MedWorm: Typhoid Vaccine

In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, the single oral dose typhoid vaccine, M01ZH09, is safe and immunogenic at doses up to 1.7x10(10) colony-forming units.

Vaccine — Tue, 23 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Lyon CE, Sadigh KS, Carmolli MP, Harro C, Sheldon E, Lindow JC, Larsson CJ, Martinez T, Feller A, Ventrone CH, Sack DA, Denearing B, Fingar A, Pierce K, Dill EA, Schwartz HI, Beardsley E, Kilonzo B, May JP, Lam W, Upton A, Budhram R, Kirkpatrick BD M01ZH09, S. Typhi (Ty2DeltaaroCDeltassaV) ZH9, is a single oral dose typhoid vaccine with independently attenuating deletions. A phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating trial evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of M01ZH09 to 1.7x10(10) colony-forming units (CFU). 187 Healthy adults received vaccine or placebo in four cohorts. Serologic responses and IgA ELISPOT were measured. At all doses, the vaccine was well tolerated and without bacteremias. One subject had a transient low-grade fever. 62.2-86.1...

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Another Typhoid Patient From Japan

Journal of Travel Medicine — Wed, 10 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Typhoid treatment was empirically started in a Japanese patient with undifferentiated fever in Nepal since Japanese tourists, unlike most Americans and Europeans to South Asia, are unable to obtain typhoid vaccination in Japan even for travel to this area of high endemicity. Subsequently, his blood culture grew out Salmonella typhi. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

Haiti

Wilderness Medicine Newsletter — Fri, 05 Feb 2010 14:39:21 +0100

the Major disasters in the last 10 years, 2000 – 2010: 2001 – Gujarat Earthquake, India 20,000 Deaths 2003 – Bam Earthquake, Iran 30,000 Deaths 2004 – Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami 230,000 Deaths 2005 – Kashmir Earthquake, Pakistan 85,000 Deaths 2005 – Hurricane Katrina, USA 1,300 Deaths 2008 – Sichuan China Earthquake, Chine 70,000 Deaths 2008 – Cyclone Nargis, Burma (Myanmar) 150,000 Deaths 2010 – Haitian Earthquake, Haiti 170,000+ Deat...

Development of a bead immunoassay to measure Vi polysaccharide-specific serum IgG after vaccination with the Salmonella Vi polysaccharide.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Wed, 27 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Staats HF, Kirwan SM, Whisnant CC, Stephenson JL, Wagener DK, Majumder PP Vi polysaccharide from Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (S. typhi) is used as one of the available vaccines to prevent typhoid fever. Measurement of Vi-specific serum antibodies after vaccination with Vi polysaccharide by ELISA may be complicated due to poor binding of the Vi polysaccharide to ELISA plates resulting in poor reproducibility of measured antibody responses. We chemically conjugated Vi polysaccharide to fluorescent beads and performed studies to determine if a bead-based immunoassay provided a reproducible method to measure vaccine-induced anti-Vi serum IgG antibodies. When compared to ELISA, the Vi bead immunoassay had a lower background and therefore a greater signal to noise ratio. The ...

CDC Advises Relief Workers About Ways to Prepare for Trip to Haiti

Medscape Today Headlines — Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:42:37 +0100

The CDC has outlined precautions to take before and during travel to Haiti to ensure up-to-date vaccination against tetanus, hepatitis A and B, and typhoid. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

Emerging Infections: Global Trends in Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever

Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue — Thu, 24 Dec 2009 16:50:21 +0100

Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 50, Issue 2, Page 241-246, 15 January 2010. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever continue to be important causes of illness and death, particularly among children and adolescents in south‐central and Southeast Asia, where enteric fever is associated with poor sanitation and unsafe food and water. High‐quality incidence data from Asia are underpinning efforts to expand access to typhoid vaccines. Efforts are underway to develop vaccines that are immunogenic in infants after a single dose and that can be produced locally in countries of endemicity. The growing importance of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A in Asia is concerning. Antimicrobial resistance has sequentially emerged to traditional first‐line drugs, fluoroquinolones, and third‐ge...

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Global Trends in Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever

Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue — Wed, 16 Dec 2009 21:25:27 +0100

Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever continue to be important causes of illness and death, particularly among children and adolescents in south‐central and Southeast Asia, where enteric fever is associated with poor sanitation and unsafe food and water. High‐quality incidence data from Asia are underpinning efforts to expand access to typhoid vaccines. Efforts are underway to develop vaccines that are immunogenic in infants after a single dose and that can be produced locally in countries of endemicity. The growing importance of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A in Asia is concerning. Antimicrobial resistance has sequentially emerged to traditional first‐line drugs, fluoroquinolones, and third‐generat...

Evaluating investments in typhoid vaccines in two slums in Kolkata, India.

Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Cook J, Sur D, Clemens J, Whittington D New-generation vaccines against typhoid fever have the potential to reduce the burden of disease in areas where the disease is endemic. The case for public expenditure on typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccines for two low-income, high-incidence slums (Narkeldanga and Tiljala) in Kolkata, India, was examined. Three measures of the economic benefits of the vaccines were used: private and public cost-of-illness (COI) avoided; avoided COI plus mortality risk-reduction benefits; and willingness-to-pay (WTP) derived from stated preference (contingent valuation) studies conducted in Tiljala in 2004. Benefits and costs were examined from a social perspective. The study represents a unique opportunity to evaluate typhoid-vaccine programmes using a we...

The case for investing in typhoid vaccines.

Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Brooks WA PMID: 20099753 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition)

A Cluster-Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Vi Typhoid Vaccine in India

New England Journal of Medicine — Wed, 25 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

To the Editor: In their article on a trial of Vi polysaccharide vaccine in Kolkata, India, Sur et al. (July ... (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

Typhoid vaccine effectiveness in India

Archives of Disease in Childhood — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 18:02:26 +0100

(Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood)

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Physical-chemical Characterization and Immunologic Properties of Salmonella ser. Typhi Capsular Polysaccharide-Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugates.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Cui C, Carbis R, An SJ, Jang H, Czerkinsky C, Szu SC, Clemens JD Typhoid fever remains a serious public health problem in the developing countries, especially among young children. Recent studies showed more than 50% of typhoid cases are in children under 5 years old. Licensed vaccines, such as Salmonella ser. Typhi capsular Vi, did not confer protection against typhoid fever for this age group. Vi conjugate, prepared by binding Vi to Pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant exoprotein A (rEPA), induces protective levels of antibody at as young as 2-years old. Because the lack of regulatory precedent of rEPA in licensing vaccines, we employed diphtheria toxoid (DT) as the carrier protein to accommodate the accessibility in developing countries. Five lots of Vi-DT conjugates were pre...

Effect of adjuvants on immune response and protective immunity elicited by recombinant Hsp60 (GroEL) of Salmonella typhi against S. typhi infection.

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry — Fri, 23 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Bansal A, Paliwal PK, Sagi SS, Sairam M Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have been reported to be dominant antigens for the host immune response to various pathogens and thus, have great potential for use in vaccination. In the present study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of GroEL of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi against lethal infection by S. typhi Ty2 in mice with or without adjuvants. Anti GroEL-IgG titers were significantly higher in mice immunized with either GroEL-alone or in combination with alum/Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) as compared to the control. Analysis of antibody isotypes suggested predominance of Th2 type immune response in GroEL + alum immunized animals as revealed by higher IgG1/IgG2a ratio. Whereas, immunization of animals with ...

Historical Data Shows Vaccines are Not what Saved Us

NaturalNews.com — Fri, 09 Oct 2009 07:00:00 +0100

(NaturalNews) With all of the hype surrounding the H1N1 swine flu virus lately, everyone is very concerned with the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, and rightly so. This is a very important question that we must all ask ourselves and find out what the truth is. As the debate rages on an even more important question has rarely been asked. Do vaccines even protect you from the viruses and illnesses that they claim to?If you only get your news and information from mainstream news and educational sources, then the question about whether vaccines are effective is never even raised. This lack of discussion give the perception that they are so effective that only a crazy or ignorant person would even think otherwise. Of course that is the perception that they are trying to get across to you,...

Dr. Myron Levine Is Recpient of UMB's 2009 Entrepreneur of the Year Award

University of Maryland School of Medicine News Headlines — Fri, 02 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100

"It's been a fantastic run," Myron M. "Mike" Levine, MD, DTPH, said at his Entrepreneur of the Year presentation Oct. 1 before a packed auditorium at the University of Maryland BioPark. Thirty-five years after founding the University of Maryland School of Medicine's Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), Dr. Levine is known worldwide for his role in developing vaccines to prevent the spread of diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, and Shigella dysentery. The CVD currently is working on an H1N1 vaccine, and evaluating one for malaria. In his presentation "Vaccines, Global Health, and Social Equity," Dr. Levine recapped his years of research, which have taken him from advising prestigious universities, including Oxford and Harvard, to working in extremely remote locations in developing c...

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi-specific IgA antibody responses in plasma and antibody in lymphocyte supernatant (ALS) specimens in Bangladeshi patients with suspected typhoid fever.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Sheikh A, Bhuiyan MS, Khanam F, Chowdhury F, Saha A, Ahmed D, Jamil KM, Larocque RC, Harris JB, Ahmad MM, Charles R, Brooks WA, Calderwood SB, Cravioto A, Ryan ET, Qadri F Many currently available diagnostic tests for typhoid fever lack sensitivity and/or specificity, especially in areas of the world endemic for the disease. In order to identify a diagnostic test that better correlates with typhoid fever, we evaluated immune responses to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (serovar Typhi) in individuals with suspected typhoid fever in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We enrolled 112 individuals with suspected typhoid fever, cultured day 0 blood for serovar Typhi organisms, and performed Widal assays on days 0, 5, and 20. We harvested peripheral blood lymphocytes and analyzed antibody levels i...

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Overexpression, Purification, and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Porin Proteins of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi (S. Typhi).

Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kumar VS, Gautam V, Balakrishna K, Kumar S Porin proteins of Gram-negative bacteria are outer membrane proteins that act as receptors for bacteriophages and are involved in a variety of functions like solute transport, pathogenesis, and immunity. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), a Gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of typhoid fever. Porins of S. Typhi have been shown to have a potential role in diagnostics and vaccination. In the present study, the major outer membrane proteins OmpF and OmpC from S. Typhi were cloned in pQE30UA vector and expressed in E. coli. The immunogenic nature of the recombinant porin proteins were evaluated by ELISA by raising hyperimmune sera in Swiss Albino mice with three different adjuvants (i.e., Freund's adjuvant and two ...

Kinetics of the Natural, Humoral Immune Response to Salmonella Typhi in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Tue, 25 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Pulickal AS, Gautam S, Clutterbuck EA, Thorson S, Basynat B, Adhikari N, Makepeace K, Rijpkema S, Borrow R, Farrar JJ, Pollard AJ Typhoid fever is a major public health problem in developing countries, responsible for a conservative estimate of 17 million cases and 200,000 deaths annually. We investigated the acquisition of natural immunity to Salmonella typhi in a typhoid endemic region by testing sera from an age stratified sample of 210 healthy participants in Kathmandu, Nepal for bactericidal activity against Salmonella typhi and anti-Vi capsular polysaccharide antibodies. Bactericidal titres in childhood were significantly lower than those in newborns and adults (p<0.0001).There was an age dependant relationship with anti-Salmonella typhi bactericidal geometric mean ti...

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION: Typhoid Fever in the United States, 1999-2006

JAMA — Mon, 24 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusion Infection with antimicrobial-resistant S Typhi strains among US patients with typhoid fever is associated with travel to the Indian subcontinent, and an increasing proportion of these infections are due to S Typhi strains with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. (Source: JAMA)

Vi conjugate typhoid vaccine.

Indian Pediatrics — Fri, 31 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Garg SP PMID: 19717873 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Indian Pediatrics)

Typhoid Fever and vaccination in India clarifications.

Indian Pediatrics — Fri, 31 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Mathew JL PMID: 19717870 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Indian Pediatrics)

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Typhoid Vaccine(s) To Give or Not to Give.

Indian Pediatrics — Fri, 31 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kalra A, Vashishtha VM PMID: 19717868 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Indian Pediatrics)

One-shot vaccine offers typhoid hope

SciDev.Net — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 03:17:51 +0100

A study in India has found that a cheap vaccine can prevent typhoid infection in pre-school children, dispelling doubts. (Source: SciDev.Net)

Vi Typhoid Vaccine Proves Highly Effective In Young Children, Study Suggests

ScienceDaily Headlines — Wed, 29 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0100

A currently available yet underused vaccine against typhoid fever is highly effective in young children and protects unvaccinated neighbors of vaccinees, according to new research. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

Vaccine Shows Promise Against Typhoid Fever

WDSU.com - Health — Sat, 25 Jul 2009 17:51:56 +0100

A typhoid vaccine proved effective in the slums of India, where it not only helped prevent infection in children who received it, but also those in close contact who were unvaccinated, a new study found. (Source: WDSU.com - Health)

Science Briefing

Los Angeles Times - Science — Sat, 25 Jul 2009 07:00:00 +0100

Ancient mammal footprints; huge telescope for Hawaii; promising typhoid vaccine; jack rabbit to be studied; defoliants linked to Parkinson's; potential Alzheimer's therapy Ancient mammal footprints found (Source: Los Angeles Times - Science)

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Typhoid Vaccine Effectively Prevents Disease In Children, Study Finds

Health News from Medical News Today — Fri, 24 Jul 2009 10:00:00 +0100

"A typhoid vaccine proved effective in the slums of India, where it not only helped prevent infection in children who received it, but also those in close contact who were unvaccinated," according to a New England Journal of Medicine study published on Thursday, the AP/Washington Post reports (Chang, 7/22). (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Typhoid vaccine protects kids: study

CBC | Health — Thu, 23 Jul 2009 22:56:03 +0100

A vaccine against typhoid fever helped to protect children from as young as two from the illness, and may also help to protect those who did not receive the shots, according to a new study. (Source: CBC | Health)

Vi Typhoid Vaccine Effective in Young Children

Medscape Today Headlines — Thu, 23 Jul 2009 15:49:30 +0100

In a study conducted in India, use of the Vi typhoid vaccine was effective in children younger than age 5 and also helped protect unvaccinated neighbors against disease. Reuters Health Information (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

Typhoid vaccine highly effective for younger children

Xinhuanet Chinaview Health — Thu, 23 Jul 2009 13:48:49 +0100

BEIJING, July 23 (Xinhuanet) -- A new study found Typherix, ... (Source: Xinhuanet Chinaview Health)

Vi Typhoid Vaccine Proves Highly Effective In Young Children

Health News from Medical News Today — Thu, 23 Jul 2009 12:00:00 +0100

A new study has found that a currently available yet underused vaccine against typhoid fever is highly effective in young children and protects unvaccinated neighbors of vaccinees. (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

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Typhoid vaccine protects younger children: study

Reuters: Health — Wed, 22 Jul 2009 21:27:09 +0100

BOSTON (Reuters) - GlaxoSmithKline's Typherix vaccine shields children as young as 2 from typhoid fever, and widespread vaccination can even protect people who have not been given the shot, according to a study published on Wednesday. (Source: Reuters: Health)

Typhoid Vaccine Protects Younger Children

MedlinePlus Health News — Wed, 22 Jul 2009 20:27:09 +0100

GlaxoSmithKline's Typherix vaccine shields children as young as 2 from typhoid fever, and widespread vaccination can even protect people who have not been given the shot, according to a study published on Wednesday. Source: Reuters Health Related MedlinePlus Topics: International Health, Salmonella Infections (Source: MedlinePlus Health News)

Vi typhoid vaccine proves highly effective in young children

EurekAlert! - Infectious and Emerging Diseases — Wed, 22 Jul 2009 04:00:00 +0100

(International Vaccine Institute) A new study has found that a currently available yet underused vaccine against typhoid fever is highly effective in young children and protects unvaccinated neighbors of vaccinees. (Source: EurekAlert! - Infectious and Emerging Diseases)

University of Maryland School of Medicine Leads Early Trials of H1N1 Flu Vaccine

University of Maryland School of Medicine News Headlines — Wed, 22 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0100

National Study Will Involve Up to 1,000 Volunteers [For more information about participating in clinical trials at the Center for Vaccine Development, please call 410-706-6156, or visit www.clinicaltrials.gov.] The University of Maryland School of Medicine’s Center for Vaccine Development will lead one of the nation’s first studies of an experimental vaccine designed to prevent the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. The Center for Vaccine Development is one of a nationwide network of Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Units (VTEUs) funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The VTEUs are conducting the trial, which will recruit volunteers and test the vaccine beginning in August. To view the entire news confere...

A Cluster-Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Vi Typhoid Vaccine in India

New England Journal of Medicine — Tue, 21 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Typhoid remains an important cause of illness and death in the developing world. In this phase 4 trial in Kolkata, India, 37,673 subjects were vaccinated with either Vi typhoid vaccine or hepatitis A vaccine. The Vi vaccine was approximately 61% effective in preventing typhoid infection in vaccine recipients and was 44% effective in unvaccinated members of the same clusters as the Vi-vaccine recipients, suggesting that Vi vaccination has indirect benefits for those in close contact with vaccine recipients. (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

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Typhoid Vaccines Ready for Implementation

New England Journal of Medicine — Tue, 21 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Enteric fevers encompass typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) and paratyphoid fever caused by serotype Paratyphi A or B (S. Paratyphi). These human-restricted pathogens are acquired ... (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

CME: A Cluster-Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Vi Typhoid Vaccine in India

New England Journal of Medicine — Tue, 21 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

(No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

The enzyme phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) is required by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for O-antigen production, resistance to antimicrobial peptides and in vivo fitness.

Microbiology — Wed, 08 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Paterson GK, Cone DB, Peters SE, Maskell DJ The enzyme phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) catalyses the interconversion of glucose 1-phophate and glucose 6-phosphate and contributes to glycolysis and the generation of sugar nucleotides for biosynthesis. To assess the role of this enzyme in the biology of the pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium we have characterised a pgm deletion mutant in strain SL1344. Compared to SL1344, SL1344 pgm had impaired growth in vitro, was deficient in the ability to utilise galactose as a carbon source and displayed reduced O-antigen polymer length. The mutant was also more susceptible to antimicrobial peptides and showed decreased fitness in the mouse typhoid model. The in vivo phenotype of SL1344 pgm indicated a role for pgm in the early stag...

Abu Dhabi group launches vaccine service

Healthcare — Mon, 01 Jun 2009 07:12:39 +0100

The Abu Dhabi Health Services Company's Ambulatory Healthcare Services has announced the launch of its Travel Medicine service which offers some of the most commonly used vaccines such as Meningococcal, Yellow Fever, Typhoid, Malaria Prophylaxis, Rabies and Hepatitis A to travellers. The centres will be open Sunday through to Thursday. (Source: Healthcare)

Inflammation Causes Mood Changes Through Alterations in Subgenual Cingulate Activity and Mesolimbic Connectivity

Biological Psychiatry — Thu, 07 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Inflammation-associated mood deterioration is reflected in changes in sACC activity and functional connectivity during evoked responses to emotional stimuli. Peripheral cytokines modulate this mood-dependent sACC connectivity, suggesting a common pathophysiological basis for major depressive disorder and sickness-associated mood change and depression. (Source: Biological Psychiatry)

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Neural Origins of Human Sickness in Interoceptive Responses to Inflammation

Biological Psychiatry — Sun, 03 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: These findings suggest that peripheral infection selectively influences central nervous system function to generate core symptoms of sickness and reorient basic motivational states. (Source: Biological Psychiatry)

[Recommendations before travelling for renal transplant patients.]

Nephrologie & Therapeutique — Mon, 27 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Bally S, Caillard S, Moulin B Travel is now a reasonable objective of CKD patients after renal transplantation. However, immunosuppressive treatment makes them particularly susceptible to infections and may interfere with vaccinations and other drugs. Travel in countries with low health level should be strongly discouraged in the first six months after transplantation or following an acute event. Otherwise, specific consultations should be arranged to prepare the patient as soon as possible. Vaccinations should be started early before departure. Specific immunisations include vaccines against hepatitis A, typhoid, meningococcus and rabies in some cases. Living vaccines are formally contra-indicated. Particular attention should be paid for protection against insects because thi...

Innovative vaccine production technologies: the evolution and value of vaccine production technologies.

Archives of Pharmacal Research — Tue, 31 Mar 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Bae K, Choi J, Jang Y, Ahn S, Hur B This review paper provides an overview of innovative technologies designed to produce bacterial, viral, recombinant subunit, and polysaccharide vaccines, as well as combination vaccines. Advances in this field are illustrated by vaccines against DTP (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis), influenza, hepatitis B (HepB) and typhoid fever. In addition, technological trends regarding antigens, adjuvants, and preservatives in vaccines are discussed. The progress achieved in vaccine production technologies is especially important for improving the protection of vulnerable populations against infectious diseases. These at-risk groups include infants, the elderly and immunocompromized individuals, as well as people living in developing countries or emerging...

Existing antibacterial vaccines

Dermatologic Therapy — Wed, 25 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100

This article will review the currently approved antibacterial vaccines, which are vaccines for pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, meningococcus, pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenza, cholera, typhoid, and anthrax. (Source: Dermatologic Therapy)

Deletion of the gene encoding the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) alters morphology of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and decreases fitness in mice

FEMS Microbiology Letters — Wed, 18 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100

The glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) (EC 5.3.1.1) plays a key role in central carbon metabolism yet few studies have characterized isogenic bacterial mutants lacking this enzyme and none have examined its role in the in vivo fitness of a bacterial pathogen. Here we have deleted tpiA in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and found that the mutant had an altered morphology, displaying an elongated shape compared with the wild type. In a mouse model of typhoid fever the tpiA mutant was attenuated for growth as assessed by bacterial counts in the livers and spleens of infected mice. However, this attenuation was not deemed sufficient for consideration of a tpiA mutant as a live attenuated vaccine strain. These phenotypes were complemented by provision of tpiA on pBR322. W...

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The expanding spectrum of disease due to Salmonella : An international perspective

Current Infectious Disease Reports — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:38 +0100

Abstract Human disease due to Salmonella infections appears to be on the rise worldwide. Despite the availability of vaccines and generally effective antibiotic therapy, salmonellosis, in the forms of gastroenteritis and enteric fever, remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries, especially in young children and immunocompromised hosts. In certain highly endemic areas of South and Southeast Asia, the emergence of quinolone-resistant and multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella contribute to the magnitude of the problem. In the United States and Europe, a low but consistent rate of disease appears to be primarily related to ingestion of contaminated poultry, lapses in sanitary agricultural practices, and importation of tainted vegetable pro...

Dispositional Optimism and Stress-Induced Changes in Immunity and Negative Mood.

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity — Fri, 06 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Brydon L, Walker C, Wawrzyniak AJ, Chart H, Steptoe A Evidence suggests that optimism may be protective for health during times of heightened stress, yet the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, we recently showed that acute psychological stress and an immune stimulus (Typhim-Vi typhoid vaccine) synergistically increased serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and negative mood in 59 healthy men. Here we carried out further analysis of this sample to investigate the relationship between dispositional optimism and stress-induced changes in immunity and mood. Volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions in which they received either typhoid vaccine or saline placebo, and then rested or completed two mental tasks...

Observations on an outbreak of fowl typhoid in commercial laying birds in Udi, South Eastern Nigeria

Comparative Clinical Pathology — Thu, 19 Feb 2009 14:18:01 +0100

Abstract Observations made in an outbreak of fowl typhoid in 11,000 laying birds in Udi, South Eastern Nigeria are reported. The commercial laying flock had daily mortality of 1.8% with total mortality of 25%. Major clinical signs observed were greenish/yellowish diarrhoea and marked reduction in egg production. At necropsy, enlarged dark greenish liver and enlarged spleen were observed. Pericarditis and egg peritonitis were also evident. Pure cultures of Salmonella gallinarum were obtained from all the internal organs cultured. Histological section of the liver showed hepatitis, necrosis of the Kupffer cells, and infiltration of the mononuclear cells. Intestinal section showed enteritis elongated crypts, and total loss of villi. About 8,250 layers recovered from the Salmon...

Innate Immunity Mediated by MyD88 Signal Is Not Essential for Induction of Lipopolysaccharide-Specific B Cell Responses but Is Indispensable for Protection against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection.

Journal of Immunology — Tue, 10 Feb 2009 14:58:22 +0100

In this study, we evaluated LPS-specific adaptive immunity in innate immune-deficient mice after oral administration of attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) strains. Of interest, identical levels of LPS-specific IgG and IgA Abs were elicited in the systemic (i.e., serum and spleen) and mucosal (i.e., fecal extract and small intestine) compartments of wild-type, TLR4(-/-), and MyD88(-/-) mice following oral vaccination with recombinant attenuated S. Typhimurium (RASV). Depletion of CD4(+) T cells during RASV vaccination completely abrogated the generation of LPS-specific Abs in MyD88(-/-) mice. In addition, mRNA expression levels of a B cell-activating factor of the TNF family were significantly increased in the spleens of MyD88(-/-) mice after oral administra...

Conjugate Typhoid Vaccine(s) in the Indian Context.

Indian Pediatrics — Sun, 01 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Mathew JL PMID: 19242042 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Indian Pediatrics)

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Indian conjugate vi typhoid vaccine do we have enough evidence.

Indian Pediatrics — Sun, 01 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Shah NK PMID: 19242041 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Indian Pediatrics)

Rethinking Typhoid Fever Vaccines: Implications for Travelers and People Living in Highly Endemic Areas

Journal of Travel Medicine — Tue, 13 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100

(Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

An optimization model for reducing typhoid cases in developing countries without increasing public spending.

Vaccine — Mon, 12 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100

This article considers the investment case for using the Vi polysaccharide vaccine in developing countries from two perspectives: reducing typhoid cases and limiting new health care spending. A case study is presented using data from South and Southeast Asia; the purpose of the paper, however, is to draw broad implications that may apply to developing countries in general. Typical consumer demand functions that were developed from stated preference household surveys in South and Southeast Asia that predict probabilities of adults and children purchasing typhoid vaccinations at different prices are incorporated in a formal mathematical model. Using values from the recent literature for South and Southeast Asia for typhoid incidence, Vi vaccine effectiveness, public cost of illness, and vacc...

Genetic stability of vaccine strain Salmonella Typhi Ty21a over 25 years.

International Journal of Medical Microbiology — Wed, 31 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kopecko DJ, Sieber H, Ures JA, Fürer A, Schlup J, Knof U, Collioud A, Xu D, Colburn K, Dietrich G The attenuated live bacterial vaccine strain Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Ty21a is the main constituent of Vivotif, the only licensed oral vaccine against typhoid fever. The strain was developed in the 1970s by chemical mutagenesis. In the course of this mutagenesis, a number of mutations were introduced into the vaccine strain. Characterisation of the vaccine strain during development as well as release of master- and working seed lots (MSL and WSL) and commercial batches is based on phenotypic assays assessing microbiological and biochemical characteristics of Ty21a. In the current study, we have analysed by DNA sequencing the specific mutations originally correlated w...

Cameroon: 600 Vulnerable Children Receive Free Vaccination

AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine — Tue, 23 Dec 2008 09:18:14 +0100

Some 600 exposed children in Yaoundé December 15-16 were beneficiaries of free typhoid and meningitis vaccines from a Yaounde based humanitarian foundation christened Shemka Foundation. (Source: AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine)

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Analysis of the role of 13 major fimbrial subunits in colonisation of the chicken intestines by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis reveals a role for a novel locus.

BMC Microbiology - Latest articles — Thu, 18 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. We describe the fimbrial gene repertoire of the predominant non-typhoidal S. enterica serovar affecting humans and the role played by each predicted major fimbrial subunit in intestinal colonisation of the primary reservoir. Our data support a role for PegA in the colonisation of poultry by S. Enteritidis and aid the design of improved vaccines. (Source: BMC Microbiology - Latest articles)

Synthetic Typhoid Fever Vaccine, Safer And More Economical Approach Against A Major Infectious Disease

Health News from Medical News Today — Mon, 17 Nov 2008 12:00:00 +0100

DelSite Inc., (OTCBB: DSII) today announced Dr. Yawei Ni, chief scientific officer, of its wholly-owned subsidiary, DelSite Biotechnologies, Inc., presented its innovative GelVac(TM) nasal powder platform for vaccine delivery and the synthetic typhoid vaccine at the 2nd Vaccines Asia Conference held November 10-13, 2008, in Beijing, China. Dr. (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Nigeria: U.S., Army Begin Search for HIV Vaccine

AllAfrica News: HIV-Aids and STDs — Fri, 14 Nov 2008 16:07:59 +0100

The United States Department of Defence and its counterpart in Nigeria has concluded arrangement to jointly fund the establishment of a laboratory that would be strictly dedicated to research on vaccine for HIV/AIDS, Malaria and typhoid fever. (Source: AllAfrica News: HIV-Aids and STDs)

DelSite, Inc.: DelSite Presents Nasal Powder and Synthetic Typhoid Vaccine Technologies at the 2nd Vaccines Asia Conference

Market Wire - Pharmaceuticals and Biotech — Thu, 13 Nov 2008 17:52:00 +0100

IRVING, TX (MARKET WIRE) DelSite Inc., (OTCBB: DSII) today announced Dr. Yawei Ni, chief scientific officer, of its wholly-owned subsidiary, DelSite Biotechnologies, Inc., presented its innovative GelVac(TM) nasal powder platform for vaccine delivery and the synthetic typhoid vaccine at the 2nd Vaccines Asia Conference held November 10-13, 2008, in Beijing, China. (Source: Market Wire - Pharmaceuticals and Biotech)

Typhoid fever on the rise in B.C.

CBC | Health — Sun, 26 Oct 2008 19:12:12 +0100

Health officials are warning people travelling to South Asia to get vaccinated for Typhoid fever after a major spike in the number of British Columbians infected (Source: CBC | Health)

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Needs Assessment Study for Community Pharmacy Travel Medicine Services

Journal of Travel Medicine — Thu, 02 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. Members of the traveling public do visit community pharmacies, and most people are traveling for holiday purposes. The results suggest that travelers would be prepared to use the community pharmacy to provide travel advice and immunizations. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

Emergence of Salmonella paratyphi A as a Major Cause of Enteric Fever: Need for Early Detection, Preventive Measures, and Effective Vaccines

Journal of Travel Medicine — Thu, 02 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100

(Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

A Patient With Paratyphoid A Fever: An Emerging Problem in Asia and Not Always a Benign Disease

Journal of Travel Medicine — Thu, 02 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100

A 15-year-old Nepalese boy with fever was thought to have enteric fever and started on cefixime. His blood culture grew Salmonella paratyphoid A. On the sixth day, he developed gastrointestinal bleeding, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and later, acute respiratory distress syndrome. He succumbed to his illness despite treatment in the intensive care unit with ceftriaxone, intravenous fluids, and mechanical ventilation. Salmonella paratyphoid A, for which there is no commercial vaccine, may not be a benign disease as perceived, and cefixime that is recommended for enteric fever may be an ineffective choice. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

The cost-effectiveness of typhoid Vi vaccination programs: Calculations for four urban sites in four Asian countries.

Vaccine — Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100

We report results from both a societal as well as a public sector financial perspective. Baseline disease burden estimates in the four areas are: 750 cases per year in two Kolkata neighborhoods (pop 185,000); 84 cases per year in the city of Hue (pop 280,000); 298 cases per year in two sub-districts in North Jakarta (pop 161,000), and 538 cases per year in three squatter settlements in Karachi (pop 102,000). We estimate that a vaccination program targeting all children (2-14.9) would prevent 456, 158, and 258 typhoid cases (and 4.6, 1.6, and 2.6 deaths), and avert 126, 44, and 72 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) over 3 years in Kolkata, North Jakarta and Karachi, respectively. The net social costs would be US$160 and US$549, per DALY averted in Kolkata and North Jakarta, respectively...

Recombinant SpaO and H1a as immunogens for protection of mice from lethal infection with Salmonella paratyphi A: Implications for rational design of typhoid fever vaccines.

Vaccine — Mon, 29 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100

In this study, the two prokaryotic recombinant antigens, rSpaO and rH1a, were expressed and their immunogenicity was demonstrated by the slide agglutination test and Western blot assays. Using PCR and sequencing analysis as well as ELISA, we find that the spaO and h1a genes are widely distributed in 196 S. paratyphi A isolates (97.5 and 100%, respectively), with high expression frequencies for the SpaO (98.0%) and H1a (100%) antigens. The two genes also show high sequence conservation (similarities from 99.31 to 99.88% for both genes). In sera from 172 paratyphoid A patients, anti-SpaO and anti-H1a IgGs were detectable by ELISA, in 94.8 and 98.8% of patients, respectively. Furthermore, 41.7-66.7% of mice immunized with rSpaO or rH1a alone were protected against subsequent infection, and th...

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Characterization of a T7-like lytic bacteriophage ({phi}SG-JL2) of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kwon HJ, Cho SH, Kim TE, Won YJ, Jeong J, Park SC, Kim JH, Yoo HS, Park YH, Kim SJ SG-JL2 is a newly discovered lytic bacteriophage infecting Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum), but is non-lytic to a rough vaccine strain of S. Gallinarum (SG-9R), Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum). The SG-JL2 genome is 38,815 bp in length (GC content of 50.9% and 230 bp length direct terminal repeats) and 55 putative genes may be transcribed from the same strand. Functions were assigned to 30 genes based on the high amino acid similarity with known proteins. Most of the expected proteins except tail fiber (31.9%) and overall organization of genomes were similar to yersini...

Synergistic effects of psychological and immune stressors on inflammatory cytokine and sickness responses in humans.

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity — Sat, 20 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Brydon L, Walker C, Wawrzyniak A, Whitehead D, Okamura H, Yajima J, Tsuda A, Steptoe A Activation of the innate immune system is commonly accompanied by a set of behavioural, psychological and physiological changes known as 'sickness behaviour'. In animals, infection-related sickness symptoms are significantly increased by exposure to psychosocial stress, suggesting that psychological and immune stressors may operate through similar pathways to induce sickness. We used a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled design to examine the effect of acute psychological stress on immune and subjective mood responses to typhoid vaccination in 59 men. Volunteers were assigned to one of four experimental conditions in which they were either injected with typhoid vaccine or saline pla...

Immunotherapy of a plasmacytoma with attenuated salmonella

Medical Oncology — Fri, 19 Sep 2008 07:13:49 +0100

Abstract An attenuated strain ofSalmonella typhimurium, SL3235, developed as a prototypic typhoid vaccine, is shown to retard growth of a murine plasmacytoma, TEPC-183, and to prolong survival of tumor-bearing mice. Live salmonella, but not acetone-killed organisms, had antitumor activity. The immunotherapeutic effect was demonstrable when the tumor was injected intralesionally or intraperitoneally. Increased survival, longer mean time to death, and retardation of tumor growth were found when the salmonella were given intralesionally as late as the sixth day post-tumor injection. Timing of salmonella inoculation, as well as the salmonella dose, had an effect on treatment efficacy. Injection of salmonella intraperitoneally exerted a strong antitumor effect when given as late...

Towards a human oral vaccine for anthrax: The utility of a Salmonella Typhi Ty21a-based prime-boost immunization strategy.

Vaccine — Thu, 18 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Baillie LW, Rodriguez AL, Moore S, Atkins HS, Feng C, Nataro JP, Pasetti MF We previously demonstrated the ability of an orally administered attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain expressing the protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis to confer protection against lethal anthrax aerosol spore challenge [Stokes MG, Titball RW, Neeson BN, et al. Oral administration of a Salmonella enterica-based vaccine expressing Bacillus anthracis protective antigen confers protection against aerosolized B. anthracis. Infect Immun 2007;75(April (4)):1827-34]. To extend the utility of this approach to humans we constructed variants of S. enterica serovar Typhi Ty21a, an attenuated typhoid vaccine strain licensed for human use, which expressed and exported PA via two dist...

How Do You Treat Invasive Salmonella Infections?

PediatricEducation.org — Mon, 18 Aug 2008 07:00:00 +0100

Discussion Salmonella is a highly contagious organism causing an estimated 17 million cases of typhoid fever and 600,000 deaths yearly worldwide. It causes a spectrum of illness. Most commonly it causes gastroenteritis with diarrhea, abdominal cramps and fever. Bacteremia may be intermittent or continuous Focal infections such as meningitis or osteomyelitis occur in up to 10% of patients with bacteremia. Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and other Salmonella serotypes when there is a protracted bacterial illness. It may begin gradually with constitutional symptoms (i.e. anorexia, headache, lethargy and malaise), fever, abdominal tenderness and pain, hepatosplenomegaly, and mental status changes. Diarrhea is common and may or may not be bloody. The transmission is mainly throu...

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Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities.

Vaccine — Thu, 14 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Nara PL, Nara D, Chaudhuri R, Lin G, Tobin G Vaccination has historically and remains one of the most cost-effective and safest forms of medicine today. Along with basic understanding of germ theory and sanitation, vaccination, over the past 50 years, has transformed lives and economies in both rich and poor countries by its direct impact on human and animal life-resulting in the eradication of small pox, huge reductions in the burden of previously common human and animal diseases such as polio, typhoid, measles in human medicine and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, screwworm and hog cholera and the verge of eradicating brucellosis, tuberculosis, and pseudorabies in veterinary medicine. In addition vaccination along with other animal production change...

Smallpox vaccine/typhoid vaccine: Encephalomyelitis (first report with typhoid vaccine) treated with IVIG: case report.

Reactions Weekly — Sat, 02 Aug 2008 13:26:48 +0100

Page: 31 (Source: Reactions Weekly)

Defining DNA Differences To Track And Tackle Typhoid

ScienceDaily Headlines — Wed, 30 Jul 2008 06:14:56 +0100

For the first time, next-generation DNA sequencing technologies have been turned on typhoid fever -- a disease that kills 600,000 people each year. The study sets a new standard for analyzing the evolution and spread of a disease-causing bacterium: it is the first study of multiple samples of any bacterial pathogen at this level of detail. The results will help to improve diagnosis, tracking the disease and could help to design new strategies for vaccination. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

Defining DNA differences to track and tackle typhoid

Huliq Health News — Mon, 28 Jul 2008 15:31:21 +0100

For the first time, next-generation DNA sequencing technologies have been turned on typhoid fever - a disease that kills 600,000 people each year. The results will help to improve diagnosis, tracking of disease spread and could help to design new strategies for vaccination. (Source: Huliq Health News)

Defining DNA Differences To Track And Tackle Typhoid

Health News from Medical News Today — Mon, 28 Jul 2008 09:00:00 +0100

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Genome sequencing study reveals new genetic typhoid fever signatures

News-Medical News Feed — Mon, 28 Jul 2008 00:57:00 +0100

Defining DNA differences to track and tackle typhoid

EurekAlert! - Infectious and Emerging Diseases — Sun, 27 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100

(Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute) For the first time, next-generation DNA sequencing technologies have been turned on typhoid fever -- a disease that kills 600,000 people each year. The study sets a new standard for analyzing the evolution and spread of a disease-causing bacterium: it is the first study of multiple samples of any bacterial pathogen at this level of detail. The results will help to improve diagnosis, tracking the disease and could help to design new strategies for vaccination. (Source: EurekAlert! - Infectious and Emerging Diseases)

Characterization of an outer membrane protein of Salmonella that confers protection against typhoid.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Wed, 23 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Hamid N, Jain SK Typhoid caused by Salmonella enterica ser. Typhi remains a major health concern worldwide. The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella with increased virulence, communicability and survivability leading to increased morbidity and mortality has further complicated its management. Currently available vaccines for typhoid have less than desired efficacy and certain unacceptable side effects, making it pertinent to search for new immunogens suitable for vaccine formulation. The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Salmonella have been implicated as possible candidates for conferring protection against typhoid. OMPs interface the cell with the environment, thus representing important virulence factors with significant role in the pathobiology of ...

BCG vaccine/hepatitis A vaccine/typhoid vaccine: Basal cell cancer in vaccination scars (first report with hepatitis A vaccine and typhoid vaccine): 2 case reports

Reactions — Mon, 21 Jul 2008 09:37:37 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Imported Typhoid Fever in Switzerland, 1993 to 2004

Journal of Travel Medicine — Sun, 20 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. We found that over a 12-year period (1993[ndash]2004), the travel-associated risk of typhoid fever is highest for destinations in the Indian subcontinent. All other regions showed a decline, most markedly in southern Europe. Our results suggest that typhoid fever vaccination should be recommended for all travelers to countries in South Asia. Otherwise, vaccination of tourists to frequently visited low- and intermediate-risk areas is not necessary, unless there are behavioral risk factors. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

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BCG vaccine/hepatitis A vaccine/typhoid vaccine: Basal cell cancer in vaccination scars (first report with hepatitis A vaccine and typhoid vaccine): 2 case reports.

Reactions Weekly — Sat, 19 Jul 2008 09:24:52 +0100

Page: 9 (Source: Reactions Weekly)

UK Armed Forces In Iraq: Multiple Vaccines Not Responsible For Health Problems

Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today — Thu, 03 Jul 2008 07:00:00 +0100

Service personnel deployed to Iraq have not suffered ill health due to multiple vaccinations, according to a study released on July 1, 2008 in BMJ. Debate related to the impact that multiple vaccinations may have had on the health of veterans of the Gulf War will only be fueled by this new information. Before deployment to Iraq in 2003 and later, vaccines against tetanus, typhoid, and yellow fever are routinely administered to service personnel. (Source: Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today)

Emergent BioSolutions Initiates U.S. Phase II Trial Of Oral Typhoid Vaccine Candidate

Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today — Mon, 09 Jun 2008 08:00:00 +0100

Emergent BioSolutions Inc. (NYSE:EBS) announced that dosing of patients has begun in a U.S. Phase II clinical trial of the company's single-dose oral typhoid vaccine candidate. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, dose-escalation trial is being conducted in healthy adults. The company anticipates that trial results will be available by year end. This US study will evaluate vaccine manufactured at the large-scale facility planned for commercial launch. (Source: Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today)

Department of Health Green book for immunisation updates

NeLM Headline News — Mon, 21 Apr 2008 00:00:00 +0100

The Department of Health has published the latest vaccine supply newsletter which highlights updates to chapter 8 (Vaccine safety and the management of adverse events following immunisation) and 33 (Typhoid) of the Green Book. Chapter 8 has been updated to reflect the new Resuscitation Council Guidelines for the treatment of anaphylaxis, and chapter 33 has been updated to highlight the change in the lower age limit for Typhim Vi from 18 months to 2 years due to the lack of efficacy for use in children under the age of 2 years. (Source: NeLM Headline News)

AVANT's Single-Dose Oral Ty800 Vaccine Meets Primary Endpoints In Phase 2 Study

Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today — Thu, 03 Apr 2008 20:00:00 +0100

AVANT Immunotherapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: AVAN) announced that the double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-center Phase 2 clinical trial of its typhoid fever vaccine candidate, Ty800, met all primary endpoints. The Phase 2 study was an out-patient, dose-ranging clinical trial in 183 healthy volunteers that evaluated two dose levels of the Ty800 vaccine and followed each subject for six months post-vaccination. (Source: Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today)

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AVANT's Single-Dose Oral Ty800 Vaccine Meets Primary Endpoints in Phase 2 Study

Drugs.com - Clinical Trials — Tue, 01 Apr 2008 13:40:54 +0100

NEEDHAM, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Apr 1, 2008 - AVANT Immunotherapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: AVAN) announced today that the double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-center Phase 2 clinical trial of its typhoid fever vaccine candidate, Ty800, met all primary... (Source: Drugs.com - Clinical Trials)

A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls.

Bulletin of the World Health Organization — Tue, 01 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION: The incidence of typhoid varied substantially between sites, being high in India and Pakistan, intermediate in Indonesia, and low in China and Viet Nam. These findings highlight the considerable, but geographically heterogeneous, burden of typhoid fever in endemic areas of Asia, and underscore the importance of evidence on disease burden in making policy decisions about interventions to control this disease. PMID: 18438514 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization)

Epidemiological shift, seasonal variation and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among enteric fever pathogens in south India.

Tropical Doctor — Tue, 01 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Vidyalakshmi K, Yashavanth R, Chakrapani M, Shrikala B, Bharathi B, Suchitra U, Dhanashree B, Dominic RM Between January 2005 and December 2006, a higher incidence of paratyphoid fever (53.8%) compared to typhoid fever (44.9%) has been observed at a tertiary hospital in South India. A definite seasonal pattern of incidence is seen in paratyphoid fever (peak incidence during October-December, i.e., post monsoon period) but not in typhoid fever. Decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility is much higher in S. Paratyphi A (98.8%) as compared to S. Typhi (46.5%). These findings are of importance in therapeutic decision making, development of vaccination strategies and implementing public health measures for disease control. PMID: 18453495 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Tropical D...

Salmonella typhi: from a human pathogen to a vaccine vector.

Cellular and Molecular Immunology — Tue, 01 Apr 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Zhang XL, Jeza VT, Pan Q Salmonella (S.) typhi is an important intracellular pathogen. Among the more than 2,300 closely-related Salmonella serovars bacteria recognized, S. typhi is the only one that is pathogenic exclusively for humans, in whom it causes typhoid or enteric fever. The pathogen has been around for many years and many studies have been done in an effort to combat it. Molecular and biologic features of S. typhi and host factors and immune responses involved in Salmonella invasion have been extensively studies. Vaccines that have been developed most notably are Vi polysaccharide and Ty21a. However, as the results show, there is still a long way to go. It is also shown that multi-drug resistance has occurred to the few available antibiotics. More and more studies h...

HPA warning: Risk of typhoid and paratyphoid for travellers to Indian sub-continent

NeLM Headline News — Thu, 20 Mar 2008 00:00:00 +0100

According to a press release from the Health Protection Agency (HPA), UK travellers visiting friends and relatives on the Indian sub-continent are at risk of typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric fevers). In 2006, there were 497 cases of enteric fever reported in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland, the highest level for 10 years. Between May 2006 and April 2007, the agency conducted a study to determine who is currently at risk of enteric fevers. This showed that: • The majority of cases occurred in people of Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi ethnicity, either UK- or non UK-born, who had travelled from the UK to their own or their family's country of origin to visit friends and relatives. • A large number of cases were infected with strains exhibiting resistance to antibiotics used for...

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Irish contributions to the origins of antibiotics

Irish Journal of Medical Science — Tue, 18 Mar 2008 08:15:54 +0100

Abstract Background Pasteur commented that if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer ‘perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics.’ Some Irish scientists were crucially involved in the eventual realization of these hopes. Research The earliest of these was John Tyndall, whose 1881 book, ‘Floating matter in the air in relation to putrefaction and infection,’ brought about general acceptance of Pasteur’s germ theory. Sir Almroth Wright, a TCD graduate, who discovered the first vaccine against typhoid fever, recruited Alexander Fleming to the London hospital where he discovered penicillin. Sequence of events This happened when Fleming was replicating an experiment originally carried o...

Nigeria: 7,000 Students to Get Free Vaccines

AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine — Fri, 07 Mar 2008 20:15:12 +0100

No fewer than 7,000 students in 19 boarding schools in Ekiti State are to be given free typhoid vaccines and insecticide treated nets. (Source: AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine)

Can I give hepatitis A, typhoid and low dose diphtheria, tetanus and polio at the same time?

NLH Question Answering Service — Thu, 28 Feb 2008 08:51:45 +0100

The CKS guideline on travel immunizations [1] reports the following:"Can I give more than one vaccine at the same time?Inactivated vaccines (e. g. (Source: NLH Question Answering Service)

Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper.

Weekly Epidemiological Record — Fri, 08 Feb 2008 05:00:00 +0100

Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2008 Feb 8;83(6):49-59 Authors: PMID: 18260212 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Weekly Epidemiological Record)

Drinkable, single-dose typhoid vaccine reaffirms potential in kids

Inpharma — Mon, 21 Jan 2008 08:31:58 +0100

(Source: Inpharma)

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Drinkable, single-dose typhoid vaccine reaffirms potential in kids.

Inpharma Weekly — Sat, 19 Jan 2008 09:23:00 +0100

Page: 6 (Source: Inpharma Weekly)

Emergent BioSolutions Announces That The Final Phase II Clinical Study Results For Typhoid Vaccine Reaffirms Clinical Endpoints Met

Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today — Thu, 10 Jan 2008 09:00:00 +0100

Emergent BioSolutions Inc. (NYSE: EBS) announced that the final analysis from a recently completed, randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded Phase II clinical study reaffirmed that its single-dose, drinkable typhoid vaccine candidate was highly immunogenic and well-tolerated with an acceptable safety profile in the population studied. For the study, a total of 151 Vietnamese children between 5 and 14 years of age were enrolled. (Source: Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today)

Emergent BioSolutions Announces That the Final Phase II Clinical Study Results for Typhoid Vaccine Reaffirms Clinical Endpoints Met; Immune Response Seen in 97% of Treated Subjects

Drugs.com - Clinical Trials — Tue, 08 Jan 2008 13:45:05 +0100

ROCKVILLE, Md.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Jan 8, 2008 - Emergent BioSolutions Inc. (NYSE: EBS) announced today that the final analysis from a recently completed, randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded Phase II clinical study reaffirmed that its... (Source: Drugs.com - Clinical Trials)

Typhoid vaccines

Indian Journal of Pediatrics — Fri, 28 Dec 2007 16:14:40 +0100

Abstract Typhoid fever continues to be a major public health problem in developing countries with about 33 million cases per year. Protective efficacy of traditional acetone/phenol killed vaccines is similar to newer typhoid vaccines (Ty21A and Vi antigen vaccine) but side effects of these newer vaccines are considerably less. Though the mortality is low, typhoid fever causes considerable morbidity and loss of working days. Problems during treatment are increasing due to emergence and spread of multidrug resistant S. typhi. Hence to decrease the incidence of typhoid fever in addition to ensuring safe water supply and excreta disposal a typhoid vaccine needs to be introduced in the National Immunization Schedule. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Special ArticleDOI 10....

There seems to be differing views between surgeries as to whether we can charge our NHS patients for travel vaccinations. Is there any guidance on this?

NLH Question Answering Service — Fri, 28 Dec 2007 15:02:14 +0100

The CKS guideline on travel immunizations contains a section on payment for travel vaccinations. It states:"Payment and the availability of travel vaccinations The following vaccines are available on the NHS (whatever the purpose of travel) for travel overseas: o Typhoid fever o Hepatitis A o Poliomyelitis Rabies is available on the NHS only for travellers working overseas whose occupation puts them at high risk of exposure to the virus. (Source: NLH Question Answering Service)

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Which Vaccines Contain Preservatives?

PediatricEducation.org — Tue, 18 Dec 2007 02:07:52 +0100

Discussion Preservatives in vaccines and other biological products are used to prevent growth or kill microorganisms especially bacteria and fungi that could accidentally contaminate the product prior to administration. While preservatives can decrease the risk of contamination, especially in multi-dose vials, they cannot completely eliminate the risk. Thimerosal has been used as a preservative for many years and is approximately 50% mercury by weight. It is metabolized into ethyl mercury and thiosalicylate. Ethyl mercury is an organomercurial that is related, but distinctive from, methylmercury. Methylmercury is a known neurotoxin and most exposure comes through food. Because of potential concerns about thimerosal as a preservative, especially neurocognitive concerns, manufacturers hav...

AVANT Immunotherapeutics Achieves Immune Responses Against Cholera, Typhoid and Enterotoxigenic E. coli with a Single-Dose, Oral Combination Vaccine

Drugs.com - Clinical Trials — Wed, 05 Dec 2007 14:15:22 +0100

NEEDHAM, Mass.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Dec 5, 2007 - AVANT Immunotherapeutics (Nasdaq: AVAN) today reported preclinical data demonstrating positive immunogenicity and lack of immune interference for an experimental single-dose, oral vaccine combining... (Source: Drugs.com - Clinical Trials)

Re: Typhoid fever vaccines: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials.

Vaccine — Thu, 29 Nov 2007 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Arya SC, Agarwal N PMID: 18082292 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Vaccine)

GlaxoSmithKline Vaccine Manufacturing Facility, Tuas

Pharmaceutical Technology — Tue, 20 Nov 2007 00:00:00 +0100

GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has had a presence in Singapore since the 1970s with its investment in an antibiotics plant. Since that time the company has developed a special relationship with the country, opening a number of ventures. Singapore offers pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies certain advantages with lower rates of corporate tax and also an excellent educated workforce to draw personnel from. "The plant, which will be GSK's first vaccine facility in Asia, will focus on the production of two bulk paediatric vaccines." Singapore will train over 1,000 researchers and 100 PhD graduates in biologics over the next five years to provide more personnel for the expanding biologics market. In 2003 the Singaporean Government set up A-Bio, a biologics contract manufacturer funded wit...

University of Maryland School of Medicine Receives $23.7M to Continue Testing Vaccines for the Federal Government

University of Maryland School of Medicine News Headlines — Tue, 20 Nov 2007 00:00:00 +0100

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, has renewed a contract with the University of Maryland School of Medicine to conduct clinical trials of promising vaccines and therapies for infectious diseases. The School of Medicine’s Center for Vaccine Development (CVD) will receive $23.7 million over seven years as a Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Unit (VTEU) for NIAID. The CVD VTEU and seven other VTEUs will enhance NIAID’s ability to quickly respond to emerging public health needs. "As a VTEU, the Center for Vaccine Development has been testing vaccines for the federal government for more than three decades, focusing on preventing a wide array of infectious diseases that affect children, adults and the elde...

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Safety of Typhim Vi Vaccine in a Postmarketing Observational Study

Journal of Travel Medicine — Thu, 08 Nov 2007 00:33:05 +0100

Journal of Travel Medicine, Volume 14, Issue 6, Page 386-391, November/December 2007. Background. Typhoid fever is endemic in many parts of the world. In the United States, nearly three quarters of all cases are contracted by persons who traveled to regions with endemic disease. Typhim Vi, a vaccine containing the purified cell surface Vi ... (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

Medicine Guides for vaccination and bone metabolism now available

NeLM news - Musculoskeletal — Tue, 30 Oct 2007 00:00:00 +0100

The following Medicine Guides for vaccination and bone metabolism have been published and are available to access via the Medicine Guides web site: 1) Vaccination • Bone marrow transplantation • Chicken pox • Granulomatous disease • Guillain Barré syndrome • Hepatitis B • Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura • Immunisation (chicken pox; hepatitis B; passive; rabies; tetanus; typhoid; varicella zoster) • Immunoglobulin replacement • Kawasaki disease • Organ transplantation • Osteopetrosis • Passive immunisation • Rabies • Rhesus antigen (preventing reaction to) • Stem-cell transplantation • Tetanus • Thrombocytopenic purpura (idiopathic) • Typhoid • Vaccination (chicken pox; hepatitis B; rabies; tetanus; typhoid; varicella zoster) • Varicella Zos...

Revaccination With Locally-Produced Vi Typhoid Polysaccharide Vaccine Among Chinese School-Aged Children: Safety and Immunogenicity Findings.

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal — Sat, 27 Oct 2007 01:16:17 +0100

Page: 1001DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31812565bcAuthors: Zhou, Wei-Zhong MD *; Koo, Hye-Won MD, PhD +; Wang, Xuan-Yi MD, PhD +++; Zhang, Jun MD ++; Park, Jin-Kyung PhD +; Zhu, Fengcai MD *; Deen, Jacqueline MD, MPH +; Acosta, Camilo J. MD, PhD +; Chen, Yan MD [S]; Wang, Hua MD *; Galindo, Claudia M. MD, PhD +; Ochiai, Leon MHS +; Park, Taesung PhD +[//]; von Seidlein, Lorenz MD, PhD +; Xu, Zhi-Yi MD +; Clemens, John D. MD + (Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal)

A drinkable, single-dose typhoid vaccine has demonstrated promising immunogenicity and tolerability in children

Inpharma — Tue, 23 Oct 2007 11:47:48 +0100

(Source: Inpharma)

A drinkable, single-dose typhoid vaccine * has demonstrated promising immunogenicity and tolerability in children,.

Inpharma Weekly — Sat, 20 Oct 2007 00:31:54 +0100

Page: 7 (Source: Inpharma Weekly)

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Comparisons of predictors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Kolkata, India

BMC Public Health - Latest articles — Fri, 12 Oct 2007 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: There was a close correlation between the characteristics detected based on individual cases and characteristics associated with high incidence areas. Because the comparison of risk factors of populations living in high versus low risk areas is statistically very powerful this methodology holds promise to detect risk factors associated with diseases using geographic information systems. (Source: BMC Public Health - Latest articles)

Emergent BioSolutions' Typhoid Vaccine Candidate Achieves Endpoints in Phase II Clinical Study

Drugs.com - Clinical Trials — Wed, 10 Oct 2007 14:55:52 +0100

ROCKVILLE, Md.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Oct 10, 2007 - Emergent BioSolutions Inc. (NYSE:EBS) announced today that preliminary results from a recently completed, randomized, placebo-controlled Phase II clinical study demonstrated that its... (Source: Drugs.com - Clinical Trials)

Rational design of Salmonella recombinant vaccines.

International Journal of Medical Microbiology — Wed, 19 Sep 2007 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Cheminay C, Hensel M Salmonella enterica is an important pathogen of animals and humans causing a variety of infectious diseases. The large number of cases of typhoid fever due to S. enterica serovar Typhi infections gives rise to the continuous need for improved vaccines against this life-threatening infection. However, S. enterica is also an interesting organism to act as a live attenuated carrier for the presentation of recombinant heterologous antigens. Comprehensive experimental studies have been performed and a detailed knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of important virulence factors is available. This allows the rationale design of improved Salmonella carrier strains and the development of novel strategies for the expression and presentation of recombinant antigens....

PERSPECTIVE: Putting Typhoid Vaccination on the Global Health Agenda

New England Journal of Medicine — Wed, 12 Sep 2007 04:00:00 +0100

Although typhoid fever, caused by infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (often called S. typhi), long ago ceased to be a public health problem in industrialized countries, it is still ... (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

Increase in typhoid cases in UK

NeLM Headline News — Fri, 31 Aug 2007 00:00:00 +0100

According to a report by BBC Health News, figures from the Health Protection Agency show a 69% increase in typhoid cases in recent years, with many acquired abroad by people not getting vaccinated when visiting at risk areas. In 2002, 147 typhoid cases were reported in England and Wales, with 101 of those acquired abroad. In 2006, this had increases to 248 cases, of which 122 were acquired abroad. A milder strain of the disease, paratyphoid, which cannot be vaccinated against, increased by 78% over the last five years. A survey of more than 1000 showed that more than 1 in 3 people in the UK are not aware of the diseases which can be prevented by vaccination. Nearly two-thirds did not know that typhoid could be prevented by vaccination, while two out of five incorrectly believed there was...

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Typhoid rise is fuelled by cheap holidays

the Mail online | Health — Thu, 30 Aug 2007 12:37:26 +0100

Mass ignorance about vaccines and cheap travel is fuelling a leap in diseases including typhoid, figures suggest today. There was a 69 per cent increase in typhoid cases in England and Wales since 2002, according to Health Protection Agency figures (Source: the Mail online | Health)

Baldrick has a cunning plan to prevent typhoid

OnMedica Latest News — Thu, 30 Aug 2007 12:31:31 +0100

Blackadder and Time Team actor says get vaccinated before exotic holidays (Source: OnMedica Latest News)

Typhoid making UK comeback

BBC News | Health | UK Edition — Thu, 30 Aug 2007 10:09:29 +0100

People holidaying in exotic places without being vaccinated is fuelling a rise in dangerous diseases, warn doctors. (Source: BBC News | Health | UK Edition)

Evaluation of phoP and rpoS mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi as attenuated typhoid vaccine candidates: virulence and protective immune responses in intranasally immunized mice

FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology — Fri, 24 Aug 2007 18:05:18 +0100

FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology Volume 0, Issue 0, Page ???-???. Abstract The attenuation and immunoenhancing effects of rpoS and phoP Salmonella enterica serovar strain Typhi (Salmonella typhi) mutants have not been compared. Here, three S. typhi deletion mutants (phoP, rpoS, and rpoS–phoP double mutant) are construct... (Source: FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology)

Ty21a expressing Human papillomavirus type 16 L1 as a potential live Salmonella vaccine against cervical cancer and typhoid fever.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Wed, 08 Aug 2007 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Fraillery D, Baud D, Pang SY, Schiller J, Bobst M, Zosso N, Ponci F, Nardelli-Haefliger D Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines based on L1 virus-like-particles (VLPs) can prevent HPV-induced genital neoplasias, the precursors of cervical cancer. However, most cervical cancers occur in developing countries, where implementation of expensive vaccines requiring multiple injections will be difficult. A live Salmonella-based vaccine could be a lower cost alternative. We previously demonstrated that high HPV16-neutralizing titers are induced after a single oral immunization of mice with attenuated Salmonellae enterica serovar Typhimurium expressing a codon-optimized version of an HPV16 L1 (L1S) encoding plasmid. To allow testing of this type of vaccine in women, we constructed a new ...

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Travel vaccines to patients registered at this practice:- which vaccines and what criteria apply for GP supply free of charge on the NHS

NLH Question Answering Service — Tue, 07 Aug 2007 17:19:00 +0100

The CKS guideline on immunizations for travel contains the following information concerning payment and availability of travel vaccinations: "The following vaccines are available on the NHS (whatever the purpose of travel) for travel overseas: o Typhoid fever o Hepatitis A o Poliomyelitis Rabies is available on the NHS only for travellers working overseas whose occupation puts them at high risk of exposure to the virus. The following vaccines are not routinely available on the NHS for overseas travel: o Meningococcal meningitis o Yellow fever o Japanese encephalitis o Tick-borne encephalitis o Cholera o Hepatitis B Payment for the prescribing of vaccines for travel purposes is at the discretion of the practice. (Sour...

Vaccination in travelers

Current Infectious Disease Reports — Tue, 24 Jul 2007 07:02:59 +0100

This article reviews new vaccines such as those against rotavirus, Lyme disease, and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and provides updated information on the risk of typhoid fever and the efficacy of vaccination against it. The use of hepatitis A vaccine in outbreak control, the safety of yellow fever vaccine, and the importance of protecting travelers against rabies exposure are also discussed. Vaccination is an important way for travelers to maintain their health before, during, and after travel. Content TypeJournal Article JournalCurrent Infectious Disease ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-3146Print ISSN 1523-3847 Journal VolumeVolume 1 Journal IssueVolume 1, Number 5 / October, 1999 (Source: Current Infectious Disease Reports)

Primary school children's perspectives on common diseases and medicines used: implications for school healthcare programmes and priority setting in Uganda

African Health Sciences — Tue, 26 Jun 2007 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: The healthcare needs and priorities of children in primary school are infectious diseases which they could readily identify. (Source: African Health Sciences)

"I Don't Want a New Vaccine for My Child"

PediatricEducation.org — Wed, 20 Jun 2007 20:45:28 +0100

Discussion Parents have many questions about their children and the recommended vaccines they receive. Some parent just want more information and some parents are fearful because of inadequate or mis-information. Parents may believe that a vaccine that is added to the recommended schedule has not been available for a long time. This is not true as some vaccines have been used in other countries sometimes for years before they are approved for use in the U.S (i.e. varicella vaccine). Some vaccines have been available in the U.S. for limited, at-risk populations but are now being recommended for larger populations (i.e. Hepatitis A). Some parents believe that a vaccine is "bad" because it was used in the U.S. and currently is not approved or not manufactured. This again is not true. For ex...

Volume 45, number S1: CVD 908, CVD 908-htrA, and CVD 909 Live Oral Typhoid Vaccines: A Logical Progression

Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue — Mon, 18 Jun 2007 20:22:21 +0100

Typhoid fever remains an important public health problem in many parts of the world. Despite the availability of oral Ty21a (Vivotif; Berna Biotech) and parenteral Vi polysaccharide vaccine (Typhim Vi; Aventis Pasteur), improved typhoid fever vaccines have been sought. These include a series of vaccine candidates developed at the Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland, based on attenuation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi by deletions in the aroC, aroD, and htrA genes. These vaccine candidates, designated “CVD 908,” “CVD 908-htrA,” and “CVD 909,” have been developed and tested in volunteers with variable success. This review summarizes the clinical data that directed the logical progression of this vaccine development strategy. (Source: Clinical Infectious D...

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Volume 45, number S1: Doctor T. E. Woodward's Legacy: From Typhus to Typhoid Fever

Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue — Mon, 18 Jun 2007 20:22:21 +0100

Dr. Theodore E. Woodward was one of the early giants of infectious diseases research who set the groundwork for the field. He was the first to evaluate vaccines against typhus, employing volunteers to test the effectiveness of the vaccines. This led to the evaluation of chloramphenicol for the treatment of rickettsial diseases and typhoid fever. Subsequently, he was influential in establishing a unique volunteer unit in Maryland in which a wide range of vaccines were evaluated. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue)

Volume 45, number S1: A Personal Perspective on Clinical Research in Enteric Fever

Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue — Mon, 18 Jun 2007 20:22:21 +0100

With the global spread of enteric fever, the emergence of Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi as a major pathogen (particularly in Asia), the spread of drug resistance, and the global increase in the incidence of non-Typhi salmonella, particularly in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus, there is now more than ever a need for clinical research in enteric fever. The work of Ted Woodward 60 years ago remains relevant today, and his holistic approach to clinical research inspired many of us to follow in his footsteps. There remains healthy discussion among clinicians about the best treatment for enteric fever, and pragmatic, well-designed, randomized controlled trials are required to provide clear evidence. Vaccines and public health measures will have the greatest impact o...

Volume 45, number S1: Cell-Mediated Immunity and Antibody Responses Elicited by Attenuated Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Strains Used as Live Oral Vaccines in Humans

Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue — Mon, 18 Jun 2007 20:22:21 +0100

The development of improved typhoid vaccines is a high global public health priority. However, their development has been hampered by a lack of information regarding the specific determinants of protective immunity to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) infection in humans. Although antibodies to S. Typhi O, H, and Vi appear to be involved in protection against S. Typhi infection, it is unknown whether such antibodies mediate protection, act in conjunction with other adaptive responses, or serve as a surrogate for the presence of other, more dominant protective immune responses (e.g., cell-mediated immunity [CMI]). CMI responses elicited by immunization of subjects with attenuated S. Typhi oral vaccines include lymphoproliferation; production of type 1 cytokines (e.g., interferon-...

Volume 45, number S1: Ty21a Live Oral Typhoid Vaccine and Prevention of Paratyphoid Fever Caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B

Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue — Mon, 18 Jun 2007 20:22:21 +0100

In randomized, controlled field trials in Area Norte and Area Occidente of Santiago, Chile, 2 (Norte) or 3 (Occidente) doses of live oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a in enteric-coated capsules conferred protection against confirmed Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi disease (53% efficacy in Norte; 67% efficacy in Occidente) during 3 years of follow-up. There was also a trend in each trial showing protection against S. enterica serovar Paratyphi B disease (56% efficacy in Norte; 42% efficacy in Occidente). To enhance statistical power, an analysis was performed using pooled data from the 2 trials; this pooling of data was justified by the following facts: epidemiologic surveillance and microbiological methods were identical, the trials overlapped during 22 of the 36 months of follow-up in each tri...

Volume 45, number S1: The Use of Typhoid Vaccines in Asia: The DOMI Experience

Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue — Mon, 18 Jun 2007 20:22:21 +0100

Conclusions. The DOMI Program has begun to provide momentum for the evidence-based, rational introduction of typhoid vaccines into the public health programs of several Asian countries. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue)

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Typhoid vaccine Ty800 has demonstrated promising immunogenicity

Inpharma — Wed, 30 May 2007 10:26:15 +0100

(Source: Inpharma)

Typhoid vaccine Ty800 * has demonstrated promising immunogenicity,.

Inpharma Weekly — Sun, 27 May 2007 02:21:20 +0100

Page: 7 (Source: Inpharma Weekly)

Avant says typhoid fever vaccine looks promising

bizjournals.com Health Care:Pharmaceuticals headlines — Fri, 18 May 2007 16:29:48 +0100

Avant Immunotherapeutics Inc. said Friday preliminary results of a recent clinical trial reveal its typhoid fever vaccine candidate demonstrates excellent clinical potential in healthy volunteers. (Source: bizjournals.com Health Care:Pharmaceuticals headlines)

Carrington enters pact with NIH for typhoid vaccine

bizjournals.com Health Care:Biotechnology headlines — Thu, 17 May 2007 16:35:25 +0100

Carrington Laboratories Inc. said Thursday its subsidiary DelSite Biotechnologies Inc. has received a license from The National Institutes of Health to develop a typhoid fever vaccine. (Source: bizjournals.com Health Care:Biotechnology headlines)

Effects of crp deletion in Salmonella enterica serotype Gallinarum

BioMed Central — Tue, 08 May 2007 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: Transduction of a Tn10 disrupted crp gene from S. Typhimurium caused attenuation in S. Gallinarum and mutated strains are possible candidates for live vaccines against fowl typhoid. (Source: BioMed Central)

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Typhoid vaccine Vi polysaccharide: Acute transverse myelitis: case report

Reactions — Tue, 20 Mar 2007 05:55:03 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Typhoid vaccine Vi polysaccharide: Acute transverse myelitis: case report.

Reactions Weekly — Sat, 17 Mar 2007 07:27:02 +0100

(Source: Reactions Weekly)

Kinetics of the human antibody response against non-typhoid Salmonella determined by LPS ELISA.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Wed, 28 Feb 2007 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Strid MA, Dalby T, Mølbak K, Krogfelt KA Two indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were employed to measure levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM and IgA antibodies against Salmonella in sera from 303 Danish patients diagnosed by fecal culture with either Salmonella enteritidis or Salmonella typhimurium infection. The ELISAs were based on Salmonella enteritidis LPS and Salmonella typhimurium LPS, respectively. The antibody-levels were assessed at approximately one, three, six and twelve months after onset of salmonellosis. Sera from 164 healthy blood-donors were analyzed to establish cut-off values for each analysis. At one month after onset of symptoms, the sensitivity of the assays were 95% for patients recovering from a S. enteritidis infection and 89% for pat...

If I give a patient Viatim injection for Hepatitis A and Typhoid which Hepatitis A can I then give as a booster Havrix monadose or Avaxim?

NLH Question Answering Service — Mon, 19 Feb 2007 15:11:08 +0100

The SPC for viatim [1] states:"In order to provide long-term protection against infection caused by the hepatitis A virus, a second dose (booster) of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine should be given. "Looking at the BNF indicates that both Havrix monodose and Avaxim are inactivated hepatitis A vaccines. (Source: NLH Question Answering Service)

Studies on immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DnaJ of Salmonella Typhi against lethal infection by Salmonella Typhimurium in mice.

Vaccine — Sat, 06 Jan 2007 20:19:02 +0100

Authors: Sagi SS, Paliwal P, Bansal A, Mishra C, Khan N, Mustoori SR, Ilavazhagan G, Sawhney RC, Banerjee PK In the present study DnaJ (HSP40) of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi has been evaluated for its immunogenicity and efficacy in protecting mice against lethal challenge by S. enterica serovar Typhimurium infection. DnaJ was amplified by PCR of the genomic DNA of S. Typhi and subsequently cloned in pQE-30 expression vector. The protein was induced by IPTG and purified using Ni-NTA chromatography under denaturing conditions. After refolding in vitro the immune response was evaluated by injecting 40 microg DnaJ protein/mouse i.p. on 0th, 7th and 28th day. The results showed a significant increase in antibody titre and lymphocyte proliferation in animals immunised with DnaJ as comp...

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Acute transverse myelitis following typhoid vaccination.

The Ulster Medical Journal — Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Das RN, Jaykumar J PMID: 17288305 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: The Ulster Medical Journal)

Effects of crp deletion in Salmonella enterica serotype Gallinarum.

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica — Mon, 01 Jan 2007 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION: Transduction of a Tn10 disrupted crp gene from S. Typhimurium caused attenuation in S. Gallinarum and mutated strains are possible candidates for live vaccines against fowl typhoid. PMID: 17488512 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica)

Cell-mediated immune responses in humans after immunization with one or two doses of oral live attenuated typhoid vaccine CVD 909.

Vaccine — Sat, 23 Dec 2006 14:24:01 +0100

Authors: Wahid R, Salerno-Gonçalves R, Tacket CO, Levine MM, Sztein MB CVD 909 is a novel live attenuated S. Typhi oral vaccine candidate derived from strain CVD 908-htrA which constitutively expresses Vi. Herein we investigated whether the genetic manipulations involved in modifying CVD 908-htrA altered its ability to induce potent T-cell immune responses (CMI) after a single dose (five subjects) and, in a separate trial, whether a second dose (eight subjects) further enhanced its immunogenicity. In these clinical trials we observed that CVD 909 immunization elicits a wide array of CMI, including cytotoxic T cells (CTL), IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and IL-10 (but not IL-2, IL-4 or IL-5) production, and proliferation to S. Typhi antigens. However, the administration of a second dose did not ...

Trial participation and vaccine desirability for Vi polysaccharide typhoid fever vaccine in Hue City, Viet Nam

Tropical Medicine and International Health — Wed, 13 Dec 2006 09:47:09 +0100

Online early issue. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)

Implementation of good clinical practice guidelines in vaccine trials in developing countries.

Vaccine — Tue, 05 Dec 2006 18:26:01 +0100

Authors: Acosta CJ, Galindo CM, Ochiai RL, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Laure-Page A, Thiem VD, Jin Y, Khan MI, Sahito SM, Hamza HB, Park JK, Lee H, Bock H, Elyazeed RA, Albert MJ, Ascaso C, Robles TQ, Ali M, Ngai P, Puri MK, Koo YM, Agtini MD, Soeharno R, Bai-Qing D, Kohl D, Xu ZY, Ivanoff B, Jodar L, Pang T, Bhutta Z, Clemens JD The practicalities when applying the ICH GCPs (International Conference on Harmonization 1996 Good Clinical Practices [EU, MHLW, FDA. International Conference on Harmonization Guideline for Good Clinical Practice; 1997] in less developed countries (ldcs) are seldom discussed and we found no guidelines as how to "adapt" them. Below we illustrate how ICH GCP principles can be implemented in different settings. We have recently conducted in Asia (Hechi, China; Karachi,...

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Multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella enterica (serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi A) from blood isolates in Nepal: surveillance of resistance and a search for newer alternatives.

International Journal of Infectious Diseases — Wed, 01 Nov 2006 05:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: A greater prevalence of S. enterica serotype Paratyphi A with higher rates of multidrug resistance and ESBL production is concerning for natives as well as travelers in Nepal since the current typhoid vaccines do not provide protection against this serotype. PMID: 16978898 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases)

Non-Invasive Assessment of Endothelial Function: Which Technique?

Journal of the American College of Cardiology — Tue, 31 Oct 2006 07:00:00 +0100

Conclusions Vascular dysfunction during acute inflammation can be measured by FMD and by PWA with salbutamol. Flow-mediated dilation is less variable than PWA. Variability of PCA makes this technique currently unsuited to serial measures of endothelial function in children. Flow-mediated dilation remains the most reproducible method. (Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology)

A review of vaccine research and development: human enteric infections.

Vaccine — Sat, 28 Oct 2006 05:43:02 +0100

This article reviews the state of the art in vaccine R&D against human viral and bacterial enteric infections of public health importance. PMID: 16483695 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Vaccine)

Nigeria: Bayelsa Health Ministry Destroys Expired Drugs

AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine — Thu, 05 Oct 2006 06:39:02 +0100

About 97 cartons (371,400 doses) of needles/syringes and 28 cartons (70,864 doses) of expired typhoid vaccines worth millions of naira have been destroyed by the Bayelsa State ministry of health. (Source: AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine)