MedWorm: Microbiology

Chemical Double Act Triggers Spreading Of Spores

Chemical and Engineering News — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 17:39:15 +0100

Microbiology: Together, two molecules help fungi figure out when to release spores (Source: Chemical and Engineering News)

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Deciphering the role of Paenibacillus strain Q8 in the organic matter recycling in the acid mine drainage of Carnoules

Microbial Cell Factories — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: AMDs have been studied for years especially with regard to interactions between bacteria and the inorganic compartment hosting them. To date, no study reported the role of microorganisms in the recycling of the organic matter. The present work suggests that the strain Q8 might play an important role in the community by recycling the scarce organic matter (cellulose, hemicellulose, starch...), especially when the conditions change. Furthermore, function-based screening of a Q8 DNA library allowed to assign an amylolytic function to a gene previously unknown. AMDs could be considered as a reservoir of genes with potential biotechnological properties. (Source: Microbial Cell Factories)

Transcriptome profiling of a curdlan-producing Agrobacterium reveals conserved regulatory mechanisms of exopolysaccharide biosynthesis

Microbial Cell Factories — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: This study identifies several mechanisms regulating the synthesis of curdlan, an EPS with numerous applications. These mechanisms are potential metabolic engineering targets for improving the industrial production of curdlan from Agrobacterium sp. ATCC 31749. Furthermore, many of the genes identified in this study are highly conserved across microbial genomes, and we propose that the molecular elements identified in this study may serve as universal regulators of microbial EPS synthesis. (Source: Microbial Cell Factories)

Starmerella bombicola influences the metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase level during mixed wine fermentation

Microbial Cell Factories — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: In mixed fermentation, S. bombicola immobilized cells greatly affected the fermentation behavior of S. cerevisiae and the analytical composition of wine. The influence of S. bombicola on S. cerevisiae was not limited to a simple additive contribution. Indeed, its presence caused metabolic modifications during S. cerevisiae fermentation causing variation in the gene expression and enzymatic activity of alcohol deydrogenase and pyruvate decarboxilase. (Source: Microbial Cell Factories)

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis E Virus infection in rural and urban populations, Tunisia

Clinical Microbiology and Infection — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of HEV infection in Tunisian adult general population, either in blood donors (n=687) or in patients hospitalised for acute hepatitis (n=202). The mode of transmission differed between these two populations: contact with animals and living in rural habitat were the main risk factors of being in contact with HEV in asymptomatic blood donors, while HEV was contracted through contaminated water in symptomatic cases. HEV seroprevalence in adult blood donors in Tunisia was relatively low (5.4%) and increased with age.© 2012 The Authors Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2012 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection)

Carbapenemase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae: A call for action!

Clinical Microbiology and Infection — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

(Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection)

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Ultrahigh-resolution full-field optical coherence tomography using spatial coherence gating and quasi-monochromatic illumination

Optics Letters — Fri, 03 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

We developed an ultrahigh-resolution full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) microscope that is based on the spatial, rather than the temporal, coherence gating. The microscope is capable of observing three-dimensional microbiological structures as small as ... (Source: Optics Letters)

Detection of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase in Enterobacter spp.– Evaluation of Six Phenotypic Tests

Microbial Drug Resistance — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 19:36:54 +0100

Microbial Drug Resistance Feb 2012, Vol. 18, No. 1: 66-70. (Source: Microbial Drug Resistance)

Manuka Honey Could Be The Answer For Treating And Preventing Wound Infections

Health News from Medical News Today — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 08:00:00 +0100

Manuka honey could help clear chronic wound infections and even prevent them from developing in the first place, according to a new study published in Microbiology. The findings provide further evidence for the clinical use of manuka honey to treat bacterial infections in the face of growing antibiotic resistance. Streptococcus pyogenes is a normal skin bacterium that is frequently associated with chronic (non-healing) wounds. Bacteria that infect wounds can clump together forming 'biofilms', which form a barrier to drugs and promotes chronic infection... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Carriage of encapsulated bacteria in Gabonese children with sickle cell anemia

Clinical Microbiology and Infection — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, carriage and resistance rates are similar in children with and without SCA. Our data provide the basis to guide empiric therapy of invasive diseases caused by S. pneumoniae, S. aureus and H. influenza in children in Gabon. (Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection)

Hsp33 confers bleach resistance by protecting elongation factor Tu against oxidative degradation in Vibrio cholerae

Molecular Microbiology — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

SummaryThe redox‐regulated chaperone Hsp33 protects bacteria specifically against stress conditions that cause oxidative protein unfolding, such as treatment with bleach or exposure to peroxide at elevated temperatures. To gain insight into the mechanism by which expression of Hsp33 confers resistance to oxidative protein unfolding conditions, we made use of V. cholerae strain O395 lacking the Hsp33 gene hslO. We found that this strain, which is exquisitely bleach‐sensitive, displays a temperature‐sensitive (ts) phenotype during aerobic growth, implying that V. cholerae suffers from oxidative heat stress when cultivated at 43°C. We utilized this phenotype to select for E. coli genes that rescue the ts phenotype of V. cholerae ΔhslO when overexpressed. We discovered that expression ...

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Aerial development in Streptomyces coelicolor requires sortase activity

Molecular Microbiology — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

SUMMARYStreptomyces coelicolor is a multicellular bacterium whose life cycle encompasses three differentiated states: vegetative hyphae, aerial hyphae and spores. Amongst the factors required for aerial development are the ‘chaplins’, a family of eight secreted proteins that coat the surface of aerial hyphae. Three chaplins (the ‘long’ chaplins, ChpA, B and C) possess an LAXTG‐containing C‐terminal sorting signal and are predicted sortase substrates. The five remaining ‘short’ chaplins are presumed to be associated with the cell surface through interactions with the long chaplins. We show here that two sortase enzymes, SrtE1 and SrtE2, cleave LAXTG‐containing peptides at two distinct positions in vitro, and are required for cell wall anchoring of ChpC in vivo. srtE1/E2 do...

A Turning Point for Natural Products Discovery – ESF‐EMBO Research Conference: Synthetic Biology of Antibiotic Production

Molecular Microbiology — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Expression of the RNA Recognition Motif protein RBP10 promotes a bloodstream‐form transcript pattern in Trypanosoma brucei

Molecular Microbiology — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractWhen Trypanosoma brucei differentiates from the bloodstream form to the procyclic form, there are decreases in the levels of many mRNAs encoding proteins required for the glycolytic pathway, and the mRNA encoding the RNA Recognition Motif protein RBP10 decreases in parallel. We show that RBP10 is a cytoplasmic protein that is specific to bloodstream‐form trypanosomes, where it is essential. Depletion of RBP10 caused decreases in many bloodstream‐form‐specific mRNAs, with increases in mRNAs associated with the early stages of differentiation. The changes were similar to, but more extensive than, those caused by glucose deprivation. Conversely, forced RBP10 expression in procyclics induced a switch towards bloodstream‐form mRNA expression patterns, with concomitant growth inh...

A network of enzymes involved in repair of oxidative DNA damage in Neisseria meningitidis

Molecular Microbiology — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

ABSTRACTAlthough oxidative stress is a key aspect of innate immunity, little is known about how host‐restricted pathogens successfully repair DNA damage. Base excision repair (BER) is responsible for correcting nucleobases damaged by oxidative stress, and is essential for bloodstream infection caused by the human pathogen, Neisseria meningitidis. We have characterised meningococcal BER enzymes involved in the recognition and removal of damaged nucleobases, and incision of the DNA backbone. We demonstrate that the bi‐functional glycosylase/lyases Nth and MutM share several overlapping activities and functional redundancy. However MutM and other members of the GO system, which deal with 8‐oxoG, a common lesion of oxidative damage, are not required for survival of N. meningitidis under ...

Ligand and antagonist driven regulation of the Vibrio cholerae quorum‐sensing receptor CqsS

Molecular Microbiology — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

SummaryQuorum sensing, a bacterial cell‐cell communication process, controls biofilm formation and virulence factor production in Vibrio cholerae, a human pathogen that causes the disease cholera. The major V. cholerae autoinducer is (S)‐3‐hydroxytridecan‐4‐one (CAI‐1). A membrane bound two‐component sensor histidine kinase called CqsS detects CAI‐1, and the CqsS‐ > LuxU‐ > LuxO phosphorelay cascade transduces the information encoded in CAI‐1 into the cell. Because the CAI‐1 ligand is known and because the signaling circuit is simple, consisting of only three proteins, this system is ideal for analyzing ligand regulation of a sensor histidine kinase. Here we reconstitute the CqsS‐ > LuxU‐ > LuxO phosphorylation cascade in vitro. We find that CAI‐1 ...

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RcsB‐BglJ activates the Escherichia coli leuO gene, encoding an H‐NS antagonist and pleiotropic regulator of virulence determinants

Molecular Microbiology — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

SummaryThe LysR‐type transcription factor LeuO is involved in regulation of pathogenicity determinants and stress responses in Enterobacteriaceae, and acts as antagonist of the global repressor H‐NS. Expression of the leuO gene is repressed by H‐NS, and it is upregulated in stationary phase and under amino acid starvation conditions. Here, we show that the heterodimer of the FixJ/NarL‐type transcription regulators RcsB and BglJ strongly activates expression of leuO and that RcsB‐BglJ regulates additional loci. Activation of leuO by RcsB‐BglJ is independent of the Rcs phosphorelay system. RcsB‐BglJ binds to the leuO promoter region and activates one of two leuO promoters mapped in vivo. Moreover, LeuO antagonizes activation of leuO by RcsB‐BglJ and acts as negative autoregul...

Discrimination, Crypticity, and Incipient Taxa in Entamoeba

The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This study demonstrates that IP‐1 and VK‐1:NS trophozoites aggregate only with alike members and discriminate members of different strains based on behavioral and chemical signals. Combined morphological, behavioral/chemical, and ecological studies could improve Archamoebae phylogenies and define cryptic varieties. Evolutionary processes in which selection acted continuously and cumulatively on ancestors of Entamoeba populations gave rise to chemical and behavioral signals that allowed individuals to discriminate nonpopulation members and, gradually, to the emergence of new lineages; alternative views that claim a “Designer” or “Creator” as responsible for protistan diversity are unfounded. (Source: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology)

Superantigen profiles of emm and emm-like typeable and nontypeable pharyngeal streptococcal isolates of South India

Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Multiplex PCR analysis revealed the presence of superantigens in all the typeable strains irrespective of their emm types. However, the presence of superantigen genes in emm and emmL nontypeable strains has not been previously reported. In this study, presence of at least one or a combination of superantigen coding genes was identified in all the emm and emmL nontypeable strains. Thus, the superantigens may inevitably play an important role in the pathogenesis of these nontypeable strains in the absence of the primary virulence factor, M protein. (Source: Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials)

Gut bacteria in health and disease: a survey on the interface between intestinal microbiology and colorectal cancer.

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society — Thu, 02 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Boleij A, Tjalsma H Abstract A healthy human body contains at least tenfold more bacterial cells than human cells and the most abundant and diverse microbial community resides in the intestinal tract. Intestinal health is not only maintained by the human intestine itself and by dietary factors, but is also largely supported by this resident microbial community. Conversely, however, a large body of evidence supports a relationship between bacteria, bacterial activities and human colorectal cancer. Symbiosis in this multifaceted organ is thus crucial to maintain a healthy balance within the host-diet-microbiota triangle and accordingly, changes in any of these three factors may drive a healthy situation into a state of disease. In this review, the factors that sustain health...

Morbidity of foreign travelers in Attica, Greece: a retrospective study

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 17:11:04 +0100

Abstract Over the last decade, travel medicine was mainly focused on the epidemiology of diseases among travelers to developing countries. However, less is known about travel-related morbidity in Europe. We evaluated the demographic and clinical characteristics of foreign travelers to Greece during a 5-year period (01/01/2005 - 31/12/2009) who sought medical services from a network of physicians performing house-call visits (SOS Doctors) in the area of Attica, Greece. Overall, 3,414 foreign travelers [children (≤18 years of age): 27%] were identified; 151 (4.4%) required transfer to a hospital. The most common clinical entities were: respiratory disorders (34%), diarrheal disease (19%), musculoskeletal (12%), dermatologic (7%), non-diarrheal gastrointestinal (6%), a...

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Time to positivity of blood culture association with clinical presentation, prognosis and ESBL-production in Escherichia coli bacteremia

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 17:11:02 +0100

Abstract The time to positivity (TTP) of blood cultures has been associated with increased mortality in bacteremia caused by several microorganisms. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between TTP and prognosis, clinical presentation and extended spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL)-production in patients with Escherichia coli bacteremia. This is a retrospective observational study involving 226 adult patients with E. coli bacteremia. Data collected included underlying diseases, clinical presentation, prognosis factors, TTP, ESBL-production and outcome. Thirty-one (14%) patients had severe sepsis and 29 (13%) septic shock at presentation. Thirty-three (14%) strains were ESBL-producers. Thirty-nine (17%) patients died during admission and 17 (7.5%) within 48 hours. T...

Antibiotic susceptibility profiles and first report of TEM extended-spectrum β-lactamase in Pseudomonas fluorescens from coastal waters of the Kaštela Bay, Croatia

World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 17:10:11 +0100

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility profiles and the presence of extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates from coastal waters of the Kaštela Bay, Croatia. Twenty-two water samples were collected during 2009. Isolates were tested for susceptibilities to 13 antibiotics by Etest. ESBL production was confirmed by double-disk synergy test carried out on Mueller–Hinton agar plates containing efflux pump inhibitor Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide dihydrochloride. PCR and DNA sequencing analysis were used to identify ESBL-encoding genes. The transferability of cephalosporin resistance was tested by conjugation experiments. Genetic relatedness of ESBL-producing isolates was determined by random amplified polym...

Antiviral function and efficacy of polyvalent immunoglobulin products against CMV isolates in different human cell lines

Medical Microbiology and Immunology — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 17:09:42 +0100

This study suggests different antiviral functions of polyvalent IVIG and confirms their potential to inhibit a CMV infection in vitro, with profound differences between the hereby used IVIG products. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original PaperPages 1-10DOI 10.1007/s00430-012-0229-2Authors K. Frenzel, Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité University Medicine, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, GermanyS. Ganepola, Department of Haematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, GermanyD. Michel, Institute of Virology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, GermanyE. Thiel, Department of Haematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, GermanyD. H. Krüger, Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut-Ru...

Biosecurity Runs Up Against Scientific Endeavor: NSABB And H5N1 Redactions

Health News from Medical News Today — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 09:00:00 +0100

In response to recent actions of the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB), which recommended that two scientific journals withhold crucial details in upcoming reports about experiments with a novel strain of the bird flu virus, H5N1, the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) will publish a special series of commentaries by prominent scientists, including the acting chair of the NSABB, weighing in on whether the recommendations were necessary and what role biosecurity considerations should play in the dissemination of research findings... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Lungs Infected With Plague Bacteria Also Become Playgrounds For Other Microbes

Health News from Medical News Today — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 08:00:00 +0100

Among medical mysteries baffling many infectious disease experts is exactly how the deadly pneumonic plague bacterium, Yersinia pestis, goes undetected in the first few day of lung infection, often until it's too late for medical treatment. New research from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine has opened a door to the answer. Researchers led by William E. Goldman, PhD, professor and chair of microbiology and immunology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hilland a leading authority on Y... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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Halophilanema prolata n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Allantonematidae), a parasite of the intertidal bug, Saldula laticollis (Reuter)(Hemiptera: Saldidae) on the Oregon coast

Parasites and Vectors — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Halophilanema prolata (Nematoda: Allantonematidae) is described from the intertidal bug, Saldula laticollis on the Oregon coast. Infection rates ranged from 0 % to 85% depending on the microhabitat in the intertidal zone. Image: Parasitic female and juvenile stages of Halophilanema prolata removed from the hemocoel of the intertidal bug, Saldula laticollis on the Oregon coast. (Source: Parasites and Vectors)

The major secreted protein Msp1/p75 is O-glycosylated in Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG

Microbial Cell Factories — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: In this study we have provided the first evidence of protein O-glycosylation in the probiotic L rhamnosus GG. The major secreted protein Msp1 is glycosylated with a ConA reactive glycan at the serine residues at 106 and 107. Glycosylation is not required for the peptidoglycan hydrolase activity of Msp1 nor for Akt activation capacity in epithelial cells, but appears to be important for its stability and protection against proteases. (Source: Microbial Cell Factories)

Chemotaxis of Burkholderia sp. strain SJ98 towards chloronitroaromatic compounds that it can metabolise

BMC Microbiology - Latest articles — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Burkholderia sp. strain SJ98 exhibits metabolic transformation of, and inducible chemotaxis towards CNACs. Its chemotactic responses towards these compounds are related to its previously demonstrated chemotaxis towards NACs that it can metabolise, but it is independently inducible from its chemotaxis towards succinate or aspartate. (Source: BMC Microbiology - Latest articles)

Prolonged and Mixed non‐O157 E. coli Infection in an Australian Household

Clinical Microbiology and Infection — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This study illustrates the potentially complicated nature of non‐O157 STEC infections and the importance of molecular epidemiology in understanding disease clusters. (Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection)

Scabies and pediculosis: neglected diseases to highlight

Clinical Microbiology and Infection — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

(Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection)

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NDM‐1, OXA‐48, and OXA‐181 carbapenemase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae in Sultanate of Oman

Clinical Microbiology and Infection — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractTwenty‐two carbapenem‐resistant enterobacterial isolates were recovered from patients hospitalized between October 2010 and March 2011 at the Royal Hospital of Muscat, Sultanate of Oman. Eleven NDM‐1, five OXA‐48 and one NDM‐1 plus OXA‐181 producers of diverse ST types were recovered from clinical samples. All carbapenemase genes were located on self‐conjugative plasmids and were nearly always associated to other resistance determinants, including extend‐spectrum ß‐lactamases and the ArmA methylase encoding resistance to aminoglycosides. This work highlights the dissemination of NDM‐1 and OXA‐48‐type producers in the Middle East.© 2012 The Authors Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2012 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases ...

Statistical optimization of simple culture conditions to produce biomass of an ochratoxigenic‐ mold biocontrol yeast strain

Letters in Applied Microbiology — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Optimized culture conditions for maximizing yeast biomass production, determined in flask cultures was applicable at a larger scale. The highest yield values were attained in media containing relative low CMz concentrations supplemented with DAP and YE. YE would not be necessary if higher productivity is the aim.Significance and Impact of the Study: Cells of L. thermotolerans could be produced aerobically could be sustainably produced in a medium just containing cheap carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources. RSM allowed the fine tuning of cultural conditions.© 2012 The Authors Letters in Applied Microbiology © 2012 The Society for Applied Microbiology (Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology)

Neck compartmentalization as the molecular basis for the different endocytic behaviour of Chs3 during budding or hyperpolarized growth in yeast cells

Molecular Microbiology — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

ABSTRACTYeast cells normally grow by budding, but under certain specific conditions they are also able to grow in hyperpolarized forms reminiscent of hyphal growth. During vegetative growth, the synthesis of the septum that physically separates yeast cells during cytokinesis depends on the correct assembly of the septin ring. Septins and actin patches are assembled at the neck, forming two concentric rings where the actin patch ring occupies the external‐most part. This specific positioning defines a plasma membrane region at the neck from which other lateral membrane compartments are excluded. In this scenario, correct assembly of the chitin ring is dependent on the anchoring of Chs3 to the septin ring through Chs4. The anchoring of Chs3 to septins through Chs4 prevents the arrival of t...

Gut bacteria in health and disease: a survey on the interface between intestinal microbiology and colorectal cancer

Biological Reviews — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

A healthy human body contains at least tenfold more bacterial cells than human cells and the most abundant and diverse microbial community resides in the intestinal tract. Intestinal health is not only maintained by the human intestine itself and by dietary factors, but is also largely supported by this resident microbial community. Conversely, however, a large body of evidence supports a relationship between bacteria, bacterial activities and human colorectal cancer. Symbiosis in this multifaceted organ is thus crucial to maintain a healthy balance within the host‐diet‐microbiota triangle and accordingly, changes in any of these three factors may drive a healthy situation into a state of disease. In this review, the factors that sustain health or drive this complex intestinal system i...

Med Sci Monit 2012; 18(2):CR93-104 "Dentigenous infectious foci – a risk factor of infective endocarditis"

Medical Science Monitor — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Among various dentigenous, infectious foci, the intradental foci appear to constitute a risk factor for infective endocarditis. (Source: Medical Science Monitor)

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Author reply

Ophthalmology — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

We thank Chatterjee et al for their observations regarding the role of confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of infective keratitis. We would like to reiterate that our study was designed as a double-masked protocol with confocal microscopy performed first followed by microbiology evaluation, with both the evaluator studying the confocal scans and the microbiologist processing the slides and cultures masked to the results of the other's results. Only following the completion of the study and tabulation of the results, did the false positives and negatives emerge. Since the primary purpose of the study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the confocal microscope in diagnosing fungal and Acanthamoeba keratitis, we did not reexamine the scans from the false positives and false-n...

Confocal Microscopy

Ophthalmology — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

We have read with interest the article by Vaddavalli et al on the role of confocal microscopy in the diagnosis of infectious keratitis due to fungi and acanthamoeba. The authors found that about 10% of fungal keratitis could not be diagnosed with confocal microscopy, but do not suggest reasons for this. A possible explanation for false-negative results has been provided in another series published after Vaddavalli's article had been submitted, where it was suggested that hazy images and lack of patient cooperation may be possible causes of not detecting fungal filaments. Were the scans in this false-negative group of patients in the present study re-examined after microbiological confirmation to detect filaments that may have been missed or were additional scans performed? This might not ...

Acute phase 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid scan in infants with first episode of febrile urinary tract infection.

World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP — Wed, 01 Feb 2012 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: Parenchymal damage found in a minority of infants with febrile UTI presented promptly to the hospital. Acute phase DMSA scan should be carried out only in selected patients. An abnormal acute DMSA scan is a moderate predictor for dilated VUR and its ability to exclude VUR is restricted. PMID: 22282382 [PubMed - in process] (Source: World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP)

Does Vaginal Irrigation with Saline Solution in Women with Infectious Vaginitis Contribute to the Clinical and Microbiological Results of Antibiotic Therapy

Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 23:00:00 +0100

Gynecol Obstet Invest (DOI:10.1159/000332396) (Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation)

The use of rpoB sequence analysis in the differentiation of Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium chelonae: a critical judgement in Cystic Fibrosis?

Clinical Microbiology and Infection — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 20:43:46 +0100

(Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection)

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Domain organization of Legionella effector SetA

Cellular Microbiology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 20:40:43 +0100

SummaryLegionella pneumophila is a human pathogen causing severe pneumonia called Legionnaires' disease. Multiple Legionella effectors are type IV‐secreted into the host cell to establish a specific vesicular compartment for pathogen replication. Recently it has been reported that the Legionella effector SetA shares sequence similarity with glycosyltransferases and interferes with vesicular trafficking of host cells (Heidtman et al., 2009, Cell Microbiol 11: 230). Here we show that SetA possesses glycohydrolase and mono‐O‐glucosyltransferase activity by using UDP‐glucose as a donor substrate. Whereas the catalytic activity is located at the N terminus of SetA, the C terminus (amino acids 401‐644) is essential for guidance of SetA to vesicular compartments of host cells. EGFP‐Se...

Calcium and ROS mediated defense responses in BY2 tobacco cells by non‐pathogenic Streptomyces sp

Journal of Applied Microbiology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 20:38:16 +0100

Conclusions: New insights are thus provided into the interaction mechanisms between Streptomyces sp. and plants; Streptomyces sp. could be sensed by plant cells and through cytosolic Ca2+ changes and the generation of reactive oxygen species, defense responses were induced.Significance and Impact of Study: These induced defense responses appeared to participate to attenuating Pectobacterium‐induced diseases in plants. Thus Streptomyces sp. OE7 could to be a biocontrol agent against Pectobacterium sp..© No claim to US Government works. Journal of Applied Microbiology © 2012 The Society for Applied Microbiology (Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology)

The additive and synergistic antimicrobial effects of select frankincense and myrrh oils – a combination from the pharaonic pharmacopoeia

Letters in Applied Microbiology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 20:36:17 +0100

Conclusions: The majority of interactions identified synergistic and additive effects, with strong synergism noted between B. papyrifera with C. myrrha.Significance and Impact of the Study: Frankincense and myrrh essential oils have been used in combination since 1500 BC, however, no antimicrobial investigations have been undertaken to confirm their effect in combination. This study validates the enhanced efficacy when used in combination against a selection of pathogens.© 2012 The Authors Letters in Applied Microbiology © 2012 The Society for Applied Microbiology (Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology)

An Aspergillus nidulans bZIP response pathway hardwired for defensive secondary metabolism operates through aflR

Molecular Microbiology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 20:34:56 +0100

SummaryThe eukaryotic bZIP transcription factors are critical players in organismal response to environmental challenges. In fungi, the production of secondary metabolites (SMs) is hypothesized as one of the responses to environmental insults, e.g. attack by fungivorous insects, yet little data to support this hypothesis exists. Here we establish a mechanism of bZIP regulation of SMs through RsmA, a recently discovered YAP‐like bZIP protein. RsmA greatly increases SM production by binding to two sites in the A. nidulans AflR promoter region, a C6 transcription factor known for activating production of the carcinogenic and anti‐predation SM, sterigmatocystin (ST). Deletion of aflR in an overexpression rsmA (OE::rsmA) background not only eliminates ST production but also significantly re...

Obituary

FEMS Microbiology Letters — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 20:33:10 +0100

(Source: FEMS Microbiology Letters)

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Association of CiaRH with resistance of Streptococcus mutans to antimicrobial peptides in biofilms

Oral Microbiology and Immunology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 20:30:32 +0100

In this study, we investigated the mechanism of resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are innate immune factors in humans. Because dltA‐D (teichoic acid biosynthesis) was reported to affect the susceptibility to AMPs in other bacterial species, we evaluated the susceptibility of a dltC knockout mutant of S. mutans to the AMPs human beta‐defensin‐1 (hBD1), hBD2, hBD3 and LL37. The dltC mutant exhibited significantly increased susceptibility to AMPs. Regulation of dltC expression involved CiaRH, a two‐component system. Expression of dltC in the wild‐type strain was significantly increased in biofilm cells compared with that in planktonic cells, whereas expression was not increased in a ciaRH knockout mutant. In biofilm cells, we found that susceptibility to L...

Phytohormone production and colonization of canola (Brassica napus L.) roots by Pseudomonas fluorescens 6-8 under gnotobiotic conditions

Canadian Journal of Microbiology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 20:15:02 +0100

Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Volume 58, Issue 2, Page 170-178, February 2012. (Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology)

Correlation between plasma amino acid profiles and the various stages of hepatitis B infection

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 16:46:27 +0100

In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the amino acid profiles and varying clinical stages of HBV infection, and investigated their significance. The plasma amino acid concentrations in 115 patients with HBV infection and 32 healthy donors were detected and analyzed, and the main indicators of liver function were measured. Correlation analysis was performed between the amino acid profiles (Fischer’s ratio, branched-chain amino acid to tyrosine ratio [BTR]) and the key indicators of liver function in patients with HBV infection. Fisher’s ratio and the BTR of patients with HBV infection was found to differ from that of the healthy controls, and was also found to significantly correlate with the stage of HBV infection. Changes in the BTR were closely related to the lev...

The Prevalence of Urogenital Infections in Pregnant Women Experiencing Preterm and Full-Term Labor

International Journal of Photoenergy — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 11:10:23 +0100

Conclusions. Urogenital infections were prevalent in women in preterm labor and full-term labor; however, significant differences between the groups were not observed. (Source: International Journal of Photoenergy)

Serum capacity to neutralize superantigens does not affect the outcome of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 07:06:20 +0100

Abstract Staphylococcal superantigens (SAg) could play an important role in sepsis by activating numerous T cells. We investigated whether serum capacity to neutralize SAgs can be a prognostic factor in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB). In a university hospital, 105 consecutive SAB patients were enrolled during a 12-month period. The earliest serum samples prior to SAB onset were stored for a later T cell proliferation assay. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for 19 SAg genes was performed for S. aureus blood isolates. To determine the serum capacity to neutralize SAgs, T cell proliferation by the culture supernatant of each S. aureus isolate was measured in the presence and absence of the corresponding patient’s serum. Twenty-six (24.8%) patients died within...

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Q fever across the Dutch border in Limburg province, Belgium

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 07:06:20 +0100

Abstract Data from three different data sources were compiled to estimate the presence of Coxiella burnetii in the Belgian Limburg province for both humans and livestock. First, serological data of all samples sent to the Belgian reference centre (2003–2010) for human Q fever were analysed, showing evidence for an acute Q fever infection in 1–5% of the cases. Second, a multi-centre prospective survey was conducted in Limburg in 2010 to detect undiagnosed human cases; evidence for a recent infection with Coxiella burnetii was found in three out of 100 patients from which clinicians suspected a Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Third, we analyzed data from the Belgian livestock screening program (2009–2010) which consisted of investigating all reported abortions, sampling...

Surface multiheme c-type cytochromes from Thermincola potens and implications for respiratory metal reduction by Gram-positive bacteria [Microbiology]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

We present evidence from trypsin-shaving LC-MS/MS experiments and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) that indicates the expression of a number of MHCs during T. potens growth on either HFO or AQDS, and that several MHCs are localized to the cell wall or cell surface. Furthermore, one of the MHCs can be extracted from cells with low pH or denaturants, suggesting a loose association with the cell wall or cell surface. Electron microscopy does not reveal an S-layer, and the precipitation of silver metal on the cell surface is inhibited by cyanide, supporting the involvement of surface-localized redox-active heme proteins in dissimilatory metal reduction. These results provide unique direct evidence for cell wall-associated cytochromes and support MHC involvement in conducting electron...

Polar growth in the Alphaproteobacterial order Rhizobiales [Microbiology]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Elongation of many rod-shaped bacteria occurs by peptidoglycan synthesis at discrete foci along the sidewall of the cells. However, within the Rhizobiales, there are many budding bacteria, in which new cell growth is constrained to a specific region. The phylogeny of the Rhizobiales indicates that this mode of zonal growth may be ancestral. We demonstrate that the rod-shaped bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens grows unidirectionally from the new pole generated after cell division and has an atypical peptidoglycan composition. Polar growth occurs under all conditions tested, including when cells are attached to a plant root and under conditions that induce virulence. Finally, we show that polar growth also occurs in the closely related bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti, Brucella abortus, and ...

In-feed antibiotic effects on the swine intestinal microbiome [Microbiology]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Antibiotics have been administered to agricultural animals for disease treatment, disease prevention, and growth promotion for over 50 y. The impact of such antibiotic use on the treatment of human diseases is hotly debated. We raised pigs in a highly controlled environment, with one portion of the littermates receiving a diet containing performance-enhancing antibiotics [chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, and penicillin (known as ASP250)] and the other portion receiving the same diet but without the antibiotics. We used phylogenetic, metagenomic, and quantitative PCR-based approaches to address the impact of antibiotics on the swine gut microbiota. Bacterial phylotypes shifted after 14 d of antibiotic treatment, with the medicated pigs showing an increase in Proteobacteria (1–11%) compa...

Systematic identification of interactions between host cell proteins and E7 oncoproteins from diverse human papillomaviruses [Microbiology]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

More than 120 human papillomaviruses (HPVs) have now been identified and have been associated with a variety of clinical lesions. To understand the molecular differences among these viruses that result in lesions with distinct pathologies, we have begun a MS-based proteomic analysis of HPV–host cellular protein interactions and have created the plasmid and cell line libraries required for these studies. To validate our system, we have characterized the host cellular proteins that bind to the E7 proteins expressed from 17 different HPV types. These studies reveal a number of interactions, some of which are conserved across HPV types and others that are unique to a single HPV species or HPV genus. Binding of E7 to UBR4/p600 is conserved across all virus types, whereas the cellular protein ...

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Efficacy of a porous‐structured titanium subdermal barrier for preventing infection in percutaneous osseointegrated prostheses

Journal of Orthopaedic Research — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractInfections of percutaneous osseointegrated prostheses (POP) cause prolonged morbidity and device failure because once established, they are refractory to antibiotic therapy. To date, only limited translational animal studies have investigated the efficacy of POP designs in preventing infections. We developed an animal model to evaluate the efficacy of a porous‐coated titanium (Ti) subdermal barrier to achieve skin–implant integration and to prevent periprosthetic infection. In a single‐stage “amputation and implantation” surgery, 14 sheep were fitted with percutaneous devices with an attached porous‐coated Ti subdermal barrier. Nine sheep were implanted with a smooth Ti subdermal barrier construct and served as controls, with one control sheep removed from the study due...

Serum albumin disrupts cryptococcus neoformans and bacillus anthracis extracellular vesicles

Cellular Microbiology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

SummaryFor both pathogenic fungi and bacteria, extracellular vesicles have been shown to contain many microbial components associated with virulence, suggesting a role in pathogenesis. However, there are many unresolved issues regarding vesicle synthesis and stability, including the fact that vesicular packaging for extracellular factors involved in virulence must also have a mechanism for vesicle unloading. Consequently, we studied the kinetics of vesicle production and stability using [1‐14C] palmitic acid metabolic labeling and dynamic light scattering techniques. Cryptococcus neoformans vesicles were produced throughout all stages of fungal culture growth and they were stable once isolated. Density gradient analysis revealed that only a portion of the vesicle population carried crypt...

When bacteria target the nucleus: the emerging family of nucleomodulins

Cellular Microbiology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

SummaryThe nucleus, at the heart of the eukaryotic cell, hosts and protects the genetic material, governs gene expression and regulates the whole cell physiology, including cell division. A growing number of studies indicate that various animal and plant pathogenic bacteria can deliver factors to this central organelle to subvert host defenses by directly interfering with transcription, chromatin‐remodeling, RNA splicing or DNA replication and repair. Such bacterial molecules entering the nucleus, which we propose to term “nucleomodulins”, use diverse strategies to hijack nuclear processes by targeting host DNA or an array of nuclear proteins. In some cases, bacteria can even enter the nucleus. These bacterial “nuclear attacks” might have permanent genetic or long‐term epigenet...

Calpastatin upregulation in Mycoplasma hyorhinis‐infected cells is promoted by the mycoplasma lipoproteins via the NF‐κB pathway

Cellular Microbiology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

SummaryMycoplasma hyorhinis frequently contaminates cultured cells, with effects on synthetic and metabolic pathways. We demonstrated for the first time that contamination of cells by a strain of M. hyorhinis (NDMh) results in increased levels of calpastatin (the endogenous inhibitor of the ubiquitous Ca2+‐dependent protease calpain). We now show that the calpastatin upregulation by NDMh in neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells resides in the NDMh lipoprotein fraction (LPP), via the NF‐κB transcription pathway. NF‐κB activation requires dissociation of the cytoplasmic NF‐κB/IκB complex followed by NF‐κB translocation to the nucleus. NDMh‐LPP induced translocation of the NF‐κB/RelA subunit to the nucleus and upregulated calpastatin. RelA translocation and calpastatin elevation w...

Interaction of influenza A virus matrix protein with RACK1 is required for virus release

Cellular Microbiology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This study is focused on the role of the influenza A virus matrix protein M1 in virus release. We found that a mutation of the proline residue at position 16 of the matrix protein induces inhibition of virus detachment from cells. Depletion of the M1‐binding protein RACK1 also impairs virus release and RACK1 binding requires the proline residue at position 16 of M1. The impaired M1‐RACK1 interaction does not affect the plasma membrane binding of M1; in contrast, RACK1 is recruited to detergent‐resistant membranes in a M1‐proline‐16‐dependent manner. The proline‐16 mutation in M1 and depletion of RACK1 impairs the pinching‐off of the budding virus particles. These findings reveal the active role of the viral matrix protein in the release of influenza A virus particles that i...

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Effect of Continuous Ohmic Heating to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes in Orange and Tomato Juice

Journal of Applied Microbiology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Continuous ohmic heating can be effective at killing foodborne pathogens on orange and tomato juice with lower degradation of quality than conventional heating.Significance and Impact of Study: These results suggest that continuous ohmic heating might be effectively used to pasteurize fruit and vegetable juice in a short operating time and that the effect of inactivation depends on applied electric field strengths, treatment time and electric conductivity.© 2012The Authors Journal of Applied Microbiology © 2012 The Society for Applied Microbiology (Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology)

Involvement of TatD nuclease during programmed cell death in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei

Molecular Microbiology — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In this report, we describe the involvement of TatD nuclease during programmed cell death (PCD) in the human protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. T. brucei TatD nuclease showed intrinsic DNase activity, was localized in the cytoplasm and translocated to the nucleus when cells were treated with inducers previously demonstrated to cause PCD in T. brucei. Overexpression of TatD nuclease resulted in elevated PCD and conversely, loss of TatD expression by RNAi conferred significant resistance to the induction of PCD in T. brucei. Co‐immunoprecipitation studies revealed that TatD nuclease interacts with endonucleaseG suggesting that these two nucleases could form a DNA degradation complex in the nucleus. Together, biochemical activity, RNAi and subcellular localization results demonstr...

Electromagnetic irradiation of Enterococcus hirae at low‐intensity 51.8 and 53.0 GHz frequencies: changes in bacterial cell membrane properties and enhanced antibiotics effects

FEMS Microbiology Letters — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractElectromagnetic irradiation (EMI) of 51.8 and 53.0 GHz frequencies with low‐intensity (the flux capacity of 0.06 mW cm−2) and with exposure during 1 h markedly decreased the energy‐dependent H+ and K+ transport across the membranes of Enterococcus hirae ATCC9790. After EMI, a significant decrease of the overall and N,N’‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) sensitive ATPase activity of the membrane vesicles occurred as well. They were considerably lowered with 53.0 GHz frequency. EMI in combination with different antibiotics, such as ceftriaxone and kanamycin in their minimal inhibitory concentrations (100 μM and 200 μM, correspondingly), had enhanced effects on the bacterial cell growth and the changes in their membrane transport properties. Especially, total H+ efflux was m...

NCE102 homologue in Aspergillus fumigatus is required for normal sporulation, not hyphal growth or pathogenesis

FEMS Microbiology Letters — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractIn Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nce102 encodes a 173 amino acid transmembrane protein, which acts as a key player in eisosome assembly and plasma membrane organization. Here we describe the characterization of Nce102 homologue in the human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus. Our results demonstrated that AfuNce102 is continuously expressed during fungal growth. In addition, microscopic examination of an AfuNce102‐GFP expressing transformant confirmed the localization of the fusion protein to the endoplasmic reticulum with higher density fluorescence at the tip of the mycelium. During conidiogenesis, the protein was localized to the conidiophores and the conidia. Abnormal conidiation of AfuNce102 deletion mutant suggests a potential role for AfuNce102 in sporulation process. (Source: FE...

NSABB and H5N1 redactions: Biosecurity runs up against scientific endeavor

EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health — Tue, 31 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

(American Society for Microbiology) In response to recent actions of the US National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity, which recommended that two scientific journals withhold crucial details in upcoming reports about experiments with a novel strain of the bird flu virus, H5N1, the American Society for Microbiology will publish a special series of commentaries by prominent scientists, including the acting chair of the NSABB, in its online, open-access journal, mBio. (Source: EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health)

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Transcriptional Regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE/PPE Genes: A Molecular Switch to Virulence

Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 23:00:00 +0100

J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2011;21:97–109 (DOI:10.1159/000329489) (Source: Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology)

NSABB and H5N1 Redactions: Biosecurity Runs Up Against Scientific Endeavor

American Society for Microbiology — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 20:13:00 +0100

WASHINGTON, DC -- January 31, 2012 -- In response to recent actions of the U.S. National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB), which recommended that two scientific journals withhold crucial details in upcoming reports about experiments with a novel strain of the bird flu virus, H5N1, the American Society for Microbiology (ASM) will publish a special series of commentaries by prominent scientists, including the acting chair of the NSABB, weighing in on whether the recommendations were necessary and what role biosecurity considerations should play in the dissemination of research findings. Read more... (Source: American Society for Microbiology)

Cost-effective antigen testing for delimitation, monitoring and evaluation in bancroftian filariasis

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 16:06:04 +0100

This study was focussed on identifying a cost-effective method for delimitation, monitoring and evaluation in bancroftian filariasis. Finger prick blood samples were collected between 20.00 and 23.00 hours for the detection of microfilariae (mf) from the available population in a village which was endemic for lymphatic filariasis. Simultaneously, from each individual, four spots of 25-μl blood samples were collected on Whatman number 3 filter paper and air dried. Dried filter paper spots were pooled in quantities of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 on unknown and simulated mf and antigen prevalence. Pooled samples were assayed for circulating filarial antigen (CFA) using TropBIO Og4C3 ELISA kits. The community mf and CFA rates were 3.4% and 25.9%, respectively. The pool sizes of 20 and 25 sh...

More Use of Whole Gene Sequencing Poised to Play Important New Roles in Microbiology and Medical Laboratory Testing

Dark Daily — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 13:57:04 +0100

Cheaper, faster, and more accurate rapid gene sequencing technologies show great promise in identifying infectious disease agents In clinical laboratories across the nation, microbiology has greatly benefited from the introduction of molecular diagnostics in clinical practice. Now the field of microbiology is poised to undergo a more profound transformation of clinical practice, due to advances [...] (Source: Dark Daily)

Analysis of scalp wound infections among craniocerebral trauma patients following the 2008 wenchuan earthquake.

Turkish Neurosurgery — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:02 +0100

CONCLUSION: The rate of scalp wound infections following earthquake-induced craniocerebral trauma, which was dominated by Grampositive Staphylococcus aureus infection, has been markedly elevated in recent years. Early debridement and suturing, nutritional support and application of sensitive antibiotics can augment the therapeutic effect. PMID: 22274967 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Turkish Neurosurgery)

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One-step generation of error-prone PCR libraries using Gateway(R) technology

Microbial Cell Factories — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: The one-step method enables producing epPCR libraries of as high complexity and quality as does the regular, two-step, protocol for half the amount of work. In addition, it contributes to preserve the original complexity of the epPCR product. (Source: Microbial Cell Factories)

Superoxide dismutase activity of Helicobacter pylori per se from 158 clinical isolates and the characteristics

Microbiology and Immunology — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

ABSTRACTOur aims are to investigate the correlation between superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and gastroduodenal diseases and the characteristics of strains exposed to oxidative stress. Two sequenced strains, 26695 and J99, and clinical isolates from 156 Japanese patients with gastroduodenal diseases such as gastric cancer (n = 59) and non‐cancer (n = 97) were utilized. SOD activities of all 158 isolates were measured by a SOD Assay Kit‐WST and were divided into 3 groups; high‐SOD activity (>0.22, n = 2), moderate‐SOD activity (0.15≦　≦0.22, n = 16) and low‐SOD activity (<0.15, n = 140) groups. The expressions of H. pylori iron‐cofactored SOD (Fe‐SOD) were examined by western blotting with anti‐H. pylori Fe‐SOD antibody prep...

The 'Neglected Tropical Diseases': now a brand identity; responsibilities, context and promise.

Parasites and Vectors — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

No abstract required for an Editorial (Source: Parasites and Vectors)

Vaccination coverage among medical residents in Paris, France

Clinical Microbiology and Infection — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractMedical residents are particularly exposed to the risk of occupational infection. We aimed to determine the vaccination coverage in residents with an anonymous self‐reporting electronic questionnaire. A total of 250 residents entered this survey. Vaccination rates were particularly high for mandatory vaccinations (diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B virus and tuberculosis). Regarding recommended vaccinations (influenza 45.6%, pertussis 65.2%, measles 62.8%, varicella 62.8%), rates were insufficient to prevent hospital epidemics, but higher than those reported in other healthcare workers. Further immunization programmes should target residents, and not only senior healthcare workers, with a critical role for occupational medicine departments. (Source: Clinical Microbio...

Reflexions around crisis burials related to past plague epidemics

Clinical Microbiology and Infection — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Drawing its etymology from the Latin pestis, curse, the plague, over the last centuries, was more dreaded by mankind than any other epidemic. The Apocalypse had recognised the plague as the archetypal divine curse, “the power to kill over a fourth of the earth”. The plague is thus a particular topic of study insofar as it is one of the rare epidemics that had recurrent major consequences on demography and human societies. Its highly transmissible feature, the brutality of its action, its high pathogenicity marked by a strong lethality and a great swiftness, the complete absence of therapeutic before the 20th century, conferred to it a sinister specificity. Generating series of severe demographic crisis, rather well‐known in the Western world, it has necessarily influenced the evoluti...

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Outbreak of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/Herpangina associated with coxsackievirus A6 and A10 infections in 2010, France: a large citywide, prospective observational study

Clinical Microbiology and Infection — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractHand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina (HA) are frequently caused by several distinct serotypes belonging to the human enterovirus A species (HEVA). Enterovirus 71 is considered as a significant public health threat because of rare but fatal neurologic complications. A sentinel surveillance system involving paediatricians from Clermont‐Ferrand (France) was set up to determine the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of HFMD/HA associated with EV infections.A standardised report form was used to collect demographic and clinical data. Throat or buccal specimens were obtained prospectively and tested for the presence of enteroviruses. The frequency of HEVA serotypes was determined by genotyping. Phylogenetic relationships were analysed to identify potential new vir...

Taxonomy of lice and their endosymbiotic bacteria in the post‐genomic era

Clinical Microbiology and Infection — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractRecent studies of molecular and genomic data from the parasitic lice of birds and mammals, as well as their mutualistic endosymbiotic bacteria, are changing the phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of these organisms. Phylogenetic studies of lice suggest that vertebrate parasitism arose multiple times from free‐living book and bark lice. Molecular clocks show that the major families of lice arose in the late Mesozoic and radiated in the early Cenozoic following the radiation of mammals and birds. The recent release of the human louse genome has provided new opportunities for research. The genome is being used to find new genetic markers for phylogenetics and population genetics, to understand the complex evolutionary relationships of mitochondrial genes, and to study genome ev...

Impact of Guideline‐Concordant Antibiotics and Macrolide/β‐lactam Combinations in 3203 Patients Hospitalized with Pneumonia: Prospective Cohort Study

Clinical Microbiology and Infection — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In conclusion, guideline‐concordant antibiotics were not associated with decreased mortality for patients hospitalized with pneumonia, but were associated with decreases in the composite endpoint of death or ICU admission. Our findings do not support any clinical advantage to macrolide/β‐lactam compared to respiratory fluoroquinolone monotherapy. (Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection)

Anidulafungin for the treatment of candidaemia/invasive candidiasis in selected critically ill patients

Clinical Microbiology and Infection — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

AbstractA prospective, multicentre, phase IIIb study with an exploratory, open‐label design was conducted to evaluate efficacy and safety of anidulafungin for the treatment of candidaemia/invasive candidiasis (C/IC) in specific ICU patient populations. Adult ICU patients with confirmed C/IC meeting ≥1 of the following criteria were enrolled: postabdominal surgery, solid tumour, renal/hepatic insufficiency, solid organ transplant, neutropaenia, age ≥65 years. Patients received anidulafungin (200 mg on day 1, 100 mg/day thereafter) for 10–42 days, optionally followed by oral voriconazole/fluconazole. The primary efficacy endpoint was global (clinical and microbiologic) response at the end of all therapy (EOT). Secondary endpoints included global response at the end of intravenous the...

SpyA is a membrane‐bound ADP‐ribosyltransferase of Streptococcus pyogenes which modifies a streptococcal peptide, SpyB

Molecular Microbiology — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

In this study we demonstrate that SpyA is a surface‐exposed membrane protein which is anchored to the streptococcal membrane by an N‐terminal transmembrane sequence. We identified a small gene upstream of spyA, designated spyB, which encodes a peptide of 35 amino acids, and is co‐transcribed with spyA. Expression of spyBA is strongly influenced by translational coupling: mutational inactivation of spyB translation completely abolishes translation of spyA. spyB expression increases with increasing cell density and reaches its maximum at late exponential growth phase. The SpyB N‐terminus is predicted to fold into an amphipathic α‐helix, a structural motif that targets a protein to the cytoplasmic membrane. Consistent with the prediction, we found that a SpyB fusion with peptide af...

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A small RNA that regulates motility and biofilm formation in response to changes in nutrient availability in Escherichia coli

Molecular Microbiology — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

SummaryIn bacteria, many small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) are induced in response to specific environmental signals or stresses and act by base‐pairing with mRNA targets to affect protein translation or mRNA stability. In Escherichia coli, the gene for the sRNA IS061/IsrA, here renamed McaS, was predicted to reside in an intergenic region between abgR, encoding a transcription regulator and ydaL, encoding a small MutS‐related protein. We show that McaS is a ∼ 95 nt transcript whose expression increases over growth, peaking in early‐to‐mid stationary phase, or when glucose is limiting. McaS uses three discrete single‐stranded regions to regulate mRNA targets involved in various aspects of biofilm formation. McaS represses csgD, the transcription regulator of curli biogenesis an...

The effect of refrigerated storage of raw milk on the physicochemical and microbiological quality of Tunisian semihard Gouda‐type cheese during ripening

International Journal of Dairy Technology — Mon, 30 Jan 2012 04:29:44 +0100

A Tunisian semihard Gouda‐type cheese made from milk kept at 4 °C for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h was monitored during 45 days of ripening. The effect of milk refrigeration on the evolution of physicochemical parameters in relation to the quantitative variation of the microbial population during ripening of Gouda‐type cheese was investigated. Microbiological and physicochemical analyses were performed on raw milk and cheese samples after curding, 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, 37 and 45 days of ripening time. The raw milk kept under refrigeration at 4 °C for 96 h showed the highest microbial count and proteolysis level. The duration of storage significantly reduced the cheese yield as a result of important solubilisation casein in proteoses‐peptones. Results of different nitrogenous fractio...

Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Device Associated Infections

Infectious Diseases Clinics of North America — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 22:43:12 +0100

This article examines the epidemiology and microbiology of CIED infection and reviews specific host and procedural risk factors. Recent advances in the diagnosis of CIED infections and the multifaceted approach required for successful management in this complex patient population are also considered. (Source: Infectious Diseases Clinics of North America)

Urinary Catheter-Associated Infections

Infectious Diseases Clinics of North America — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 22:43:12 +0100

Catheter-acquired urinary infection is the most common device-associated healthcare-acquired infection. Although most patients are asymptomatic, symptomatic infection may occur and is associated with increased morbidity and costs. Long-term indwelling catheters are associated with more complex microbiology and greater morbidity than short-term catheters. The most effective way to prevent these infections is to restrict indwelling urinary catheter use to limited indications, and to discontinue use of a catheter as soon as feasible. Alternate means of managing bladder emptying, including external condom catheters for men and intermittent catheterization for patients with neurologic impairment of bladder emptying, should be used when possible. (Source: Infectious Diseases Clinics of North Ame...

Optimization of pressure-induced germination of Bacillus sporothermodurans spores in water and milk.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:55:43 +0100

This study shows the potential of using high hydrostatic pressure to induce the germination of B. sporothermodurans spores in milk before a heat treatment. PMID: 22265276 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Food Microbiology)

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Use of selected autochthonous lactic acid bacteria for Spanish-style table olive fermentation.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:55:32 +0100

Authors: Aponte M, Blaiotta G, La Croce F, Mazzaglia A, Farina V, Settanni L, Moschetti G Abstract The present work presents a successful attempt to achieve an enhanced and more predictable fermentation process in Spanish-style green olive technology by selection and use of autochthonous starter cultures. During the first phase of this work, two Spanish-like fermentations of green table olives of cultivar (cv) "Nocellara del Belice", coming from irrigated and not irrigated fields, were monitored, in order to highlight the best agricultural conditions for drupe production and to isolate lactic acid bacteria strains with relevant technological properties. Among 88 identified isolates, one Lactobacillus pentosus strain showed remarkable biochemical features and high acidification rate...

pilF polymorphism-based real-time PCR to distinguish Vibrio vulnificus strains of human health relevance.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:55:21 +0100

Authors: Baker-Austin C, Lemm E, Hartnell R, Lowther J, Onley R, Amaro C, Oliver JD, Lees D Abstract The Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio vulnificus is a common inhabitant of estuarine environments. Globally, V. vulnificus is a significant foodborne pathogen capable of causing necrotizing wound infections and primary septicemia, and is a leading cause of seafood-related mortality. Unfortunately, molecular methods for the detection and enumeration of pathogenic V. vulnificus are hampered by the genetically diverse nature of this pathogen, the range of different biotypes capable of infecting humans and aquatic animals, and the fact that V. vulnificus contains pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic variants. Here we report an alternative approach utilizing the development of a real-tim...

Behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes isolates through gastro-intestinal tract passage simulation, before and after two sub-lethal stresses.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:55:11 +0100

Authors: Barbosa J, Borges S, Magalhães R, Ferreira V, Santos I, Silva J, Almeida G, Gibbs P, Teixeira P Abstract The effects of previous exposure to sub-lethal acidic and osmotic stresses on the survival of Listeria monocytogenes during exposure to gastro-intestinal (GI) tract simulation, was investigated. Six L. monocytogenes strains isolated from cheeses were selected and exposed to high salt concentrations or acidic conditions and their viability compared in quick and slow digestions. The results demonstrated that (i) all isolates were more sensitive to the exposure to acidic than to osmotic sub-lethal conditions (ii) significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two types of digestion were observed; in slow digestion, the log reduction was higher for all the tested iso...

Modeling heat resistance of Bacillus weihenstephanensis and Bacillus licheniformis spores as function of sporulation temperature and pH.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:55:01 +0100

Authors: Baril E, Coroller L, Couvert O, Leguérinel I, Postollec F, Boulais C, Carlin F, Mafart P Abstract Although sporulation environmental factors are known to impact on Bacillus spore heat resistance, they are not integrated into predictive models used to calculate the efficiency of heating processes. This work reports the influence of temperature and pH encountered during sporulation on heat resistance of Bacillus weihenstephanensis KBAB4 and Bacillus licheniformis AD978 spores. A decrease in heat resistance (δ) was observed for spores produced either at low temperature, at high temperature or at acidic pH. Sporulation temperature and pH maximizing the spore heat resistance were identified. Heat sensitivity (z) was not modified whatever the sporulation environmental factors ...

Occurrence of non-lactic acid bacteria populations involved in protein hydrolysis of cold-stored high moisture Mozzarella cheese.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:54:50 +0100

Authors: Baruzzi F, Lagonigro R, Quintieri L, Morea M, Caputo L Abstract The aim of this study was to analyse non-lactic acid bacteria populations (NLABPs) and evaluate their role in proteolysis of cold-stored high moisture (HM) Mozzarella cheese. NLABPs reached values close to 8 log cfu mL(-1) after seven days of cold storage. Sequencing of 16 rDNA and rpoB genes and molecular biotyping allowed to identify 66 bacterial strains belonging to 25 species from 15 genera, mainly represented by Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Rahnella. Fifteen strains showed proteolytic activity values higher than 1000.00 μg Gly mL(-1) after 24 h of growth in skimmed milk. Moreover, as shown by Urea-PAGE, 11 proteolytic strains caused partial or total disappearance of at least one of the caseins. T...

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Technological and probiotic role of adjunct cultures of non-starter lactobacilli in soft cheeses.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:54:40 +0100

Authors: Burns P, Cuffia F, Milesi M, Vinderola G, Meinardi C, Sabbag N, Hynes E Abstract The influence of two cheese-isolated Lactobacillus strains on cheese composition, acceptability and probiotic capacity was assessed. Soft cheeses with and without the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum I91 or Lactobacillus paracasei I90 were prepared. Gross composition was assessed and secondary proteolysis was described by soluble fractions and free amino acids profiles. Acceptability was determined by a panel of 98 non-trained consumers. Cheeses harboring added Lactobacillus strains were also studied in vivo to evaluate their probiotic capacity. Gross composition of the cheeses was similar for control and treated (Lactobacillus-added) cheeses. Peptidolysis increased in cheeses with added l...

Effect of enterocin AS-48 in combination with biocides on planktonic and sessile Listeria monocytogenes.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:54:30 +0100

Authors: Caballero Gómez N, Abriouel H, Grande MA, Pérez Pulido R, Gálvez A Abstract Enterocin AS-48 was tested on a cocktail of Listeria monocytogenes strains in planktonic and sessile states, singly or in combination with biocides benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide, hexadecylpyridinium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium bromide, triclosan, poly-(hexamethylen guanidinium) hydrochloride, chlorhexidine, hexachlorophene, and the commercial sanitizers P3 oxonia and P3 topax 66. Combinations of sub-inhibitory bacteriocin concentrations and biocide concentrations 4 to 10-fold lower than their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) completely inhibited growth of the planktonic listeriae. Inactivation of Listeria in biofilms formed on polystyrene microtiter plates required concentrations...

Characterization of functional, safety, and probiotic properties of Enterococcus faecalis UGRA10, a new AS-48-producer strain.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:54:19 +0100

Authors: Cebrián R, Baños A, Valdivia E, Pérez-Pulido R, Martínez-Bueno M, Maqueda M Abstract Enterococcus faecalis UGRA10, a new AS-48-producer strain, has been isolated from a Spanish sheep's cheese. The inhibitory substance produced by E. faecalis UGRA10 was purified and characterized using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, confirming its identity with AS-48 enterocin (7.150 Da). Subsequent genetic analysis showed the existence of the as-48 gene cluster on a plasmid of approximately 70-kb. The UGRA10 strain was examined for safety properties such as enterococci virulence genes, biogenic amine production, and antibiotic resistance. As for most E. faecalis strains, PCR amplification revealed the existence of gene encoding for GelE...

Survival of freeze-dried microcapsules of α-galactosidase producing probiotics in a soy bar matrix.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:54:09 +0100

Authors: Chen M, Mustapha A Abstract Soy oligosaccharides, mainly α-galactosides, are prevalently present in soy protein products, and can result in unfavorable digestive effects when consumed. The aim of this research was to investigate the efficiency of α-galactoside reduction by probiotic bacterial hydrolysis and if such bacteria could be maintained in a high number in a soy protein product in a microencapsulated and freeze-dried form. The probiotic bacterium, Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-2, when induced by raffinose, exhibited a high level of α-galactosidase activity at 5.0 U/mg. To preserve probiotics with high viability, cells were microencapsulated and freeze-dried. Optimization of microencapsulation presented that a combination of κ-carrageenan and inulin at a proportio...

Impact of Gram-negative bacteria in interaction with a complex microbial consortium on biogenic amine content and sensory characteristics of an uncooked pressed cheese.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:53:58 +0100

Authors: Delbès-Paus C, Pochet S, Helinck S, Veisseire P, Bord C, Lebecque A, Coton M, Desmasures N, Coton E, Irlinger F, Montel MC Abstract The impact of Gram-negative bacteria on sensory characteristics and production of volatile compounds as well as biogenic amines (BA) in the core of an uncooked pressed type model cheese was investigated in the presence of a defined complex microbial consortium. Eleven strains of Gram-negative bacteria, selected on the basis of their biodiversity and in vitro BA-production ability, were individually tested in a model cheese. Four out of 6 strains of Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter freundii UCMA 4217, Klebsiella oxytoca 927, Hafnia alvei B16 and Proteus vulgaris UCMA 3780) reached counts close to 6log CFU g(-1) in the model cheese. In core of...

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Efficacy of a post enrichment acid treatment for isolation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from alfalfa sprouts.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:53:47 +0100

Authors: Fedio WM, Jinneman KC, Yoshitomi KJ, Zapata R, Weagant SD Abstract The enrichment, detection and isolation procedure in the current US FDA BAM have been shown effective for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a wide variety of foods. Recently reported modifications to the enrichment protocol, including post-enrichment immunomagnetic separation (IMS) procedures have improved sensitivity of the method for alfalfa sprouts. However, cultural isolation on selective agar plates still presents a challenge in this food matrix. The focus of this study was to reduce levels of competing microflora and enhance isolation of E. coli O157:H7 on selective agars. We optimized the use of a short acid treatment after enrichment and with post-enrichment IMS beads. The optimized acid treatments were ...

Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus parauberis from vacuum-packaging refrigerated seafood products.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:53:36 +0100

This study represents, to our knowledge, the first report of S. parauberis in seafood in general and in vacuum-packed food products in particular. Moreover, it provides a rapid method based on MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of S. parauberis. PMID: 22265288 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Food Microbiology)

Identification of yeast and acetic acid bacteria isolated from the fermentation and acetification of persimmon (Diospyros kaki).

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:53:25 +0100

In this study, persimmon use in wine and condiment production was investigated using molecular methods to identify the yeast and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) isolated from the alcoholic fermentation and acetification of the fruit. Alcoholic fermentation was allowed to occur either spontaneously, or by inoculation with a commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine strain, while acetification was always spontaneous; all these processes were performed in triplicates. Non-Saccharomyces yeast species were particularly abundant during the initial and mid-alcoholic fermentation stages, but S. cerevisiae became dominant toward the end of these processes. During spontaneous fermentation, S. cerevisiae Sc1 was the predominant strain isolated throughout, while the commercial strain of S. cerevisiae was...

Comparison of molecular detection methods for Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:53:14 +0100

This study compares several molecular methods for detection of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, in MPN enrichments from oysters and fish intestine samples. This study employed the DuPont Qualicon BAX(®) System Real-Time PCR assay for detection of V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus. Multiplex real-time PCR detection of total (tlh+), tdh+, and trh+V. parahaemolyticus was conducted on the Cepheid SmartCycler II. Total (rpoD) and tdh+V. parahaemolyticus were also detected using LAMP. V. vulnificus detection was performed using real-time PCR methods developed for the SmartCycler and the AB 7500 Fast. Recommended template preparations were compared to BAX(®) lysis samples for suitability. There was no significant difference in detection of V. parahaem...

Unexpected convergence of fungal and bacterial communities during fermentation of traditional Korean alcoholic beverages inoculated with various natural starters.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:53:04 +0100

Authors: Jung MJ, Nam YD, Roh SW, Bae JW Abstract Makgeolli is a traditional Korean alcoholic beverage manufactured with a natural starter, called nuruk, and grains. Nuruk is a starchy disk or tablet formed from wheat or grist containing various fungal and bacterial strains from the surrounding environment that are allowed to incorporate naturally into the starter, each of which simultaneously participates in the makgeolli fermentation process. In the current study, changes in microbial dynamics during laboratory-scale fermentation of makgeolli inoculated with six different kinds of nuruk were evaluated by barcoded pyrosequencing using fungal- and bacterial-specific primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 region and hypervariable regions V1 to V3 of the 16S rRNA gene, r...

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The antimicrobial properties of the lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) fractional components against foodborne pathogens and the conservation of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:52:53 +0100

Authors: Lacombe A, Wu VC, White J, Tadepalli S, Andre EE Abstract The antimicrobial properties of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) were studied against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus to determine which fractional components have antimicrobial effects and which microorganisms are most susceptible to these antimicrobial properties. Lowbush blueberry extract (F1) was separated using a C-18 Sep-Pak cartridge into monomeric phenolics (F2) and anthocyanins plus proanthocyanidins (F3). Fraction 3 was further separated into anthocyanins (F4) and proanthocyanidins (F5) using a LH-20 Sephadex column. Each fraction was initially screened for antimicrobial properties using agar diffusion assay. Treatments that d...

Is the production of the biogenic amines tyramine and putrescine a species-level trait in enterococci?

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:52:41 +0100

Authors: Ladero V, Fernández M, Calles-Enríquez M, Sánchez-Llana E, Cañedo E, Martín MC, Alvarez MA Abstract Biogenic amines (BA) are toxic nitrogenous compounds that can be accumulated in foods via the microbial decarboxylation of certain amino acids. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains belonging to different species and genera have been described as BA producers and are mainly responsible for their synthesis in fermented foods. It is generally accepted that the capacity to produced BAs is strain-dependent. However, the large number of enterococci identified as BA producers suggests that the aminogenic trait may be a species-level characteristic. Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus durans strains of different origin were analysed to determine their cap...

Inactivation of natural microorganisms in litchi juice by high-pressure carbon dioxide combined with mild heat and nisin.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:52:31 +0100

Authors: Li H, Zhao L, Wu J, Zhang Y, Liao X Abstract The individual and combined effects of high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCD), mild heat (MH) and nisin (200 ppm) on the inactivation of natural microorganisms, including aerobic bacteria (AB), yeasts and molds (Y&M), in litchi juice were evaluated. The samples were treated at a pressure of 10 MPa and temperatures of 32, 42 or 52 °C for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 min. Temperature played a prominent role in the inactivation of both AB and Y&M when combined with HPCD, particularly for AB at 52 °C and Y&M at temperatures ≥42 °C. Nisin increased the susceptibility of AB to the combined treatment of HPCD and MH (HPCD + MH). A reduction of 4.19 log cycles was achieved by HPCD + MH at 52 °C for 15 min, and compl...

Electrochemical disinfection: An efficient treatment to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 in process wash water containing organic matter.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:52:20 +0100

Authors: López-Gálvez F, Posada-Izquierdo GD, Selma MV, Pérez-Rodríguez F, Gobet J, Gil MI, Allende A Abstract The efficacy of an electrochemical treatment in water disinfection, using boron-doped diamond electrodes, was studied and its suitability for the fresh-cut produce industry analyzed. Tap water (TW), and tap water supplemented with NaCl (NaClW) containing different levels of organic matter (Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) around 60, 300, 550 ± 50 and 750 ± 50 mg/L) obtained from lettuce, were inoculated with a cocktail of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at 10(5) cfu/mL. Changes in levels of E. coli O157:H7, free, combined and total chlorine, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, COD and temperature were monitored during the treatments. In NaClW, free chlorine was produced m...

Detection of Yersinia spp. in meat products by enrichment culture, immunomagnetic separation and nested PCR.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:52:10 +0100

Authors: Lucero Estrada CS, Velázquez Ldel C, Favier GI, Di Genaro MS, Escudero ME Abstract The prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in meat products was assessed by four methods: cold enrichment in trypticase soy broth (A), enrichment in modified Rappaport broth at 25 °C (B), concentration by immunomagnetic separation (C) and yadA nested PCR (D). Furthermore, the pathogenic potentials of the isolates were established by phenotypic and genotypic tests, and their genomic relationships were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A total of 238 samples were collected at retail level in the city of San Luis, Argentina, during the period 2007-2008. The highest Yersinia prevalence in meat products was observed by method D (92 positive samples), followed by methods A (...

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Characterisation of the spoilage microbiota in raw salmon (Salmo salar) steaks stored under vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging combining conventional methods and PCR-TTGE.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:51:59 +0100

This study enhances the knowledge of MAP and vacuum-packed raw salmon spoilage microbiota. PMID: 22265297 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Food Microbiology)

Quantification of viable Brochothrix thermosphacta in cooked shrimp and salmon by real-time PCR.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:51:49 +0100

Authors: Mamlouk K, Macé S, Guilbaud M, Jaffrès E, Ferchichi M, Prévost H, Pilet MF, Dousset X Abstract Brochothrix thermosphacta, a Gram-positive bacterium, is considered as the predominant spoilage microbiota of modified atmosphere packing (MAP) shrimp and fish. Traditional methods currently used to detect B. thermosphacta in foods are time-consuming and labour-intensive. The aim of this study was to develop a real-time PCR quantification method combined with a propidium monoazide (PMA) sample treatment step to monitor the population of B. thermosphacta in cooked shrimp and salmon. The specificity of the two primers MO405 and MO404 used to amplify a 70bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene was demonstrated by using purified DNA from 30 strains, among 21 bacterial species including 2...

Stability of bovine coronavirus on lettuce surfaces under household refrigeration conditions.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:51:38 +0100

In this study, we examined coronavirus stability on lettuce surfaces. A cell culture adapted bovine coronavirus, diluted in growth media or in bovine fecal suspensions to simulate fecal contamination was used to spike romaine lettuce. qRT-PCR detected viral RNA copy number ranging from 6.6 × 10(4) to 1.7 × 10(6) throughout the experimental period of 30 days. Whereas infectious viruses were detected for at least 14 days, the amount of infectious virus varied, depending upon the diluent used for spiking the lettuce. UV and confocal microscopic observation indicated attachment of residual labeled virions to the lettuce surface after the elution procedure, suggesting that rates of inactivation or detection of the virus may be underestimated. Thus, it is possible that contaminated vegetab...

MudPIT analysis of alkaline tolerance by Listeria monocytogenes strains recovered as persistent food factory contaminants.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:51:28 +0100

Authors: Nilsson RE, Latham R, Mellefont L, Ross T, Bowman JP Abstract Alkaline solutions are used to clean food production environments but the role of alkaline resistance in persistent food factory contamination by Listeria monocytogenes is unknown. We used shotgun proteomics to characterise alkaline adapted L. monocytogenes recovered as persistent and transient food factory contaminants. Three unrelated strains were studied including two persistent and a transient food factory contaminant determined using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The strains were adapted to growth at pH 8.5 and harvested in exponential phase. Protein extracts were analysed using multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) and protein abundance compared by spectra counting. The strains ...

Bacterial community analysis during fermentation of ten representative kinds of kimchi with barcoded pyrosequencing.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:51:18 +0100

This study provides the comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing the biodiversity of the kimchi ecosystem. PMID: 22265301 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Food Microbiology)

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The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the microbiological quality and safety of carrot juice during refrigerated storage.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:51:09 +0100

Authors: Patterson MF, McKay AM, Connolly M, Linton M Abstract The microbial quality of untreated and pressure-treated carrot juice was compared during storage at 4, 8 and 12 °C. High pressure treatment at 500 MPa and 600 MPa (1 min/20 °C) reduced the total counts by approximately 4 log CFU ml(-1) and there was very little growth of the survivors during storage at 4 °C for up to 22 days. Total counts increased during storage of pressure-treated juice at 8 °C and 12 °C but took significantly longer to reach maximum levels compared to the untreated juice. The microflora in the untreated juice consisted predominantly of Gram-negative bacteria, identified as mostly Pantoea spp., Erwinia spp. and Pseudomonas spp. Initially the pressure-treated juice contained low numbers ...

Antimicrobial activity of cyclodextrin entrapped allyl isothiocyanate in a model system and packaged fresh-cut onions.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:50:58 +0100

Authors: Piercey MJ, Mazzanti G, Budge SM, Delaquis PJ, Paulson AT, Truelstrup Hansen L Abstract The aim of this work was to determine the antimicrobial effect of allyl isothiocyanate (AIT) entrapped in alpha and beta cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (ICs). In model experiments, AIT formulations were applied to filter paper discs fixed inside the lid of Petri dishes, where the agar surface was inoculated with the target organism (Penicillium expansum, Escherichia coli or Listeria monocytogenes). Solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography was used to determine static headspace concentrations of AIT formulations. The antimicrobial effect of beta IC was determined during aerobic storage of packaged fresh-cut onions at 5 °C for 20 days. AIT entrapped in beta IC exhib...

Efficacy of killer yeasts in the biological control of Penicillium digitatum on Tarocco orange fruits (Citrus sinensis).

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:50:47 +0100

Authors: Platania C, Restuccia C, Muccilli S, Cirvilleri G Abstract Killer Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Wickerhamomyces anomalus yeast strains were tested as biocontrol agents against Penicillium digitatum, one the most important causes of postharvest decay in orange fruits. W. anomalus, grown on acidified medium, demonstrated micocinogenic activity against P. digitatum, as indicated by large inhibition halos and hyphal damage resulting from β-glucanase activity. Oranges that had been deliberately inoculated with pathogens were protected from decay by W. anomalus. Inoculation of oranges with W. anomalus strains BS 91 and BS 92 reduced disease severity to 1 and 4%, respectively, for up to 10 days in storage. PMID: 22265304 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Food Microbiology)

Microbial communities on Australian modified atmosphere packaged Atlantic salmon.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:50:37 +0100

Authors: Powell SM, Tamplin ML Abstract The role of specific spoilage organisms (SSO) in products such as Atlantic salmon has been well documented. However, little is known about what other micro-organisms are present and these organisms may indirectly influence spoilage by their interactions with the SS0. We used a combination of culture-based and DNA-based methods to explore the microbial communities found on Atlantic salmon fillets packed in a modified atmosphere of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. After 15 days the communities were dominated by Shewanella spp. or Carnobacterium spp. and a variety of other genera were present in smaller numbers. Variability in the microbial community composition in packages processed on the same day was also observed. This was mostly due to differen...

Cold atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of ready-to-eat meat: Inactivation of Listeria innocua and changes in product quality.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:50:26 +0100

Authors: Rød SK, Hansen F, Leipold F, Knøchel S Abstract The application of cold atmospheric pressure plasma for decontamination of a sliced ready-to-eat (RTE) meat product (bresaola) inoculated with Listeria innocua was investigated. Inoculated samples were treated at 15.5, 31, and 62 W for 2-60 s inside sealed linear-low-density-polyethylene bags containing 30% oxygen and 70% argon. Treatments resulted in a reduction of L. innocua ranging from 0.8 ± 0.4 to 1.6 ± 0.5 log cfu/g with no significant effects of time and intensity while multiple treatments at 15.5 and 62 W of 20 s with a 10 min interval increased reduction of L. innocua with increasing number of treatments. Concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) increased with power, treatment...

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Production of potentially probiotic beverages using single and mixed cereal substrates fermented with lactic acid bacteria cultures.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:50:16 +0100

Authors: Rathore S, Salmerón I, Pandiella SS Abstract In the present work, single and mixed cereal substrates were fermented with lactic acid bacteria to study and compare the effect of the media formulation on fermentation parameters. Three cereal flours namely malt, barley and barley mixed with malt (barley-malt) were selected and fermented with two probiotic strains: Lactobacillus plantarum (NCIMB 8826) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (NCIMB 8821). The effect of the single and mixed cereal flour suspensions on the fermentation of these two strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was studied at an incubation temperature of 30°C for 28h. It was found that the LAB growth was enhanced in media containing malt and significant amounts of lactic acid were produced (0.5-3.5g/L). A cell co...

Effect of lysozyme on "flor" velum yeasts in the biological aging of sherry wines.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:50:05 +0100

Effect of lysozyme on "flor" velum yeasts in the biological aging of sherry wines. Food Microbiol. 2012 May;30(1):245-52 Authors: Roldán A, Lasanta C, Caro I, Palacios V Abstract Biological aging is a key step in the production of Sherry wine classified as "fine". During this stage, a film of yeast referred to as "flor velum" covers the surface of the wine and substantially alters its characteristics. Other microorganisms may coexist with flor yeasts, such as lactic acid bacteria and non-Saccharomyces yeasts, whose growth may be favored under certain conditions, causing organoleptic deviations and deterioration of the wine. To prevent the development of lactic bacteria, lysozyme usage has been introduced. Lysozyme is a hydrolytic enzyme with muramidase activity that can ly...

A novel Lactobacillus pentosus-paired starter culture for Spanish-style green olive fermentation.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:49:55 +0100

Authors: Ruiz-Barba JL, Jiménez-Díaz R Abstract A new starter culture consisting of two Lactobacillus pentosus strains was developed and successfully used for Spanish-style green olive fermentations in an industrial study. The inoculum, consisting of L. pentosus LP RJL2 and LP RJL3 strains, was inoculated in 10,000 kg glass fiber containers at 10(6) CFU/ml and 10(5) CFU/ml, final concentration respectively, in five different olive processing plants in the south of Spain. As a control, uninoculated fermentors were also used. In all inoculated fermentors, the paired starter rapidly colonized the brines to dominate the natural microbiota and persisted throughout fermentation. A decline in pH to reach about 5.0 was achieved in the first 15-20 days, reaching about 4.0 at the end o...

Technological characterization of Geotrichum candidum strains isolated from a traditional Spanish goats' milk cheese.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:49:45 +0100

Authors: Sacristán N, González L, Castro JM, Fresno JM, Tornadijo MA Abstract Forty-one strains of Geotrichum candidum isolated from Armada cheese, Sobado variety, were screened for their enzymatic activities, including proteolytic and lipolytic activities and aminopeptidase activity. The highest extracellular proteolytic activity was detected for 8 strains with values ranging between 2.086 and 4.685 mM Gly L(-1) of milk. Extracellular lipolytic activity was high for all but one of the G. candidum strains, with values ranging between 67 and 131 μmol oleic mL(-1). Cell-bound lipase activity showed values which were considerably lower than those for extracellular activity, ranging between 32.50 and 42.50 μmol oleic mL(-1) and falling below 20 μmol oleic mL(-1) in 28...

Modeling the growth rate and lag time of different strains of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat lettuce.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:49:35 +0100

Authors: Sant'ana AS, Franco BD, Schaffner DW Abstract The growth parameters (growth rate, μ and lag time, λ) of three different strains each of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in minimally processed lettuce (MPL) and their changes as a function of temperature were modeled. MPL were packed under modified atmosphere (5% O(2), 15% CO(2) and 80% N(2)), stored at 7-30 °C and samples collected at different time intervals were enumerated for S. enterica and L. monocytogenes. Growth curves and equations describing the relationship between μ and λ as a function of temperature were constructed using the DMFit Excel add-in and through linear regression, respectively. The predicted growth parameters for the pathogens observed in this study were compared to ComBase, Path...

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Preservation of functionality of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis INL1 after incorporation of freeze-dried cells into different food matrices.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:49:25 +0100

Authors: Vinderola G, Zacarías MF, Bockelmann W, Neve H, Reinheimer J, Heller KJ Abstract The aim of this work was to investigate how production and freeze-drying conditions of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis INL1, a probiotic strain isolated from breast milk, affected its survival and resistance to simulated gastric digestion during storage in food matrices. The determination of the resistance of bifidobacteria to simulated gastric digestion was useful for unveiling differences in cell sensitivity to varying conditions during biomass production, freeze-drying and incorporation of the strain into food products. These findings show that bifidobacteria can become sensitive to technological variables (biomass production, freeze-drying and the food matrix) without this fact bei...

Reduction of food matrix interference by a combination of sample preparation and multi-dimensional gating techniques to facilitate rapid, high sensitivity analysis for Escherichia coli serotype O157 by flow cytometry.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:49:15 +0100

Authors: Wilkes JG, Tucker RK, Montgomery JA, Cooper WM, Sutherland JB, Buzatu DA Abstract Escherichia coli serotype O157 strains, which may be found in foods, often produce enterohemorrhagic toxins. The research goal was to facilitate rapid, sensitive detection in foods of E. coli serotype O157 by flow cytometry. Sample preparation methods were developed for potential use in 15 foods. Combined with multi-dimensional gating, these methods decreased time-to-results (TTR) for determination of low-level contamination. They mitigated the effects of interfering food components, concentrated cells for analysis without growth or, when necessary, used short-term incubation. The results showed qualitative analysis that was equivalent to culture plating in accuracy and superior in sensitivi...

Biodiversity of yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria in the fermentation of "Shanxi aged vinegar", a traditional Chinese vinegar.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:49:05 +0100

Biodiversity of yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria in the fermentation of "Shanxi aged vinegar", a traditional Chinese vinegar. Food Microbiol. 2012 May;30(1):289-97 Authors: Wu JJ, Ma YK, Zhang FF, Chen FS Abstract Shanxi aged vinegar is a famous traditional Chinese vinegar made from several kinds of cereal by spontaneous solid-state fermentation techniques. In order to get a comprehensive understanding of culturable microorganism's diversity present in its fermentation, the indigenous microorganisms including 47 yeast isolates, 28 lactic acid bacteria isolates and 58 acetic acid bacteria isolates were recovered in different fermenting time and characterized based on a combination of phenotypic and genotypic approaches including inter-delta/PCR, PCR-RFLP...

Effect of periodic fluctuation in the osmotic environment on the adaptation of Salmonella.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:48:54 +0100

Authors: Zhou K, George SM, Li PL, Baranyi J Abstract The growth of Salmonella from different osmotic histories was studied in low water activity conditions. Cell cultures were successively diluted and grown in batch, in minimal medium, without and then with added NaCl, several times and from different inoculum levels. The viable count curves obtained in low water activity conditions showed an initial decline after which the culture either died out or recovered and entered the exponential phase. After the first batch with NaCl added, the subsequent curves at low water activity showed progressively smaller initial decline and shorter lag time as the number of transfers from high to low water activity conditions increased. The observed curves were analyzed by F-tests applying an exte...

Antimicrobial activity of different copper alloy surfaces against copper resistant and sensitive Salmonella enterica.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:48:44 +0100

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of copper surfaces on copper resistant and sensitive strains of Salmonella enterica. Six different copper alloy coupons (60-99.9% copper) were tested along with stainless steel as the control. The coupons were surface inoculated with either S. Enteritidis or one of the 3 copper resistant strains, S. Typhimurium S9, S19 and S20; stored under various incubation conditions at room temperature; and sampled at various times up to 2 h. The results showed that under dry incubation conditions, Salmonella only survived 10-15 min on high copper content alloys. Salmonella on low copper content alloys showed 3-4 log reductions. Under moist incubation conditions, no survivors were detected after 30 min-2 h on high copper content...

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Transcriptome sequencing of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis under desiccation and starvation stress in peanut oil.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:48:34 +0100

In this study, we used the RNA-seq approach to compare the transcriptomes (27-33 million 36-bp reads per sample) of a Salmonella enterica subsp. enteric serovar Enteritidis strain ATCC BAA-1045 after inoculation in peanut oil (water activity 0.30) for 72 h, 216 h and 528 h to those grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth for 12 h and 312 h. Our results showed that desiccated Salmonella cells in peanut oil were in a physiologically dormant state with <5% of its genome being transcribed compared to 78% in LB broth. Among the few detected transcripts in peanut oil, genes involved in heat and cold shock response, DNA protection and regulatory functions likely play roles in cross protecting Salmonella from desiccation and starvation stresses. In addition, non-coding RNAs may also play roles i...

Application of propidium monoazide-qPCR to evaluate the ultrasonic inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fresh-cut vegetable wash water.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:48:23 +0100

Authors: Elizaquível P, Sánchez G, Selma MV, Aznar R Abstract The efficacy of sanitizing technologies in produce or in vegetable wash water is generally evaluated by plate count in selective media. This procedure is time consuming and can lead to misinterpretations because environmental conditions and sanitizing processes may affect bacterial growth or culturable capability. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the applicability of a propidium monoazide real-time PCR (PMA-qPCR) method to monitor the inactivation by ultrasound treatment of foodborne bacteria in fresh-cut vegetable wash water. To this aim, lettuce wash water was artificially inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 (10(6) CFU/mL) and treated by means of a continuous ultrasonic irradiation with a power dens...

Evaluation of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) method for the detection and identification of STEC O104 strains from sprouts.

Food Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 21:48:13 +0100

This study validated the use of a standard method to detect and recover two strains of E. coli O104 STEC at a level of approximately 1 CFU/g from sprouts. The use of additional serotype-specific real-time PCR assays and supplemental chromogenic media to assist the detection and recovery of these organisms were also evaluated. PMID: 22265319 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Food Microbiology)

Stealthy leprosy pathogen evades critical vitamin D-dependent immune response

UCLA Newsroom: Health Sciences — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 18:00:00 +0100

A team of UCLA scientists has found that the pathogen that causes leprosy has a remarkable ability to avoid the human immune system by inhibiting the antimicrobial responses important to our defenses. In one of the first laboratory studies of its kind, researchers discovered that the leprosy pathogen Mycobacterium leprae was able to reduce and evade immune activity that is dependent on vitamin D, a natural hormone that plays an essential role in the body's fight against infections. The pathogen manipulated micro-RNAs, tiny molecules made of ribonucleic acids that carry information and that help regulate genes to direct cell activity, including immune system defenses. Micro-RNAs are short RNAs that do not code information for proteins, which carry out all cell activity; ...

Oral ecosystem alterations in celiac children: A follow-up study

Archives of Oral Biology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 16:46:12 +0100

Conclusions: The main differences amongst CD children who did or did not comply with a gluten-free diet and control children are the presence of PMNs in oral mucosa and protein salivary patterns; these findings could be considered as markers for CD, in conjunction with other signs and symptoms. (Source: Archives of Oral Biology)

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Low virulent oral Candida albicans strains isolated from smokers

Archives of Oral Biology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 16:46:12 +0100

Abstract: It is widely accepted that tabagism is a predisposing factor to oral candidosis and cumulate data suggest that cigarette compounds may increase candidal virulence. To verify if enhanced virulence occurs in Candida albicans from chronic smokers, a cohort of 42 non-smokers and other of 58 smokers (all with excellent oral conditions and without signs of candidosis) were swabbed on tong dorsum and jugal mucosa. Results showed that oral candidal loads do not differ between smoker and non-smokers. Activities of secreted aspartyl-protease (Sap), phospholipase, chondroitinase, esterase–lipase, and haemolysin secretions were screened for thirty-two C. albicans isolates. There were detected significant increments in phospholipasic and chondroitinasic activities in isolates from non-smoke...

An in vitro comparison of dentifrice formulations in three distinct oral microbiotas

Archives of Oral Biology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 16:46:12 +0100

Abstract: Objectives: In vitro biofilm models, representative of some aspects of nascent, supra-gingival plaques (Hydroxyapatite Disc Biofilm Models), developed supra-gingival plaques (Modified Drip-flow Biofilm Reactors) and sub-gingival plaques (Multiple Sorbarod Devices) were used to compare the antimicrobial effects of a triclosan-containing dentifrice with a stannous fluoride and zinc lactate combination.Design: Triplicate salivary biofilm microcosms were maintained for 2d (hydroxyapatite discs), 5d (Sorbarods) or up to 6d (drip flow reactors). Dentifrice slurries (10%, w/v) were added once to the discs and repeatedly to the Drip Flow Reactors and Sorbarods. Plaques were analysed by differential culture and gravimetrically.Results: Whilst both dentifrices were comparably effective at ...

A promiscuous antitoxin of bacteriophage T4 ensures successful viral replication

Molecular Microbiology — Sun, 29 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This study is an exciting addition to both the bacteriophage resistance and TA fields, and suggests a greater role for TA system‐based resistance and counter‐resistance in the world's oldest predator‐prey relationship. (Source: Molecular Microbiology)

Low prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in Somali pastoral livestock, southeast Ethiopia

Tropical Animal Health and Production — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 16:52:10 +0100

Abstract A cross-sectional study of bovine tuberculosis (BTB) detected by the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CIDT) was conducted in livestock of the Somali region in southeast Ethiopia—in four pastoral associations from January to August 2009. In 94 herds, each of 15 cattle, camels, and goats was tested per herd leading to a total of 1,418 CIDT tested animals, with 421 cattle, 479 camels, and 518 goats. A herd was considered positive if it had at least one reactor. Prevalence per animal species was calculated using a xtgee model for each species. The individual animal prevalence was 2.0% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.5–8.4], 0.4% (95% CI, 0.1–3%), and 0.2% (95% CI, 0.03–1.3) in cattle, camels, and goats, respectively. Prevalence of avian mycobacterium ...

Dacryocystitis: Systematic Approach to Diagnosis and Therapy

Current Infectious Disease Reports — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 16:50:36 +0100

The objective of this paper is to review the main findings of the largest studies on the etiopathogenesis and microbiology of the development of dacryocystitis and to formulate clinical and surgical guidelines based on said studies and on our experience at Cruces Hospital, the Basque Country, Spain. The most common sign of this entity is the distal nasolacrimal duct obstruction, and this should be treated to prevent clinical relapse. The time when surgery should be indicated mainly depends on the clinical signs and symptoms, age and general status of a patient. Given the germs isolated in cases of dacryocystitis, antibiotic therapy against Gram positive (S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, S. epidermidis) and Gram negative bacteria (H. influenzae, P. aeruginosa) should be administered, orally i...

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Genotyping of Human parvovirus B19 among Brazilian patients with hemoglobinopathies

Canadian Journal of Microbiology — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 08:13:49 +0100

Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 200-205, e-First articles. (Source: Canadian Journal of Microbiology)

Porphyromonas gingivalis and its lipopolysaccharide differentially regulate the expression of cathepsin B in endothelial cells

Oral Microbiology and Immunology — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

This study suggests that direct infection of ECs by P. gingivalis may worsen atherosclerotic plaque formation via activation of the CATB pathway. (Source: Oral Microbiology and Immunology)

Pyrosequencing Reveals Diverse and Distinct Sponge-Specific Microbial Communities in Sponges from a Single Geographical Location in Irish Waters.

Microbial Ecology — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Jackson SA, Kennedy J, Morrissey JP, O'Gara F, Dobson AD Abstract Marine sponges are host to numerically vast and phylogenetically diverse bacterial communities, with 26 major phyla to date having been found in close association with sponge species worldwide. Analyses of these microbial communities have revealed many sponge-specific novel genera and species. These endosymbiotic microbes are believed to play significant roles in sponge physiology including the production of an array of bioactive secondary metabolites. Here, we report on the use of culture-based and culture-independent (pyrosequencing) techniques to elucidate the bacterial community profiles associated with the marine sponges Raspailia ramosa and Stelligera stuposa sampled from a single geographical location...

DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV Mutations in Quinolone-Resistant Flavobacterium psychrophilum Isolated from Diseased Salmonids in Norway

Microbial Drug Resistance — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 04:14:45 +0100

Microbial Drug Resistance , Vol. 0, No. 0. (Source: Microbial Drug Resistance)

Beta‐hexosaminidase activity of the oral pathogen Tannerella forsythia influences biofilm formation on glycoprotein substrates

FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 03:22:17 +0100

AbstractTannerella forsythia is an important pathogen in periodontal disease. Previously, we showed that its sialidase activity is key to utilisation of sialic acid from a range of human glycoproteins for biofilm growth and initial adhesion. Removal of terminal sialic acid residues often exposes β‐linked glucosamine or galactosamine which may also be important adhesive molecules. In turn, these residues are often removed by a group of enzymes known as β‐hexosaminidases. We show here that T. forsythia has the ability to cleave glucosamine and galactosamine from model substrates and that this activity can be inhibited by the hexosaminidase inhibitor PugNAc (O‐(2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucopyranosylidene)amino N‐phenyl carbamate). We now demonstrate for the first time that �...

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Adenosine deamination increases the survival under acidic conditions in Escherichia coli

Journal of Applied Microbiology — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 02:27:23 +0100

Conclusions: Our present results imply that adenosine was used to survive under extremely acidic conditions via the production of NH3.Significance and Impact of the Study: It has been proposed that amino acid decarboxylation is the major system for the resistance of E. coli to acidic stress. In the present study, the adenosine deamination was shown to induce the survival under acidic conditions, demonstrating that bacteria have alternative strategies to survive under acidic conditions besides amino acid decarboxylation.© 2012The Authors Journal of Applied Microbiology © 2012 The Society for Applied Microbiology (Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology)

Identification and characterization of Francisella species from natural warm springs in Utah, U.S.A.

Letters in Applied Microbiology — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 02:24:27 +0100

Conclusion: We were successful in isolating several Francisella strains from natural warm springs; however, none appeared to genetically match the original 2001 clinical isolate.Significance and Impact of Study: This work highlights the presence of viable, potentially pathogenic, Franscisella species living in the unique environmental niche of natural warm springs.© No claim to US Government works. Letters in Applied Microbiology © 2012 The Society for Applied Microbiology (Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology)

Differential roles of pyruvate decarboxylase in aerial and embedded mycelia of the ascomycete Gibberella zeae

FEMS Microbiology Letters — Sat, 28 Jan 2012 02:20:39 +0100

In this study, we deleted all three pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) genes, which encode enzymes that function upstream of ACS1 in the PAA pathway. Results suggest PDC1 is required for lipid accumulation in the aerial mycelia, and deletion of PDC1 resulted in highly wettable mycelia. However, the total amount of lipids in the PDC1 deletion mutants was similar to that of the wild‐type strain, likely due to compensatory lipid production processes in the embedded mycelia. PDC1 was expressed both in the aerial and embedded mycelia, whereas ACS1 was observed only in the aerial mycelia in a PDC1‐dependent manner. PDC1 is also involved in vegetative growth of embedded mycelia in G. zeae, possibly through initiating the ethanol fermentation pathway. Thus, PDC1 may function as a key metabolic enzym...

US immunologists to honor DMS' Green

News at Dartmouth Medical School — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 21:00:56 +0100

The American Association of Immunologists (AAI) will honor Dartmouth Medical School's chair of microbiology and immunology for his work on public policy issues and his advocacy of research funding on behalf of fellow immunologists and other scientists. (Source: News at Dartmouth Medical School)

12/15-Lipoxygenase Protein May Help Control Alzheimer's

Health News from Medical News Today — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 19:00:00 +0100

Researchers at the Temple University's School of Medicine recently identified a protein in the brain that could have a major role in regulating the creation of amyloid beta, the major component of plaques implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Three years ago, the presence of the protein, called 12/15-Lipoxygenase, was detected in the brain by leading researcher Domenico Pratico, professor of pharmacology and microbiology and immunology at Temple, who said: "We found this protein to be very active in the brains of people who have Alzheimer's disease... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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Analytical solutions and validation of electric field and dielectrophoretic force in a bio‐microfluidic channel

Electrophoresis — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 18:27:31 +0100

AbstractIn a microbiological device, cell or particle manipulation and characterization require the use of electric field on different electrodes in several configurations and shapes. To efficiently design microelectrodes within a microfluidic channel for dielectrophoresis focusing, manipulation and characterization of cells, the designer will seek the exact distribution of the electric potential, electric field and hence dielectrophoresis force exerted on the cell within the microdevice. In this paper we describe the approach attaining the analytical solution of the dielectrophoretic force expression within a microchannel with parallel facing same size electrodes present on the two faces of channel substrates, with opposite voltages on the pair electrodes. Simple Fourier series mathematic...

Epidemiology and genetic relatedness of measles virus infection in Uttar Pradesh, India, during 2009-2010

Archives of Virology — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:56:14 +0100

This study calls for an improved surveillance system and intensive characterization of genotypes in circulation for the measles elimination program in India. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 1-9DOI 10.1007/s00705-012-1227-9Authors Akhalesh Kumar Shakya, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014 IndiaVibha Shukla, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014 IndiaHarjeet Singh Maan, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226 014 IndiaT. N. Dhole, Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebare...

SORL1 genetic variants and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:55:12 +0100

Abstract The neuronal sortilin-related receptor with A-type repeats (SORL1, also called LR11 or sorLA) is involved in amyloidogenesis, and the SORL1 gene is a major risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We investigated AD-related CSF biomarkers for associations with SORL1 genetic variants in 105 German patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. The homozygous CC-allele of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 4 was associated with increased Tau concentrations in AD, and the minor alleles of SNP8, SNP9, and SNP10 and the haplotype CGT of these SNPs were associated with increased SORL1 concentrations in MCI. SNP22 and SNP23, and the haplotypes TCT of SNP19-21-23, and TTC of SNP22-23-24 were correlated with decreased Aβ42 levels in AD. These results strengthen...

Fine structural and immunohistochemical detection of collar enamel in the teeth of Polypterus senegalus, an actinopterygian fish

Cell and Tissue Research — Fri, 27 Jan 2012 17:54:28 +0100

Abstract This is the first detailed report about the collar enamel of the teeth of Polypterus senegalus. We have examined the fine structure of the collar enamel and enamel organ of Polypterus during amelogenesis by light and transmission electron microscopy. An immunohistochemical analysis with an antibody against bovine amelogenin, an antiserum against porcine amelogenin and region-specific antibodies or antiserum against the C-terminus, middle region and N-terminus of porcine amelogenin has also been performed to examine the collar enamel matrix present in these teeth. Their ameloblasts contain fully developed Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules. During collar enamel formation, an amorphous fine enamel matrix containing no collagen fibrils ...