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Research protocol: a realist synthesis of cross-border patient mobility from low-income and middle-income countries
Introduction People are increasingly mobile for numerous reasons, including healthcare. Patient mobility has vast implications for individuals, communities and whole populations and yet, to date, research on patient mobility has been quite limited. Only a small body of evidence exists on patient mobility between low-income and middle-income countries, instead having focused primarily on cross-border movement between high-income and low-income countries. In this paper, we present a protocol for examining this under-studied phenomenon. Methods and analysis We propose to examine patient mobility between low-income and middle...
Source: BMJ Open - November 18, 2014 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Durham, J., Blondell, S. J. Tags: Open access, Health services research, Public health Protocol Source Type: research

The utility of Google Trends data to examine interest in cancer screening
Conclusions Google Trends data provides enormous scientific possibilities, but are not a suitable substitute for, but may complement, traditional data collection and analysis about cancer screening and related interests.
Source: BMJ Open - June 8, 2015 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Schootman, M., Toor, A., Cavazos-Rehg, P., Jeffe, D. B., McQueen, A., Eberth, J., Davidson, N. O. Tags: Open access, Epidemiology, Gastroenterology and hepatology, Health informatics, Public health Research Source Type: research

Protocol for a systematic review of the effects of interventions to inform or educate caregivers about childhood vaccination in low and middle-income countries
Introduction Despite their proven effectiveness in reducing childhood infectious diseases, the uptake of vaccines remains suboptimal in low and middle-income countries. Identifying strategies for transmitting accurate vaccine information to caregivers would boost childhood vaccination coverage in these countries. The purpose of this review is to assess the effects on childhood vaccination coverage of interventions for informing or educating caregivers about the importance of vaccines in low and middle-income countries, as defined by the World Bank. Methods and analysis Eligible study designs include randomised controlled ...
Source: BMJ Open - July 13, 2015 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Lukusa, L. A., Mbeye, N. N., Adeniyi, F. B., Wiysonge, C. S. Tags: Open access, Paediatrics, Public health Protocol Source Type: research

Prevalence of group A streptococcal disease in North and Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review protocol
Introduction The true burden of group A streptococcal (GAS) disease in Africa is not known. GAS is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity on the global scale and in developing countries. According to Carapetis et al, the prevalence of severe GAS disease is at least 18.1 million cases with an incidence of at least 1.78 million cases per year. Methods and analyses We aim to provide a systematic review of studies measuring the prevalence of GAS infection among people in North and Sub-Saharan African countries. A comprehensive literature search of a number of databases will be undertaken, using an African search filte...
Source: BMJ Open - August 27, 2015 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Barth, D. D., Mayosi, B. M., Jabar, A., Engel, M. E. Tags: Open access, Epidemiology, General practice / Family practice, Infectious diseases, Public health Protocol Source Type: research

The efficacy and safety of complete pericardial drainage by means of intrapericardial fibrinolysis for the prevention of complications of pericardial effusion: a systematic review protocol
Introduction Intrapericardial fibrinolysis has been proposed as a means of preventing complications of pericardial effusion such as cardiac tamponade, persistent and recurrent pericardial effusion, and pericardial constriction. There is a need to understand the efficacy and safety of this procedure because it shows promise. Methods and analysis We aim to assess the effects of intrapericardial fibrinolysis in the treatment of pericardial effusion. We will search PubMed, the Cochrane Library, African Journals online, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Trip database, Clinical trials.gov and the WHO Int...
Source: BMJ Open - January 5, 2016 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Kakia, A., Wiysonge, C. S., Ochodo, E. A., Awotedu, A. A., Ristic, A. D., Mayosi, B. M. Tags: Open access, Cardiovascular medicine, Evidence based practice Protocol Source Type: research

Bias in dissemination of clinical research findings: structured OPEN framework of what, who and why, based on literature review and expert consensus
Conclusions Our comprehensive framework of (non-) dissemination of research findings, based on the results of a scoping literature search and expert consensus will facilitate the development of future policies and guidelines regarding the multifaceted issue of selective publication, historically referred to as ‘publication bias’.
Source: BMJ Open - January 21, 2016 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Bassler, D., Mueller, K. F., Briel, M., Kleijnen, J., Marusic, A., Wager, E., Antes, G., von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Meerpohl, J. J., on behalf of the OPEN Consortium Tags: Open access, Epidemiology, Ethics, Evidence based practice, Medical publishing and peer review Research Source Type: research

Bibliometric analysis of the top-cited gastroenterology and hepatology articles
Conclusions Top-cited articles were not only published in highly ranked journals specialising in Gastroenterology and Hepatology but also in 14 journals not specialised in this field. The number of citations correlated with the number of institutes and the number of countries involved but not with the number of grants received or the number of authors. Females were under-represented in the authorship.
Source: BMJ Open - February 8, 2016 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Azer, S. A., Azer, S. Tags: Open access, Gastroenterology and hepatology, Medical education and training Research Source Type: research

Natural course of pain and disability following primary lumbar discectomy: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
The objective of this study is to provide first evidence synthesis investigating the natural clinical course of disability and pain in patients aged >16 years post primary lumbar discectomy. Methods and analysis A systematic review and data synthesis will be conducted. Prospective cohorts that include a well-defined inception cohort (point of surgery) of adult participants who have undergone primary lumbar discectomy/microdiscectomy will be included. Outcomes will include measurements reported on 1 or more outcomes of disability and pain, with a baseline presurgery measurement. Following development of the search ...
Source: BMJ Open - February 23, 2016 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Rushton, A., Heneghan, N., Heijmans, M. W., Staal, J. B., Goodwin, P. Tags: Open access, Rehabilitation medicine, Surgery Protocol Source Type: research

Costs, effects and implementation of routine data emergency admission risk prediction models in primary care for patients with, or at risk of, chronic conditions: a systematic review protocol
Introduction Emergency admission risk prediction models are increasingly used to identify patients, typically with one or more chronic conditions, for proactive management in primary care to avoid admissions, save costs and improve patient experience. Aim To identify and review the published evidence on the costs, effects and implementation of emergency admission risk prediction models in primary care for patients with, or at risk of, chronic conditions. Methods We shall search for studies of healthcare interventions using routine data-generated emergency admission risk models. We shall report: the effects on emergency a...
Source: BMJ Open - March 1, 2016 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Kingston, M. R., Evans, B. A., Nelson, K., Hutchings, H., Russell, I., Snooks, H. Tags: Open access, Epidemiology, General practice / Family practice, Health informatics, Health services research, Public health Protocol Source Type: research

Interventions to prevent or reduce the level of frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a protocol for a scoping review of the literature and international policies
Introduction With ageing comes increased vulnerability such that older adults’ ability to recover from acute illnesses, fall-related injuries and other stresses related to the physical ageing processes declines. This increased vulnerability, also known as frailty, is common in older adults and associated with increased healthcare service use and adverse health outcomes. Currently, there is no overview of available interventions to prevent or reduce the level of frailty (as defined by study's authors) which will help healthcare providers in community settings caring for older adults. We will address this gap by review...
Source: BMJ Open - March 2, 2016 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Puts, M. T. E., Toubasi, S., Atkinson, E., Ayala, A. P., Andrew, M., Ashe, M. C., Bergman, H., Ploeg, J., McGilton, K. S. Tags: Open access, Epidemiology, General practice / Family practice, Geriatric medicine Protocol Source Type: research

Rehabilitation interventions in children and adults with infectious encephalitis: a systematic review protocol
Introduction Many encephalitis survivors can benefit from rehabilitation. However, there is currently no comprehensive review describing rehabilitation intervention outcomes among children and adults with infectious encephalitis. This is a protocol for a systematic review that will summarise the current literature on outcomes following rehabilitative interventions among children and adults with infectious encephalitis. With a sufficient sample size, a sex-stratified analysis of the findings will also be presented, as variability between male and female patients with neurological disorders, including encephalitis, regarding...
Source: BMJ Open - March 23, 2016 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Christie, S., Chan, V., Mollayeva, T., Colantonio, A. Tags: Open access, Infectious diseases, Neurology, Rehabilitation medicine Protocol Source Type: research

Does current provision of undergraduate education prepare UK medical students in ENT? A systematic literature review
Conclusions The findings of this review suggest the need for further development of the ENT undergraduate curricula across the UK. However, there is insufficient evidence from which to draw strong conclusions; this in itself is beneficial as it highlights a gap in the existing literature and supports the need for primary research.
Source: BMJ Open - April 14, 2016 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Ferguson, G. R., Bacila, I. A., Swamy, M. Tags: Open access, Ear, nose and throat/otolaryngology, Medical education and training Research Source Type: research

Intrathecal hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for adult non-caesarean-section surgery: systematic review protocol
Introduction Bupivacaine is the most commonly used local anaesthetic for spinal anaesthesia (SA). There are two forms of commercially available bupivacaine; isobaric bupivacaine (IB): a formulation with a specific gravity or density equal to cerebrospinal fluid, and hyperbaric bupivacaine (HB): a formulation with density heavier than cerebrospinal fluid. The difference in densities of the two available preparations is believed to affect the diffusion pattern that determines the effectiveness, spread and side-effect profile of bupivacaine. This systematic review will summarise the best available evidence regarding the effec...
Source: BMJ Open - May 17, 2016 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Uppal, V., Shanthanna, H., Prabhakar, C., McKeen, D. M. Tags: Open access, Anaesthesia, Evidence based practice Protocol Source Type: research

Effectiveness of {beta}-blockers in physically active patients with hypertension: protocol of a systematic review
The objective of this review is to determine, by comparison of existing mono and combination therapy, which β-blockers are less physically limiting for patients with hypertension who are physically active. Methods A three-step strategy will be adopted in the review, following the methods used by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). The initial search will be conducted using the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases. The second search will involve the listed databases for the published literature (MEDLINE, Biomedica Czechoslovaca, Tripdatabase, Pedro, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cinahl, WoS) and t...
Source: BMJ Open - June 14, 2016 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Tuckova, D., Klugar, M., Sovova, E., Sovova, M., Stegnerova, L. Tags: Open access, Cardiovascular medicine, Evidence based practice Protocol Source Type: research

Making decisions at the end of life when caring for a person with dementia: a literature review to explore the potential use of heuristics in difficult decision-making
Conclusions The use of heuristics in palliative or end of life dementia care is not described in the research literature. However, this review identified important decision-making principles, which are largely a reflection of expert opinion. These principles may have the potential to be developed into simple heuristics that could be used in practice.
Source: BMJ Open - July 18, 2016 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Mathew, R., Davies, N., Manthorpe, J., Iliffe, S. Tags: Open access, General practice / Family practice, Geriatric medicine, Mental health, Palliative care Research Source Type: research