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Vaccination: AIDS Vaccine

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Recent HIV/AIDS News from NIAID
April 3, 2014: Future HIV Vaccine Research Must Consider Both Protective Immune Responses and Those That Might Increase Susceptibility to Infection “Last year, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, held a scientific meeting to examine why certain investigational HIV vaccines may have increased susceptibility to HIV infection. In a new perspectives article appearing in the journal Science, HIV research leaders from NIAID (Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., and Carl W. Dieffenbach, Ph.D.) and its grantees at Emory University (Eric Hunter, Ph.D.) and the ...
Source: AIDSinfo At-a-Glance: Offering Information on HIV/AIDS Treatment, Prevention, and Research, A Service of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) - April 11, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news

Highlights from this issue
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) re-emerged in Western Europe in 2003, and has arguably now regained endemic status in many countries. It remains largely contained within in a population of men who have sex with men (MSM) with high rates of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV, though a first female case was reported in Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2012.1 The first outbreak of a re-emerging STI, LGV has been the subject of a good deal of interest from epidemiologists—for example a recent article reflected on the challenges of interpreting epidemic dynamics from cross-sectional data.2 This mo...
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections - May 14, 2014 Category: Sexual Medicine Authors: Cassell, J. A. Tags: Epidemiologic studies, Drugs: infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, Vaccination / immunisation, Reproductive medicine, Adolescent health, Child abuse, Child health, Condoms, HIV / AIDS, Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, HIV infections, Sex workers, Screening (epidemiology) Source Type: research

Fifteen-minute consultation: Bacillus Calmette-Guerin abscess and lymphadenitis
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine contains a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, which provides 64% efficacy against tuberculous meningitis and 78% efficacy against disseminated tuberculosis.1 A number of local adverse reactions are recognised (abscess, suppurative lymphadentitis, keloid formation). An increased number of local complications were reported in the UK and Ireland since the introduction of a new BCG strain in 2002.2 3 It is important to distinguish between a normal vaccine response, a local complication and the very rare cases of systemic BCG infection that occur with immunodeficie...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - Education and Practice - May 14, 2014 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Riordan, A., Cole, T., Broomfield, C. Tags: Epidemiologic studies, Immunology (including allergy), Drugs: infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, Meningitis, Vaccination / immunisation, Infection (neurology), Pregnancy, Reproductive medicine, Child health, Infant health, Rheumatology, Sexual health, Dermato Source Type: research

Scripps Research Institute scientists win $13 million grant in AIDS vaccine effort
(Scripps Research Institute) A team led by scientists at The Scripps Research Institute has received a grant of more than $13 million from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease of the National Institutes of Health to study antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -- which will play an essential role in the creation of any effective vaccine against HIV.
Source: EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health - May 29, 2014 Category: Global & Universal Source Type: news

Cryptosporidiosis in HIV/AIDS Patients in Kenya: Clinical Features, Epidemiology, Molecular Characterization and Antibody Responses.
Abstract We investigated the epidemiological and clinical features of cryptosporidiosis, the molecular characteristics of infecting species and serum antibody responses to three Cryptosporidium-specific antigens in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients in Kenya. Cryptosporidium was the most prevalent enteric pathogen and was identified in 56 of 164 (34%) of HIV/AIDS patients, including 25 of 70 (36%) with diarrhea and 31 of 94 (33%) without diarrhea. Diarrhea in patients exclusively infected with Cryptosporidium was significantly associated with the number of childre...
Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - May 27, 2014 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Wanyiri JW, Kanyi H, Maina S, Wang DE, Steen A, Ngugi P, Kamau T, Waithera T, O'Connor R, Gachuhi K, Wamae CN, Mwamburi M, Ward HD Tags: Am J Trop Med Hyg Source Type: research

Nigeria: No Cure for HIV Infection Yet - Don
[Leadership]There is neither a cure for an established HIV infection nor a vaccine to prevent people from acquiring the infection, a professor of Medicine, Salami Alakija Kazeem has said.
Source: AllAfrica News: HIV-Aids and STDs - July 1, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news

Highlights from this issue
In an era of scarce resources, how can we best target prevention activities and screening? This month, Simms and colleagues address this question in an editorial exploring the potential contribution of geographic information systems (GIS) to sexual health research.1 This is a perennial problem, but new technologies may hold potential for improved targeting of resources without compromising confidentiality. This is definitely worth a read for colleagues working with commissioners to plan their services. The British Association for Sexual Health and HIV (BASHH) has revised its standards for the management of sexually transmi...
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections - August 12, 2014 Category: Sexual Medicine Authors: Cassell, J. A. Tags: Drugs: infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, Vaccination / immunisation, Pregnancy, Reproductive medicine, Condoms, HIV / AIDS, HIV infections, Sex workers, Screening (epidemiology), Competing interests (ethics), Confidentiality, Screening (public health) Whis Source Type: research

New vaccine shows promise as stronger weapon against both tuberculosis and leprosy
In many parts of the world, leprosy and tuberculosis live side-by-side. Worldwide there are approximately 233,000 new cases of leprosy per year, with nearly all of them occurring where tuberculosis is endemic. The currently available century-old vaccine Bacille Calmette-Guerin, or BCG, provides only partial protection against both tuberculosis and leprosy, so a more potent vaccine is needed to combat both diseases. UCLA-led research may have found a stronger weapon against both diseases. In a study published in the September issue of the peer-reviewed journal Infection and Immunity, the researchers found that rBCG30, a rec...
Source: UCLA Newsroom: Health Sciences - August 19, 2014 Category: Universities & Medical Training Source Type: news

NIH-Supported Scientists Unveil Structure, Dynamics of Key HIV Molecules
"New research has illuminated the movement and complete structure of the spikes on HIV that the virus uses to bind to the cells it infects. This research, led by scientists at the National Institutes of Health, Weill Cornell Medical College and Yale University School of Medicine, could help advance efforts to develop HIV vaccines and treatments." For more information, view the NIAID press release.
Source: AIDSinfo At-a-Glance: Offering Information on HIV/AIDS Treatment, Prevention, and Research, A Service of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) - October 10, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news

Question 1: Should newborns of mothers with isolated antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen be immunised?
Scenario The midwife calls you to assess a newborn in the delivery room. The pregnancy was uneventful, but the mother's serology results show the following: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative, antibodies against hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) negative, but antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) positive. You wonder if the baby is at risk for perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) requiring preventive measures at this time. Structured clinical question Does a newborn of a mother with isolated antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen need immunisation (intervention) to prevent ...
Source: Archives of Disease in Childhood - October 12, 2014 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Pramana, I., Heininger, U., Ritz, N. Tags: ADC Archimedes, Liver disease, Epidemiologic studies, Immunology (including allergy), Drugs: infectious diseases, Hepatitis and other GI infections, HIV/AIDS, Vaccination / immunisation, Pregnancy, Reproductive medicine, Child health, Infant health, Sexua Source Type: research

Africa: Ebola, HIV & Ethics
[What'sUpHIV]Suppose that a research team of scientists came up with an AIDS vaccine that was 50% effective. What would you recommend that they do with it?
Source: AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine - October 30, 2014 Category: African Health Source Type: news

Ebola's True Toll Is Still Untallied As Another Deadly Fever Looms
Dr. Ross Donaldson recalls traveling around the Sierra Leone city of Kenema a decade ago, "telling people not to eat rats." The multimammate rat, which is ubiquitous in sub-Saharan Africa, can carry a deadly hemorrhagic illness akin to Ebola, known as Lassa fever. Yet for many residents of the impoverished region, the animal remains a staple food. "From a foreign perspective, it seems like a no-brainer," said Donaldson, who spent the summer of 2003 at Kenema Government Hospital's Lassa ward as a medical student studying the virus and treating its victims. He now directs the Emergency Medicine Global Health Program at the...
Source: Science - The Huffington Post - November 11, 2014 Category: Science Source Type: news

Influence of the Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Potential for Normalization of Immune Status in Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1–Infected Individuals
ImportanceIn individuals with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection who are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), factors that promote full immune recovery are not well characterized. ObjectiveTo investigate the influence of the timing of ART relative to HIV-1 infection on normalization of CD4+ T-cell counts, AIDS risk, and immune function.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsParticipants in the observational US Military HIV Natural History Study with documented estimated dates of seroconversion (EDS) who achieved virologic suppression with ART were evaluated. Markers indicative of immune activation, dysfunction, ...
Source: JAMA Internal Medicine - November 24, 2014 Category: Internal Medicine Source Type: research

The Most Celebrated, Mistrusted Little Pill in the World Two Old Friends Debate The Daily Drug That Could Revolutionize HIV Prevention
Longtime friends Peter Staley, left, and Sean Strub pose for a portrait in Strub's home in Milford, Pennsylvania. Truvada, the HIV preventive drug, sits on the table before them. (Photo by Damon Dahlen) Downtown Milford, population 1,021, is a picturesque street surrounded by forested hills. In the fall, sheafs of dried autumn corn decorate the lampposts; pumpkins sit outside shops with wooden signs. Prominent AIDS activist Sean Strub first came to the Pennsylvania town in 1996, looking for a quiet place to recoup from his long and brutal illness. He'd begun a recently approved regimen of 16 pills a day -- the most effe...
Source: Science - The Huffington Post - December 1, 2014 Category: Science Source Type: news

Developments in HIV-1 immunotherapy and therapeutic vaccination.
Authors: Smith PL, Tanner H, Dalgleish A Abstract Since the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) pandemic began, few prophylactic vaccines have reached phase III trials. Only one has shown partial efficacy in preventing HIV-1 infection. The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has had considerable success in controlling infection and reducing transmission but in so doing has changed the nature of HIV-1 infection for those with access to ART. Access, compliance, and toxicity alongside the emergence of serious non-AIDS morbidity and the sometimes poor immune reconstitution in ART-treated patients have emphasi...
Source: F1000 Medicine Reports - December 1, 2014 Category: Biomedical Science Tags: F1000Prime Rep Source Type: research