedius muscle to understand an isolated unilateral absence of the tendon of the stapedius muscle in a human fetus. The study was made on 50 human embryos and fetuses aged 38 days to 17 weeks post-conception. The stapedius muscle was formed by two anlagen, one for the tendon, which derives from the internal segment of the interhyale and another for the belly, located in the second pharyngeal arch, medially to the facial nerve and near the interhyale. In the interhyale, two segments were observed forming an angle and delimited by the attachment of the belly of the stapedius muscle. The internal segment will form the tendon. The lateral segment of the interhyale was attached to the cranial end of the Reichert's cartilage (laterohyale), an...

Developmental Pattern of the Right Atrioventricular Septal Valve Leaflet and Tendinous Cords.

Anatomical Record — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Guzmán LV, Mayoral PV, Valencia JP, Pine SS, Gómez CS No consensus exists regarding the precise contribution of myocardium and the atrioventricular (AV) cushion mesenchyme to the development of leaflets, tendinous cords (TCs) and papillary muscles. Furthermore, the origin and fate of the myocardium embedded in the immature mesenchyme of the AV cushions at the beginning of AV valvulogenesis is controversial. Some authors have suggested that these cells result from a mesenchyme-to-myocardium transformation. In contrast, other researchers have concluded that they are derived from the myocardial ventricular wall and the interventricular septum (IVS). On the other hand, it has been assumed that the AV mural and septal leaflets have the same pattern of development. However...

Rudimentary Eyes of Squamate Fossorial Reptiles (Amphisbaenia and Serpentes).

Anatomical Record — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Foureaux G, Egami MI, Jared C, Antoniazzi MM, Gutierre RC, Smith RL The rudimentary characteristic of the eyes of fossorial animals raises some questions regarding its evolution and functionality. Would these eyes result from atrophy or from stagnated development? How would its visual function work? Anatomical investigations of these organs are the fundamental preamble to answer those questions, which are still little explored by the literature. In this article we have studied anatomical aspects of the eyes of three species of fossorial reptiles, within the suborder Amphisbaena (Amphisbaena alba, Amphisbaena mertensi, Leposternon infraorbitale), as well as a species within the ophidian suborder (Typhlops brongersmianus). The minuscule eyes (1-2 mm diameter) were visualized thr...

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Occlusal Development and Masseter Activity in Alpacas (Lama pacos).

Anatomical Record — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Williams SH, Sidote J, Stover KK Tooth eruption and the development of occlusion are significant ontogenetic changes in the masticatory apparatus of mammals. Here, we test the hypothesis that changes in masseter activity are correlated with increased occlusal contacts at major stages of dental development in the alpaca, Lama pacos. We compare electromyographic data from the superficial and deep masseter in infant and juvenile alpacas prior to and following m1 occlusion and from adults with full permanent dentitions. The pre-m1 and post-m1 occlusion groups exhibit similar masseter activity durations, chewing cycle durations, and with the exception of the balancing-side deep masseter, similar timing differences between the jaw muscles. On average, the balancing-side deep massete...

SLC/CCR7 Stimulates the Proliferation of BMDCs by the pNF-kappaB p65 Pathway.

Anatomical Record — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

In this study, we examined the effect of SLC at different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 ng/mL) on the proliferation of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). ELC (CCL19), another high-affinity ligand for CCR7, was used as the control at the same time. We found that SLC directly stimulated the proliferation of BMDCs and enhanced the antigen-presenting function and CCR7 expression. Western blot analysis showed that pNF-kappaBp65 was involved in this mechanism. We also found that the NF-kappaB inhibitor PDTC could specifically block the proliferation and CCR7 expression of BMDCs induced by SLC or ELC (200 ng/mL). The results suggested that there were cross-talk signals between the chemotaxis and proliferation of BMDCs involving the SLC/CCR7 axis. Anat Rec, 2009. (c) 2009...

A head in virtual reality: Development of a dynamic head and neck model

Anatomical Sciences Education — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Advances in computer and interface technologies have made it possible to create three-dimensional (3D) computerized models of anatomical structures for visualization, manipulation, and interaction in a virtual 3D environment. In the past few decades, a multitude of digital models have been developed to facilitate complex spatial learning of the human body. However, there is limited empirical evidence to guide the development and integration of effective computer models for teaching and learning. The purpose of this article is to describe the development of a dynamic head and neck model with flexible displays (2D, 3D, and stereoscopic 3D) and interactive control features that can be later used to design and test the efficacy of computer models as a means of improving student learning. The m...

Ultrasound–anatomic correlation of the peripheral nerves of the upper limb

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 19:05:04 +0100

Conclusion Ultrasound is a useful tool to identify the main nerves of the upper arm. This atlas indicates the locations and relations among the nerves, correlating with the ultrasound appearance. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Teaching AnatomyDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0583-yAuthors Xavier Bargalló, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona Department of Radiology (CDIC) C/Villarroel, 170 08036 Barcelona SpainAnna Carrera, Universitat de Barcelona Department of Anatomy, Facultat de Medicina Barcelona SpainXavier Sala-Blanch, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona Department of Anaesthesiology Barcelona SpainGorane Santamaría, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona Department of Radiology (CDIC) C/Villarroel, 170 08036 Barcelona SpainRosa Morro, Universitat de Barcelona Department of Anatomy, Fa...

High bifurcation of abdominal aorta upon horseshoe kidney at the level of upper L2 vertebral body: a rare case report

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 07:03:33 +0100

We describe this rare case of variations and discuss the possible embryonic development mechanism. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Anatomic VariationsDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0586-8Authors Wei Huang, No.1 People’s Hospital of Huai’an, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University Medical Imaging Center 223300 Huai’an Jiangsu ChinaGaohua Ge, No.1 People’s Hospital of Huai’an, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University Medical Imaging Center 223300 Huai’an Jiangsu ChinaJunsong Meng, No.1 People’s Hospital of Huai’an, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University Department of Urology 223300 Huai’an Jiangsu ChinaYiming Xu, No.1 People’s Hospital of Huai’an, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University Medical Imaging Center 223300 Huai’an Jiangsu China Journal Surgical...

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Changes in bite force, masticatory muscle thickness, and facial morphology between primary and mixed dentition in preschool children with normal occlusion.

Annals of Anatomy — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Castelo PM, Pereira LJ, Bonjardim LR, Gavião MB The study of stomatognathic system development can provide useful data for recognition of deviations from normality. Thus, a longitudinal examination of 14 children with normal occlusion from primary (stage I, mean age 59.21+/-8.40 months) to early mixed dentition (stage II, 77.57+/-5.92) was performed. Bite force was measured with a pressurized tube and correlated with ultrasonographic masseter and anterior portion of temporalis muscle thicknesses (at rest and maximal intercuspation), facial dimensions, age, and body mass index (BMI). Facial dimensions were assessed by standardized frontal photographs as follows: anterior facial height (AFH), lower face height (LFH), and bizygomatic width (BFW). Children with malocclusion, ...

Contrast in usage of FCAT-approved anatomical terminology between members of two anatomy associations in North America

Anatomical Sciences Education — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Almost 12 years since the publishing of Terminologia Anatomica (TA) by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT), there has yet to be a unified adoption of FCAT-recommended anatomical terms by North American anatomists. A survey was sent to members of the Human Anatomy & Physiology Society (HAPS) to compare the frequency of FCAT term usage with a previous study involving the American Association of Anatomists (AAA). The HAPS differed from AAA in being composed mostly of biologists (56.5%) who teach anatomy with only 18.3% of respondents having terminal degrees in anatomy. The survey included the same 25 sets of synonymic names for selected gross anatomical structures or related terms used for the AAA survey. Overall results indicate that the FCAT preferred term had the high...

Medical education in the anatomical sciences: The winds of change continue to blow

Anatomical Sciences Education — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

At most institutions, education in the anatomical sciences has undergone several changes over the last decade. To identify the changes that have occurred in gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, neuroscience/neuroanatomy, and embryology courses, directors of these courses were asked to respond to a survey with questions pertaining to total course hours, hours of lecture, and hours of laboratory, whether the course was part of an integrated program or existed as a stand-alone course, and what type of laboratory experience occurred in the course. These data were compared to data obtained from a similar survey in 2002. Comparison between the data sets suggests several key points some of which include: decreased total hours in gross anatomy and neuroscience/neuroanatomy courses, increased use of...

Microsurgical anatomy of the ocular motor nerves

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 14:11:29 +0100

This study was designed to provide anatomic data to help surgeons avoid damage to the ocular motor nerves during intraorbital operations. The microsurgical anatomy of the ocular motor nerves was studied in 50 adult cadaveric heads (100 orbits). Dissections were performed with a microscope. The nerves were exposed and the neural and muscular relationships of each portion of the nerve were examined and measured. The superior division of the oculomotor nerve coursed between the optic nerve and the superior rectus muscle after it left the annular tendon, and its branches entered into the superior rectus muscle and levator muscle. A mean of five fibers (range 3–7) innervated the superior rectus muscle, and a mean of one fiber (range 1–2) followed a medial direction (84%) or went strai...

The precision of four commonly used surgical landmarks for locating the facial nerve in anterograde parotidectomy in humans.

Annals of Anatomy — Sat, 31 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Rea PM, McGarry G, Shaw-Dunn J In addition to using intra-operative facial nerve monitoring in helping to locate the position of the facial nerve in anterograde parotidectomy, numerous soft tissue and bony landmarks have been proposed to assist the surgeon in the early identification of this nerve. There is still dispute within the literature as to the most effective method, if any, of locating the nerve. The purpose of this study was to measure the distance (in twenty-six embalmed cadavers) from four of the most commonly used surgical landmarks to the main trunk of the facial nerve-the posterior belly of digastric muscle (PBDM), the tragal pointer (TP), the junction between the bony and cartilaginous ear canal (EAM) and the tympanomastoid suture (TMS). The main trunk of the f...

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Enhanced constriction of supplying arteries - A mechanism of femoral head Necrosis in Wistar rats?

Annals of Anatomy — Fri, 30 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This study showed that vasoconstriction of the femoral artery in WKY rats was stronger than that of SHR rats. This may be a pathomechanical factor in femoral head necrosis of WKY rats. PMID: 19880298 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Annals of Anatomy)

The motor branches of median and ulnar nerves that innervate superficial flexor muscles: a study in human fetuses

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 29 Oct 2009 19:47:33 +0100

Conclusions These results show differences from classical definitions regarding the muscular branching patterns of the median and ulnar nerves. We suggest revisiting the classical descriptions of innervation patterns of pronator teres, palmaris longus and flexor carpi radialis muscles, since the variations observed in their innervation patterns are more diverse than has been described. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0580-1Authors Nadire Unver Dogan, Selcuk University Department of Anatomy, Meram Medical Faculty 42080 Konya TurkeyIsmihan Ilknur Uysal, Selcuk University Department of Anatomy, Meram Medical Faculty 42080 Konya TurkeyAhmet Kagan Karabulut, Selcuk University Department of Anatomy, Meram Medical Faculty 42080 Kon...

Rare enlargement of the genial tubercles

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 29 Oct 2009 06:52:06 +0100

Abstract Genial tubercles usually are small bony protuberances on the lingual aspect of the mandible symphysis. Conversely, this case shows 3D tomographic reconstruction images of genial tubercles as an oversized projection causing pain and discomfort to the patient. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Anatomic VariationsDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0581-0Authors Izabel Rubira-Bullen, University of São Paulo Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brizola 9-75 Bauru São Paulo BrazilEduardo Sant′Ana, University of São Paulo Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brizola 9-75 Bauru São Paulo BrazilRenato Faria Yaedú, University of São Paulo Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry ...

Incidence of osseous interclinoid bars in Indian population

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Wed, 28 Oct 2009 06:54:59 +0100

Abstract Purpose Parasellar interclinoid bars are significant in surgical management while dealing with the vascular, neoplastic or traumatic lesions of the central skull base and can also compress the surrounding structures giving rise to various clinical symptoms. The literature cites several case reports but systematic study of these bars has not been done. Therefore this study was carried out to see the incidence of osseous interclinoid bars in Indian population. Method Two hundred and fifty adult dried human skulls were studied. Results It was observed that the bony bars between the three clinoid processes can be divided into four types (Types I, II, III, IV). Due to the presence of these bars three types of interclinoid foramina we...

Three-Dimensional Serial Section Computer Reconstruction of the Arrangement of the Structural Components of the Parabronchus of the Ostrich, Struthio Camelus Lung.

Anatomical Record — Wed, 28 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Maina JN, Woodward JD 'Cubed' three-dimensional computer reconstruction (from serial sections) of the exchange tissue (parenchyma) of the lung of the ostrich, Struthio camelus showing the profuse anastomoses of the air capillaries (shown in cyan) and the blood capillaries (shown in red). While the two terminal respiratory units interdigitate very copiously as they interface intimately, thereby optimizing the respiratory surface area, regarding their size and shape, they are not mirror images as has previously been reported nor do they spatially form a counter-current arrangement, as they have been commonly modelled. See Maina et al., "Three-Dimensional Serial Section Computer Reconstruction of the Arrangement of the Structural Components of the Parabronchus of the Ostrich, Str...

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Hyoid Skeleton, Its Related Muscles, and Morphological Novelties in the Frog Lepidobatrachus (Anura, Ceratophryidae).

Anatomical Record — Wed, 28 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Fabrezi M, Lobo F Many traits of the skull of ceratophryines are related to the capture of large prey independently of aquatic or terrestrial feeding. Herein, detailed descriptions of the development of hyoid skeleton and the anatomy of muscles responsible for hyoid and tongue movements in Lepidobatrachus laevis and L. llanensis are provided and compared with those of other neobatrachians. The aquatic Lepidobatrachus has special features in its hyoid skeleton that integrates a set of derived features convergent with the conditions observed in non-neobatrachian anurans and morphological novelties (e.g., dorsal dermal hyoid ossification) that deviate from the generalized pattern found in most frogs. Further, reduction of fibers of muscles of buccal floor, reduction or loss of hy...

eHuman Cranial Nerves

Think Anatomy — Tue, 27 Oct 2009 00:52:58 +0100

From eHuman: Learning the 12 cranial nerves and the foramen in the base of the skull are an essential component of every anatomy course; all health professionals, anatomists, biology students and anthropologists have had to memorize their names and functions. Our app allows students to enjoy learning the nerves and foramen in a highly visual, interactive environment. Author Paul Brown DDS, President, Founder Features The 3D skull is reconstructed from a high resolution CT scan You can control the position and transparency setting of the skull to get a full view of each nerve Ability to control the position and transparency of the skull and each nerve A full explanation of each nerve is just a tap away Limitations If you find any limitations, leave a comment below! (Source: Think Anatom...

Art & Science YouTube Lectures

Think Anatomy — Sun, 25 Oct 2009 22:01:43 +0100

Anatomy review videos, illustrated, narrated and composed by Walid Aziz Basharyar, a Human Physiology student at the University of Toronto. Walid has essentially taken his anatomy notes and turned them into concise YouTube anatomy lessons. Perfect for a quick review or refresher. Each video averages 4 minutes in length. Gross anatomy lecture videos include: Brachial plexus Lumbosacral plexus Upper arm muscles Forearm muscles Thoracoabdominal wall Facial muscles Neck muscles Neuroanatomy lecture videos include: Spinal cord Neuronal structure CNS and PNS Brain anatomy Physiology lecture videos include: Cell transport Heart physiology Blood pressure Lipoprotein physiology Vascular physiology Congenital heart defects Author Walid Aziz Basharyar contact: walid.aziz@hotmai...

Endoscopic removal of a suprasellar arachnoid cyst: an anatomical study with special reference to skull base

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Sat, 24 Oct 2009 05:53:38 +0100

Conclusion Ventriculocystocisternostomy is a useful procedure in treating arachnoid cyst. Moreover, during this procedure, the endoscope allows for better and safer visualization of skull base structures. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Anatomic Bases of Medical, Radiological and Surgical TechniquesDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0579-7Authors Arnaud Dagain, Hôpital FOCH Neurosurgery Department 40 avenue Worth BP 36 92151 Suresnes Cedex FranceJean-François Lepeintre, Hôpital FOCH Neurosurgery Department 40 avenue Worth BP 36 92151 Suresnes Cedex FrancePietro Scarone, Hôpital FOCH Neurosurgery Department 40 avenue Worth BP 36 92151 Suresnes Cedex FranceCiprien Costache, Hôpital FOCH Neurosurgery Department 40 avenue Worth BP 36 92151 Suresnes Cedex FranceMichel Dupuy, ...

The biceps brachii muscle and its distal insertion: observations of surgical and evolutionary relevance

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 22 Oct 2009 06:01:13 +0100

Conclusion The investigation revealed anatomical variations including supernumerary heads (20%) and ‘fusion’ of the muscle proximal to tendon formation and a spiralling arrangement of the tendon in its approach to the radial tuberosity. The data from the present study was reviewed in the context of previous studies on the anatomy of this muscle and speculation on the evolutionary basis of the variations and their clinical implications are discussed. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0575-yAuthors Y. Y. Cucca, The University of Western Australia School of Anatomy and Human Biology 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley Perth WA 6009 AustraliaS. V. B. McLay, The University of Western Australia School of Anatomy and Human Biology 35 S...

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Measuring change in professionalism attitudes during the gross anatomy course

Anatomical Sciences Education — Wed, 21 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

This study investigated what professionalism attitudes, if any, change during a gross anatomy course. Additionally, the influence of four dichotomous variables related to student identity and preparation for medical school were analyzed for their effect on professionalism attitudes. A cross-sectional time-one (T1; beginning of the course), time-two (T2; end of the course) study using the Penn State College of Medicine Survey of Professionalism was conducted. A multivariate analysis of variance identified the main effects and interaction effects of categorical variables. A Mann Whitney U test verified significant differences. This study found a reprioritization of professionalism attitudes in favor of altruism (P = 0.04 with a Cohen's d = 0.26) at T2. Female students (P = 0.03, Cohen's d = ...

Cycle: Forgotten anatomists of small European nations

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Wed, 21 Oct 2009 19:38:57 +0100

Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Congress AnnouncementDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0558-z Journal Surgical and Radiologic AnatomyOnline ISSN 1279-8517Print ISSN 0930-1038 (Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy)

The fascial structures of the rectum and the “so-called mesorectum”: an anatomical or a terminological controversy?

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Wed, 21 Oct 2009 12:08:45 +0100

Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Letter to the EditorDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0578-8Authors Eugenio Gaudio, Sapienza University of Rome Department of Human Anatomy via Borelli 50 00161 Rome ItalyAlessandro Riva, University of Cagliari Department of Cytomorphology Cagliari ItalyAntonio Franchitto, Sapienza University of Rome Department of Human Anatomy via Borelli 50 00161 Rome ItalyGuido Carpino, University of Rome “Foro Italico” Department of Health Sciences P.zza L. De Bosis 15 00194 Rome Italy Journal Surgical and Radiologic AnatomyOnline ISSN 1279-8517Print ISSN 0930-1038 (Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy)

Lamina propria of the human vocal fold: histomorphometric study of collagen fibers

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Tue, 20 Oct 2009 15:21:29 +0100

Conclusion These results help describe the distribution of collagen fibers within the lamina propria of the human vocal fold and have implications to understand the cover-body theory of voice production both in the adult and newborn. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0577-9Authors Jean-Michel Prades, CHU Nord Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Saint-Étienne FranceJean Marc Dumollard, CHU Nord Department of Pathology Saint-Étienne FranceSébastien Duband, CHU Nord Department of Pathology Saint-Étienne FranceAndrei Timoshenko, CHU Nord Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Saint-Étienne FranceCéline Richard, CHU Nord Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Saint-Étienne FranceMarie Dominique Dubois, ...

Science Picture Company

Think Anatomy — Mon, 19 Oct 2009 18:00:35 +0100

From the Science Picture Company: Great selection of 3D anatomy artwork created by some of the best digital artists in the industry. The Science Picture Company specializes in creating stunning science & medical art, illustrations and animations. Author Contact: Info@SciencePictureCompany.com Features Well-designed and easy-to-navigate stock image website. Gorgeous 3D stock images that are quite unlike many of the medical stock images currently on the web. Includes an easy-to-use rights managed image licensing calculator to figure out prices based on use. They also do custom medical illustrations and animations. You can also have an existing image or animation modified to match your requirements. Limitations They’re still working on expanding their stock images to include abo...

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Morphometry of the gallbladder during the fetal period

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 15 Oct 2009 05:58:58 +0100

In this study, our objective was to investigate the development of the gallbladder, its morphological structure and relationship with the adjacent organs during the fetal period. Materials and methods A total of 118 human fetuses (60 males, 58 females) between 9 and 40 weeks of gestation without any external anomaly or pathology were included. They were divided into four groups according the gestational age: I (9–12 weeks), II (13–25 weeks), III (26–37 weeks) and IV (term, 38–40 weeks). The location of gallbladder on the visceral surface of liver has been identified. The gallbladders have been classified into four different types. Width and length of the gallbladder were measured and the relationship between fundus of gallbladder and ...

Anatomical bases of the free posterior brachial fascial flap

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Wed, 14 Oct 2009 05:56:09 +0100

Conclusion Harvesting of the flap can be carried out by a posteromedial approach into upper limb, without significant donor-site morbidity. This flap is adapted to cover and reconstruct gliding tendinous surfaces onto hand or fingers. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Anatomic Bases of Medical, Radiological and Surgical TechniquesDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0576-xAuthors Guillaume Wavreille, University of Lille 2 Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy and Organogenesis 59045 Lille Cedex FranceJérôme Bricout, University of Lille 2 Unit of Hand and Upper Limb Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Roger Salengro Hospital 59037 Lille Cedex FranceSébastien Mouliade, University of Lille 2 Unit of Hand and Upper Limb Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Roger S...

Dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid are colocalized in restricted groups of neurons in the sea lamprey brain: insights into the early evolution of neurotransmitter colocalization in vertebrates.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 12 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Barreiro-Iglesias A, Villar-Cerviño V, Anadón R, Rodicio MC Abstract Since its discovery, the possible corelease of classic neurotransmitters from neurons has received much attention. Colocalization of monoamines and amino acidergic neurotransmitters [mainly glutamate and dopamine (DA) or serotonin] in mammalian neurons has been reported. However, few studies have dealt with the colocalization of DA and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neurons. With the aim of providing some insight into the colocalization of neurotransmitters during early vertebrate phylogeny, we studied GABA expression in dopaminergic neurons in the sea lamprey brain by using double-immunofluorescence methods with anti-DA and anti-GABA antibodies. Different degrees of colocalization of DA and GABA...

Quantitative analysis of patch patterns in mosaic tissues with ClonalTools software.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 12 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Mort RL Abstract Quantitative analysis of mosaic tissues is a powerful method for following developmental lineages; however, analytical techniques are often subjective and repetitious. Here a flexible, semi-automated image analysis method for mosaic patterns is described. ClonalTools is a free customizable tool-set designed for the open-source image analysis package ImageJ. Circular, polygonal or linear one-dimensional mosaic arrays can be interrogated to provide measurements of the total number and width of positive and negative patches in a region of interest. These results are adjusted for the effects of random clumping using a previously described method to correct for differences in the contribution of the positive and negative cell type. The applicability of ClonalTools ...

Evaluation of mental foramina in adult living crania with MDCT

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Sat, 10 Oct 2009 07:37:48 +0100

Conclusions This is the first study on mental foramina in living mandible with MDCT. With its tremendous capabilities, MDCT may be established in anatomical studies and preoperative planning. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0572-1Authors Alpay Haktanır, Afyon Kocatepe University Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine Afyonkarahisar TurkeyKadir Ilgaz, Oltu State Hospital Department of Radiology Erzurum TurkeyNurten Turhan-Haktanır, Afyon Kocatepe University Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Afyonkarahisar Turkey Journal Surgical and Radiologic AnatomyOnline ISSN 1279-8517Print ISSN 0930-1038 (Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy)

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Prevalence of the palmaris longus through clinical evaluation

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Fri, 09 Oct 2009 06:16:25 +0100

Conclusions It has been suggested that this tendon is rapidly disappearing in humans. The results of our study show a relatively high incidence of tendon absence and pointed to more pronounced loss of the muscle on the left side. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0573-0Authors Mirela Erić, University of Novi Sad Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Hajduk Veljkova 3 21000 Novi Sad SerbiaDragan Krivokuća, University of Novi Sad Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Hajduk Veljkova 3 21000 Novi Sad SerbiaSlobodan Savović, Clinical Center Vojvodina Novi Sad SerbiaIgor Lekšan, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University Faculty of Medicine Osijek CroatiaNikola Vučinić, University of Novi Sad Department of Anatomy, Faculty o...

Congenital absence of the semimembranosus muscle: case report

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 08 Oct 2009 06:56:03 +0100

Abstract Congenital anomalies of the muscles of the lower extremity are rare. A case of complete absence of the semimembranosus muscle incidentally found with magnetic resonance imaging is reported. The patient was a 55-year-old female presenting with knee pain and no previous history of trauma. Clinical and imaging findings were consistent with meniscal tears. Two cases of uncommon distal insertion of the semimembranosus tendon are also described to illustrate the anatomical variations in this area. The anatomical and biomechanical relations between the semimembranosus muscle and the posteromedial corner of the knee are examined in this case report. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Anatomic VariationsDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0571-2Authors Valeria M. Moncayo, Emory U...

Micro-computed tomography study of the subchondral bone of the vertebral endplates in a porcine model: correlations with histomorphometric parameters

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 08 Oct 2009 06:56:01 +0100

Conclusion We observed densification of the trabecular network in the centre of the VEP overlying the nucleus pulposus, partly related to thinner hyaline cartilage. Densification is associated with more anisotropic architecture that could cause lower mechanical strength in this area. This study provides new information on the microarchitecture of the SCB of the VEP which will make it possible to validate future models. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0569-9Authors Jean-Michel Laffosse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rangueil Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique, Institut Locomoteur 1, avenue Jean Poulhès TSA 50032 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9 FranceCharles Kinkpe, Hôpital des Enfants Service de Chirurgie Orth...

Mandible size and morphology determined with CT on a premise of dental implant operation

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 08 Oct 2009 06:56:00 +0100

Conclusions The size and morphology of the mandible and the location of the mandibular canal were determined clearly using cross-sectional CT images. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0570-3Authors Hiroshi Watanabe, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Oral Restitution, Graduate School of Dentistry Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8549 JapanMomin Mohammad Abdul, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Oral Restitution, Graduate School of Dentistry Yushima 1-5-45, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8549 JapanTohru Kurabayashi, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Oral Restitution, Graduate School of Denti...

The functional anatomy of the cricothyroid joint

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Wed, 07 Oct 2009 07:38:14 +0100

Abstract Postoperative long-term treatment problems of male-to-female transsexuals can be caused by the underestimated mobility of the cricothyroid joint. One hundred cadaveric larynges were analysed to reveal the morphological and functional anatomy of the CTJ focusing on possible horizontal and vertical gliding movements. Furthermore, the distance of the cricothyroid space for rotational movements was measured. The articular surface of the cricothyroid joint showed three different possibilities: a well-defined facet (Type 1 61%), no definable facet (Type 2 22%) or a flat surface with or without a tiny protuberance (Type 3 17%). Side different statements and intraindividual differences between male and female specimens were included. These different types affect horizonta...

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Differential cellular expression of FXYD1 (phospholemman) and FXYD2 (gamma subunit of Na, K-ATPase) in normal human tissues: A study using high density human tissue microarrays.

Annals of Anatomy — Wed, 07 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100

This study reveals, in human tissues, the specific expression of FXYD proteins, which may associate with Na, K-ATPase in selected cell types and modulate its catalytic properties. PMID: 19879113 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Annals of Anatomy)

'Last-minute' donations influence actuarial prediction in an anatomical body donation program.

Annals of Anatomy — Wed, 07 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides the first method to reliably model the number of incoming deceased donors of a body donation program for 5 years based on actuarial predictions, and to orchestrate these numbers by partial donor registration stops. PMID: 19880299 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Annals of Anatomy)

Student laboratory presentations as a learning tool in anatomy education

Anatomical Sciences Education — Tue, 06 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Previous studies have shown that anatomy students who complete oral laboratory presentations believe they understand the material better and retain it longer than they otherwise would if they only took examinations on the material; however, we have found no studies that empirically test such outcomes. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of oral presentations through comparisons with other methods of assessment, most notably, examination performance. Specifically, we tested whether students (n = 256) performed better on examination questions on topics covered by their oral presentations than on other topics. Each student completed two graded, 12-minute laboratory presentations on two different assigned topics during the course and took three examinations, each of which...

Shoulder bony landmarks location using the EOS® low-dose stereoradiography system: a reproducibility study

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Tue, 06 Oct 2009 12:52:08 +0100

Conclusion Our analysis of the x-rays obtained with the EOS® low-dose stereoradiography system assessed the location reliability and reproducibility of specific scapular and humeral bony landmarks. This work opens the way to gleno-humeral pseudo-kinematics analysis using EOS® imaging system. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Anatomic Bases of Medical, Radiological and Surgical TechniquesDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0566-zAuthors Xavier Ohl, École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers, Laboratoire de Biomécanique 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital 75013 Paris FranceClaire Stanchina, École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers, Laboratoire de Biomécanique 151 Boulevard de l’Hôpital 75013 Paris FranceFabien Billuart, École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Mé...

Anatomical basis of the risk of radial nerve injury related to the technique of external fixation applied to the distal humerus

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Tue, 06 Oct 2009 12:52:08 +0100

Conclusions Insertion of external-fixator half pins in the distal humerus can easily injure the radial nerve. Thus we advocate a larger skin incision, blunt dissection to the lateral cortex of the humerus and retraction of soft tissue during half pin insertion. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0568-xAuthors Hans Clement, Medical University of Graz (MUG) Department of Traumatology Auenbruggerplatz 7a 8036 Graz AustriaWolfgang Pichler, Medical University of Graz (MUG) Department of Traumatology Auenbruggerplatz 7a 8036 Graz AustriaNorbert Peter Tesch, Medical University of Graz Anatomic Institute Harrachgasse 21 8010 Graz AustriaNima Heidari, Colchester General Hospital Specialist Registrar Royal London Rotation Colchester Essex...

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Functional characteristics of the rat jaw muscles: daily muscle activity and fiber type composition.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 05 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kawai N, Sano R, Korfage JA, Nakamura S, Tanaka E, van Wessel T, Langenbach GE, Tanne K Abstract Skeletal muscles have a heterogeneous fiber type composition, which reflects their functional demand. The daily muscle use and the percentage of slow-type fibers have been shown to be positively correlated in skeletal muscles of larger animals but for smaller animals there is no information. The examination of this relationship in adult rats was the purpose of this study. We hypothesized a positive relationship between the percentage of fatigue-resistant fibers in each muscle and its total duration of use per day. Fourteen Wistar strain male rats (410-450 g) were used. A radio-telemetric device was implanted to record muscle activity continuously from the superficial masseter, deep...

Differential gene expression of bgp and mgp in trabecular and compact bone of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) vertebrae.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 05 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, the osteoblasts covering the salmon vertebrae have unique gene expression patterns and levels of bgp and mgp. Further, the study confirms the presence of mRNA from the vitamin K-dependent proteins BGP and MGP in the vertebrae, fin and gills of Atlantic salmon. PMID: 19811564 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy)

The diagnosis of the cause of the death of Venerina.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 05 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Mazzotti G, Falconi M, Teti G, Zago M, Lanari M, Manzoli FA Abstract Venerina (little Venus) is the name given to a wax model representing a pregnant young woman that was created in Florence (Italy) by Clemente Susini (1754-1814) in 1782. It is currently located in the historic Science Museum of the University of Bologna. The model was constructed so as to enable removal of the thoracic and abdominal walls and various organs, exposing the heart, diaphragm and an opened uterus with a well-developed fetus. The woman is small, about 145 cm (4' 9') tall and of delicate build; she looks like a teenage girl. We know that Clemente Susini worked directly with the cadaver and copied the anatomical preparation exactly. This artist often represented the true structure using a wax mould; ...

Mechanism of skull suture maintenance and interdigitation.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 05 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Miura T, Perlyn CA, Kinboshi M, Ogihara N, Kobayashi-Miura M, Morriss-Kay GM, Shiota K Abstract Skull sutures serve as growth centers whose function involves multiple molecular pathways. During periods of brain growth the sutures remain thin and straight, later developing complex fractal interdigitations that provide interlocking strength. The nature of the relationship between the molecular interactions and suture pattern formation is not understood. Here we show that by classifying the molecules involved into two groups, stabilizing factors and substrate molecules, complex molecular networks can be modeled by a simple two-species reaction-diffusion model that recapitulates all the known behavior of suture pattern formation. This model reproduces the maintenance of thin sutur...

The Clinical Anatomy of the Coronary Arteries: An Anatomical Study on 100 Human Heart Dissections by Horia Muresian

Clinical Anatomy — Mon, 05 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

No abstract. (Source: Clinical Anatomy)

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Unusual combination of musculotendinous variations in the plantar musculature

Clinical Anatomy — Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

No abstract. (Source: Clinical Anatomy)

A case of double Gantzer's muscle and its possible role in nerve entrapment

Clinical Anatomy — Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

No abstract. (Source: Clinical Anatomy)

An anatomical study of the muscles that attach to the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint

Clinical Anatomy — Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

The masticatory muscles are generally described as the muscles that originate from the cranium and insert on the mandible. Some of the masticatory muscles also insert into the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint. Although there are numerous reports of studies on the attachment of the fibers to the disc, most reports discuss only one muscle. We have shown that the masticatory muscles are not simply a group of clearly independent muscles, but that these muscles contain various transitional muscle bundles among the major muscles. From this point of view, we carried out minute dissection of the collective muscles and muscle bundles surrounding the temporomandibular joint. We dissected 40 head halves of 20 Japanese cadavers (10 males, 10 females: average 79.6 yr). After complete remov...

Anatomical features of the opening of the nasolacrimal duct and the lacrimal fold (Hasner's valve) for intranasal surgery: A cadaveric study

Clinical Anatomy — Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

The location and size of the opening of the nasolacrimal duct and the lacrimal fold (Hasner's valve) are variable. These features have clinical importance in nasal surgery because of the difficulty in determining their location. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the anatomical features of the opening of the nasolacrimal duct and the lacrimal fold and to discuss the importance of such knowledge in minimizing the risk of injury at surgery. Twenty sagittal head sections from formalin-fixed cadavers were examined. The sections showed no evidence of pathology or trauma. The type of opening of the nasolacrimal duct was a vertical sulcus in 14 of 20 (70%), an oblique sulcus in 2 of 20 (10%), an oblique fissure in 2 of 20 (10%), a vertical fissure in 1 of 20 (5%), and an anteroposterior fis...

Anatomy of the floor of the third ventricle in relation to endoscopic ventriculostomy

Clinical Anatomy — Sun, 04 Oct 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Neuroanatomical structures that form the floor of the third ventricle (FTV) and neighboring tissues are important in the context of third ventriculostomy (TV) procedures. Thorough knowledge of the anatomical and histological organization of the region would be useful in understanding and preventing surgical complications. Taking the third ventricle region as a model, we aimed to simulate TV and make measurements of 23 cadaver brains, as well as perform histological examinations of the third ventricular floor on five cadaver brains. During the endoscopic TV, we examined the degree to which the structures surrounding the FTV were affected by surgical simulation. To make a clinical comparison, the distance between the center of the FTV and the basilar apex was measured on cranial magnetic res...

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The elastin network: its relationship with collagen and cells in articular cartilage as visualized by multiphoton microscopy.

Journal of Anatomy — Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Mansfield J, Yu J, Attenburrow D, Moger J, Tirlapur U, Urban J, Cui Z, Winlove P A combination of two-photon fluorescence (TPF), second harmonic generation (SHG) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging has been used to investigate the elastin fibre network in healthy equine articular cartilage from the metacarpophalangeal joint. The elastin fibres were identified using their intrinsic two-photon fluorescence and immuno-staining was used to confirm the identity of these fibres. SHG was used to reveal the collagen matrix and the collagen fibre orientations were determined from their SHG polarization sensitivity, while CARS was used to clearly delineate the cell boundaries. Extensive elastin fibre networks were found in all the joint regions investigated. The ela...

Histological, Immunocytochemical, and Morphometrical Analyses of Pancreatic Islets in the BSB Mouse Model of Obesity.

Anatomical Record — Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

This article presents biochemical data on the BSB mouse model of multigenic obesity indicating increased percentage body fat, increased fasting plasma insulin, and increased insulin resistance in male and female obese mice compared with lean controls. Plasma glucose was significantly increased only in male obese mice. Morphological and morphometrical analyses of pancreatic islets showed increased islet size and number in all obese mice compared with lean controls. Immuno-staining results for insulin-positive islet cells showed greater levels of insulin in male and female obese versus lean mice, while the percent or proportion of insulin immuno-staining, as expected, was not significantly different between obese and lean. The percent or proportion of immuno-staining for islet glucagon and s...

The Maxillary Sinus in Three Genera of New World Monkeys: Factors That Constrain Secondary Pneumatization.

Anatomical Record — Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

In this study, two genera of monkeys (Saguinus and Cebuella) which form maxillary sinuses (MS) as adults were compared to squirrel monkeys (Saimiri spp.), in which a MS does not form. Using microCT and histomorphometric methods, the spatial position of paranasal spaces was assessed and size of the adjacent dental sacs was measured. In Saguinus, secondary pneumatization is underway perinatally, and the sinus extends alongside deciduous premolars (dp). The MS overlaps all permanent molars in the adult. In Saimiri, the homologous space (maxillary recess) extends no farther posterior than the first deciduous premolar at birth and extends no farther than the last premolar in the adult. Differences in dental size and position may account for this finding. For example, Saimiri has significantly l...

Transforming Growth Factor-beta Suppressed Id-1 Expression in a smad3-Dependent Manner in LoVo Cells.

Anatomical Record — Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, this study demonstrated that TGF-beta1 suppressed Id-1 expression in a smad3-dependent manner in LoVo cells using RNAi technology. These results provide new insight into the mechanisms of TGF-beta function in colorectal cancer cells. Anat Rec, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. PMID: 19798702 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record)

Innervation Patterns of the Canine Masticatory Muscles in Comparison to Human.

Anatomical Record — Wed, 30 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Yang HM, Hu KS, Song WC, Park JT, Kim HJ, Koh KS, Kim HJ The aim of this study was to clarify the nerve distribution of the masseter, temporalis, and zygomaticomandibularis (ZM) muscles to elucidate the phylogenetic traits of canine mastication. A detailed dissection was made of 15 hemisectioned heads of adult beagle dogs. The innervations of the masticatory nerve twigs exhibited a characteristic pattern and were classified into seven groups. Twig innervating the anterior portion of the temporalis (aTM) was defined as the anterior temporal nerve (ATN). Anterior twig of ATN branched from the buccal nerve and innervated only the aTM, whereas posterior twig of ATN innervated both of the aTM and deep layer of the tempolaris (dTM). From this and morphological observations, it was p...

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Teaching bovine abdominal anatomy: Use of a haptic simulator

Anatomical Sciences Education — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Traditional methods of teaching anatomy to undergraduate medical and veterinary students are being challenged and need to adapt to modern concerns and requirements. There is a move away from the use of cadavers to new technologies as a way of complementing the traditional approaches and addressing resource and ethical problems. Haptic (touch) technology, which allows the student to feel a 3D computer-generated virtual environment, provides a novel way to address some of these challenges. To evaluate the practicalities and usefulness of a haptic simulator, first year veterinary students at the Royal Veterinary College, University of London, were taught basic bovine abdominal anatomy using a rectal palpation simulator: "The Haptic Cow." Over two days, 186 students were taught in small groups...

Localization of motor entry points and terminal intramuscular nerve endings of the musculocutaneous nerve to biceps and brachialis muscles

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 16:45:11 +0100

Abstract To determine the 3D location of the intramuscular motor nerve endings of the biceps brachii and brachialis, we identified from 56 fresh cadaveric arms the regions where the intramuscular branches were most densely located in relation to a reference line connecting the medial epicondyle of humerus and the coracoid process. For the biceps, these points were most densely distributed at a length from 64.6 to 70.3% point of the reference line with the coracoid process as starting point, at a width of 21.6–32.6 mm lateral to the reference line. For the brachialis muscle, these points were located at a length of 75.4% point and width of 27.1–35.4 mm lateral to the reference line. At these points, the biceps was located at a depth of the upper two-third port...

Meniscoligamentous band between the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus and the anterior cruciate ligament: arthroscopic, anatomical and histological observations

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 16:45:07 +0100

Conclusions This study helps us to better understand the biomechanics of the menisci that are both stable and mobile structures. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0565-0Authors Ahmed Zemirline, University Hospital Centre of Brest Orthopaedic Surgery Service Brest FranceRomain Gérard, University Hospital Centre of Brest Orthopaedic Surgery Service Brest FranceArnaud Uguen, University Hospital Centre of Brest Pathologic Anatomy Service Brest FranceEric Stindel, University Hospital Centre of Brest Orthopaedic Surgery Service Brest FranceFrédéric Dubrana, University Hospital Centre of Brest Orthopaedic Surgery Service Brest France Journal Surgical and Radiologic AnatomyOnline ISSN 1279-8517Print ISSN 0930-1038 (Source: Sur...

Late supra-diaphragmatic lymph node recurrence following resection of a fibrolamellar hepatocarcinoma: an unusual case

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 05:50:04 +0100

We report the case of a patient who presented with a supra-diaphragmatic lymph node recurrence 8 years after resection of a right liver fibrolamellar carcinoma. Treatment of this recurrence consisted of local excision by a right thoracotomy approach. Postoperative course was uneventful and the patient did not experience recurrence within 2 years. Based on this observation, we describe the major lymphatic vessels of the liver, in order to explain this unusual metastatic site occurrence. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0564-1Authors Basile Tsilividis, Rouen University Hospital Department of Digestive Surgery Rouen FranceEmmanuel Huet, Rouen University Hospital Department of Digestive Surgery Rouen FranceJean Lubrano, Rouen Univers...

Internal architecture of calcaneus: correlations with mechanics and pathoanatomy of calcaneal fractures

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 24 Sep 2009 05:50:03 +0100

Conclusions This study underscores the major influence of the internal architecture of the calcaneus in predicting the fracture lines. The findings can be utilized to classify fractures of calcaneus, which has been a topic of ongoing debate. Knowledge of weak zones will aid clinicians to improve the techniques of internal fixation. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0563-2Authors Sunita Arvind Athavale, KVG Medical College Department of Anatomy Sullia, D.K. District 574327 Karnataka IndiaSubhash D. Joshi, Rural Medical College Department of Anatomy PIMS Loni Ahmednagar Maharashtra IndiaSharda S. Joshi, Rural Medical College Department of Anatomy PIMS Loni Ahmednagar Maharashtra India Journal Surgical and Radiologic Anato...

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Variability of Human Foramen Magnum Size.

Anatomical Record — Tue, 22 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Gruber P, Henneberg M, Böni T, Rühli FJ The foramen magnum is an important landmark of the skull base and is of particular interest for anthropology, anatomy, forensic medicine, and other medical fields. Despite its importance, few osteometric studies of the foramen magnum have been published so far. A total of 110 transverse and 111 sagittal diameters from Central European male and female dry specimens dating from the Pleistocene to modern times were measured, and related to sex, age, stature, ethnicity, and a possible secular trend. Only a moderate positive correlation between the transverse and the sagittal diameter of the foramen magnum was found. Surprisingly, neither sexual dimorphism, individual age-dependency, nor a secular trend was found for either diameter...

Optic Foramen Morphology and Activity Pattern in Birds.

Anatomical Record — Tue, 22 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Hall MI, Iwaniuk AN, Gutiérrez-Ibáñez C The optic nerve is the sole output of visual information from the ganglion cell layer of the retina to the brain in vertebrates. The size of the optic nerve is predicted to be closely associated with activity pattern, and, in many birds, the size of the optic foramen approximates the size of the optic nerve. Specifically, nocturnal species should have relatively smaller optic foramina than diurnal species because of differences in retinal pooling between activity patterns. If optic foramen morphology varies predictably with activity pattern in birds, this variable may be useful for interpreting activity pattern for birds that do not have soft tissue available for study, specifically for fossils. Across 177 families (from 2...

Secretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus have central as well as neurohypophysial projections.

Journal of Anatomy — Fri, 18 Sep 2009 15:00:05 +0100

Authors: Inyushkin AN, Orlans HO, Dyball RE Conventional neuroanatomical methods may fail to demonstrate the presence of axons that are finer than 1 microm in diameter because such processes are near or below the limit of resolution of the light microscope. The presence of such axons can, however, be readily demonstrated by recording. The most easily interpreted type of recording for this purpose is the demonstration of antidromic activation of the cell body following stimulation of the region through which the axon passes. We have exploited this technique in the hypothalamus and have demonstrated the presence of double axonal projections or axons branching very near the cell bodies of the secretory cells of the neurohypophysial system in the rat supraoptic nucleus. We found that a sma...

Functional cervical MRI within the scope of whiplash injuries: presentation of a new motion device for the cervical spine

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Fri, 18 Sep 2009 06:10:54 +0100

Conclusion Our study was able to demonstrate the applicability of the new functional testing device, which permits a standardized, continuous and dynamic evaluation of the cervical spine in a closed MRI. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Medical ImagingDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0557-0Authors Klaus Birnbaum, Orthopaedic Clinic Hennef Adenauerplatz 1 53773 Hennef GermanyUwe Maus, Technical University Aachen Orthopaedic Department Pauwelsstr. 30 52074 Aachen GermanyJosef Tacke, Radiologic Department, Klinikum Passau Innstrasse 76 94032 Passau Germany Journal Surgical and Radiologic AnatomyOnline ISSN 1279-8517Print ISSN 0930-1038 (Source: Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy)

An unreported anatomical finding: unusual insertions of the stylohyoid and digastric muscles

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 23:29:29 +0100

Abstract The presence of a unusual appearance of the stylohyoid and digastric muscles may lead to a confusion in some pathological cases, during the radiological examination and aesthetic facial surgery. These differences may cause pharyngeal pain and foreign body sensation in the throat. During the dissection, unusual insertions, origin, insertion, shape and bilaterality were investigated in 28 cadavers’ heads. In a total of 56, the presence of unusual insertions which belong to the stylohyoid muscle were observed in 22 sides (39.3%), and atypical fibers which belong to the digastric muscle were observed in 39 sides (69.6%). Bilaterality of the presence of atypical appearance was observed for stylohyoid and digastric muscles, in 10 (35.7%) and 19 (67.8%) specimens, resp...

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Neuroanatomy and Volumes of Brain Structures of a Live California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) From Magnetic Resonance Images.

Anatomical Record — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Montie EW, Pussini N, Schneider GE, Battey TW, Dennison S, Barakos J, Gulland F Lateral view of MRI reconstruction of the brain surface of a California sea lion. The reconstruction placed in a parasagittal section through surrounding head structures. See Montie et al., on page 1523, in this issue. PMID: 19768742 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record)

Neuroanatomy and Volumes of Brain Structures of a Live California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) From Magnetic Resonance Images.

Anatomical Record — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Montie EW, Pussini N, Schneider GE, Battey TW, Dennison S, Barakos J, Gulland F The California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) has been a focal point for sensory, communication, cognition, and neurological disease studies in marine mammals. However, as a scientific community, we lack a noninvasive approach to investigate the anatomy and size of brain structures in this species and other free-ranging, live marine mammals. In this article, we provide the first anatomically labeled, magnetic resonance imaging-based atlas derived from a live marine mammal, the California sea lion. The brain of the California seal lion contained more secondary gyri and sulci than the brains of terrestrial carnivores. The olfactory bulb was present but small. The hippocampus of the California sea ...

Erratum.

Anatomical Record — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: PMID: 19768746 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Anatomical Record)

The Normal Genital Tract of the Female California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus): Cyclic Changes in Histomorphology and Hormone Receptor Distribution.

Anatomical Record — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Colegrove KM, Gulland FM, Naydan DK, Lowenstine LJ Changes in reproductive tract histomorphology, and estrogen (ERalpha) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression throughout the breeding cycle were evaluated in free-ranging stranded female California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Hormone receptor expression in the ovaries, uterus, cervix, and vagina was evaluated using an immunohistochemical technique with monoclonal antibodies. During a large portion of the cycle, ovaries contained both a corpora lutea (CL) and follicles in varying stages of development. In the periods of pupping and estrus during June and July, and in the spring morphologic features of the endometrium suggested estrogen influence. There were areas of squamous differentiation in the pseudostratified col...

Normal Morphology and Hormone Receptor Expression in the Male California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) Genital Tract.

Anatomical Record — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Colegrove KM, Gulland FM, Naydan DK, Lowenstine LJ Histomorphology and estrogen alpha (ER alpha), and progesterone receptor (PR) expression were evaluated in free-ranging stranded male California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). Hormone receptor expression was evaluated using an immunohistochemical technique with monoclonal antibodies. Estrogen and PRs were identified in the efferent ductules, prostate gland, corpus cavernosa, corpus spongiosium, penile urethra, and in the epithelium and stroma of both the penis and prepuce. In some tissues, ER alpha expression was more intense in the stroma, emphasizing the importance of the stroma in hormone-mediated growth and differentiation of reproductive organs. To our knowledge, this is the first study to localize ER alpha and PR to...

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Immunolocalization of G-Protein Alpha Subunits in the Olfactory System of the Cartilaginous Fish Scyliorhinus Canicula.

Anatomical Record — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Ferrando S, Gambardella C, Ravera S, Bottero S, Ferrando T, Gallus L, Manno V, Salati AP, Ramoino P, Tagliafierro G In the olfactory and vomeronasal systems of vertebrates, the morphology of the receptor neurons, the receptor gene family they express, the G-protein coupled with the receptor (in particular the G-protein alpha subunit), and their projection to the olfactory bulb are correlated. Much information about this complicated system have been collected in different groups, but nothing is known about Chondrichthyes. In this work, the presence and distribution of immunoreactivity for different types of G-protein alpha subunit (Galpha(o), Galpha(q) and Galpha(s/olf)) were investigated in the olfactory mucosa and olfactory bulb of the shark Scyliorhinus canicula. Only Galpha...

Three-Dimensional Serial Section Computer Reconstruction of the Arrangement of the Structural Components of the Parabronchus of the Ostrich, Struthio Camelus Lung.

Anatomical Record — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Maina JN, Woodward JD The Ostrich, Struthio camelus is the largest extant bird. The arrangement of the airway and the vascular components of the parabronchus of its lung were investigated by 3D serial section reconstruction. Modestly developed atrial muscles, shallow atria, paucity of infundibulae with preponderant origination of the air capillaries (ACs) from the atria and lack of interparabronchial septa, structural features that epitomize lungs of most highly derived metabolically active volant birds were observed. Intertwined very closely, the ACs and the blood capillaries (BCs) are not straight, blind-ended tubules that run in contact, counter and parallel to each other as has been claimed and/or modeled. Crosscurrent (perpendicular = orthogonal) orientation between the c...

The Nature of Exocytosis in the Yolk Trophoblastic Layer of Silver Arowana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum) Juvenile, the Representative of Ancient Teleost Fishes.

Anatomical Record — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

We present evidence that the yolk cytoplasmic zone (ycz) in the "yolksac juveniles" is a very complex structure involved in sequential processes of yolk hydrolysis, lipoprotein particles synthesis, their transport, and exocytosis. Vacuoles filled with yolk granules in different stages of digestion move from the vitellolysis zone through the ycz to be emptied into the microvillar interspace in the process of exocytosis. The area of the ycz with the abundance of the mitochondria must play an important role in providing energy for both the transport of vacuoles and the release of their contents. Therefore, we postulate that the function of yolk syncytial layer (ysl) as the "early embryonic patterning center" transforms in fish larvae or yolksac juveniles into a predominantly specialized role ...

Surgical Clinical Correlates in Anatomy: Design and implementation of a first-year medical school program

Anatomical Sciences Education — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Medical students state the need for a clinically oriented anatomy class so to maximize their learning experience. We hypothesize that the first-year medical students, who take the Surgical Clinical Correlates in Anatomy program, will perform better than their peers in their anatomy course, their surgical clerkships and ultimately choose surgical residencies. We designed and recently implemented this program for first-year medical students. It consisted of General Surgical Knowledge, Orthopedic Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Surgery, Vascular Surgery, and Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) sessions. Each session had defined learning objectives and interactive cadaveric operations performed by faculty members and students. The program was elective and had 25 part...

Bilateral symmetric junctional infarctions of the cerebellum: a case report

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 12:46:19 +0100

We presented computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in a rare case of bilateral symmetrical junctional infarcts between the superior cerebellar artery (SCA) and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) territories. In addition to precise knowledge of arterial territories required to achieve accurate localization of ischemic lesions on CT and MRI, the radiologist must also be aware of radiologic features and geographic territories of cerebellar arteries and their junctional infarctions. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Anatomic VariationsDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0560-5Authors Yılmaz Kiroğlu, Pamukkale University School of Medicine Department of Radiology 20070 Denizli TurkeyNevzat Karabulut, Pamukkale University School of Medicine Department o...

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Incidence, morphology and morphometry of the foramen of Vesalius: complementary study for a safer planning and execution of the trigeminal rhizotomy technique

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Thu, 17 Sep 2009 12:46:19 +0100

Conclusions This study intends to offer specific anatomical data with morphological patterns (macroscopic and mesoscopic) to increase the understanding of the FV features as frequency, incidence and important distances among adjacent foramina. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Anatomic VariationsDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0562-3Authors André Luis Shinohara, FOB/USP Department of Biological Sciences Av. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Aeroporto Bauru São Paulo 17012-901 BrazilCarina Guimarães de Souza Melo, FOB/USP Department of Biological Sciences Av. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Aeroporto Bauru São Paulo 17012-901 BrazilElcia Maria Varize Silveira, FOB/USP Department of Biological Sciences Av. Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Aeroporto Bauru São Paulo 1701...

Use of an audience response system during peer teaching among physical therapy students in human gross anatomy: Perceptions of peer teachers and students

Anatomical Sciences Education — Wed, 16 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

This study used a ten-item questionnaire and a five-point Likert scale in addition to three open ended questions to survey perceptions of both first-year and second-year DPT students about the usefulness of ARS technology implemented during weekly interactive peer teaching sessions during a semester course in Anatomy for Physical Therapists. First-year students overwhelmingly acknowledged the ARS system permitted each student to self-assess his/her preparedness for a quiz or examination and compare his/her performance with that of classmates. Peer teachers recognized an ARS quiz provided them an opportunity to: (1) estimate first-year students' level of understanding of anatomical concepts; and (2) effectively prepare first-year students for their weekly quizzes and future examinations. On...

Anatomically based comparison of the different transthoracic routes for colon ascension after total esogastrectomy

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Tue, 15 Sep 2009 21:41:57 +0100

Abstract Colon interposition is the method of choice to restore the digestive tract after esogastrectomy. The aim of this study was to compare the length of the four available routes for colon transposition (posterior mediastinum route, transpleural route, substernal route and subcutaneous route) and to achieve a specific evaluation of the transpleural route. Our study was conducted with anatomical (dissection) and radiological (2D CT scan reconstructions) protocols. For both, the posterior mediastinum route was always the shortest way and the subcutaneous route was always the longest. For the anatomical results, the transpleural route and the substernal route were similar in terms of length and for the radiological study, the transpleural route was shorter than the subste...

Clinical study of peroneal artery perforators with computed tomographic angiography: implications for fibular flap harvest

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Tue, 15 Sep 2009 21:41:56 +0100

Conclusion The vascular anatomy of peroneal artery perforators is highly variable, and thus there is a role for preoperative imaging. CTA can demonstrate cases where there is aberrant or non-preferred anatomy, or select the limb of choice for harvest. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0559-yAuthors Diego Ribuffo, Cagliari University Hospital Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery S.S. 554 Monserrato (CA) ItalyMatteo Atzeni, Cagliari University Hospital Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery S.S. 554 Monserrato (CA) ItalyLuca Saba, Cagliari University Hospital Department of Radiology Monserrato (CA) ItalyMaristella Guerra, San Gallicano Institute Division of Plastic Surgery Rome ItalyGiorgio Mallarini, Cagl...

In vitro 3D-kinematics of the upper cervical spine: helical axis and simulation for axial rotation and flexion extension

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Tue, 15 Sep 2009 21:41:55 +0100

Conclusions We developed a protocol to create UCS anatomical model simulations including three-dimensional discrete kinematics, using previously validated methods. In this study, simultaneous segmental movement simulation and display of HA variations was shown to be feasible. Although partially confirming previous results, helical axis computation showed variations of motion patterns dependent on movement, level and specimen. Further in vivo investigations are needed to confirm relevance of this method in the clinical field. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0556-1Authors Pierre-Michel Dugailly, Université Libre de Bruxelles Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis Route de Lennik 808 CP 619 1070 Brussels Belgi...

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Incidental finding of fenestration of the supraclinoid internal carotid artery with appearances on magnetic resonance angiography

Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy — Tue, 15 Sep 2009 21:41:55 +0100

We present appearances on magnetic resonance angiography, which have not been previously described. Careful interrogation of the data in volume-rendered and multiplanar reformats was required to make the diagnosis. The relationship between fenestrations and aneurysms in the anterior circulation is discussed both in general terms and with specific regard to the supraclinoid ICA. We also review the embryology of the distal ICA, which may help explain the adult anatomy of this rare lesion as a failure of caudal separation of the rostral and caudal divisions of the primitive distal ICA. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Anatomic VariationsDOI 10.1007/s00276-009-0555-2Authors Andrew A. Plumb, Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre Department of Radiology Greater Manchester UKAmit H...

Near-peer teaching in anatomy: An approach for deeper learning

Anatomical Sciences Education — Mon, 14 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

This study describes the design and implementation of a program for fourth year medical students to teach anatomy to first- and second-year medical students and evaluates the perceptions of the near-peer teachers on the usefulness of the program, particularly in relation to their own learning. Feedback from participants suggests that the program fulfills its aims of providing an effective environment for developing deeper learning in anatomy through teaching. Participants recognize that the program also equips them with more advanced teaching skills that will be required as they move nearer toward taking on supervisory and teaching duties. The program has also provided the school with an additional valuable and appropriate resource for teaching anatomy to first- and second-year students, w...

Some variations in lymphatic drainage of selected bronchopulmonary segments in human lungs.

Annals of Anatomy — Thu, 10 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Topol M, Masłoń A Interest in the role of the pulmonary lymphatic system in the pathophysiology of pulmonary and systemic diseases induced us to carry out anatomical research on the lung lymphatic system in the Polish population. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether lymphatic vessels respect bronchopulmonary segment borders and to determine how often lymphatic vessels run to nodes of another lymphatic region. A block of organs comprising the lungs with the trachea, larynx and tongue, the heart and esophagus was removed from the cadavers at autopsy. The research involved 96 lungs (48 left and 48 right), which were taken from 31 male and 17 female cadavers. The lymphatic vessels were visualized at the mediastinal and interlobar surface of the lung by visual i...

Keeping dissection alive for medical students

Anatomical Sciences Education — Wed, 09 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Traditional dissection teaching is being reduced in a number of medical schools, particularly in the United Kingdom. In response to this, 12 medical students from Warwick University, UK, traveled to the Island of Grenada for an intensive extracurricular dissection course at St. George's University. This course not only benefited the host university through the creation of prosections for teaching but also allowed the participants to completely immerse themselves in anatomical study, by developing their dissection skills and consolidating anatomical knowledge. We believe that similar courses could be easily implemented by other medical schools, thereby allowing future students to keep traditional dissection alive. Anat Sci Educ 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists. (Source: Anat...

Chronic constriction injury induces aquaporin-2 expression in the dorsal root ganglia of rats.

Journal of Anatomy — Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Buffoli B, Borsani E, Rezzani R, Rodella LF Abstract Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins involved in water homeostasis in several tissues. Current knowledge of aquaporin expression in the nervous system is very limited. Therefore the first aim of this study was to assess, by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting analysis, the presence and localization of aquaporin-2 in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of naïve adult rats. In addition, we evaluated aquaporin-2 expression in response to chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve, a model of neuropathic pain. Our results showed that aquaporin-2 expression was not detectable either in the spinal cord or the dorsal root ganglia of naïve rats. However, we showed for the first time an increase o...

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Assessment drives learning: An unavoidable truth?

Anatomical Sciences Education — Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

The debate around which factors drive medical students' learning is ongoing and controversial. What is the influence of an assessment's weighting on the motivation of students to study the particular subject? One medical school in London is in a unique position to investigate this question. At our institution, the weighting of Anatomy within the overall scheme of assessment has changed twice in recent years, a trend of increased weighting. This enabled a comparative investigation into the effect these changes have had on the students' motivation to learn Anatomy. A five-point Likert-scale questionnaire survey was used to evaluate students. A section within a broad survey of Anatomy teaching and learning at our institution was dedicated to the evaluation of the amount of weighting Anatomy r...

Quantitative and qualitative changes in teaching histology by means of virtual microscopy in an introductory course in human anatomy

Anatomical Sciences Education — Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

This study compares overall laboratory averages and individual test scores along with a student survey to determine the effects of using virtual microscopy in place of optical microscopes in a large undergraduate human anatomy course. T-tests revealed that the first two laboratory examinations (of four) and the overall laboratory averages were significantly increased compared with the previous year. We hypothesize that this is due to students' ability to use and understand the technology quickly as opposed to learning how to maneuver an optical microscope. Students also responded positively in a survey about the virtual microscope, indicating that increased accessibility, ease of use, and the ability to understand the material were important components of the virtual microscope. In additio...

Automatic testing and assessment of neuroanatomy using a digital brain atlas: Method and development of computer- and mobile-based applications

Anatomical Sciences Education — Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Preparation of tests and student's assessment by the instructor are time consuming. We address these two tasks in neuroanatomy education by employing a digital media application with a three-dimensional (3D), interactive, fully segmented, and labeled brain atlas. The anatomical and vascular models in the atlas are linked to Terminologia Anatomica. Because the cerebral models are fully segmented and labeled, our approach enables automatic and random atlas-derived generation of questions to test location and naming of cerebral structures. This is done in four steps: test individualization by the instructor, test taking by the students at their convenience, automatic student assessment by the application, and communication of the individual assessment to the instructor. A computer-based appli...

The Anatomy of the Human Embryo: A Scanning Electron-Microscope Atlas.

Journal of Anatomy — Mon, 07 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Morriss-Kay G PMID: 19737332 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy)

Structure and function of dendritic spines within the hippocampus.

Annals of Anatomy — Sat, 05 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: von Bohlen Und Halbach O Most excitatory input in the hippocampus impinges on dendritic spines. Therefore, the dendritic spines are likely to be of major importance for neural processing. The morphology of dendritic spines is very diverse and changes in spine size as well as in their density are thought to reflect changes in the strength of synaptic transmission. Thus, alterations in dendritic spine densities or shape are suspected to be morphological manifestations of psychopathological, pathophysiological, physiological and/or behavioural changes. However, in spite of a long history of research, the specific function of dendritic spines within the hippocampal formation is still not well understood. This review will shed light on the hippocampal dendritic spines, their ultras...

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Cataracta ossea - Ultrastructural and specimen analysis.

Annals of Anatomy — Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: Due to the small number of cases, the mechanisms and preconditions of osseous metaplasia of the lens are not understood in detail, but injury to the lens capsule and availability of blood supply are being discussed. Both were present in this case, in which the luxated lens ended up in the ciliary body region. The mechanism resembled enchondral ossification rather than intramembranous ossification, which is seen in osseous metaplasia of other intraocular structures. PMID: 19773150 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Annals of Anatomy)

Observations on the synaptic ribbon morphology in retinas of two human subjects at autopsy.

Annals of Anatomy — Thu, 03 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Nag TC, Wadhwa S Retinal photoreceptor and bipolar cell axon terminals possess synaptic ribbons (SR) that aid in the trafficking of synaptic vesicles at active zones. In rodents, besides SR, a number of other synaptic elements [e.g., synaptic spheres (SS)] are known to appear when exposed to altered ambient illumination. Here, we report changes of ribbon shape in photoreceptor and bipolar cell axon terminals in retinas of two persons at autopsy who suffered from brain hemorrhage. In both subjects, retinal hemorrhage was present in the outer and inner nuclear layers. SR were bent or swollen and transformed into SS. A count revealed that about 54-60% of the photoreceptor axon terminals over the nasal to temporal retina possessed SS. They were associated with synaptic triads or r...

The wider importance of cadavers: Educational and research diversity from a body bequest program

Anatomical Sciences Education — Wed, 02 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

The debate surrounding the use of cadavers in teaching anatomy has focused almost exclusively on the pedagogic role of cadaver dissection in medical education. The aim of this study was to explore the wider aspects of a body bequest program for teaching and research into gross anatomy in a University setting. A retrospective audit was undertaken on body donation and the use of cadaver specimens for teaching and research at our institution between 1876 and 2009. The body bequest program, first established in 1943, now receives more than 40 donations per year. In addition to the medical course, nine other University degrees and courses currently use cadaver specimens for gross anatomy; four of these are research degrees and the remainder undergraduate degrees and courses. The use of cadaver ...

Remodeling Patterns of Occipital Growth: A Preliminary Report.

Anatomical Record — Tue, 01 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kranioti EF, Rosas A, García-Vargas S, Estalrrich A, Bastir M, Peña-Melián A Occipital growth depends on coordinated deposition and resorption on the external and internal surface and includes interrelated processes of movement: cortical drift, displacement, and relocation. The current work aspires to map patterns of remodeling activity on the endocranial surface of the occipital bone from childhood to adulthood using a larger study sample compared with previous studies. The study sample consists of 5 adult and 10 immature (2(1/4) to 8 years old) occipital bones from skeletal remains from the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Preparation of the samples includes the elaboration of negative impressions, positive replicas coated with gold, and observed with the re...

FK506 Protects Against Various Immune Responses and Secondary Degeneration Following Cerebral Ischemia.

Anatomical Record — Tue, 01 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Brecht S, Waetzig V, Hidding U, Hanisch UK, Walther M, Herdegen T, Neiss WF The immunsuppressant FK506 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) reduces the infarct size following 90 min occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAo) in adult rat brain. Here we have investigated the effect of FK506 on cerebral immune cells that are considered to contribute to neurodegeneration. FK506 substantially attenuated the response of resident and peripheral immune cells following transient ischemia. Between 24 hr and 5 days after MCAo, FK506 reduced the T-cell infiltration in the infarct area as well as the presence of activated and/or phagocytic OX-18, OX-42, GSA-IB4, Iba1, and ED1 positive microglia/macrophages. FK506 also lowered the protein levels of TNFalpha and IL-2 in ischemic brain areas. Repetitive appl...

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Muscle Fiber Population and Biochemical Properties of Whole Body Muscles in Thoroughbred Horses.

Anatomical Record — Tue, 01 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kawai M, Minami Y, Sayama Y, Kuwano A, Hiraga A, Miyata H We examine the muscle fiber population and metabolic properties of skeletal muscles from the whole body in Thoroughbred horses. Postmortem samples were taken from 46 sites in six Thoroughbred horses aged between 3 and 6 years. Fiber type population was determined on muscle fibers stained with monoclonal antibody to each myosin heavy chain isoform and metabolic enzyme activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Histochemical analysis demonstrated that most of the muscles had a high percentage of Type IIa fibers. In terms of the muscle characteristic in several parts of the horse body, the forelimb muscles had a higher percentage of Type IIa fiber and a significantly lower percentage of Type IIx fiber than the hind...

Anatomical delineation of a safety zone for drilling the internal acoustic meatus during surgery for vestibular schwanomma by retrosigmoid suboccipital approach

Clinical Anatomy — Fri, 28 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Drilling the internal acoustic meatus (IAM) is an important step during surgical removal of vestibular schwanommas. During this maneuver, the proximity of the jugular bulb and the saccus endolymphaticus to the IAM makes these structures prone to injury. There have been studies in the past on the relationship between a high jugular bulb (HJB) and the IAM, but there is no description of a safety area available for drilling the meatus. In the present study, measurements were made between the IAM and the nearest points on the top of the jugular bulb, the saccus endolymphaticus and the petrous ridge. The incidence of a HJB was also calculated. It was found that about 5 mm of bone could be safely drilled away from the posterior lip of the IAM without damaging either the jugular bulb or the saccu...

Insights into the nature of human testicular peritubular cells.

Annals of Anatomy — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Albrecht M Human testicular peritubular cells are myofibroblast-like cells that surround the seminiferous tubules and are responsible for tubular contractility and sperm transport. In the last few years, several reports have augmented this simplified view, showing that peritubular cells are not only structural cells but also actively secrete paracrine mediators, thereby influencing the homeostasis of the testicular environment. This review is focussed on general aspects and functions of testicular peritubular cells, their potential role in male infertility and also on the recently described in vitro culture systems of human testicular peritubular cells, which will enable us to gain deeper insight into the regulation and functions of this peculiar cell type in health and diseas...

The Face of Siamopithecus: New Geometric-Morphometric Evidence for Its Anthropoid Status.

Anatomical Record — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Zollikofer CP, De León MS, Chaimanee Y, Lebrun R, Tafforeau P, Khansubhaand S, Jaeger JJ Amphipithecids assume a key position in early primate evolution in Asia. Here we report on new maxillofacial and associated mandibular remains of Siamopithecus eocaenus, an amphipithecid primate from the Late Eocene of Krabi (Thailand) that currently represents the most complete specimen belonging to this group. We used synchrotron microtomography and techniques of virtual reconstruction to recover the three-dimensional morphology of the specimen. Geometric-morphometric analysis of the reconstructed specimen within a comparative sample of recent and fossil primates clearly associates Siamopithecus with the anthropoids. Like modern anthropoids, Siamopithecus displays a relatively short...

Climate Signatures in the Morphological Differentiation of Worldwide Modern Human Populations.

Anatomical Record — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Hubbe M, Hanihara T, Harvati K The ability of cranial morphology to reflect population/phylogenetic history, and the degree to which it might be influenced by environmental factors and selection pressures have been widely discussed. Recent consensus views cranial morphology as largely indicative of population history in humans, with some anatomical cranial regions/measurements being more informative on population history, while others being under selection pressure. We test earlier findings using the largest and most diverse cranial dataset available as yet: 7,423 male specimens from 135 geographic human population samples represented by 33 standard craniometric linear measurements. We calculated Mahalanobis D(2) for three datasets: complete cranial dataset; facial measurement...

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Caveolin-1 is an Important Factor for the Metastasis and Proliferation of Human Small Cell Lung Cancer NCI-H446 Cell.

Anatomical Record — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

This study was performed to investigate the influences of the stable expression of CAV-1 on the metastasis and proliferation of SCLC in vitro. The wild-type CAV-1 gene was successfully transfected into the NCI-H446 cells and was stably expressed in the NCI-H446 cells. The effects of CAV-1 on the morphology, proliferation, and metastasis potential for NCI-H446 cell were evaluated by crystal violet staining, MTT analysis, transwell assay, and scratch wound assay, respectively. Western blot and gelatin zymography were used to examine the expression changes of the metastasis-related MMP-3 and E-cadherin. Stable expression of CVA-1 was observed in the H446-CAV-1 cells, which enlarged the cell shape with filopodia. The proliferation of H446-CAV-1 was inhibited, while its migration and invasion a...

Striated Perineal Muscles: Location of Autonomic, Sensory, and Somatic Neurons Projecting to the Male Pig Bulbospongiosus Muscle.

Anatomical Record — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Botti M, Ragionieri L, Gazza F, Acone F, Bo Minelli L, Panu R The location, number, and size of the neurons innervating the bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM) were studied in male pigs, by means of Fast Blue (FB) retrograde transport. After injection of FB into the left BSM, labeled neurons were found bilaterally in the L2-S4 sympathetic trunk ganglia (STGs), in the caudal mesenteric ganglia (CMGs), in the microganglia of the pelvic plexus (PGs), in a dorsolateral area with respect to the central canal of S1-S3 segments of the spinal cord (SC) and in the S1-S4 ipsilateral and S2-S3 contralateral spinal ganglia (SGs). The mean number of labeled FB cells was 3,122 +/- 1,968 in STGs, 979 +/- 667 in CMGs, 108 +/- 104 in PGs, 89 +/- 39 in SC and 77 +/- 23 in SGs. The area of the multipol...

Embryonic Development and Skeletogenesis of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in the Cichlid Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Anatomical Record — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: le Pabic P, Stellwag EJ, Scemama JL The evolution of a specialized pharyngeal jaw apparatus (PJA) has been argued to be the key evolutionary innovation that allowed the explosive adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in East African lakes. Subsequent studies together with recent molecular phylogenies have shown that similar innovations evolved independently several times within the teleosts, which poses the questions: (1) how similar are the developmental mechanisms responsible for these changes in divergent taxa and (2) how did such complex features arise independently in evolution? A detailed knowledge of PJA development in cichlids and other teleosts is needed to address these questions. Here, we provide a detailed account of the development of the PJA in one species of cich...

Stereological Methods for Estimating the Myelin Sheaths of the Myelinated Fibers in White Matter.

Anatomical Record — Thu, 27 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Li C, Yang S, Chen L, Lu W, Qiu X, Gundersen HJ, Tang Y In the present study, efficient and unbiased stereological techniques to investigate the myelin sheaths of the myelinated fibers in rat white matter were established. In the present design, four tissue blocks were obtained from the entire white matter of rat brain in a uniform, random fashion. Isotropic, uniform random (IUR) sections were ensured by the use of the isector technique. One section with the thickness of 60 nm was cut from the center of each epon block. Eight to 10 fields of vision were randomly photographed under a transmission electron microscope. The total length of the myelinated fibers and the total volume of the myelin sheaths in the white matter were the products of the length density, volume density, a...