MedWorm: Typhoid Vaccine

Schools as potential vaccination venue for vaccines outside regular EPI schedule: results from a school census in Pakistan

BMC Research Notes — Fri, 06 Jan 2012 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Health education programs are not part of the regular school curriculum in developing countries including Pakistan. Many schools in the targeted townships participated in immunization activities but they were not carried out regularly. In the wake of low immunization coverage in Pakistan, schools can be used as a potential venue not only for non-EPI vaccines, but for a catch up vaccination of routine vaccines. (Source: BMC Research Notes)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

Molecular and Cellular Characterization of a Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi A Outbreak Strain and the Human Immune Response to its Infection.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Wed, 21 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Gal-Mor O, Suez J, Elhadad D, Porwollik S, Leshem E, Valinsky L, McClelland M, Schwartz E, Rahav G Abstract Enteric fever is an invasive life-threatening systemic disease caused by the Salmonella enterica human adapted serovars Typhi and Paratyphi. Increasing incidence of infections with Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. Paratyphi A) and the spreading of its antibiotic-resistant derivates pose a significant health concern in some areas of the world. Herein we describe a molecular and phenotypic characterization of a S. Paratyphi A strain accounted for a recent paratyphoid outbreak in Nepal, affected at least 37 travelers. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis of the outbreak isolates revealed one genetic clone (pulsotype), confirming a single infecting source...

Evasion of host immunity by virulent salmonella: implications for vaccine design.

Current Medicinal Chemistry — Thu, 01 Dec 2011 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Riquelme SA, Wozniak A, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) capable of linking innate and adaptive immunity during infection. After recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), DCs can engulf, process and present bacteria-derived antigens on MHC molecules to T cells. Because of the key role that DCs play on the initiation of innate and adaptive immunity, alterations in their function could render the host susceptible to bacterial dissemination. Consistent with this notion, is the observation that several pathogenic bacteria have evolved mechanisms to impair the DC capacity to prime naïve T cells. One of such bacteria is Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, which causes a typhoid-like d...

Salmonella infections: An update on epidemiology, management, and prevention

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease — Mon, 28 Nov 2011 05:00:00 +0100

We describe the epidemiology of this pathogen with emphasis on the most recent non-typhoidal Salmonella outbreaks in industrialized countries and continued outbreaks of typhoid Salmonella in underserved countries. An overview of clinical aspects of typhoid and non-typhoid infections in developing and industrialized countries, respectively, is provided, followed by a description on current treatment concepts and challenges treating multidrug-resistant Salmonella infections. We conclude with prevention recommendations, and recent research studies on vaccine prevention. (Source: Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease)

Top 10 Myths About HIV Vaccine Research

Health News from Medical News Today — Wed, 16 Nov 2011 11:00:00 +0100

Dec. 1 is World AIDS Day, and in commemoration of the occasion, the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, headquartered at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, debunks the top 10 myths about HIV vaccine research. Myth No. 1: HIV vaccines can give people HIV. HIV vaccines do not contain HIV and therefore a person cannot get HIV from the HIV vaccine. Some vaccines, like those for typhoid or polio, may contain a weak form of the virus they are protecting against, but this is not the case for HIV vaccines... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

From the CDC: New Country‐Specific Recommendations for Pre‐Travel Typhoid Vaccination

Journal of Travel Medicine — Fri, 14 Oct 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Typhoid fever continues to be an important concern for travelers visiting many parts of the world. This communication provides updated guidance for pre‐travel typhoid vaccination from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and describes the methodology for assigning country‐specific recommendations. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

Host response transcriptional profiling reveals extracellular components and ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters gene enrichment in typhoid fever-infected Nigerian children

BMC Infectious Diseases — Tue, 13 Sep 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: We identified unique extracellular components and ABC transporters gene enrichments in typhoid fever-infected Nigerian children, which have never been reported. These enriched gene clusters may represent novel targeted pathways to improve diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic and next-generation vaccine strategies for typhoid fever in Africa. (Source: BMC Infectious Diseases)

A Pilot Case-Cohort Study of Liver and Pancreatic Cancers in Poultry Workers

Annals of Epidemiology — Sun, 04 Sep 2011 01:07:59 +0100

Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence that exposure to poultry oncogenic viruses may possibly be associated with the occurrence of liver and pancreatic cancers. Case-control studies nested within occupational cohorts of highly exposed subjects of sufficient statistical power may provide an efficient and valid method of investigating/confirming these findings. (Source: Annals of Epidemiology)

A pilot case-cohort study of liver and pancreatic cancers in poultry workers.

Annals of Epidemiology — Sat, 03 Sep 2011 16:20:13 +0100

CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that exposure to poultry oncogenic viruses may possibly be associated with the occurrence of liver and pancreatic cancers. Case-control studies nested within occupational cohorts of highly exposed subjects of sufficient statistical power may provide an efficient and valid method of investigating/confirming these findings. PMID: 21884967 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Annals of Epidemiology)

Sanofi Pasteur's typhoid vaccine, Typhim Vi, has been awarded prequalification by WHO

PharmacoEconomics and Outcomes News — Tue, 12 Jul 2011 18:55:27 +0100

(Source: PharmacoEconomics and Outcomes News)

Salmonella Vaccines Fight Disease

Medical Headlines From Ivanhoe.com — Mon, 04 Jul 2011 05:00:00 +0100

(Ivanhoe Newswire) -- A new class of therapeutics, known as recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines (RASV), may fight against fatal diseases such as hepatitis B, tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid fever, AIDS and pneumonia, according to a new study. (Source: Medical Headlines From Ivanhoe.com)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

The Fight Against Infectious Disease Aided By New Salmonella-Based 'Clean Vaccines'

Health News from Medical News Today — Thu, 30 Jun 2011 10:00:00 +0100

A powerful new class of therapeutics, known as recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines (RASV), holds great potential in the fight against fatal diseases including hepatitis B, tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid fever, AIDS and pneumonia. Now, Qingke Kong and his colleagues at the Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, have developed a technique to make such vaccines safer and more effective. The group, under the direction of Dr... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Vaccine Supply Chains Need To Be Better Funded And Strengthened, Or Lives Will Be At Risk [Strengthening Programs]

Health Affairs — Tue, 07 Jun 2011 23:00:00 +0100

In the next decade, at least twelve additional vaccines that target such diseases as typhoid, malaria, and dengue will become available to lower- and middle-income countries. These vaccines must travel along what are called supply chains, which include all personnel, systems, equipment, and activities involved in ensuring that vaccines are effectively delivered from the point of production to the people who need them. But for various reasons, supply chains are already strained in many developing countries, and the potential inability to distribute new vaccines will place lives at risk. Among the many steps needed to strengthen the global vaccine supply chain, we suggest that the international community pursue improved coordination between organizations that donate and ship vaccines and the...

Epidemiology, antibiotic resistance trends and the cost of enteric fever in East London, 2005–2010

Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease — Thu, 02 Jun 2011 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: There is a significant direct cost of treating enteric fever cases on the NHS. Cost reduction measures are confined due to the lack of effective oral antibiotics following the emergence of high level resistance to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin. Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy service and improved preventative public health measures aimed at VFR travellers in particular may be helpful in reducing costs. (Source: Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease)

Safety and efficacy of a virulence gene-deleted live vaccine candidate for fowl typhoid in young chickens.

Avian Pathology — Tue, 31 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Matsuda K, Chaudhari AA, Lee JH The safety and efficacy of a live lon-and-cpxR-deleted Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (SG) vaccine candidate (JOL916) was evaluated in young layer chickens. Vaccinated (n=25) and unvaccinated (n=25) groups were organized, respectively, at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of age. One-week-old and 2-week-old chickens were orally inoculated with 2×10(7) colony-forming units of JOL916, and orally challenged with 2 x 10(6) colony-forming units of a wild-type SG strain at the third week post vaccination (w.p.v.). Doses of vaccination and challenge were increased 10-fold for 3-week-old and 4-week-old chickens. SG-antigen-specific peripheral lymphocyte proliferation response and concentrations of plasma IgG and secretary IgA in the intestine were examined ...

Population Dynamics of Salmonella enterica Serotypes in Commercial Egg and Poultry Production.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology — Thu, 12 May 2011 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Foley SL, Nayak R, Hanning IB, Johnson TJ, Han J, Ricke SC Fresh and processed poultry have been frequently implicated in cases of human salmonellosis. Furthermore, increased consumption of meat and poultry has increased the potential for exposure to Salmonella. While advances have been made in reducing the prevalence and frequency of Salmonella contamination in processed poultry, there is mounting pressure on commercial growers to prevent and/or eliminate these human pathogens in preharvest production facilities. Several factors contribute to Salmonella colonization in commercial poultry, including the serovar and the infectious dose. In the early 1900s, serovars Pullorum and Gallinarum caused widespread diseases in poultry, but vaccination and other voluntary programs helped...

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

Health of Catering Staff at a Hospital in India

Australasian Medical Journal - AMJ — Thu, 24 Mar 2011 10:54:31 +0100

Conclusion This study has confirmed an association between educational status and personal hygiene suggesting the need for greater personal hygiene in this group. Pre-employment and periodical medical examination should be encouraged. (Source: Australasian Medical Journal - AMJ)

Immunizations and risk of multiple sclerosis: systematic review and meta-analysis

Journal of Neurology — Wed, 23 Mar 2011 16:57:15 +0100

Abstract The role of vaccinations in risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) or in risk of relapse has not been well established. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of immunizations on risk of developing MS in adults as well as in subsequent risk of relapse. Systematic search for publications in MEDLINE (1966–January 2011), EMBASE (1977–January 2011) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (1961–January 2011). Both randomized clinical trials and non-randomized studies addressing the effect of any Center for Diseases Control (CDC) recommended vaccine for children, adults or travelers and BCG on risk of MS or disease relapse were included. Two reviewers independently extracted information from articles selected using a predefin...

Update on Imminent Vaccines: Report of the APPA VU 2010: II

Indian Journal of Pediatrics — Fri, 04 Mar 2011 11:05:33 +0100

Abstract The Asia Pacific Pediatric Association Vaccinology Update 2010 (APPA VU 2010) was held in Mumbai on November 13–14, 2010. This second part of the conference report discusses the interesting information about vaccines which are expected in the near future, namely, live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine, tetravalent dengue virus vaccine, conjugate typhoid vaccine and conjugate meningococcal A vaccine. Content Type Journal ArticlePages 1-3DOI 10.1007/s12098-011-0385-1Authors Sunil Karande, Department of Pediatrics, Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College & King Edward VII Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, 400012 India Journal Indian Journal of PediatricsOnline ISSN 0973-7693Print ISSN 0019-5456 (Source: Indian Journal of Pediatrics)

Immunity to salmonellosis

Immunological Reviews — Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Summary: Salmonella enterica is a genetically broad species harboring isolates that display considerable antigenic heterogeneity and significant differences in virulence potential. Salmonella generally exhibit an invasive potential and they can survive for extended periods within cells of the immune system. They cause acute or chronic infections that can be local (e.g. gastroenteritis) or systemic (e.g. typhoid). In vivo Salmonella infections are complex with multiple arms of the immune system being engaged. Both humoral and cellular responses can be detected and characterized, but full protective immunity is not always induced, even following natural infection. The murine model has proven to be a fertile ground for exploring immune mechanisms and observations in the mouse have often, al...

An adhesion protein of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is required for pathogenesis and potential target for vaccine development [Microbiology]

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences — Tue, 22 Feb 2011 00:00:00 +0100

More than half of all Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi genes still remain unannotated. Although pathogenesis of S. Typhi is incompletely understood, treatment of typhoid fever is complicated by the emergence of drug resistance. Effectiveness of the currently available vaccines is also limited. In search of novel virulence proteins, we have identified several putative adhesins of S. Typhi through computational approaches. Our experiment shows that a 27-kDa outer membrane protein (T2544) plays a major role in bacterial adhesion to the host through high-affinity binding to laminin. Its role in bacterial pathogenesis is underscored by reduced systemic invasion and a 10-fold higher LD50 of the mutant bacteria in mice. T2544 is strongly immunogenic as revealed by the detection of sustained high...

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

Cost of illness due to typhoid fever in five Asian countriesCoût de la maladie due à la fièvre typhoïde dans cinq pays asiatiquesCoste de la enfermedad por fiebre tifoidea en cinco países asiáticos.

Tropical Medicine and International Health — Fri, 18 Feb 2011 02:41:54 +0100

Conclusion Although these estimates may understate true costs due to the fact that higher quality treatment may have been provided earlier‐than‐usual, this multi‐country community‐based study contributes to evidence on the public and private costs of typhoid fever in developing countries. These cost estimates were used in a cost‐effectiveness analysis of typhoid vaccines and will help policymakers respond to World Health Organization’s updated typhoid fever immunization recommendations.Objectif: Etablir des estimations communautaires des coûts publics (payés par le gouvernement) et privés (payés par les ménages) pour la fièvre typhoïde confirmée par la culture de sang à Hechi en Chine, dans le Nord Jakarta en Indonésie, à Kolkata en Inde, à Karachi au Pakistan...

Cost of illness due to typhoid fever in five Asian countries

Tropical Medicine and International Health — Wed, 12 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusion: Although these estimates may understate true costs due to the fact that higher quality treatment may have been provided earlier‐than‐usual, this multi‐country community‐based study contributes to evidence on the public and private costs of typhoid fever in developing countries. These cost estimates were used in a cost‐effectiveness analysis of typhoid vaccines and will help policymakers respond to World Health Organization’s updated typhoid fever immunization recommendations. (Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health)

Immunology of gut mucosal vaccines

Immunological Reviews — Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 +0100

Summary: Understanding the mechanisms underlying the induction of immunity in the gastrointestinal mucosa following oral immunization and the cross‐talk between mucosal and systemic immunity should expedite the development of vaccines to diminish the global burden caused by enteric pathogens. Identifying an immunological correlate of protection in the course of field trials of efficacy, animal models (when available), or human challenge studies is also invaluable. In industrialized country populations, live attenuated vaccines (e.g. polio, typhoid, and rotavirus) mimic natural infection and generate robust protective immune responses. In contrast, a major challenge is to understand and overcome the barriers responsible for the diminished immunogenicity and efficacy of the same enteric...

[Comment] Wormy mothers, healthy babies: case closed or conundrum?

LANCET — Fri, 31 Dec 2010 01:25:54 +0100

Vaccines seem to be less effective in poor communities of low-income countries than in the high-income countries where they were developed. Responses to oral vaccines for polio, cholera, or rotaviruses, and to parenterally administered vaccines for BCG, measles, or typhoid, are lower in African and Asian populations than in wealthy countries. Whether modulation of immune responses by exogenous factors contributes to these outcomes remains unresolved; therefore, parasitic infections in developing countries are especially interesting. (Source: LANCET)

Positive antibody response to vaccination in adolescence predicts lower C‐reactive protein concentration in young adulthood in the philippines

American Journal of Human Biology — Fri, 17 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: This study provides evidence for a prospective, within‐individual link between more effective antibody‐mediated immune defenses and lower levels of inflammation. In the context of prior research in this population, these results suggest that early environments are important determinants of multiple aspects of an individual's immuno‐phenotype. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. (Source: American Journal of Human Biology)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

Oral priming with Salmonella Typhi vaccine strain CVD 909 followed by parenteral boost with the S. Typhi Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine induces CD27(+)IgD(-)S. Typhi-specific IgA and IgG B memory cells in humans.

Clinical Immunology — Thu, 09 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Wahid R, Pasetti MF, Maciel M, Simon JK, Tacket CO, Levine MM, Sztein MB Attenuated live oral typhoid vaccine candidate CVD 909 constitutively expresses Salmonella Typhi capsular polysaccharide antigen (Vi). A randomized, double-blind, heterologous prime-boost clinical study was conducted to determine whether immunity to licensed parenteral Vi vaccine could be enhanced by priming with CVD 909. Priming with CVD 909 elicited higher and persistent, albeit not significant, anti-Vi IgG and IgA following immunization with Vi, than placebo-primed recipients. Vi-specific IgA B memory (B(M)) cells were significantly increased in CVD 909-primed subjects. S. Typhi-specific LPS and flagella IgA B(M) cells were observed in subjects immunized with CVD 909 or with the licensed Vi-negative or...

Pathogenicity of SG 9R, a rough vaccine strain against fowl typhoid.

Vaccine — Fri, 03 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kwon HJ, Cho SH SG 9R, a rough vaccine strain of Salmonella gallinarum, has been used for the prevention of fowl typhoid and paratyphoid in the world despite the presence of residual virulence. SG 9R-like rough strains have been recently isolated from fowl typhoid cases; however, molecular markers to differentiate SG 9R from field strains are not well-characterized and the molecular mechanisms of SG 9R residual virulence are unclear. Therefore, we analyzed LPS biosynthesis (rfa gene cluster) and virulence genes (spv, SPI-2) of both SG 9R and S. gallinarum rough field strains. SG 9R carried a unique nonsense mutation in rfaJ (TCA to TAA) and a shared rfaZ mutation (G-deletion) by rough and smooth S. gallinarum strains. SG 9R also carried intact SPI-2 and spvC, B, A, and R (exce...

The burden of vaccine-preventable invasive bacterial infections and pneumonia in children admitted to hospital in urban Nepal

International Journal of Infectious Diseases — Thu, 02 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Summary: Background: Protein–polysaccharide vaccines have made a significant impact on the burden of disease caused by encapsulated bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and have the potential to do so for Salmonella Typhi. Nepal is one of many resource-poor nations with limited information on the epidemiology of childhood infections caused by these pathogens.Methods: Over a 21-month period, we studied children aged ≤12 years admitted to an urban hospital in Nepal with suspected bacteremia, meningitis, or pneumonia. Patan Hospital is a non-profit hospital with the second largest pediatric unit in the Kathmandu Valley.Results: Of 2039 children enrolled in the study, 142 (7.5%) included in the analysis had positive blood cultures. The ...

Evaluation of safety and protection efficacy on cpxR and lon deleted mutant of Salmonella Gallinarum as a live vaccine candidate for fowl typhoid.

Vaccine — Fri, 26 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Matsuda K, Chaudhari AA, Lee JH We evaluated a recently developed live fowl typhoid (FT) vaccine candidate, JOL916, the cpxR/lon mutant of Salmonella Gallinarum (SG), for safety and protection efficacy in 5-week-old layer chickens. Intramuscular vaccination with JOL916 revealed no or very few lesions in livers and spleens of the animals until the fourth week post-vaccination (wpv). This candidate clearly induced cellular immune responses in 5 of 5 chickens on the first and second wpv based on the peripheral lymphocyte proliferation assay. Systemic IgG responses were observed in 5 of 5 chickens from the first wpv and dramatic elevations were observed on the second and third wpv. Vaccination of chickens offered efficient protection against challenge by a wild-type SG; only sligh...

Vi-CRM(197) as a new conjugate vaccine against Salmonella Typhi.

Vaccine — Fri, 26 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Micoli F, Rondini S, Pisoni I, Proietti D, Berti F, Costantino P, Rappuoli R, Szu S, Saul A, Martin LB An efficacious, low cost vaccine against typhoid fever, especially for young children, would make a major impact on disease burden in developing countries. The virulence capsular antigen of Salmonella Typhi (Vi) coupled to recombinant mutant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoprotein A (Vi-rEPA) has been shown to be highly efficacious but has not been commercialized. We investigated the use of commercially available carrier proteins, standardized the conjugation process and developed key assays required for routine lot release. Vi from a BSL1 organism, Citrobacter freundii, strain WR7011, was used as an alternative to Vi from S. Typhi. We showed that Vi conjugated to CRM(197), a non-t...

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

Half of those travelling internationally not aware of potential health risks

EurekAlert! - Infectious and Emerging Diseases — Wed, 03 Nov 2010 04:00:00 +0100

(Massachusetts General Hospital) A recent study published in the Journal of Travel Medicine found that 46 percent of travelers to resource-limited countries -- where they may be exposed to diseases like malaria, typhoid, dengue fever and hepatitis -- did not seek health advice or vaccinations prior to departure. (Source: EurekAlert! - Infectious and Emerging Diseases)

Typhoid and paratyphoid fever - prevention in travellers.

Australian Family Physician — Mon, 01 Nov 2010 00:00:00 +0100

This article forms part of our travel medicine series for 2010, providing a summary of prevention strategies and vaccinations for infections that may be acquired by travellers. The series aims to provide practical strategies to assist general practitioners in giving travel advice, as a synthesis of multiple information sources which must otherwise be consulted. PMID: 21301658 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Australian Family Physician)

A mouse model for the human pathogen Salmonella typhi.

Cell Host and Microbe — Wed, 20 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Song J, Willinger T, Rongvaux A, Eynon EE, Stevens S, Manz MG, Flavell RA, Galán JE Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) causes typhoid fever, a life-threatening human disease. The lack of animal models due to S. Typhi's strict human host specificity has hindered its study and vaccine development. We find that immunodeficient Rag2(-/-) γc(-/-) mice engrafted with human fetal liver hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are able to support S. Typhi replication and persistent infection. A S. Typhi mutant in a gene required for virulence in humans was unable to replicate in these mice. Another mutant unable to produce typhoid toxin exhibited increased replication, suggesting a role for this toxin in the establishment of persistent infection. Furthermore, infected ani...

Outer membrane protein A of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium activates dendritic cells and enhances Th1 polarization

BMC Microbiology - Latest articles — Thu, 14 Oct 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that OmpA-sal modulates the adaptive immune responses to S. enterica serovar Typhimurium by activating dendritic cells and driving Th1 polarization, which are important properties to consider in the development of effective S. enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccines and immunotherapy adjuvant. (Source: BMC Microbiology - Latest articles)

Guatemalan STD medical experiments were just one crime in a long history of medical-government collusion to use humans as guinea pigs

NaturalNews.com — Sat, 02 Oct 2010 07:00:00 +0100

(NaturalNews) It has now been widely revealed that the United States conducted medical experiments on prisoners and mental health patients in Guatemala in the 1940's. Carried out by a government-employed doctor working in a psychiatric hospital, these experiments involved intentionally infecting Guatemalans with syphilis (and other STDs) without their knowledge in order to determine the effectiveness of penicillin. They were sponsored in part by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), and they've now been widely reported by ABC News, the Washington Post and many other mainstream papers (who have suddenly taken an interest in a subject they normally wouldn't touch).The outrage against this inhumane medical science experiment is reflected in mainstream news headlines across the globe, ...

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

Blood Stream Infections in Western Nepal

Australasian Medical Journal - AMJ — Fri, 01 Oct 2010 06:32:04 +0100

Conclusion Gram-negative bacteria were the predominant causes of BSIs. The occurrence of drug resistant S. Paratyphi A is of great concern for travellers, as they are not protected with an effective vaccine. Imipenem showed good activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa indicating lack or low level of MBL activity. (Source: Australasian Medical Journal - AMJ)

Community participation in two vaccination trials in slums of Kolkata, India: a multi-level analysis.

Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition — Thu, 30 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100

This study aims at understanding the individual and community-level characteristics that influenced participation in two consecutive vaccine trials (typhoid and cholera) in urban slums of Kolkata, India. The study area was divided into 80 geographic clusters (communities), with 59,533 subjects aged > or = 2 years for analysis. A multi-level model was employed in which the individuals were seen nested within the cluster. Rates of participation in both the trials were nearly the same; those who participated in the initial trial were likely to participate in the subsequent cholera vaccine trial. Communities with predominantly Hindu population, lower percentage of households with an educated household head, or lower percentage of households owning a motorbike had higher participation than t...

Profile of Typhoid Fever in Children from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chennai-South India

Indian Journal of Pediatrics — Thu, 30 Sep 2010 08:00:26 +0100

Conclusion Public health interventions to minimize human carrier contact, improved personal hygienic measures including health care behavior strategies, typhoid vaccination and rational antibiotic selection based on sensitivity pattern to prevent resistance will help to reduce the morbidity and mortality of this global health problem. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s12098-010-0196-9Authors Ramaswamy Ganesh, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, 12 A, Nageswara Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, 600034 IndiaLalitha Janakiraman, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, 12 A, Nageswara Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, 600034 IndiaThiruvengadam Vasanthi, Kanchi Kamakoti CHILDS Trust Hospital, 12 A, Nageswara Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai, 600034 IndiaMalathi Sathiyasekeran,...

Mice engrafted with human immune cells may provide clues to better prevention and treatment of typhoid fever

ScienceDaily Headlines — Thu, 23 Sep 2010 10:13:46 +0100

Better treatments and prevention of typhoid fever may emerge from a laboratory model that has just been developed for the disease. The model is based on transplanting human immune stem cells from umbilical cord blood into mice that are susceptible to infections. Because typhoid fever affects only humans, progress in creating effective vaccines and medications has been limited. The "humanized" mouse allows scientists to study innovative approaches against human infections. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

typhoid vaccine enteric-coated capsule - oral, Vivotif Berna

MedicineNet Digestion General — Wed, 22 Sep 2010 07:00:00 +0100

Title: typhoid vaccine enteric-coated capsule - oral, Vivotif BernaCategory: MedicationsCreated: 3/2/2005Last Editorial Review: 9/22/2010 (Source: MedicineNet Digestion General)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

Humanized mice may provide clues to better prevent and treat typhoid fever

EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health — Wed, 22 Sep 2010 04:00:00 +0100

(University of Washington) Better treatments and prevention of typhoid fever may emerge from a laboratory model that has just been developed for the disease. The model is based on transplanting human immune stem cells from umbilical cord blood into mice that are susceptible to infections. Because typhoid fever affects only humans, progress in creating effective vaccines and medications has been limited. The "humanized" mouse allows scientists to study innovative approaches against human infections. (Source: EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health)

Vaccine preventable diseases in returned international travelers: Results from the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network.

Vaccine — Wed, 15 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Boggild AK, Castelli F, Gautret P, Torresi J, von Sonnenburg F, Barnett ED, Greenaway CA, Lim PL, Schwartz E, Wilder-Smith A, Wilson ME, Vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) threaten international travelers, but little is known about their epidemiology in this group. We analyzed records of 37,542 ill returned travelers entered into the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database. Among 580 (1.5%) with VPDs, common diagnoses included enteric fever (n=276), acute viral hepatitis (n=148), and influenza (n=70). Factors associated with S. typhi included VFR travel (p<0.016) to South Central Asia (p<0.001). Business travel was associated with influenza (p<0.001), and longer travel with hepatitis A virus (p=0.02). 29% of those with VPDs had pre-travel consultations. At least 5...

[Editorial] Hepatitis E vaccine: why wait?

LANCET — Thu, 09 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100

In The Lancet today, Buddha Basnyat asks why are hepatitis E and the conjugate typhoid vaccines not available, despite their proven efficacy and safety. In 2007, Mrigendra Prasad Shrestha and colleagues assessed the safety and efficacy of a recombinant protein hepatitis E virus (HEV) vaccine that was produced in insect cells by the US Army working with GlaxoSmithKline. This vaccine showed 95·5% efficacy after administration of three doses (20 μg per dose) at months 0, 1, and 6 in a phase 2 randomised controlled trial of 2000 healthy, mostly young men in Nepal. Although GlaxoSmithKline retains the intellectual property rights to this vaccine, it reportedly has no plans for development. The results of Feng-Cai Zhu and colleagues' phase 3 trial, reported in The Lancet today, using a recombi...

[Correspondence] Neglected hepatitis E and typhoid vaccines

LANCET — Thu, 09 Sep 2010 23:00:00 +0100

The report by Feng-Cai Zhu and colleagues (Sept 11, p 895) of a highly effective recombinant hepatitis E vaccine is very encouraging. However, it is to be hoped that this vaccine is developed and made available to people who need it more promptly than the previous highly effective hepatits E vaccine. Years have passed since the development of this vaccine, with no real gain for the people in the country where it was tested nor across the wider global community. (Source: LANCET)

Trends and disease burden of enteric fever in Guangxi province, China, 1994-2004.

Bulletin of the World Health Organization — Tue, 31 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100

CONCLUSION: Prospective studies may provide a better understanding of the reason for the shifting epidemiology of enteric fever in Guangxi province. Given the emergence of resistance to first- and second-line antimicrobials for the treatment of enteric fever, a bivalent vaccine against both SPA and S. typhi would facilitate for disease control. PMID: 20865074 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

Health Highlights: Aug. 27, 2010

The Doctors Lounge - Health News — Fri, 27 Aug 2010 15:21:00 +0100

Lower U.S. Birth Rate May Be Linked To Recession Narcolepsy, Swine Flu Vaccine Link Under Investigation> Typhoid Fears Spur Recall of Frozen Mamey Fruit Bars Two Superbug Gene Cases Reported In Austria First U.S. Face Transplant Patient Doing Well After Final Surgery (Source: The Doctors Lounge - Health News)

Genetically modified Bifidobacterium displaying Salmonella-antigen protects mice from lethal challenge of Salmonella Typhimurium in a murine typhoid fever model.

Vaccine — Wed, 11 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Yamamoto S, Wada J, Katayama T, Jikimoto T, Nakamura M, Kinoshita S, Lee KM, Kawabata M, Shirakawa T We developed a novel vaccine platform utilizing Bifidobacterium as an antigen delivery vehicle for mucosal immunization. Genetically modified Bifidobacterium longum displaying Salmonella-flagellin on the cell surface was constructed for the oral typhoid vaccine. The efficiency of this vaccine was evaluated in a murine model of typhoid fever. We then orally administered 2.5x10(7) CFU of the recombinant Bifidobacterium longum (vaccine) or parental Bifidobacterium longum, or PBS to BALB/C mice every other day for 2 weeks. After the administration, a total of 42 mice (14 mice in each group) were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium (1.0x10(7) CFU/mouse). While 12 mice in the PBS ...

Fecal-Orally Transmitted Diseases Among Travelers Are Decreasing Due to Better Hygienic Standards at Travel Destination

Journal of Travel Medicine — Tue, 03 Aug 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. These findings suggest that improved hygienic standards at travel destination strongly contributed to the overall decline in attack rates of fecal-orally transmitted diseases among visiting travelers. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Imported Infectious Diseases in Spanish Travelers

Journal of Travel Medicine — Fri, 30 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. Increased international travel is a key factor for the development and spread of emerging pathogens. Information on these diseases is essential to establish early warning mechanisms and action plans. Spain represents a unique setting for this. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

Reports of Sick Travelers Climb; H1N1 Pandemic May Have Spurred More to Inform Authorities of Suspected Illnesses

RWJF News Digest - Public Health — Thu, 22 Jul 2010 05:04:19 +0100

Federal health officers logged more than 3,000 cases of potentially infectious diseases among travelers in the past year, including airline passengers with tuberculosis, whooping cough, measles, mumps and typhoid fever, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data obtained by USA TODAY. The reported cases, a fraction of illnesses carried by travelers, show the importance of up-to-date vaccinations and getting medical advice before going abroad, says Nina Marano, chief of the CDC's quarantine branch. (Source: RWJF News Digest - Public Health)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

Ex vivo Kinetics of Early and Long-Term Multifunctional HLA-E specific CD8+ Cells in Volunteers Immunized with Ty21a Typhoid Vaccine.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Tue, 20 Jul 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Salerno-Goncalves R, Wahid R, Sztein MB T cells are likely to play an important role in host defense against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever. We have shown that HLA-E can function as a restriction element for S. Typhi-specific CD8(+) T cells. Because of the potential importance of HLA-E-restricted CD8(+) responses in resistance to Salmonella infection, we characterized these responses and investigated their kinetics of appearance and persistence in subjects immunized orally with the licensed attenuated Ty21a strain typhoid vaccine. Cells were obtained from volunteers before and at days 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 28, 42, 56, 120, 180, 360 and 720 after immunization. An ex vivo multi-color staining panel, including antibodies to CD107a/b,...

Cocooning may protect newborns from whooping cough

Thrive, Children's Hospital Boston — Mon, 19 Jul 2010 14:18:51 +0100

Vaccinations have weakened, but not eradicated, many once fatal diseases Polio. Scarlet fever. Typhoid. Today, this list does little more than conjure up old memories of iron lungs, crutches and maybe one sad velveteen rabbit. But less than a century ago, these words were enough to make most parents go white with dread. Thanks to advancements in medicine and vaccination, these diseases have been all but eradicated. But as powerful as modern medicine has become, there are still holes in its defenses, as proven by a recent Californian outbreak of pertussis, also known as whooping cough, that is well on its way to being the most widespread outbreak the state has seen in 50 years. So far over 900 cases of pertussis have been confirmed, with a death toll of at least five, prompting state healt...

Salmonella-regulated lipopolysaccharide modifications.

Sub-Cellular Biochemistry — Fri, 02 Jul 2010 17:15:03 +0100

Authors: Richards SM, Strandberg KL, Gunn JS Salmonella enterica are Gram-negative enteric pathogens that cause typhoid fever and gastroenteritis in humans. Many bacteria, including Salmonella, use signal transduction cascades such as two-component regulatory systems to detect and respond to stimuli in the local microenvironment. During infection, environmental sensing allows bacteria to regulate gene expression to evade host immune defenses and thrive in vivo. Activation of the Salmonella two-component regulatory systems PhoP-PhoQ and PmrA-PmrB and the RcsC-RcsD-RcsB phosphorylay by specific environmental signals in the intestine and within host cells leads to several lipopolysaccharide modifications that promote bacterial survival, cationic antimicrobial peptide resistance and virule...

Characterization of anti-Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi antibody responses in bacteremic Bangladeshi patients using Immuno-affinity Proteomic-based Technology (IPT).

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Tue, 22 Jun 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Charles RC, Sheikh A, Krastins B, Harris JB, Bhuiyan MS, Larocque RC, Logvinenko T, Sarracino DA, Kudva IT, Eisenstein J, Podolsky MJ, Kalsy A, Brooks WA, Ludwig A, John M, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Ryan ET Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) is the cause of typhoid fever and a human-restricted pathogen. Currently available typhoid vaccines provide 50-90% protection for 2-5 years, and available practical diagnostic assays to identify individuals with typhoid fever lack sensitivity and/or specificity. Identifying immunogenic S. Typhi antigens expressed during human infection could lead to improved diagnostic assays and vaccines. Here we describe a platform Immuno-affinity Proteomic-based Technology (IPT) that involves the use of columns charged with IgG, IgM or IgA anti...

Adverse Events Following Smallpox Vaccination With ACAM2000 in a Military Population [Observation]

Archives of Dermatology — Mon, 21 Jun 2010 19:50:51 +0100

Conclusions We present the first confirmed case of generalized vaccinia following immunization with the second-generation smallpox vaccine ACAM2000. In addition, we describe 7 cases of benign, acral, papulovesicular eruptions thought to be associated with ACAM2000 administration. Further research is needed to discern the pathogenesis of these benign eruptions as well as their incidence and prevalence and that of generalized vaccinia with ACAM2000. (Source: Archives of Dermatology)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

Zimbabwe: HIV Vaccine - Keeping Hope Alive

AllAfrica News: HIV-Aids and STDs — Mon, 07 Jun 2010 12:53:29 +0100

IT took 105 years for researchers to develop a vaccine against the deadly typhoid disease and 89 to get one against polio. (Source: AllAfrica News: HIV-Aids and STDs)

Health Risks in Travelers to South Africa: The GeoSentinel Experience and Implications for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene — Mon, 31 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Mendelson M, Davis XM, Jensenius M, Keystone JS, von Sonnenburg F, Hale DC, Burchard GD, Field V, Vincent P, Freedman DO Using the GeoSentinel database, an analysis of ill patients returning from throughout sub-Saharan Africa over a 13-year period was performed. Systemic febrile illness, dermatologic, and acute diarrheal illness were the most common syndromic groupings, whereas spotted fever group rickettsiosis was the most common individual diagnosis for travelers to South Africa. In contrast to the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, only six cases of malaria were documented in South Africa travelers. Vaccine-preventable diseases, typhoid, hepatitis A, and potential rabies exposures were uncommon in South Africa travelers. Pre-travel advice for the travelers to the 2010 World Cup sh...

Haiti: Time passes but medical needs persist

MSF News — Wed, 19 May 2010 18:26:00 +0100

Four months after Haiti's devastating earthquake, MSF's teams continue to adjust their activities to meet the changing, but still major, medical needs. The organization continues to provide primary and secondary care to the population at no cost, working out of approximately 20 sites and operating several mobile clinics. "More than one million people are still living in deplorable conditions, beneath tents or plastic sheeting, without a clear sense of what's ahead in the coming months," says Stefano Zannini, MSF's head of mission in Haiti. "In the meantime, the rains are intensifying, flooding the sites where earthquake victims live several times a week." These conditions produce heightened health risks. Since January 12, MSF has provided medical care to 137,000 patie...

Indian vi conjugate typhoid vaccine: misleading claims.

Indian Pediatrics — Thu, 06 May 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Shah N PMID: 20519792 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Indian Pediatrics)

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Japanese Travelers on Infectious Disease Risks and Immunization Uptake

Journal of Travel Medicine — Sun, 04 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. There is a need for specialized travel health services in Japan and health professionals should be encouraged to expand these services. Japanese travelers should be made aware of the importance of seeking pre-travel health advice and information on the health risks at their destination. Travel health professionals should provide a balanced view of the risks and benefits of immunization, and misperceptions about immunization should be addressed. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

Meta-analysis in medicine: an introduction

APLAR Journal of Rheumatology — Sat, 03 Apr 2010 23:00:00 +0100

Meta-analysis, a complex statistical method which involves synthesis of data from relevant studies to devise an effect size or a conclusion, has increasingly been recognized and impacts on evidence-based medicine, especially in the field of health science. Thanks to the advent and unmet need of evidence-based medicine, since the first recordable publication of a meta-analysis in 1904 addressing the effectiveness of typhoid vaccine, both the number and quality of meta-analyses published relating to healthcare science have been on a steep rise. If properly conducted, based on answering relevant clinical questions, strict selection criteria of participating studies, appropriate analytical methods, and proper presentation of results, coupled with critical and faithful discussion on the strengt...

Interleukin 12 Receptor β1 Chain Deficiency in a Child With Disseminated Tuberculosis: A Case Report

Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery — Tue, 23 Mar 2010 14:25:08 +0100

Interleukin (IL) 12 receptor β1 chain (IL-12Rβ1) deficiency is 1 of 5 rare genetic defects of Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease. The known mutations in the IL-12Rβ1 genes are autosomal recessive and associated with the abolition of the response to IL-12 and IL-23. Affected individuals have an increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-typhoid salmonellosis. Etiologic agents include bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, environmental nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), and non-typhoid Salmonella species. (Source: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)

Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A enteric fever vaccine candidates.

Vaccine — Mon, 22 Mar 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Roland KL, Tinge SA, Kochi SK, Thomas LJ, Killeen KP Eight Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A strains were screened as candidates to create a live attenuated paratyphoid vaccine. Based on biochemical and phenotypic criteria, four strains, RKS2900, MGN9772, MGN9773 and MGN9779, were selected as progenitors for the construction of DeltaphoPQ mutant derivatives. All strains were evaluated in vitro for auxotrophic phenotypes and sensitivity to deoxycholate and polymyxin B. All DeltaphoPQ mutants were more sensitive to deoxycholate and polymyxin B than their wild-type progenitors, however MGN10028, MGN10044 and MGN10048, required exogenous purine for optimal growth. Purine requiring strains had acquired point mutations in purB during strain construction. All four mutants were ...

In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, the single oral dose typhoid vaccine, M01ZH09, is safe and immunogenic at doses up to 1.7x10(10) colony-forming units.

Vaccine — Tue, 23 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Lyon CE, Sadigh KS, Carmolli MP, Harro C, Sheldon E, Lindow JC, Larsson CJ, Martinez T, Feller A, Ventrone CH, Sack DA, Denearing B, Fingar A, Pierce K, Dill EA, Schwartz HI, Beardsley E, Kilonzo B, May JP, Lam W, Upton A, Budhram R, Kirkpatrick BD M01ZH09, S. Typhi (Ty2DeltaaroCDeltassaV) ZH9, is a single oral dose typhoid vaccine with independently attenuating deletions. A phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating trial evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of M01ZH09 to 1.7x10(10) colony-forming units (CFU). 187 Healthy adults received vaccine or placebo in four cohorts. Serologic responses and IgA ELISPOT were measured. At all doses, the vaccine was well tolerated and without bacteremias. One subject had a transient low-grade fever. 62.2-86.1...

Another Typhoid Patient From Japan

Journal of Travel Medicine — Wed, 10 Feb 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Typhoid treatment was empirically started in a Japanese patient with undifferentiated fever in Nepal since Japanese tourists, unlike most Americans and Europeans to South Asia, are unable to obtain typhoid vaccination in Japan even for travel to this area of high endemicity. Subsequently, his blood culture grew out Salmonella typhi. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

Haiti

Wilderness Medicine Newsletter — Fri, 05 Feb 2010 14:39:21 +0100

the Major disasters in the last 10 years, 2000 – 2010: 2001 – Gujarat Earthquake, India 20,000 Deaths 2003 – Bam Earthquake, Iran 30,000 Deaths 2004 – Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami 230,000 Deaths 2005 – Kashmir Earthquake, Pakistan 85,000 Deaths 2005 – Hurricane Katrina, USA 1,300 Deaths 2008 – Sichuan China Earthquake, Chine 70,000 Deaths 2008 – Cyclone Nargis, Burma (Myanmar) 150,000 Deaths 2010 – Haitian Earthquake, Haiti 170,000+ Deat...

Development of a bead immunoassay to measure Vi polysaccharide-specific serum IgG after vaccination with the Salmonella Vi polysaccharide.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Wed, 27 Jan 2010 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Staats HF, Kirwan SM, Whisnant CC, Stephenson JL, Wagener DK, Majumder PP Vi polysaccharide from Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (S. typhi) is used as one of the available vaccines to prevent typhoid fever. Measurement of Vi-specific serum antibodies after vaccination with Vi polysaccharide by ELISA may be complicated due to poor binding of the Vi polysaccharide to ELISA plates resulting in poor reproducibility of measured antibody responses. We chemically conjugated Vi polysaccharide to fluorescent beads and performed studies to determine if a bead-based immunoassay provided a reproducible method to measure vaccine-induced anti-Vi serum IgG antibodies. When compared to ELISA, the Vi bead immunoassay had a lower background and therefore a greater signal to noise ratio. The ...

CDC Advises Relief Workers About Ways to Prepare for Trip to Haiti

Medscape Today Headlines — Tue, 26 Jan 2010 18:42:37 +0100

The CDC has outlined precautions to take before and during travel to Haiti to ensure up-to-date vaccination against tetanus, hepatitis A and B, and typhoid. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

Emerging Infections: Global Trends in Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever

Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue — Thu, 24 Dec 2009 16:50:21 +0100

Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 50, Issue 2, Page 241-246, 15 January 2010. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever continue to be important causes of illness and death, particularly among children and adolescents in south‐central and Southeast Asia, where enteric fever is associated with poor sanitation and unsafe food and water. High‐quality incidence data from Asia are underpinning efforts to expand access to typhoid vaccines. Efforts are underway to develop vaccines that are immunogenic in infants after a single dose and that can be produced locally in countries of endemicity. The growing importance of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A in Asia is concerning. Antimicrobial resistance has sequentially emerged to traditional first‐line drugs, fluoroquinolones, and third‐ge...

Global Trends in Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever

Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue — Wed, 16 Dec 2009 21:25:27 +0100

Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever continue to be important causes of illness and death, particularly among children and adolescents in south‐central and Southeast Asia, where enteric fever is associated with poor sanitation and unsafe food and water. High‐quality incidence data from Asia are underpinning efforts to expand access to typhoid vaccines. Efforts are underway to develop vaccines that are immunogenic in infants after a single dose and that can be produced locally in countries of endemicity. The growing importance of Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A in Asia is concerning. Antimicrobial resistance has sequentially emerged to traditional first‐line drugs, fluoroquinolones, and third‐generat...

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

Evaluating investments in typhoid vaccines in two slums in Kolkata, India.

Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Cook J, Sur D, Clemens J, Whittington D New-generation vaccines against typhoid fever have the potential to reduce the burden of disease in areas where the disease is endemic. The case for public expenditure on typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccines for two low-income, high-incidence slums (Narkeldanga and Tiljala) in Kolkata, India, was examined. Three measures of the economic benefits of the vaccines were used: private and public cost-of-illness (COI) avoided; avoided COI plus mortality risk-reduction benefits; and willingness-to-pay (WTP) derived from stated preference (contingent valuation) studies conducted in Tiljala in 2004. Benefits and costs were examined from a social perspective. The study represents a unique opportunity to evaluate typhoid-vaccine programmes using a we...

The case for investing in typhoid vaccines.

Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition — Tue, 01 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Brooks WA PMID: 20099753 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition)

A Cluster-Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Vi Typhoid Vaccine in India

New England Journal of Medicine — Wed, 25 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

To the Editor: In their article on a trial of Vi polysaccharide vaccine in Kolkata, India, Sur et al. (July ... (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

Typhoid vaccine effectiveness in India

Archives of Disease in Childhood — Fri, 20 Nov 2009 18:02:26 +0100

(Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood)

Physical-chemical Characterization and Immunologic Properties of Salmonella ser. Typhi Capsular Polysaccharide-Diphtheria Toxoid Conjugates.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Cui C, Carbis R, An SJ, Jang H, Czerkinsky C, Szu SC, Clemens JD Typhoid fever remains a serious public health problem in the developing countries, especially among young children. Recent studies showed more than 50% of typhoid cases are in children under 5 years old. Licensed vaccines, such as Salmonella ser. Typhi capsular Vi, did not confer protection against typhoid fever for this age group. Vi conjugate, prepared by binding Vi to Pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant exoprotein A (rEPA), induces protective levels of antibody at as young as 2-years old. Because the lack of regulatory precedent of rEPA in licensing vaccines, we employed diphtheria toxoid (DT) as the carrier protein to accommodate the accessibility in developing countries. Five lots of Vi-DT conjugates were pre...

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

Effect of adjuvants on immune response and protective immunity elicited by recombinant Hsp60 (GroEL) of Salmonella typhi against S. typhi infection.

Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry — Fri, 23 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100

Authors: Bansal A, Paliwal PK, Sagi SS, Sairam M Heat shock proteins (Hsps) have been reported to be dominant antigens for the host immune response to various pathogens and thus, have great potential for use in vaccination. In the present study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of GroEL of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi against lethal infection by S. typhi Ty2 in mice with or without adjuvants. Anti GroEL-IgG titers were significantly higher in mice immunized with either GroEL-alone or in combination with alum/Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) as compared to the control. Analysis of antibody isotypes suggested predominance of Th2 type immune response in GroEL + alum immunized animals as revealed by higher IgG1/IgG2a ratio. Whereas, immunization of animals with ...

Historical Data Shows Vaccines are Not what Saved Us

NaturalNews.com — Fri, 09 Oct 2009 07:00:00 +0100

(NaturalNews) With all of the hype surrounding the H1N1 swine flu virus lately, everyone is very concerned with the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, and rightly so. This is a very important question that we must all ask ourselves and find out what the truth is. As the debate rages on an even more important question has rarely been asked. Do vaccines even protect you from the viruses and illnesses that they claim to?If you only get your news and information from mainstream news and educational sources, then the question about whether vaccines are effective is never even raised. This lack of discussion give the perception that they are so effective that only a crazy or ignorant person would even think otherwise. Of course that is the perception that they are trying to get across to you,...

Dr. Myron Levine Is Recpient of UMB's 2009 Entrepreneur of the Year Award

University of Maryland School of Medicine News Headlines — Fri, 02 Oct 2009 00:00:00 +0100

"It's been a fantastic run," Myron M. "Mike" Levine, MD, DTPH, said at his Entrepreneur of the Year presentation Oct. 1 before a packed auditorium at the University of Maryland BioPark. Thirty-five years after founding the University of Maryland School of Medicine's Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), Dr. Levine is known worldwide for his role in developing vaccines to prevent the spread of diseases such as cholera, typhoid fever, and Shigella dysentery. The CVD currently is working on an H1N1 vaccine, and evaluating one for malaria. In his presentation "Vaccines, Global Health, and Social Equity," Dr. Levine recapped his years of research, which have taken him from advising prestigious universities, including Oxford and Harvard, to working in extremely remote locations in developing c...

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi-specific IgA antibody responses in plasma and antibody in lymphocyte supernatant (ALS) specimens in Bangladeshi patients with suspected typhoid fever.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Tue, 08 Sep 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Sheikh A, Bhuiyan MS, Khanam F, Chowdhury F, Saha A, Ahmed D, Jamil KM, Larocque RC, Harris JB, Ahmad MM, Charles R, Brooks WA, Calderwood SB, Cravioto A, Ryan ET, Qadri F Many currently available diagnostic tests for typhoid fever lack sensitivity and/or specificity, especially in areas of the world endemic for the disease. In order to identify a diagnostic test that better correlates with typhoid fever, we evaluated immune responses to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (serovar Typhi) in individuals with suspected typhoid fever in Dhaka, Bangladesh. We enrolled 112 individuals with suspected typhoid fever, cultured day 0 blood for serovar Typhi organisms, and performed Widal assays on days 0, 5, and 20. We harvested peripheral blood lymphocytes and analyzed antibody levels i...

Overexpression, Purification, and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Porin Proteins of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi (S. Typhi).

Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kumar VS, Gautam V, Balakrishna K, Kumar S Porin proteins of Gram-negative bacteria are outer membrane proteins that act as receptors for bacteriophages and are involved in a variety of functions like solute transport, pathogenesis, and immunity. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), a Gram-negative bacterium, is the causative agent of typhoid fever. Porins of S. Typhi have been shown to have a potential role in diagnostics and vaccination. In the present study, the major outer membrane proteins OmpF and OmpC from S. Typhi were cloned in pQE30UA vector and expressed in E. coli. The immunogenic nature of the recombinant porin proteins were evaluated by ELISA by raising hyperimmune sera in Swiss Albino mice with three different adjuvants (i.e., Freund's adjuvant and two ...

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

Kinetics of the Natural, Humoral Immune Response to Salmonella Typhi in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Tue, 25 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Pulickal AS, Gautam S, Clutterbuck EA, Thorson S, Basynat B, Adhikari N, Makepeace K, Rijpkema S, Borrow R, Farrar JJ, Pollard AJ Typhoid fever is a major public health problem in developing countries, responsible for a conservative estimate of 17 million cases and 200,000 deaths annually. We investigated the acquisition of natural immunity to Salmonella typhi in a typhoid endemic region by testing sera from an age stratified sample of 210 healthy participants in Kathmandu, Nepal for bactericidal activity against Salmonella typhi and anti-Vi capsular polysaccharide antibodies. Bactericidal titres in childhood were significantly lower than those in newborns and adults (p<0.0001).There was an age dependant relationship with anti-Salmonella typhi bactericidal geometric mean ti...

ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION: Typhoid Fever in the United States, 1999-2006

JAMA — Mon, 24 Aug 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusion Infection with antimicrobial-resistant S Typhi strains among US patients with typhoid fever is associated with travel to the Indian subcontinent, and an increasing proportion of these infections are due to S Typhi strains with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones. (Source: JAMA)

Vi conjugate typhoid vaccine.

Indian Pediatrics — Fri, 31 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Garg SP PMID: 19717873 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Indian Pediatrics)

Typhoid Fever and vaccination in India clarifications.

Indian Pediatrics — Fri, 31 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Mathew JL PMID: 19717870 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Indian Pediatrics)

Typhoid Vaccine(s) To Give or Not to Give.

Indian Pediatrics — Fri, 31 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kalra A, Vashishtha VM PMID: 19717868 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Indian Pediatrics)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

One-shot vaccine offers typhoid hope

SciDev.Net — Thu, 30 Jul 2009 03:17:51 +0100

A study in India has found that a cheap vaccine can prevent typhoid infection in pre-school children, dispelling doubts. (Source: SciDev.Net)

Vi Typhoid Vaccine Proves Highly Effective In Young Children, Study Suggests

ScienceDaily Headlines — Wed, 29 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0100

A currently available yet underused vaccine against typhoid fever is highly effective in young children and protects unvaccinated neighbors of vaccinees, according to new research. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

Vaccine Shows Promise Against Typhoid Fever

WDSU.com - Health — Sat, 25 Jul 2009 17:51:56 +0100

A typhoid vaccine proved effective in the slums of India, where it not only helped prevent infection in children who received it, but also those in close contact who were unvaccinated, a new study found. (Source: WDSU.com - Health)

Science Briefing

Los Angeles Times - Science — Sat, 25 Jul 2009 07:00:00 +0100

Ancient mammal footprints; huge telescope for Hawaii; promising typhoid vaccine; jack rabbit to be studied; defoliants linked to Parkinson's; potential Alzheimer's therapy Ancient mammal footprints found (Source: Los Angeles Times - Science)

Typhoid Vaccine Effectively Prevents Disease In Children, Study Finds

Health News from Medical News Today — Fri, 24 Jul 2009 10:00:00 +0100

"A typhoid vaccine proved effective in the slums of India, where it not only helped prevent infection in children who received it, but also those in close contact who were unvaccinated," according to a New England Journal of Medicine study published on Thursday, the AP/Washington Post reports (Chang, 7/22). (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

Typhoid vaccine protects kids: study

CBC | Health — Thu, 23 Jul 2009 22:56:03 +0100

A vaccine against typhoid fever helped to protect children from as young as two from the illness, and may also help to protect those who did not receive the shots, according to a new study. (Source: CBC | Health)

Vi Typhoid Vaccine Effective in Young Children

Medscape Today Headlines — Thu, 23 Jul 2009 15:49:30 +0100

In a study conducted in India, use of the Vi typhoid vaccine was effective in children younger than age 5 and also helped protect unvaccinated neighbors against disease. Reuters Health Information (Source: Medscape Today Headlines)

Typhoid vaccine highly effective for younger children

Xinhuanet Chinaview Health — Thu, 23 Jul 2009 13:48:49 +0100

BEIJING, July 23 (Xinhuanet) -- A new study found Typherix, ... (Source: Xinhuanet Chinaview Health)

Vi Typhoid Vaccine Proves Highly Effective In Young Children

Health News from Medical News Today — Thu, 23 Jul 2009 12:00:00 +0100

A new study has found that a currently available yet underused vaccine against typhoid fever is highly effective in young children and protects unvaccinated neighbors of vaccinees. (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Typhoid vaccine protects younger children: study

Reuters: Health — Wed, 22 Jul 2009 21:27:09 +0100

BOSTON (Reuters) - GlaxoSmithKline's Typherix vaccine shields children as young as 2 from typhoid fever, and widespread vaccination can even protect people who have not been given the shot, according to a study published on Wednesday. (Source: Reuters: Health)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

Typhoid Vaccine Protects Younger Children

MedlinePlus Health News — Wed, 22 Jul 2009 20:27:09 +0100

GlaxoSmithKline's Typherix vaccine shields children as young as 2 from typhoid fever, and widespread vaccination can even protect people who have not been given the shot, according to a study published on Wednesday. Source: Reuters Health Related MedlinePlus Topics: International Health, Salmonella Infections (Source: MedlinePlus Health News)

Vi typhoid vaccine proves highly effective in young children

EurekAlert! - Infectious and Emerging Diseases — Wed, 22 Jul 2009 04:00:00 +0100

(International Vaccine Institute) A new study has found that a currently available yet underused vaccine against typhoid fever is highly effective in young children and protects unvaccinated neighbors of vaccinees. (Source: EurekAlert! - Infectious and Emerging Diseases)

University of Maryland School of Medicine Leads Early Trials of H1N1 Flu Vaccine

University of Maryland School of Medicine News Headlines — Wed, 22 Jul 2009 00:00:00 +0100

National Study Will Involve Up to 1,000 Volunteers [For more information about participating in clinical trials at the Center for Vaccine Development, please call 410-706-6156, or visit www.clinicaltrials.gov.] The University of Maryland School of Medicine’s Center for Vaccine Development will lead one of the nation’s first studies of an experimental vaccine designed to prevent the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. The Center for Vaccine Development is one of a nationwide network of Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Units (VTEUs) funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The VTEUs are conducting the trial, which will recruit volunteers and test the vaccine beginning in August. To view the entire news confere...

A Cluster-Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Vi Typhoid Vaccine in India

New England Journal of Medicine — Tue, 21 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Typhoid remains an important cause of illness and death in the developing world. In this phase 4 trial in Kolkata, India, 37,673 subjects were vaccinated with either Vi typhoid vaccine or hepatitis A vaccine. The Vi vaccine was approximately 61% effective in preventing typhoid infection in vaccine recipients and was 44% effective in unvaccinated members of the same clusters as the Vi-vaccine recipients, suggesting that Vi vaccination has indirect benefits for those in close contact with vaccine recipients. (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

Typhoid Vaccines Ready for Implementation

New England Journal of Medicine — Tue, 21 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Enteric fevers encompass typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi) and paratyphoid fever caused by serotype Paratyphi A or B (S. Paratyphi). These human-restricted pathogens are acquired ... (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

CME: A Cluster-Randomized Effectiveness Trial of Vi Typhoid Vaccine in India

New England Journal of Medicine — Tue, 21 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

(No abstract is available for this citation) (Source: New England Journal of Medicine)

The enzyme phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) is required by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium for O-antigen production, resistance to antimicrobial peptides and in vivo fitness.

Microbiology — Wed, 08 Jul 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Paterson GK, Cone DB, Peters SE, Maskell DJ The enzyme phosphoglucomutase (Pgm) catalyses the interconversion of glucose 1-phophate and glucose 6-phosphate and contributes to glycolysis and the generation of sugar nucleotides for biosynthesis. To assess the role of this enzyme in the biology of the pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium we have characterised a pgm deletion mutant in strain SL1344. Compared to SL1344, SL1344 pgm had impaired growth in vitro, was deficient in the ability to utilise galactose as a carbon source and displayed reduced O-antigen polymer length. The mutant was also more susceptible to antimicrobial peptides and showed decreased fitness in the mouse typhoid model. The in vivo phenotype of SL1344 pgm indicated a role for pgm in the early stag...

Abu Dhabi group launches vaccine service

Healthcare — Mon, 01 Jun 2009 07:12:39 +0100

The Abu Dhabi Health Services Company's Ambulatory Healthcare Services has announced the launch of its Travel Medicine service which offers some of the most commonly used vaccines such as Meningococcal, Yellow Fever, Typhoid, Malaria Prophylaxis, Rabies and Hepatitis A to travellers. The centres will be open Sunday through to Thursday. (Source: Healthcare)

Inflammation Causes Mood Changes Through Alterations in Subgenual Cingulate Activity and Mesolimbic Connectivity

Biological Psychiatry — Thu, 07 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: Inflammation-associated mood deterioration is reflected in changes in sACC activity and functional connectivity during evoked responses to emotional stimuli. Peripheral cytokines modulate this mood-dependent sACC connectivity, suggesting a common pathophysiological basis for major depressive disorder and sickness-associated mood change and depression. (Source: Biological Psychiatry)

Neural Origins of Human Sickness in Interoceptive Responses to Inflammation

Biological Psychiatry — Sun, 03 May 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Conclusions: These findings suggest that peripheral infection selectively influences central nervous system function to generate core symptoms of sickness and reorient basic motivational states. (Source: Biological Psychiatry)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

[Recommendations before travelling for renal transplant patients.]

Nephrologie & Therapeutique — Mon, 27 Apr 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Bally S, Caillard S, Moulin B Travel is now a reasonable objective of CKD patients after renal transplantation. However, immunosuppressive treatment makes them particularly susceptible to infections and may interfere with vaccinations and other drugs. Travel in countries with low health level should be strongly discouraged in the first six months after transplantation or following an acute event. Otherwise, specific consultations should be arranged to prepare the patient as soon as possible. Vaccinations should be started early before departure. Specific immunisations include vaccines against hepatitis A, typhoid, meningococcus and rabies in some cases. Living vaccines are formally contra-indicated. Particular attention should be paid for protection against insects because thi...

Innovative vaccine production technologies: the evolution and value of vaccine production technologies.

Archives of Pharmacal Research — Tue, 31 Mar 2009 23:00:00 +0100

Authors: Bae K, Choi J, Jang Y, Ahn S, Hur B This review paper provides an overview of innovative technologies designed to produce bacterial, viral, recombinant subunit, and polysaccharide vaccines, as well as combination vaccines. Advances in this field are illustrated by vaccines against DTP (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis), influenza, hepatitis B (HepB) and typhoid fever. In addition, technological trends regarding antigens, adjuvants, and preservatives in vaccines are discussed. The progress achieved in vaccine production technologies is especially important for improving the protection of vulnerable populations against infectious diseases. These at-risk groups include infants, the elderly and immunocompromized individuals, as well as people living in developing countries or emerging...

Existing antibacterial vaccines

Dermatologic Therapy — Wed, 25 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100

This article will review the currently approved antibacterial vaccines, which are vaccines for pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, meningococcus, pneumococcus, Haemophilus influenza, cholera, typhoid, and anthrax. (Source: Dermatologic Therapy)

Deletion of the gene encoding the glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) alters morphology of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and decreases fitness in mice

FEMS Microbiology Letters — Wed, 18 Mar 2009 04:00:00 +0100

The glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) (EC 5.3.1.1) plays a key role in central carbon metabolism yet few studies have characterized isogenic bacterial mutants lacking this enzyme and none have examined its role in the in vivo fitness of a bacterial pathogen. Here we have deleted tpiA in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and found that the mutant had an altered morphology, displaying an elongated shape compared with the wild type. In a mouse model of typhoid fever the tpiA mutant was attenuated for growth as assessed by bacterial counts in the livers and spleens of infected mice. However, this attenuation was not deemed sufficient for consideration of a tpiA mutant as a live attenuated vaccine strain. These phenotypes were complemented by provision of tpiA on pBR322. W...

The expanding spectrum of disease due to Salmonella : An international perspective

Current Infectious Disease Reports — Tue, 10 Mar 2009 08:11:38 +0100

Abstract Human disease due to Salmonella infections appears to be on the rise worldwide. Despite the availability of vaccines and generally effective antibiotic therapy, salmonellosis, in the forms of gastroenteritis and enteric fever, remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries, especially in young children and immunocompromised hosts. In certain highly endemic areas of South and Southeast Asia, the emergence of quinolone-resistant and multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella contribute to the magnitude of the problem. In the United States and Europe, a low but consistent rate of disease appears to be primarily related to ingestion of contaminated poultry, lapses in sanitary agricultural practices, and importation of tainted vegetable pro...

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

Dispositional Optimism and Stress-Induced Changes in Immunity and Negative Mood.

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity — Fri, 06 Mar 2009 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Brydon L, Walker C, Wawrzyniak AJ, Chart H, Steptoe A Evidence suggests that optimism may be protective for health during times of heightened stress, yet the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, we recently showed that acute psychological stress and an immune stimulus (Typhim-Vi typhoid vaccine) synergistically increased serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and negative mood in 59 healthy men. Here we carried out further analysis of this sample to investigate the relationship between dispositional optimism and stress-induced changes in immunity and mood. Volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions in which they received either typhoid vaccine or saline placebo, and then rested or completed two mental tasks...

Observations on an outbreak of fowl typhoid in commercial laying birds in Udi, South Eastern Nigeria

Comparative Clinical Pathology — Thu, 19 Feb 2009 14:18:01 +0100

Abstract Observations made in an outbreak of fowl typhoid in 11,000 laying birds in Udi, South Eastern Nigeria are reported. The commercial laying flock had daily mortality of 1.8% with total mortality of 25%. Major clinical signs observed were greenish/yellowish diarrhoea and marked reduction in egg production. At necropsy, enlarged dark greenish liver and enlarged spleen were observed. Pericarditis and egg peritonitis were also evident. Pure cultures of Salmonella gallinarum were obtained from all the internal organs cultured. Histological section of the liver showed hepatitis, necrosis of the Kupffer cells, and infiltration of the mononuclear cells. Intestinal section showed enteritis elongated crypts, and total loss of villi. About 8,250 layers recovered from the Salmon...

Innate Immunity Mediated by MyD88 Signal Is Not Essential for Induction of Lipopolysaccharide-Specific B Cell Responses but Is Indispensable for Protection against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection.

Journal of Immunology — Tue, 10 Feb 2009 14:58:22 +0100

In this study, we evaluated LPS-specific adaptive immunity in innate immune-deficient mice after oral administration of attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) strains. Of interest, identical levels of LPS-specific IgG and IgA Abs were elicited in the systemic (i.e., serum and spleen) and mucosal (i.e., fecal extract and small intestine) compartments of wild-type, TLR4(-/-), and MyD88(-/-) mice following oral vaccination with recombinant attenuated S. Typhimurium (RASV). Depletion of CD4(+) T cells during RASV vaccination completely abrogated the generation of LPS-specific Abs in MyD88(-/-) mice. In addition, mRNA expression levels of a B cell-activating factor of the TNF family were significantly increased in the spleens of MyD88(-/-) mice after oral administra...

Conjugate Typhoid Vaccine(s) in the Indian Context.

Indian Pediatrics — Sun, 01 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Mathew JL PMID: 19242042 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Indian Pediatrics)

Indian conjugate vi typhoid vaccine do we have enough evidence.

Indian Pediatrics — Sun, 01 Feb 2009 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Shah NK PMID: 19242041 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Indian Pediatrics)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

Rethinking Typhoid Fever Vaccines: Implications for Travelers and People Living in Highly Endemic Areas

Journal of Travel Medicine — Tue, 13 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100

(Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

An optimization model for reducing typhoid cases in developing countries without increasing public spending.

Vaccine — Mon, 12 Jan 2009 05:00:00 +0100

This article considers the investment case for using the Vi polysaccharide vaccine in developing countries from two perspectives: reducing typhoid cases and limiting new health care spending. A case study is presented using data from South and Southeast Asia; the purpose of the paper, however, is to draw broad implications that may apply to developing countries in general. Typical consumer demand functions that were developed from stated preference household surveys in South and Southeast Asia that predict probabilities of adults and children purchasing typhoid vaccinations at different prices are incorporated in a formal mathematical model. Using values from the recent literature for South and Southeast Asia for typhoid incidence, Vi vaccine effectiveness, public cost of illness, and vacc...

Genetic stability of vaccine strain Salmonella Typhi Ty21a over 25 years.

International Journal of Medical Microbiology — Wed, 31 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kopecko DJ, Sieber H, Ures JA, Fürer A, Schlup J, Knof U, Collioud A, Xu D, Colburn K, Dietrich G The attenuated live bacterial vaccine strain Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Ty21a is the main constituent of Vivotif, the only licensed oral vaccine against typhoid fever. The strain was developed in the 1970s by chemical mutagenesis. In the course of this mutagenesis, a number of mutations were introduced into the vaccine strain. Characterisation of the vaccine strain during development as well as release of master- and working seed lots (MSL and WSL) and commercial batches is based on phenotypic assays assessing microbiological and biochemical characteristics of Ty21a. In the current study, we have analysed by DNA sequencing the specific mutations originally correlated w...

Cameroon: 600 Vulnerable Children Receive Free Vaccination

AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine — Tue, 23 Dec 2008 09:18:14 +0100

Some 600 exposed children in Yaoundé December 15-16 were beneficiaries of free typhoid and meningitis vaccines from a Yaounde based humanitarian foundation christened Shemka Foundation. (Source: AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine)

Analysis of the role of 13 major fimbrial subunits in colonisation of the chicken intestines by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis reveals a role for a novel locus.

BMC Microbiology - Latest articles — Thu, 18 Dec 2008 05:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. We describe the fimbrial gene repertoire of the predominant non-typhoidal S. enterica serovar affecting humans and the role played by each predicted major fimbrial subunit in intestinal colonisation of the primary reservoir. Our data support a role for PegA in the colonisation of poultry by S. Enteritidis and aid the design of improved vaccines. (Source: BMC Microbiology - Latest articles)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

Synthetic Typhoid Fever Vaccine, Safer And More Economical Approach Against A Major Infectious Disease

Health News from Medical News Today — Mon, 17 Nov 2008 12:00:00 +0100

DelSite Inc., (OTCBB: DSII) today announced Dr. Yawei Ni, chief scientific officer, of its wholly-owned subsidiary, DelSite Biotechnologies, Inc., presented its innovative GelVac(TM) nasal powder platform for vaccine delivery and the synthetic typhoid vaccine at the 2nd Vaccines Asia Conference held November 10-13, 2008, in Beijing, China. Dr. (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)

Nigeria: U.S., Army Begin Search for HIV Vaccine

AllAfrica News: HIV-Aids and STDs — Fri, 14 Nov 2008 16:07:59 +0100

The United States Department of Defence and its counterpart in Nigeria has concluded arrangement to jointly fund the establishment of a laboratory that would be strictly dedicated to research on vaccine for HIV/AIDS, Malaria and typhoid fever. (Source: AllAfrica News: HIV-Aids and STDs)

DelSite, Inc.: DelSite Presents Nasal Powder and Synthetic Typhoid Vaccine Technologies at the 2nd Vaccines Asia Conference

Market Wire - Pharmaceuticals and Biotech — Thu, 13 Nov 2008 17:52:00 +0100

IRVING, TX (MARKET WIRE) DelSite Inc., (OTCBB: DSII) today announced Dr. Yawei Ni, chief scientific officer, of its wholly-owned subsidiary, DelSite Biotechnologies, Inc., presented its innovative GelVac(TM) nasal powder platform for vaccine delivery and the synthetic typhoid vaccine at the 2nd Vaccines Asia Conference held November 10-13, 2008, in Beijing, China. (Source: Market Wire - Pharmaceuticals and Biotech)

Typhoid fever on the rise in B.C.

CBC | Health — Sun, 26 Oct 2008 19:12:12 +0100

Health officials are warning people travelling to South Asia to get vaccinated for Typhoid fever after a major spike in the number of British Columbians infected (Source: CBC | Health)

Needs Assessment Study for Community Pharmacy Travel Medicine Services

Journal of Travel Medicine — Thu, 02 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. Members of the traveling public do visit community pharmacies, and most people are traveling for holiday purposes. The results suggest that travelers would be prepared to use the community pharmacy to provide travel advice and immunizations. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

Emergence of Salmonella paratyphi A as a Major Cause of Enteric Fever: Need for Early Detection, Preventive Measures, and Effective Vaccines

Journal of Travel Medicine — Thu, 02 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100

(Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

A Patient With Paratyphoid A Fever: An Emerging Problem in Asia and Not Always a Benign Disease

Journal of Travel Medicine — Thu, 02 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100

A 15-year-old Nepalese boy with fever was thought to have enteric fever and started on cefixime. His blood culture grew Salmonella paratyphoid A. On the sixth day, he developed gastrointestinal bleeding, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and later, acute respiratory distress syndrome. He succumbed to his illness despite treatment in the intensive care unit with ceftriaxone, intravenous fluids, and mechanical ventilation. Salmonella paratyphoid A, for which there is no commercial vaccine, may not be a benign disease as perceived, and cefixime that is recommended for enteric fever may be an ineffective choice. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

The cost-effectiveness of typhoid Vi vaccination programs: Calculations for four urban sites in four Asian countries.

Vaccine — Wed, 01 Oct 2008 04:00:00 +0100

We report results from both a societal as well as a public sector financial perspective. Baseline disease burden estimates in the four areas are: 750 cases per year in two Kolkata neighborhoods (pop 185,000); 84 cases per year in the city of Hue (pop 280,000); 298 cases per year in two sub-districts in North Jakarta (pop 161,000), and 538 cases per year in three squatter settlements in Karachi (pop 102,000). We estimate that a vaccination program targeting all children (2-14.9) would prevent 456, 158, and 258 typhoid cases (and 4.6, 1.6, and 2.6 deaths), and avert 126, 44, and 72 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) over 3 years in Kolkata, North Jakarta and Karachi, respectively. The net social costs would be US$160 and US$549, per DALY averted in Kolkata and North Jakarta, respectively...

Recombinant SpaO and H1a as immunogens for protection of mice from lethal infection with Salmonella paratyphi A: Implications for rational design of typhoid fever vaccines.

Vaccine — Mon, 29 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100

In this study, the two prokaryotic recombinant antigens, rSpaO and rH1a, were expressed and their immunogenicity was demonstrated by the slide agglutination test and Western blot assays. Using PCR and sequencing analysis as well as ELISA, we find that the spaO and h1a genes are widely distributed in 196 S. paratyphi A isolates (97.5 and 100%, respectively), with high expression frequencies for the SpaO (98.0%) and H1a (100%) antigens. The two genes also show high sequence conservation (similarities from 99.31 to 99.88% for both genes). In sera from 172 paratyphoid A patients, anti-SpaO and anti-H1a IgGs were detectable by ELISA, in 94.8 and 98.8% of patients, respectively. Furthermore, 41.7-66.7% of mice immunized with rSpaO or rH1a alone were protected against subsequent infection, and th...

Characterization of a T7-like lytic bacteriophage ({phi}SG-JL2) of Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum.

Applied and Environmental Microbiology — Fri, 26 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Kwon HJ, Cho SH, Kim TE, Won YJ, Jeong J, Park SC, Kim JH, Yoo HS, Park YH, Kim SJ SG-JL2 is a newly discovered lytic bacteriophage infecting Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum), but is non-lytic to a rough vaccine strain of S. Gallinarum (SG-9R), Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum). The SG-JL2 genome is 38,815 bp in length (GC content of 50.9% and 230 bp length direct terminal repeats) and 55 putative genes may be transcribed from the same strand. Functions were assigned to 30 genes based on the high amino acid similarity with known proteins. Most of the expected proteins except tail fiber (31.9%) and overall organization of genomes were similar to yersini...

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

Synergistic effects of psychological and immune stressors on inflammatory cytokine and sickness responses in humans.

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity — Sat, 20 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Brydon L, Walker C, Wawrzyniak A, Whitehead D, Okamura H, Yajima J, Tsuda A, Steptoe A Activation of the innate immune system is commonly accompanied by a set of behavioural, psychological and physiological changes known as 'sickness behaviour'. In animals, infection-related sickness symptoms are significantly increased by exposure to psychosocial stress, suggesting that psychological and immune stressors may operate through similar pathways to induce sickness. We used a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled design to examine the effect of acute psychological stress on immune and subjective mood responses to typhoid vaccination in 59 men. Volunteers were assigned to one of four experimental conditions in which they were either injected with typhoid vaccine or saline pla...

Immunotherapy of a plasmacytoma with attenuated salmonella

Medical Oncology — Fri, 19 Sep 2008 07:13:49 +0100

Abstract An attenuated strain ofSalmonella typhimurium, SL3235, developed as a prototypic typhoid vaccine, is shown to retard growth of a murine plasmacytoma, TEPC-183, and to prolong survival of tumor-bearing mice. Live salmonella, but not acetone-killed organisms, had antitumor activity. The immunotherapeutic effect was demonstrable when the tumor was injected intralesionally or intraperitoneally. Increased survival, longer mean time to death, and retardation of tumor growth were found when the salmonella were given intralesionally as late as the sixth day post-tumor injection. Timing of salmonella inoculation, as well as the salmonella dose, had an effect on treatment efficacy. Injection of salmonella intraperitoneally exerted a strong antitumor effect when given as late...

Towards a human oral vaccine for anthrax: The utility of a Salmonella Typhi Ty21a-based prime-boost immunization strategy.

Vaccine — Thu, 18 Sep 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Baillie LW, Rodriguez AL, Moore S, Atkins HS, Feng C, Nataro JP, Pasetti MF We previously demonstrated the ability of an orally administered attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain expressing the protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis to confer protection against lethal anthrax aerosol spore challenge [Stokes MG, Titball RW, Neeson BN, et al. Oral administration of a Salmonella enterica-based vaccine expressing Bacillus anthracis protective antigen confers protection against aerosolized B. anthracis. Infect Immun 2007;75(April (4)):1827-34]. To extend the utility of this approach to humans we constructed variants of S. enterica serovar Typhi Ty21a, an attenuated typhoid vaccine strain licensed for human use, which expressed and exported PA via two dist...

How Do You Treat Invasive Salmonella Infections?

PediatricEducation.org — Mon, 18 Aug 2008 07:00:00 +0100

Discussion Salmonella is a highly contagious organism causing an estimated 17 million cases of typhoid fever and 600,000 deaths yearly worldwide. It causes a spectrum of illness. Most commonly it causes gastroenteritis with diarrhea, abdominal cramps and fever. Bacteremia may be intermittent or continuous Focal infections such as meningitis or osteomyelitis occur in up to 10% of patients with bacteremia. Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and other Salmonella serotypes when there is a protracted bacterial illness. It may begin gradually with constitutional symptoms (i.e. anorexia, headache, lethargy and malaise), fever, abdominal tenderness and pain, hepatosplenomegaly, and mental status changes. Diarrhea is common and may or may not be bloody. The transmission is mainly throu...

Perspectives on advancing preventative medicine through vaccinology at the comparative veterinary, human and conservation medicine interface: Not missing the opportunities.

Vaccine — Thu, 14 Aug 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Nara PL, Nara D, Chaudhuri R, Lin G, Tobin G Vaccination has historically and remains one of the most cost-effective and safest forms of medicine today. Along with basic understanding of germ theory and sanitation, vaccination, over the past 50 years, has transformed lives and economies in both rich and poor countries by its direct impact on human and animal life-resulting in the eradication of small pox, huge reductions in the burden of previously common human and animal diseases such as polio, typhoid, measles in human medicine and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, screwworm and hog cholera and the verge of eradicating brucellosis, tuberculosis, and pseudorabies in veterinary medicine. In addition vaccination along with other animal production change...

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

Smallpox vaccine/typhoid vaccine: Encephalomyelitis (first report with typhoid vaccine) treated with IVIG: case report.

Reactions Weekly — Sat, 02 Aug 2008 13:26:48 +0100

Page: 31 (Source: Reactions Weekly)

Defining DNA Differences To Track And Tackle Typhoid

ScienceDaily Headlines — Wed, 30 Jul 2008 06:14:56 +0100

For the first time, next-generation DNA sequencing technologies have been turned on typhoid fever -- a disease that kills 600,000 people each year. The study sets a new standard for analyzing the evolution and spread of a disease-causing bacterium: it is the first study of multiple samples of any bacterial pathogen at this level of detail. The results will help to improve diagnosis, tracking the disease and could help to design new strategies for vaccination. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)

Defining DNA differences to track and tackle typhoid

Huliq Health News — Mon, 28 Jul 2008 15:31:21 +0100

For the first time, next-generation DNA sequencing technologies have been turned on typhoid fever - a disease that kills 600,000 people each year. The results will help to improve diagnosis, tracking of disease spread and could help to design new strategies for vaccination. (Source: Huliq Health News)

Defining DNA Differences To Track And Tackle Typhoid

Health News from Medical News Today — Mon, 28 Jul 2008 09:00:00 +0100

Genome sequencing study reveals new genetic typhoid fever signatures

News-Medical News Feed — Mon, 28 Jul 2008 00:57:00 +0100

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Find the best January Sales in the UK.

Defining DNA differences to track and tackle typhoid

EurekAlert! - Infectious and Emerging Diseases — Sun, 27 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100

(Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute) For the first time, next-generation DNA sequencing technologies have been turned on typhoid fever -- a disease that kills 600,000 people each year. The study sets a new standard for analyzing the evolution and spread of a disease-causing bacterium: it is the first study of multiple samples of any bacterial pathogen at this level of detail. The results will help to improve diagnosis, tracking the disease and could help to design new strategies for vaccination. (Source: EurekAlert! - Infectious and Emerging Diseases)

Characterization of an outer membrane protein of Salmonella that confers protection against typhoid.

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology — Wed, 23 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Authors: Hamid N, Jain SK Typhoid caused by Salmonella enterica ser. Typhi remains a major health concern worldwide. The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains of Salmonella with increased virulence, communicability and survivability leading to increased morbidity and mortality has further complicated its management. Currently available vaccines for typhoid have less than desired efficacy and certain unacceptable side effects, making it pertinent to search for new immunogens suitable for vaccine formulation. The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Salmonella have been implicated as possible candidates for conferring protection against typhoid. OMPs interface the cell with the environment, thus representing important virulence factors with significant role in the pathobiology of ...

BCG vaccine/hepatitis A vaccine/typhoid vaccine: Basal cell cancer in vaccination scars (first report with hepatitis A vaccine and typhoid vaccine): 2 case reports

Reactions — Mon, 21 Jul 2008 09:37:37 +0100

(Source: Reactions)

Imported Typhoid Fever in Switzerland, 1993 to 2004

Journal of Travel Medicine — Sun, 20 Jul 2008 04:00:00 +0100

Conclusions. We found that over a 12-year period (1993[ndash]2004), the travel-associated risk of typhoid fever is highest for destinations in the Indian subcontinent. All other regions showed a decline, most markedly in southern Europe. Our results suggest that typhoid fever vaccination should be recommended for all travelers to countries in South Asia. Otherwise, vaccination of tourists to frequently visited low- and intermediate-risk areas is not necessary, unless there are behavioral risk factors. (Source: Journal of Travel Medicine)

BCG vaccine/hepatitis A vaccine/typhoid vaccine: Basal cell cancer in vaccination scars (first report with hepatitis A vaccine and typhoid vaccine): 2 case reports.

Reactions Weekly — Sat, 19 Jul 2008 09:24:52 +0100

Page: 9 (Source: Reactions Weekly)

MedWorm Sponsor Message: Please support the Doctors In Chains campaign for the medics tortured and sentenced for up to 15 years in Bahrain. #FreeDoctors

UK Armed Forces In Iraq: Multiple Vaccines Not Responsible For Health Problems

Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today — Thu, 03 Jul 2008 07:00:00 +0100

Service personnel deployed to Iraq have not suffered ill health due to multiple vaccinations, according to a study released on July 1, 2008 in BMJ. Debate related to the impact that multiple vaccinations may have had on the health of veterans of the Gulf War will only be fueled by this new information. Before deployment to Iraq in 2003 and later, vaccines against tetanus, typhoid, and yellow fever are routinely administered to service personnel. (Source: Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today)

Emergent BioSolutions Initiates U.S. Phase II Trial Of Oral Typhoid Vaccine Candidate

Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today — Mon, 09 Jun 2008 08:00:00 +0100

Emergent BioSolutions Inc. (NYSE:EBS) announced that dosing of patients has begun in a U.S. Phase II clinical trial of the company's single-dose oral typhoid vaccine candidate. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, dose-escalation trial is being conducted in healthy adults. The company anticipates that trial results will be available by year end. This US study will evaluate vaccine manufactured at the large-scale facility planned for commercial launch. (Source: Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today)

Department of Health Green book for immunisation updates

NeLM Headline News — Mon, 21 Apr 2008 00:00:00 +0100

The Department of Health has published the latest vaccine supply newsletter which highlights updates to chapter 8 (Vaccine safety and the management of adverse events following immunisation) and 33 (Typhoid) of the Green Book. Chapter 8 has been updated to reflect the new Resuscitation Council Guidelines for the treatment of anaphylaxis, and chapter 33 has been updated to highlight the change in the lower age limit for Typhim Vi from 18 months to 2 years due to the lack of efficacy for use in children under the age of 2 years. (Source: NeLM Headline News)

AVANT's Single-Dose Oral Ty800 Vaccine Meets Primary Endpoints In Phase 2 Study

Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today — Thu, 03 Apr 2008 20:00:00 +0100

AVANT Immunotherapeutics, Inc. (Nasdaq: AVAN) announced that the double-blind, placebo-controlled multi-center Phase 2 clinical trial of its typhoid fever vaccine candidate, Ty800, met all primary endpoints. The Phase 2 study was an out-patient, dose-ranging clinical trial in 183 healthy volunteers that evaluated two dose levels of the Ty800 vaccine and followed each subject for six months post-vaccination. (Source: Immune System / Vaccines News From Medical News Today)