MedWorm: History of Medicine

Dr D Geraint replies

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

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Was Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945) treated with streptomycin?

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Uveitic secondary glaucoma: influence in James Joyce's (1882-1941) last works

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

James Joyce, considered one of the pre-eminent novelists of the 20th century, attained international renown with his work Ulysses. Its lack of standard punctuation makes it difficult to read. An example would be the famous non-punctuated ‘Molly Bloom soliloquy’ in the last chapter of Ulysses. Why is Joyce considered so difficult to read? He wrote and proofread Ulysses and Finnegans wake, his last works, during his battle against glaucoma, when his vision was seriously blurred. The distracting and confusing diacritical marks might be explained by Joyce's reduced visual acuity. Could Ulysses and Finnegans wake have been different if Joyce's visual problems had begun in the second rather than the first half of 20th century? (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Did Evagrius Ponticus (AD 346-99) have obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

Evagrius Ponticus was one of the most important and influential spiritual writers in the early Christian church. This author argues that he suffered from obsessive-compulsive disorder: in particular, the demonic ‘thoughts’ which he repeatedly describes meet all the criteria for obsessions. If this is true, it offers a new perspective on the relation between pastoral theology and psychiatric disorders: the spiritual tradition which Evagrius helped found may, as a result, have tended to exacerbate such symptoms in others, but it also possessed the resources to address them in a practical way. (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

The big ideas of Edgar Alexander Pask (1912-66)

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

Edgar Pask worked before, during and after World War II with the anaesthetist Robert Macintosh. Both were ranking officers and engaged in work with the Royal Air Force Physiological Laboratories at Farnborough, then in the charge of Dr Bryan Matthews. Pask submitted as a Doctorate Thesis a compilation of much of the experimental work in which he was the main subject, most of the data being acquired while he was unconscious. Experiments in which the Farnborough Team were engaged form a central core to the Thesis and relate to the development of life jackets. The information is well known and has been widely publicized, along with most of the biography of Pask. However, some extreme physiological experiments, again with Pask as the test subject and which probably were not conducted at Farnbo...

Captain George Thomas Smith-Clarke (1884-1960)

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

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Evangelia Farmakidou (1890-1982): the first female Greek radiologist

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

Evangelia (Lia) Farmakidou was the first female Greek radiologist. She was a distinguished physician with an open mind and depth of thought, multitalented, with integrity and an independent spirit. She was also one of the founding members of the Hellenic Radiological Society in 1933. She strived for the recognition of her chosen field in Greece as well as for the creation of the Radiology Department in the Medical School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Notes and Jottings

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Short biography of Louis Daniel Beauperthuy (1807-71): pioneer of microbiology and medical science in Venezuela

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

Louis Daniel Beauperthuy was a pioneer of microbiology in Venezuela where he developed microscopic and clinical research together with academic and scientific observation related to leprosy and the role of insects in the transmission of febrile illnesses. (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Paolo Assalini's artery forceps

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

George Riddoch (1888-1947)

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

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A medical tourist's visit to London

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Eduardo Martinez Alonso (1903-72): gallant surgeon who undertook special operations

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

Eduardo Martínez Alonso was of Spanish and Uruguyan extraction and was born in Vigo in Galicia in 1903. Due to his father's occupation, he was educated in the UK and qualified from the University of Liverpool. He returned to Madrid to practise and during the Civil War he found himself in the Republican zone where his connections with the Royal Family brought him under suspicion. Threatened with execution, he escaped to serve as a surgeon in the Nationalist Army. Being bilingual, he was medical adviser to the British Embassy during World War II; because of his allegiance to this country and acting from humanitarian motives, he became a ringleader in a plot to smuggle fugitives from Nazi-occupied Europe across a pro-Axis Spain to safety. When the Gestapo was closing in on him, he was ...

Esme Hadfield (1921-92) and the Wycombe woodworkers

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

This paper reflects on the life and work of Esme Hadfield, an otolaryngologist based at Wycombe General Hospital and, in particular, on her discovery of the link between adenocarcinoma of the paranasal sinuses and wood dust exposure from those in the furniture industry. The paper also explores the woodworking industry that forms the backdrop to her discovery. (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Kartagener's syndrome

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Sydney William Garne LDS RCS FRGS (1875-1946): founding president of the Ceylon Dental Association

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

This paper follows the life of Sydney Garne, from qualification as a dentist in London through a short visit to South Africa, to a lifetime of professional service in Ceylon. There he was the first non-medically qualified dentist to enrol on the Dentists Register. Then he became the founder-President of the Ceylon Dental Association which he ensured was based on the British association. The responsibilities of that post remained on his shoulders for 10 years; all the time he ran a thriving practice and had a happy family life, including a stepson of whom he was proud. (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

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Notes and Jottings

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

'The greatest Brahmin among them': William Osler's (1849-1919) perspective on Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809-94)

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

Although North American physicians commonly identify William Osler as their best example of excellence in both medicine and the humanities, Osler himself held Oliver Wendell Holmes as the best example of such an avatar. Holmes made substantial contributions to medicine, including a landmark essay on the ‘Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever’, and was for a while the best-selling American author on both sides of the Atlantic. Holmes' lesser reputation today when compared with Osler's is best explained by his having fewer devoted protégées, his confining his adult life to Boston and its environs, and his tendency to flit from one thing to another as opposed to consolidating his efforts in a single task as Osler did in writing his Principles and Practice of Medicine. (S...

Quotes

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Victorian medical politics: the fate of Dr Alfred Stephens (1821-90)

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

Dr Alfred Stephens was the co-founder of the Liverpool Children's Infirmary. The institution was funded initially by Matthew Gregson (1800–76) and later by public subscription. Opened in 1851, it was the second Children's Hospital in England. Alfred Stephens was a general practitioner without higher qualifications. In due course he perceived that the free treatment of children at the Infirmary affected his income and he redirected patients to his practice. This led to confrontation with his colleagues and the Board of the Infirmary, and good relations were never restored. His name has not been commemorated nor his charitable work remembered. (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Erratum

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

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Sir William Knighton Bt MD GCH LRCP (1776-1836): courtier and confidante - testimony to physicianly virtues?

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

Sir William Knighton went from general practitioner in Devon to close friend and adviser of King George IV. He contributed remarkably to the stability of the Crown, bringing this dysfunctional King's finances under control and enabling the work of government requiring Royal decision-making to proceed much more effectively than it might otherwise have done. Inevitably he was involved in the making and breaking of ministries but appears to have done so with some reluctance. His detractors appear to have been motivated mainly by envy, fear of loss of patronage and social prejudice. His Royal career echoes physicianly virtues of fidelity to trust, empathy and honesty. He made every effort to keep a low public profile in order to minimize envy and intrusion into his private life. His success in...

Towards a realistic approach to medical biography

Journal of Medical Biography — Fri, 05 Mar 2010 18:51:03 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Conflict and compromise: Catholic and public hospital partnerships.

Nursing History Review — Fri, 15 Jan 2010 02:52:26 +0100

This article analyzes the tensions and uneasy negotiations, based on a case study, that occurred among Catholic sisters, administrators, bishops, physicians, and the Vatican for more than seven years at a hospital in Austin, Texas. Here, the largest health care system in the city, which was Catholic, joined with the local public, tax-supported hospital that provided the majority of reproductive health care services in the region. A clash resulted over whether the hospital could continue providing sterilization and contraceptive services to its primarily poor patients. This article examines the fierce debates that occurred, especially over emergency contraception and attempts to develop creative solutions after a hierarchical crackdown from the Vatican. The end result was a compromise that ...

"Go to Ruth's House": the social activism of Ruth Lubic and the family health and birth center.

Nursing History Review — Fri, 15 Jan 2010 02:52:26 +0100

Authors: Fairman J This case of the work of Ruth Watson Lubic, an internationally known nurse midwife and women's and children's health care activist, provides a modern-day example of the intersection of forceful individual personalities, nursing as a type of activism in itself, and grassroots and local actions that produce larger movement-based activist organizations. Her work as a nurse midwife, in partnership with other nurse midwives, physicians, and community members, illustrates how the efforts of individual actors at a grassroots community level can be as significant as larger traditionally situated activist movements on the lives of everyday citizens. PMID: 20067094 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Nursing History Review)

The place of religion as an interpretive tool in nursing history.

Nursing History Review — Fri, 15 Jan 2010 02:52:26 +0100

Authors: Wall BM PMID: 20067095 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Nursing History Review)

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Nursing body and soul in the parish: Lutheran deaconess motherhouses in Germany and the United States.

Nursing History Review — Fri, 15 Jan 2010 02:52:26 +0100

This article analyzes the conception and transformation of Protestant parish nursing in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Germany and the United States, which developed very differently. In West Germany, parish nursing proved surprisingly resistant to modernization even in the face of upheavals of the 1960s, and in some places this traditional model survived as late as the 1980s and 1990s. In the United States, by contrast, an understanding of nursing rooted in the division of labor between care for body and care for soul had come to prevail by the 1920s and '30s, pushing out the German model of the parish deaconess altogether. PMID: 20067096 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Nursing History Review)

Looking closely: material and visual approaches to the nurse's uniform.

Nursing History Review — Fri, 15 Jan 2010 02:52:26 +0100

Authors: Bates C PMID: 20067098 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Nursing History Review)

Nurse Irene Shea studies the "Kenny method" of treatment of infantile paralysis, 1942-1943.

Nursing History Review — Fri, 15 Jan 2010 02:52:26 +0100

Authors: Golden J, Rogers N In the 1940s nurses in the United States set out to learn the Kenny method of treating polio patients, which relied on hot packs and muscle strengthening exercises instead of the standard system of prolonged immobilization. Named for Sister Elizabeth Kenny, an Australian nurse who based herself in Minnesota during the 1940s and early 1950s, and viewed with suspicion by many physicians, nurses, and physical therapists, the treatment nonetheless proved effective. It changed the practice of polio nursing and the experiences of patients in the years before vaccine prevention largely eliminated paralytic polio. PMID: 20067099 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Nursing History Review)

Medical archives and MSS news, 2009.

Medical History — Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: PMID: 20047204 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Medical History)

"Outside the institute there is a desert": the tenuous trajectories of medical research in interwar Australia.

Medical History — Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Hobbins PG PMID: 20046262 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Medical History)

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"Little, if at all, removed from the illiterate farrier or cow-leech": the English veterinary surgeon, c.1860-1885, and the campaign for veterinary reform.

Medical History — Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Woods A, Matthews S PMID: 20046263 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Medical History)

"Strike out boldly for the prizes that are available to you": medical emigration from Ireland 1860-1905.

Medical History — Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Jones G PMID: 20046264 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Medical History)

Empire and alternatives: Swietenia febrifuga and the Cinchona substitutes.

Medical History — Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Chakrabarti P PMID: 20046265 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Medical History)

The mind and stomach at war: stress and abdominal illness in Britain c.1939-1945.

Medical History — Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Miller I PMID: 20046266 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Medical History)

Monstrous births and medical networks: debates over forensic evidence, generation theory, and obstetrical authority in France, ca. 1780-1815.

Early Science and Medicine — Fri, 25 Dec 2009 16:56:02 +0100

Authors: Quinlan SM In France between 1780 and 1815, doctors opened a broad correspondence with medical faculties and public officials about foetal anomalies ("monstrosities"). Institutional and legal reforms forced doctors to encounter monstrous births with greater frequency, and they responded by developing new ideas about heredity and embryology to explain malformations to public officials. Though doctors achieved consensus on pathogenesis, they struggled to apply these ideas in forensic cases, especially with doubtful sex. Medical networks simultaneously allowed doctors to explore obstetrical techniques, as licensing regulations forced practitioners into emotional encounters with child anomalies. Doctors thus developed a new ethics for treating monstrosities, viewing them as pathol...

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The mine and the furnace: Francis Bacon, Thomas Russell, and early Stuart mining culture.

Early Science and Medicine — Fri, 25 Dec 2009 16:56:02 +0100

Authors: Pastorino C Notwithstanding Francis Bacon's praise for the philosophical role of the mechanical arts, historians have often downplayed Bacon's connections with actual artisans and entrepreneurs. Addressing the specific context of mining culture, this study proposes a rather different picture. The analysis of a famous mining metaphor in The Advancement of Learning shows us how Bacon's project of reform of knowledge could find an apt correspondence in civic and entrepreneurial values of his time. Also, Bacon had interesting and so far unexplored links with the early modern English mining enterprises, like the Company of Mineral and Battery Works, ofwhich he was a shareholder. Moreover, Bacon's notes in a private notebook, Commentarius Solutus, and records of patents of invention...

Early modern green sickness and pre-Freudian hysteria.

Early Science and Medicine — Fri, 25 Dec 2009 16:56:02 +0100

Authors: Schleiner W In early modern medicine, both green sickness (or chlorosis) and hysteria were understood to be gendered diseases, diseases of women. Green sickness, a disease of young women, was considered so serious that John Graunt, the father of English statistics, thought that in his time dozens of women died of it in London every year. One of the symptoms of hysteria was that women fell unconscious. The force of etymology and medical tradition was so strong that in one instance the gender of the patient seems to have been changed by the recorder to make the case fit medical theory. PMID: 20027761 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Early Science and Medicine)

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

George Guthrie. Soldier and Pioneer Surgeon

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Walking London's Medical History

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

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John Rae (1813-93), Kirkwall, Orkney

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

The Emperor Hadrian (fl. AD 117-138) and Medicine

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

The untold neurological disease of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945)

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

Conventional wisdom suggests that Franklin Delano Roosevelt died on 12 April 1945 aged 63 from a massive cerebral haemorrhage attributable to uncontrolled hypertension and atherosclerosis. Evidence from numerous reliable sources is presented, based largely on a constellation of previously unrecognized neurological symptoms including seizures, encephalopathy and hemianopia, supporting a scenario that, while indeed he suffered from severe cardiovascular disease, Roosevelt died from melanoma with the terminal event attributable to a metastatic lesion in the brain. (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Notes and Jottings

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Did one ear infection in France change the history of Britain? The illness and death of Francis II (1544-60)

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

The middle ear has long been considered a continuum of the upper respiratory tract and modern physicians recognize the impact of upper respiratory tract pathology on the middle ear and are familiar with the possible neurosurgical complications of any resultant chronic or acute middle ear infection. In the 16th century, lack of this knowledge may have led to a sequence of events and one of the most important turning points for the British monarchy. This paper on the illness and death of King Francis II of France uncovers interesting aspects of ENT practice from the French Renaissance period and the intrigue surrounding this royal patient's well-documented but little discussed illness. (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

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Dr Arnold Renshaw (1885-1980): Manchester pathologist and forensic pathologist with a clinical interest in rheumatoid arthritis

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

Dr Arnold Renshaw trained in both dentistry and medicine in Manchester, being actively involved in the University student organisations. He followed a career in pathology and bacteriology that was interrupted by serving in the RAMC during World War I. Bacteriological interest in the antiseptic properties of aniline dyes followed. His main interest, however, was in pathology where he was associated with the Pathology Society of Manchester for more than twenty years. He was also actively involved in the founding of the Association of Clinical Pathologists. The Association led to the formation of the Royal College of Pathologists and to Renshaw being elected one of the Founding Fellows. He also developed a special expertise in forensic pathology which he pioneered in northwest England. His la...

Jules Bordet (1870-1961): a bridge between early and modern immunology

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

Jules Bordet, a pioneering immunologist, lived until the dawn of molecular immunology. He was born in Belgium in 1870, obtained a medical degree in 1892, worked at l'Institut Pasteur in Paris from 1894 to 1901 and then established the Pasteur Institute of Brabant in Brussels. Before World War I, Bordet found that complement binds to antibody-antigen complexes regardless of the antigen or antibodies involved. Subsequently he developed the complement fixation test that was of diagnostic importance for several decades. For his research concerning complement he was awarded the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. During that period he also discovered anaphylatoxin, conglutinin, and the cause of whooping cough (Bordetella pertussis). After World War I he found how thrombin forms, how pla...

International Medical Congress, London 1881

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913): evolution and medicine

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

The theory we now know simply as ‘evolution’ was first presented to the scientific world one and a half centuries ago, on 1 July 1858, when the work of two men, Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Robert Darwin (1809–82), was jointly read at the Linnean Society. While Charles Darwin has rightly taken his place in history as one of the greatest scientists of all time, Alfred Russel Wallace has been largely forgotten outside of the scientific community. However, Wallace was a prolific researcher and writer with interests in a wide range of topics, from medicine to economics. (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Egerton Yorrick Davis

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

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Jean Martin Charcot (1825-93) and John Hughlings Jackson (1835-1911): neurology in France and England in the 19th century

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

In 1862 Jean Martin Charcot was appointed Physician at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, and simultaneously John Hughlings Jackson was appointed as assistant physician at the National Hospital for the Paralysed and Epileptic, Queen Square, London. Both men made significant contributions to the development of neurology, many of which remain important to contemporary neurologists. The achievements and the work of Charcot and Hughlings Jackson are considered in the light of their respective localities and medical education, and the structure of hospital institutions and political allegiances are compared in the late 19th century in France and Britain. (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Walcheren 1809

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Notes and Jottings

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

John Rae (1813-93): Explorer of the Canadian Arctic, the great pedestrian

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

Born and raised in the Orkney Islands, Dr John Rae joined the Hudson's Bay Company and rose to be Chief Factor. Unusually tough and intelligent, he explored much of northern Canada, mapping the north eastern shore and finding controversial evidence of the lost Franklin expedition of 1845. A talented botanist, geologist, anthropologist and cartographer, he was northern Canada's most distinguished explorer. (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Sarcophilia, cremation and Sir Henry Thompson (1820-1904)

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

Sarcophilia, a neologism for an attachment to human remains, is set in a review of the history of the disposal of the dead. The ancient practice of cremation was relaunched late in the 19th century by the urological surgeon cum social reformer Sir Henry Thompson. He was stimulated by Edwin Chadwick and Charles Dickens, and by Charles Darwin's observations on the earthworm. Sarcophilia is the reason for the controversial Human Tissue Act of 2004. (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

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Paget's Disease

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Edward Meryon (1807-80) and Charles Darwin's (1809-82) On the Origin of Species

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

London in the first half of the 19th century was a centre of scientific and medical interest. For example, the Royal Society, the Linnean Society, the Geological Society, the Chemical Society and the Royal Astronomical Society were all centred on Burlington House and, not far away, in Berner's Street was the Medical and Chirurgical Society, which in 1834 became the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society and later the Royal Society of Medicine. It was also in this period that Edward Meryon became a member of the latter society and subsequently a Council Member, Librarian and Vice-President. His research led to the clear identification for the first time of the disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy and he published his results in the Transactions of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society in ...

William Somerset Maugham (1874-1966)

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

The first Charles Darwin (1758-78)

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

The paper places the first Charles Darwin in his family context: the eldest son of Dr Erasmus Darwin and Mary Howard. Mention is made of Charles's upbringing and education, with illustrative material taken from his father's writings and from Anna Seward's Memoirs of the Life of Dr Darwin (1804). The part played by Dr Andrew Duncan of the Edinburgh Medical School is established. The award to Charles in March 1778 of the first medal by the Aesculapian Society of Edinburgh is described. The involvement of Dr William Cullen and Dr Joseph Black in the treatment of Charles's fatal infection is evidenced from Erasmus' letters. Attention is given to ‘An Elegy on the much-lamented death of a most ingenious young gentleman who lately died in the College at Edinburgh where he was a student&rsqu...

Giuseppe Pasta (1742-1823): protophysician and pioneer of psychological studies in the medical field

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

Giuseppe Pasta was a pioneer of psychological support in physical disease. Born in Bergamo, Italy, he was a cousin of the physician Andrea Pasta who was a pupil of Giovanni Battista Morgagni. Giuseppe's cultural and clinical resources were the teachings of Francesco Redi's medical school in Tuscany. This paper discusses the courage and philosophical tolerance of disease and the etiquette of the physician. (Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

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Charles Darwin (1809-82) and his doctors

Journal of Medical Biography — Wed, 23 Dec 2009 00:38:13 +0100

(Source: Journal of Medical Biography)

Pioneers of Cardiac Surgery

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:46 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

Science for the Empire: Scientific Nationalism in Modern Japan

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:46 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

Obsession: A History

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:46 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

War and Disease: Biomedical Research on Malaria in the Twentieth Century

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:46 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

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Fatal Thirst: Diabetes in Britain until Insulin

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:46 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

Sex, Sin, and Science: A History of Syphilis in America

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:46 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

Three Generations, No Imbeciles: Eugenics, the Supreme Court, and Buck v. Bell

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:46 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:46 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:45 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

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Paracelsus: Medicine, Magic and Mission at the End of Time

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:45 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

Letter to the Editor

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:45 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

From Cure to Custodianship of the Insane Poor in Nineteenth-Century Connecticut

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:45 +0100

Connecticut was the exception among the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic states in not founding a public institution for the insane until after the Civil War when it opened the Hospital for the Insane at Middletown in 1868, a facility previously neglected by scholars. The state had relied on the expedient of subsidizing the impoverished at the private Hartford Retreat for the Insane that overtaxed that institution and left hundreds untreated. Despite abundant evidence to the contrary, well meaning officials oversold the idea that the Middletown site would promote cures and be cost effective. A number of unanticipated consequences occurred that mirrored fundamental changes in nineteenth-century psychiatry. The new hospital swelled by 1900 to over 2,000 patients, the largest in New England. ...

The Rise and Fall of Celiac Disease in the United States

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:45 +0100

Because celiac disease is greatly under-diagnosed in the United States, a common assumption is that U.S. doctors and researchers always have considered the condition extremely rare. However, the disorder captured widespread medical attention at the beginning of the twentieth century. Luther Emmett Holt, a leading pediatrician, encouraged three other doctors to investigate the condition. Two helped to associate celiac disease with elite medical institutions. The third linked it to the marketing efforts of the United Fruit Company. Interest in celiac declined after 1965, partly as a result of the decreased concern with nutrition and nutritional disorders. (Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

Enemies or Allies? The Organ Transplant Medical Community, the Federal Government, and the Public in the United States, 1967-2000

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:45 +0100

The transplant medical community in the United States has frequently been divided over the appropriate role of the federal government and of the public in matters related to organ transplantation. Using public statements in government hearings, newspapers, and press releases, this article traces the thinking of the transplant medical community in particular during three especially politicized periods: the heart transplant and brain death controversies in the late 1960s, consideration of the National Organ Transplant Act and other legislation during the mid-1980s, and the controversy over organ allocation regulations issued by the Department of Health and Human Services in the late 1990s. Even while sometimes denouncing "politicization," over time surgeons, physicians, representatives of th...

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"A Dictate of Both Interest and Mercy"? Slave Hospitals in the Antebellum South

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:45 +0100

As a contribution to debates on slave health and welfare, this article investigates the variety, functions, and overall significance of infirmaries for the enslaved in the antebellum South. Newspapers, case histories, and surviving institutional records of antebellum Southern infirmaries providing medical treatment for slaves offer a unique opportunity to examine the development of modern American medicine within the "peculiar institution," and to explore a complex site of interactions between the enslaved, physicians, and slave owners. The world of the medical college hospital in South Carolina and an experimenting clinic in Alabama are reconstructed using newspapers and medical case histories. The Patient Register of the Hotel Dieu (1859–64) and the Admission Book of Touro Infirmar...

Subscription Page

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:45 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

Editorial Board

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:45 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

Contents Page

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences — Mon, 07 Dec 2009 16:15:45 +0100

(Source: Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences)

Notes on Book Reviewers

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

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The Quest for Public Health in Manchester: The Industrial City, the NHS and the Recent History

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Their Footprints Remain: Biomedical Beginnings Across the Indo-Tibetan Frontier

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Tibetan Medicine in the Contemporary World: Global Politics of Medical Knowledge and Practice

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

The Afterlife of Images: Translating the Pathological Body between China and the West

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

The Collectors of Lost Souls: Turning Kuru Scientists into Whitemen

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

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At the Heart of Healing: Groote Schuur Hospital 1938-2008

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Brulures Profondes: Recit de Vie de Deux Grands Brules

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Shifting Boundaries of Public Health: Europe in the Twentieth Century

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Medical Lives in the Age of Surgical Revolution

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

What Would You Do? Juggling Bioethics and Ethnography

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

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Trusting Doctors: The Decline of Moral Authority in American Medicine

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918-1920

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Health Culture in the Heartland, 1880-1980: An Oral History

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Happy Pills in America: From Miltown to Prozac

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Mania: A Short History of Bipolar Disorder

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

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Kinderen van hun Tijd: Zestig Jaar Kinder-en Jeugdpsychiatrie in Nederland, 1948-2008

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Cult of the Will: Nervousness and German Modernity

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

The Secret Vice: Masturbation in Victorian Fiction and Medical Culture

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:14 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Mortal Coil: A Short History of Living Longer

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Fatal Thirst: Diabetes in Britain until Insulin

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

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Artisans of the Body in Early Modern Italy: Identities, Families and Masculinities

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

The Making of Mr Gray's Anatomy

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

A Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

British Military and Naval Medicine, 1600-1830

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Under the Radar: Cancer and the Cold War

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

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War and Disease, Biomedical Research on Malaria in the Twentieth Century

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

The Dark Pocket of Time: War, Medicine and the Australian State, 1914-1935

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Shattered Anzacs: Living with the Scars of War

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Before My Helpless Sight: Suffering, Dying and Military Medicine on the Western Front, 1914-1918

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

The Ottoman Army 1914-1918: Disease and Death on the Battlefield

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

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Notes on Contributors

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

So What? A Reply to Roger Cooter's 'After Death/After-"Life": The Social History of Medicine in Post-Postmodernity'

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Binge Drinking: A Confused Concept and its Contemporary History

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

Binge drinking is a matter of current social, political and media concern. It has a long-term, but also a recent, history. This paper discusses the contemporary history of the concept of binge drinking. In recent years there have been significant changes in how binge drinking is defined and conceptualised. Going on a ‘binge’ used to mean an extended period (days) of heavy drinking, while now it generally refers to a single drinking session leading to intoxication. We argue that the definitional change is related to the shifts in the focus of alcohol policy and alcohol science, in particular in the last two decades, and also in the role of the dominant interest groups. The paper is a case study in the relationship between science and policy. We explore key themes, raise question...

Web 2.0: A Useful Tool for the History of Medicine

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Professional Identity across the Borders: Refugee Psychiatrists in Palestine, 1933-1945

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

The article explores and contextualises the arrival of Jewish psychiatrists from Germany and Austria in Palestine and their absorption process during the 1930s and 1940s. We investigate the interaction between the refugees and a varied local population composed of Jews from different origins, Arabs and immigrants. We claim that the case of psychiatrist refugees from Europe in the 1930s was unique in comparison to the migration of Jewish psychiatrists to other countries and in comparison to the immigration of other medical professionals to Palestine during the period. The lack of a psychiatric community in Palestine before their arrival determined the nature of their unique absorption. It also created a special psychiatric discourse based on a mixture of the German medical model and the rea...

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The Emigration of Women Doctors from Germany under National Socialism

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

This paper considers the case of women refugee doctors, using a detailed sample from Hamburg. Gender is established as a major issue in the persecution of Jewish doctors under National Socialism and emigration. A case study of Hamburg allows both a qualitative and quantitative approach. Finally, lives after emigration are assessed. The paper examines the picture of the female refugee doctors drawn in gender history with the tools of collective biographical research. Some changes to the results of previous studies concerning emigration patterns and their biographies as refugee doctors are suggested. (Source: Social History of Medicine)

The Attitude of German Emigre Doctors Towards Medicine under National Socialism

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

The attitudes of émigré doctors provide some insight into whether Nazi medical atrocities were something peculiar and unique or whether they were an extreme consequence of widespread thinking and scientific concepts in medicine at the time. Doctors of the sexual reform movement and the political left partly welcomed the Nazi sterilisation law as an implementation of their eugenic ideas. Some labelled Nazi medicine plainly as charlatanism which is a protective claim by those who dream the dream of the genetic improvement of humanity. Others saw in it a cold-blooded utilitarianism, symbolising the triumph of a soldierly spartan life over the intricacies and agonies of the human soul. For those, the most important lessons of the past lay in protecting the chronically ill, the ha...

European Refugee Physicians in Scotland, 1933-1945

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

Summary. In the years following the Nazi seizure of power, several hundred refugee physicians, almost exclusively Jewish from Central Europe, obtained medical qualifications in Scotland. The study programmes, mainly in the extra-mural medical schools in Glasgow and Edinburgh, gave them access to the examinations of the Triple Qualification Board of the Scottish Royal Colleges of Medicine and Surgery which provided a licence to practise medicine in Britain. Many refugee psychiatrists, whose speciality was less well developed in Britain, began their new careers in Scotland, finding the atmosphere congenial despite the contemporary hardships of dislocation, anti-alien agitation and internment. (Source: Social History of Medicine)

Medical Refugees and the Modernisation of British Medicine, 1930-1960

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

This paper reappraises the position of medical refugees in Britain between the 1930s and 1950s. Advocates of reforming British medicine in terms of its knowledge base and social provision emerged as strongly supportive of the medical refugees. By way of contrast, an élite in the British Medical Association attempted to exercise a controlling regime through the Home Office Advisory Committee. The effects of these divisions are gauged by reconstructing the complete spectrum of refugees as a total population. Applying this methodology of population reconstruction provides a corrective to the notion of a cohesive ‘medical establishment’ exercising rigid and discriminatory controls. (Source: Social History of Medicine)

The Anschluss and the Problem of Refugee Stomatologists

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

This article examines the dilapidated state of British dental health and dentistry during the 1930s, when it functioned as a ‘cottage industry’, and compares this situation with the philosophy and dental training at the University of Vienna. Only 41 were allowed to stay and re-qualify over a six-month period and were then allowed to practise. Many of those rejected by the General Medical Council, despite their excellent training, probably died during the Holocaust. (Source: Social History of Medicine)

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The Impact of Germanic Refugees on Twentieth-Century British Psychiatry

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

This paper examines the reception accorded to refugee psychiatrists in the United Kingdom. It evaluates the value placed on their qualifications and skills, as well as their influence. In addition, the paper traces the extent to which Jewish refugee psychiatrists were not made welcome by the British scientific elite. This prejudice was all too widespread in a profession claiming to have insight into human behaviour. (Source: Social History of Medicine)

Medical Refugees in Britain and the Wider World, 1930-1960: Introduction

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

Editorial Note

Social History of Medicine — Tue, 24 Nov 2009 15:37:13 +0100

(Source: Social History of Medicine)

List of Images.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925703 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

List of Abbreviations.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925704 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

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Glossary.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925705 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

Acknowledgements.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925706 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

Introduction.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925707 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

The Emergence of Psychical Research in Imperial Germany.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925708 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

Hypnotism, Lay Medicine and Psychical Research at the Fin de Siècle.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Hypnotism, Lay Medicine and Psychical Research at the Fin de Siècle. Clio Med. 2009;88(1):83-130 Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925709 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

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In the Laboratory of the Geisterbaron: Experimental Parapsychology in Germany.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925710 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

An Holistic Science: Philosophical Renewal and Official Response.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925711 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

Parapsychology in the Courtroom: Occult Trials, Expertise and Authority during the Weimar Republic.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925712 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

Parapsychology on the Couch: The Psychology of Occult Belief in Germany.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925713 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

Conclusion.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925714 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

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Bibliography.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925715 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

Index.

Clio Medica — Sun, 22 Nov 2009 08:26:03 +0100

Authors: Wolffram H PMID: 19925716 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

List of Images.

Clio Medica — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:02:03 +0100

Authors: Kichigina G PMID: 19919734 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

List of Tables.

Clio Medica — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:02:03 +0100

Authors: Kichigina G PMID: 19919735 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

Acknowledgements.

Clio Medica — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:02:03 +0100

Authors: Kichigina G PMID: 19919736 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

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Introduction.

Clio Medica — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:02:03 +0100

Authors: Kichigina G PMID: 19919737 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

The Old-New Tradition.

Clio Medica — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:02:03 +0100

Authors: Kichigina G PMID: 19919738 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

Physiologist-Physicists: Foundation of the Discipline.

Clio Medica — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:02:03 +0100

Authors: Kichigina G PMID: 19919739 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

A Viennese Prelude: Sechenov's Research at Ludwig's Laboratory.

Clio Medica — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:02:03 +0100

Authors: Kichigina G PMID: 19919740 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

Berlin Wins over Paris and Vienna: Botkin's View on European Clinics.

Clio Medica — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:02:03 +0100

Authors: Kichigina G PMID: 19919741 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

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'Alt Heidelberg, du feine...'

Clio Medica — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:02:03 +0100

Authors: Kichigina G PMID: 19919742 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

Military Medical Education: The Aftermath of the Crimean War.

Clio Medica — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:02:03 +0100

Authors: Kichigina G PMID: 19919743 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

The Winds of Change: Reformation of the Medico-Surgical Academy.

Clio Medica — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:02:03 +0100

Authors: Kichigina G PMID: 19919744 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)

The 'Medico-Chemical Academy': Zinin's Laboratory.

Clio Medica — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 12:02:03 +0100

Authors: Kichigina G PMID: 19919745 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Clio Medica)