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Hypothesis of snake and insect venoms against Human Immunodeficiency Virus: a reviewEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: With reference to mechanisms of action, properties and components of snake venom such as sequence homology and enzymes (protease or L- amino acid oxidase) may have an effect on membrane protein and/or act against HIV at multiple levels or cells carrying HIV virus resulting in enhanced effect of anti-retroviral therapy (ART). This may cause a decrease in viral load and improvement in clinical as well as immunological status. Insect venom and human Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) have potential anti-viral activity through inhibition of virion entry into the cells. However, all these require further evaluation in order to...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - November 19, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Ramachandran MeenakshisundaramShah SweniPonniah Thirumalaikolundusubramanian Source Type: journals

Antiretroviral activity of the aminothiol WR1065 against Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in vitro and Simian Immunodeficiency virus (SIV) ex vivo.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates that WR1065 and the parent drug amifostine, the FDA-approved drug Ethyol, have antiretroviral activity. WR1065 was active against both an acute infection of HIV-1 and a chronic infection of SIV. The data suggest that the non-toxic drug amifostine may be a useful antiretroviral agent given either alone or in combination with other drugs as adjuvant therapy. PMID: 19895691 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - November 6, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Poirier MC, Olivero OA, Hardy AW, Franchini G, Borojerdi JP, Walker VE, Walker DM, Shearer GM Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Antiretroviral activity of the aminothiol WR1065 against Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in vitro and Simian Immunodeficiency virus (SIV) ex vivoEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: The study demonstrates that WR1065 and the parent drug amifostine, the FDA-approved drug Ethyol, have antiretroviral activity. WR1065 was active against both an acute infection of HIV-1 and a chronic infection of SIV. The data suggest that the non-toxic drug amifostine may be a useful antiretroviral agent given either alone or in combination with other drugs as adjuvant therapy. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - November 6, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Miriam PoirierOfelia OliveroAndrew HardyGenoveffa FranchiniJennifer BorojerdiVernon WalkerDale WalkerGene Shearer Source Type: journals

RT-SHIV, an infectious CCR5-tropic chimeric virus suitable for evaluating HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors in macaque models.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: This chimeric RT-SHIV has exhibited productive replication in both macaque and human PBMCs, predominantly CCR5-coreceptor usage for viral entry, and sensitivity to NNRTIs as well as other anti-HIV compounds. This study demonstrates rapid systemic infection in macaques following intravaginal exposure to RT-SHIV. This RT-SHIV/macaque model could be useful for evaluation of NNRTI-based therapies, microbicides, or other preventive strategies. PMID: 19891783 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - November 5, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Jiang Y, Tian B, Saifuddin M, Agy MB, Emau P, Cairns JS, Tsai CC Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

RT-SHIV, an infectious CCR5-tropic chimeric virus suitable for evaluating HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors in macaque modelsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: This chimeric RT-SHIV has exhibited productive replication in both macaque and human PBMCs, predominantly CCR5-coreceptor usage for viral entry, and sensitivity to NNRTIs as well as other anti-HIV compounds. This study demonstrates rapid systemic infection in macaques following intravaginal exposure to RT-SHIV. This RT-SHIV/macaque model could be useful for evaluation of NNRTI-based therapies, microbicides, or other preventive strategies. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - November 5, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Yonghou JiangBaoping TianMohammed SaifuddinMichael AgyPeter EmauJ Scott CairnsChe-Chung Tsai Source Type: journals

HLA-Cw*04 allele associated with nevirapine-induced rash in HIV-infected Thai patients.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: This study suggests that HLA-Cw*04 is associated with rash in nevirapine treated Thais. Future screening of patients' HLA may reduce the number of nevirapine-induced rash cases, and patients with alleles associated with nevirapine-induced rash should be started on anti-retroviral therapy without nevirapine. PMID: 19845952 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - October 20, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Likanonsakul S, Rattanatham T, Feangvad S, Uttayamakul S, Prasithsirikul W, Tunthanathip P, Nakayama EE, Shioda T Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

HLA-Cw*04 allele associated with nevirapine-induced rash in HIV-infected Thai patientsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: This study suggests that HLA-Cw*04 is associated with rash in nevirapine treated Thais. Future screening of patients' HLA may reduce the number of nevirapine-induced rash cases, and patients with alleles associated with nevirapine-induced rash should be started on anti-retroviral therapy without nevirapine. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - October 20, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Sirirat LikanonsakulTippawan RattanathamSiriluk FeangvadSumonmal UttayamakulWisit PrasithsirikulPreecha TunthanathipEmi NakayamaTatsuo Shioda Source Type: journals

Antiretroviral treatment adherence and its determinants in Sub-Saharan Africa: a prospective study at Yaounde Central Hospital, Cameroon.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: Pharmacy-refill adherence might be considered as an alternative to CD4 count monitoring for identification of patients at risk of virological failure, especially in resources-scarce countries. The study confirmed the difficulty in demonstrating clear associations of individual patient factors and treatment outcomes. The substantial loss to follow-up and deaths occurring within 6 months after initiating ART emphasise the need to understand the best timing of ART initiation and further elucidate and educate on the underlying reasons for delaying initiation of ART in resource-limited countries. PMID: 19821997 ...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - October 11, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Rougemont M, Stoll BE, Elia N, Ngang P Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Antiretroviral treatment adherence and its determinants in Sub-Saharan Africa: a prospective study at Yaounde Central Hospital, CameroonEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study evaluated individual patient characteristics determining antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence and the predictive values of different measures of adherence on virological treatment failure in a cohort of patients in a routine-care setting in Cameroon. Methods: Longitudinal study over 6-months following ART introduction, using patients questionnaires and hospital and pharmacy records. Results: At the end of the 6 months study period, 219 of 312 patients (70%) returned to the pharmacy to refill their medication, 17% (51) were lost to follow-up, 9% (28) were dead and 4% (14) were transferred to other care centre...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - October 11, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Mathieu RougemontBeat StollNadia EliaPeter Ngang Source Type: journals

Detection of HIV-1 RNA/DNA and CD4 mRNA in feces and urine from chronic HIV-1 infected subjects with and without anti-retroviral therapy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT: HIV-1 infects gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) very early after transmission by multiple routes. The infected GALT consequently serves as the major reservoir for HIV-1 infection and could constantly shed HIV-1 and CD4+ T cells into the intestinal lumen. To examine this hypothesis, we monitored HIV-1 RNA/DNA and CD4 mRNA in fecal samples of chronically infected subjects with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). We compared this to levels of HIV-1 RNA/DNA in urine and blood from the same subjects. Our results show that HIV-1 DNA, RNA and CD4 mRNA were detected in 8%, 19% and 31% respectively, of fece...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - October 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Chakrabarti AK, Caruso L, Ding M, Shen C, Buchanan W, Gupta P, Rinaldo CR, Chen Y Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Detection of HIV-1 RNA/DNA and CD4 mRNA in feces and urine from chronic HIV-1 infected subjects with and without anti-retroviral therapyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
HIV-1 infects gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) very early after transmission by multiple routes. The infected GALT consequently serves as the major reservoir for HIV-1 infection and could constantly shed HIV-1 and CD4+ T cells into the intestinal lumen. To examine this hypothesis, we monitored HIV-1 RNA/DNA and CD4 mRNA in fecal samples of chronically infected subjects with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART). We compared this to levels of HIV-1 RNA/DNA in urine and blood from the same subjects. Our results show that HIV-1 DNA, RNA and CD4 mRNA were detected in 8%, 19% and 31% respectively, of feces samples from...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - October 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Ayan ChakrabartiLori CarusoMing DingChengli ShenWilliam BuchananPhalguni GuptaCharles RinaldoYue Chen Source Type: journals

Protease inhibitor-induced nausea and vomiting is attenuated by a peripherally acting, opioid-receptor antagonist in a rat model.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that methylnaltrexone may have potential clinical utility in reducing nausea and vomiting in HIV patients who take ritonavir. PMID: 19698111 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - August 20, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Yuan CS, Wang CZ, Mehendale SR, Aung HH, Foo A, Israel RJ Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Protease inhibitor-induced nausea and vomiting is attenuated by a peripherally acting, opioid-receptor antagonist in a rat modelEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: These results suggest that methylnaltrexone may have potential clinical utility in reducing nausea and vomiting in HIV patients who take ritonavir. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - August 20, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Chun-Su YuanChong-Zhi WangSangeeta MehendaleHan AungAdela FooRobert Israel Source Type: journals

Elevated ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in nelfinavir mesylate (Viracept(R), Roche): overview.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT: Roche's protease inhibitor nelfinavir mesylate (Viracept(R)) produced between March 2007-June 2007 was found to contain elevated levels of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), a known mutagen (alkylator) - leading to a global recall of the drug. EMS levels in a daily dose (2,500 mg Viracept/day) were predicted not to exceed a dose of ~2.75 mg/day (~0.055 mg/kg/day based on 50 kg patient). As existing toxicology data on EMS did not permit an adequate patient risk assessment, a comprehensive animal toxicology evaluation of EMS was conducted. General toxicity of EMS was investigated in rats over 28 days. Two studies fo...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - August 5, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Pozniak A, Muller L, Salgo M, Jones JK, Larson P, Tweats D Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Elevated ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in nelfinavir mesylate (Viracept(R), Roche): overviewEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Roche's protease inhibitor nelfinavir mesylate (Viracept(R)) produced between March 2007-June 2007 was found to contain elevated levels of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), a known mutagen (alkylator) - leading to a global recall of the drug. EMS levels in a daily dose (2,500 mg Viracept/day) were predicted not to exceed a dose of ~2.75 mg/day (~0.055 mg/kg/day based on 50 kg patient). As existing toxicology data on EMS did not permit an adequate patient risk assessment, a comprehensive animal toxicology evaluation of EMS was conducted. General toxicity of EMS was investigated in rats over 28 days. Two studies for DNA damage w...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - August 5, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Anton PozniakLutz MullerMiklos SalgoJudith JonesPeter LarsonDavid Tweats Source Type: journals

The effect of AIDS defining conditions on immunological recovery among patients initiating antiretroviral therapy at Joint Clinical Research Centre, Uganda.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: Patients with ADCs take longer to regain their CD4 counts due to the defect in the immune system. This may prolong their risk of morbidity and mortality. PMID: 19630949 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - July 23, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Kigozi BK, Sumba S, Mudyope P, Namuddu B, Kalyango J, Karamagi C, Odere M, Katabira E, Mugyenyi P, Ssali F Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

The effect of AIDS defining conditions on immunological recovery among patients initiating antiretroviral therapy at Joint Clinical Research Centre, UgandaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Patients with ADCs take longer to regain their CD4 counts due to the defect in the immune system. This may prolong their risk of morbidity and mortality. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - July 23, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Brian KigoziSamwel SumbaPeter MudyopeBetty NamudduJoan KalyangoCharles KaramagiMathew OdereElly KatabiraPeter MugyenyiFrancis Ssali Source Type: journals

Polychromatic immunophenotypic characterization of T cell profiles among HIV-infected patients experiencing immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subset maturational phenotypes were heterogeneous among IRIS cases and controls. However, IRIS cases demonstrated significant increases in activation of CD8+ T cell effector subpopulations. PMID: 19607684 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - July 15, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Murdoch DM, Suchard MS, Venter WD, Mhlangu P, Ottinger JS, Feldman C, Van Rie A, Glencross DK, Stevens WS, Weinhold KJ Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Polychromatic immunophenotypic characterization of T cell profiles among HIV-infected patients experiencing immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subset maturational phenotypes were heterogeneous among IRIS cases and controls. However, IRIS cases demonstrated significant increases in activation of CD8+ T cell effector subpopulations. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - July 15, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: David MurdochMelinda SuchardWillem VenterPatrick MhlanguJanet OttingerCharles FeldmanAnnelies Van RieDeborah GlencrossWendy StevensKent Weinhold Source Type: journals

Reduction of the HIV-1 reservoir in resting CD4+ T-lymphocytes by high dosage intravenous immunoglobulin treatment: a proof-of-concept study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: The findings from this uncontrolled proof-of-concept study suggest that the reservoir became accessible by IVIG treatment through activation of HIV-1 gene expression in latently-infected resting CD4+ T-cells. We propose that IVIG should be further evaluated as an adjuvant to effective ART. PMID: 19570221 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Lindkvist A, Eden A, Norstrom MM, Gonzalez VD, Nilsson S, Svennerholm B, Karlsson AC, Sandberg JK, Sonnerborg A, Gisslen M Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Reduction of the HIV-1 reservoir in resting CD4+ T-lymphocytes by high dosage intravenous immunoglobulin treatment: a proof-of-concept studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: The findings from this uncontrolled proof-of-concept study suggest that the reservoir became accessible by IVIG treatment through activation of HIV-1 gene expression in latently-infected resting CD4+ T-cells. We propose that IVIG should be further evaluated as an adjuvant to effective ART. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Annica LindkvistArvid EdenMelissa NorstromVeronica GonzalezStaffan NilssonBo SvennerholmAnnika KarlssonJohan SandbergAnders SonnerborgMagnus Gisslen Source Type: journals

Comparison of metal-dependent catalysis by HIV-1 and ASV integrase proteins using a new and rapid, moderate throughput assay for joining activity in solution.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: A simplified, assay for measuring the joining activity of retroviral IN in solution is described, which offers several advantages over previous methods and the standard radioactive gel analyses. Based on comparisons of signal to background ratios, the assay is 10-30 times more sensitive than gel analysis, allows more rapid and accurate biochemical analyses of IN catalytic activity, and moderate throughput screening of inhibitory compounds. The assay is validated, and its utility demonstrated in a comparison of the metal-dependent activities of HIV and ASV IN proteins. PMID: 19563676 [PubMed - as supplied by...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 28, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Andrake MD, Ramcharan J, Merkel G, Zhao XZ, Burke TR, Skalka AM Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Comparison of metal-dependent catalysis by HIV-1 and ASV integrase proteins using a new and rapid, moderate throughput assay for joining activity in solutionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: A simplified, assay for measuring the joining activity of retroviral IN in solution is described, which offers several advantages over previous methods and the standard radioactive gel analyses. Based on comparisons of signal to background ratios, the assay is 10-30 times more sensitive than gel analysis, allows more rapid and accurate biochemical analyses of IN catalytic activity, and moderate throughput screening of inhibitory compounds. The assay is validated, and its utility demonstrated in a comparison of the metal-dependent activities of HIV and ASV IN proteins. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 28, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Mark AndrakeJoseph RamcharanGeorge MerkelXue Zhi ZhaoTerrence BurkeAnna Marie Skalka Source Type: journals

A randomized, controlled trial of initial anti-retroviral therapy with abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine twice-daily compared to atazanavir once-daily with lamivudine/zidovudine twice-daily in HIV-infected patients over 48 weeks (ESS100327, the ACTION Study).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: ABC/3TC/ZDV demonstrated comparable virologic efficacy to ATV+3TC/ZDV in this population over 48 weeks. In those with a baseline VL >/= 100,000 c/mL, subjects in the ATV+3TC/ZDV showed better virologic efficacy. Both regimens offer benefits in select therapy-naïve subjects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: [Clinical Trials Identifier, NCT00082394]. PMID: 19358725 [PubMed] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Kumar PN, Salvato P, Lamarca A, Dejesus E, Patel P, McClernon D, Florance A, Shaefer MS Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Is vitamin D deficiency involved in the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
BACKGROUND: About 20-30% of persons with HIV infection, especially those living in countries with limited resources, experience an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after starting antiretroviral treatment. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, is a key player in the clearance of pathogens and influences the level of inflammation and macrophage activation. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesize that low availability of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, either due to vitamin D deficiency or due to polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor or in its activating/inactivating enzymes, contribut...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Conesa-Botella A, Mathieu C, Colebunders R, Moreno-Reyes R, van Etten E, Lynen L, Kestens L Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Comparative study of the persistence of anti-HIV activity of deoxynucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors after removal from culture.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: The persistence ranking was derived from assays based on measures of single viral replication-cycle and cumulative inhibition at multiple time-points. Therefore, a better indicator of the pharmacodynamic property of an inhibitor. The persistence of anti-HIV activity assay may complement in vitro potency assays to better predict in vivo performance of nucleoside analogs. PMID: 19386130 [PubMed] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Paintsil E, Grill SP, Dutschman GE, Cheng YC Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Ankle-brachial index in HIV infection.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Prognosis for patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has improved with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Evidence over recent years suggests that the incidence of cardiovascular disease is increasing in HIV patients. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a cheap and easy test that has been validated in the general population. Abnormal ABI values are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. To date, six series of ABI values in persons with HIV have been published, but none was a prospective study. No agreement exists concerning the risk factors for an abnormal ABI, th...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Olalla J, Salas D, de la Torre J, Del Arco A, Prada JL, Martos F, Perea-Milla E, García-Alegría J Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Adherence to anti-retroviral therapy among HIV patients in Bangalore, India.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: Regular attendance for follow up was statistically significant for 100% lifetime adherence. Positive trends were seen in those in larger families, older, those who had AIDS defining illness, simple regimes, and without side-effects. Education, income, distance travelled and length of time diagnosed or treated had no effect on adherence. PMID: 19400929 [PubMed] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Cauldbeck MB, O'Connor C, O'Connor MB, Saunders JA, Rao B, Mallesh VG, Praveen Kumar NK, Mamtha G, McGoldrick C, Laing RB, Satish KS Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Fat distribution and longitudinal anthropometric changes in HIV-infected men with and without clinical evidence of lipodystrophy and HIV-uninfected controls: a substudy of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: Subcutaneous lipoatrophy was observed in HIV-infected patients, even those without clinical evidence of lipodystrophy, compared to age-matched HIV-uninfected men. Despite markedly lower BMI, HIV-infected men with lipodystrophy had a similar amount of VAT as HIV-uninfected men and tended to have more rapid increases in waist circumference over 6 years of follow-up. These longitudinal increases in waist circumference may contribute to the development of cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy. PMID: 19439092 [PubMed] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Brown TT, Xu X, John M, Singh J, Kingsley LA, Palella FJ, Witt MD, Margolick JB, Dobs AS Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

An alternative methodology for the prediction of adherence to anti HIV treatment.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Successful treatment of HIV-positive patients is fundamental to controlling the progression to AIDS. Causes of treatment failure are either related to drug resistance and/or insufficient drug levels in the blood. Severe side effects, coupled with the intense nature of many regimens, can lead to treatment fatigue and consequently to periodic or permanent non-adherence. Although non-adherence is a recognised problem in HIV treatment, it is still poorly detected in both clinical practice and research and often based on unreliable information such as self-reports, or in a research setting, Medication...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Thompson IR, Bidgood P, Petróczi A, Denholm-Price JC, Fielder MD, Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Adrenal suppression due to an interaction between ritonavir and injected triamcinolone: a case report.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT: Two HIV-1 infected patients developed signs and symptoms consistent with adrenal suppression after being exposed to intra-articular triamcinolone acetate while also receiving ritonavir as part of their highly active antiretroviral therapy. Laboratory evaluation confirmed secondary adrenal suppression in both cases. Both patients recovered without the need for chronic replacement steroids. Adrenal suppression has been described as an adverse outcome in patients treated with fluticasone and concomitant ritonavir. In the reported cases, the adrenal suppression likely developed as a result of increased systemic c...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Dort K, Padia S, Wispelwey B, Moore CC Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Serum lipid profiles among patients initiating ritonavir-boosted atazanavir versus efavirenz-based regimens.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: Both efavirenz and atazanavir-based regimens (boosted and unboosted) resulted in similar beneficial declines in the TC/HDL ratio. PMID: 19545433 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 21, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Ganesan A, Benning L, Golub ET, Riddle M, Crum-Cianflone N, Tasker S, Jacobson L, Gange SJ Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Serum lipid profiles among patients initiating ritonavir-boosted atazanavir versus efavirenz-based regimensEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Background: Antiretrovirals used to treat HIV-infected patients have the potential to adversely affect serum lipid profiles and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease which is an emerging concern among HIV-infected patients. Since boosted atazanavir and efavirenz are both considered preferred antiretrovirals, a head to head comparison of their effects on serum lipids is needed.Aim: The primary objective of the study was to compare the effects of atazanavir (boosted and unboosted) and efavirenz- based regimens on serum lipid profiles.Study Design: Prospective cohort study nested within three ongoing cohorts of HIV-infe...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 21, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Anuradha GanesanLorie BenningElizabeth GolubMark RiddleNancy Crum-CianfloneSybil TaskerLisa JacobsonStephen Gange Source Type: journals

Effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy and development of drug resistance in HIV-1 infected patients in Mombasa, KenyaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study evaluated treatment success and development of ART drug resistance after short-term treatment among patients attending the Comprehensive HIV Care Centre (CCC) of Coast Province General Hospital, Mombasa, Kenya. One hundred and fifty HIV-infected individuals receiving ART, were consecutively recruited to participate in the study. After determination of plasma viral load, patients with detectable viral load levels were subjected to genotypic drug resistance testing. At the time of sampling, 132 of the 150 participants were on ART for more than 6 months (median 21 months, IQR=12-26). An efficient viral load reducti...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 16, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Kim SteegenStanley LuchtersKenny DauweJacqueline ReynaertsKishor MandaliyaWalter JaokoJean PlumMarleen TemmermanChris Verhofstede Source Type: journals

Effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy and development of drug resistance in HIV-1 infected patients in Mombasa, Kenya.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study evaluated treatment success and development of ART drug resistance after short-term treatment among patients attending the Comprehensive HIV Care Centre (CCC) of Coast Province General Hospital, Mombasa, Kenya. One hundred and fifty HIV-infected individuals receiving ART, were consecutively recruited to participate in the study. After determination of plasma viral load, patients with detectable viral load levels were subjected to genotypic drug resistance testing. At the time of sampling, 132 of the 150 participants were on ART for more than 6 months (median 21 months, IQR=12-26). An efficient viral load reducti...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 15, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Steegen K, Luchters S, Dauwe K, Reynaerts J, Mandaliya K, Jaoko W, Plum J, Temmerman M, Verhofstede C Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Comparison of brachial and carotid artery ultrasound for assessing extent of subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV: a prospective cohort studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: IMT correlates better than FMD with established cardiovascular risk factors in this cohort of HIV patients. Standardization of protocols for FMD and IMT will facilitate the comparison of results across studies. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 11, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Adefowope OdueyungboMarek SmiejaLehana ThabaneFiona SmaillKevin GoughJohn GillTodd AndersonDawn ElstonSandy SmithJoseph BeyeneEva Lonn Source Type: journals

Comparison of brachial and carotid artery ultrasound for assessing extent of subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV: a prospective cohort study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: IMT correlates better than FMD with established cardiovascular risk factors in this cohort of HIV patients. Standardization of protocols for FMD and IMT will facilitate the comparison of results across studies. PMID: 19519884 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 10, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Odueyungbo A, Smieja M, Thabane L, Smaill F, Gough K, Gill J, Anderson T, Elston D, Smith S, Beyene J, Lonn E Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Adrenal suppression due to an interaction between ritonavir and injected triamcinolone: a case reportEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two HIV-1 infected patients developed signs and symptoms consistent with adrenal suppression after being exposed to intra-articular triamcinolone acetate while also receiving ritonavir as part of their highly active antiretroviral therapy. Laboratory evaluation confirmed secondary adrenal suppression in both cases. Both patients recovered without the need for chronic replacement steroids. Adrenal suppression has been described as an adverse outcome in patients treated with fluticasone and concomitant ritonavir. In the reported cases, the adrenal suppression likely developed as a result of increased systemic concentrations ...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 8, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Kathryn DortShetal PadiaBrian WispelweyChristopher Moore Source Type: journals

An alternative methodology for the prediction of adherence to anti HIV treatment.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Background: Successful treatment of HIV-positive patients is fundamental to controlling the progression to AIDS. Causes of treatment failure are either related to drug resistance and/or insufficient drug levels in the blood. Severe side effects, coupled with the intense nature of many regimens, can lead to treatment fatigue and consequently to periodic or permanent non-adherence. Although non-adherence is a recognised problem in HIV treatment, it is still poorly detected in both clinical practice and research and often based on unreliable information such as self-reports, or in a research setting, Medication Events Monitor...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - June 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: I Richard ThompsonPenelope BidgoodAndrea PetrocziJames Denholm-PriceMark FielderThe EuResist Network Study Group Source Type: journals

Fat distribution and longitudinal anthropometric changes in HIV-infected men with and without clinical evidence of lipodystrophy and HIV-uninfected controls: A substudy of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort StudyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Even among those without clinical evidence of fat abnormalities, subcutaneous lipoatrophy was observed in HIV-infected patients, compared to HIV-uninfected controls. Visceral fat in HIV-infected men with clinical evidence of lipodystrophy was similar to HIV-uninfected men. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - May 13, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Todd T Brown, Xiaoqiang Xu, Majnu John, Jaya Singh, Lawrence A Kingsley, Frank J Palella, Mallory D Witt, Joseph B Margolick and Adrian S Dobs Source Type: journals

Adherence to anti-retroviral therapy among HIV patients in Bangalore, IndiaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Regular attendance for follow up was statistically significant for 100% lifetime adherence. Positive trends were seen in those in larger families, older, those who had AIDS defining illness, simple regimes, and without side-effects. Education, income, distance travelled and length of time diagnosed or treated had no effect on adherence. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - April 28, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: M B Cauldbeck, C O'Connor, M B O'Connor, J A Saunders, B Rao, G V Mallesh, K N Praveenkumar, D Mamtha, C McGoldrick, Rbs Laing and K S Satish Source Type: journals

Ankle-brachial index in HIV infection.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Prognosis for patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has improved with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Evidence over recent years suggests that the incidence of cardiovascular disease, especially cardiovascular disease, is increasing in HIV patients. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a cheap and easy test that has been validated in the general population. Abnormal ABI values are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality. To date, six series of ABI values in persons with HIV have been published, but none was a prospective study. No agreement exists concerning the risk...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - April 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Julian Olalla, Daniel Salas, Javier De la Torre, Alfonso Del Arco, Jose Luis Prada, Francisco Martos, Emilio Perea-Milla and Javier Garcia-Alegria Source Type: journals

Comparative study of the persistence of anti-HIV activity of deoxynucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors after removal from cultureEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The persistence ranking was derived from assays based on measures of single viral replication-cycle and cumulative inhibition at multiple time-points. Therefore, a better indicator of the pharmacodynamic property of an inhibitor. The persistence of anti-HIV activity assay may complement in vitro potency assays to better predict in vivo performance of nucleoside analogs. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - April 22, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Elijah Paintsil, Susan P Grill, Ginger E Dutschman and Yung-Chi Cheng Source Type: journals

Is vitamin D deficiency involved in the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Background: About 20-30% of persons with HIV infection, especially those living in countries with limited resources, experience an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after starting antiretroviral treatment. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, is a key player in clearance of pathogens and influences the level of inflammation and macrophage activation. Presentation of the hypothesisWe hypothesize that low availability of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, either due to vitamin D deficiency or to polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor or its activating/inactivating enzymes, contributes to the appearance ...
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - April 21, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Anali Conesa-Botella, Chantal Mathieu, Robert Colebunders, Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes, Evelyne van Etten, Lut Lynen and Luc Kestens Source Type: journals

A randomized, controlled trial of initial anti-retroviral therapy with abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine twice-daily compared to atazanavir once-daily with lamivudine/zidovudine twice-daily in HIV-infected patients over 48 weeks (ESS100327, the ACTION Study)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: ABC/3TC/ZDV demonstrated comparable virologic efficacy to ATV+3TC/ZDV in this population over 48 weeks. In those with a baseline VL greater than or equal to 100,000 c/mL, subjects in the ATV+3TC/ZDV showed better virologic efficacy. Both regimens offer benefits in select therapy-naive subjects [Clinical Trials Identifier, NCT00082394]. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - April 9, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Princy N Kumar, Patricia Salvato, Anthony LaMarca, Edwin DeJesus, Parul Patel, Daniel McClernon, Allison Florance and Mark S Shaefer Source Type: journals

Prescribing and using self-injectable antiretrovirals: How concordant are physician and patient perspectives?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: Physician and patient beliefs about SIAT influence prescribing behavior and compliance yet may not be concordant, with patients having more positive attitudes towards SIAT than anticipated by physicians. PMID: 19196474 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - February 5, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Horne R, Kovacs C, Katlama C, Clotet B, Fumaz CR, Youle M, Kulasegaram R, Fisher M, Cohen C, Slim J, Shalit P, Cooper V, Tsoukas C Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

Prescribing and using self-injectable antiretrovirals: How concordant are physician and patient perspectives?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Physician and patient beliefs about SIAT influence prescribing behavior and compliance yet may not be concordant, with patients having more positive attitudes towards SIAT than anticipated by physicians. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - February 5, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Robert Horne, Colin Kovacs, Christine Katlama, Bonaventura Clotet, Carmina R Fumaz, Michael Youle, Ranjababu Kulasegaram, Martin Fisher, Calvin Cohen, Jihad Slim, Peter Shalit, Vanessa Cooper and Christos Tsoukas Source Type: journals

HIV-1 transgene expression in rats causes oxidant stress and alveolar epithelial barrier dysfunction.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data indicate that HIV-related proteins cause oxidant stress and alter the expression of critical tight junction proteins in the alveolar epithelium, resulting in barrier dysfunction. PMID: 19193217 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - February 4, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Lassiter C, Fan X, Joshi PC, Jacob BA, Sutliff RL, Jones DP, Koval M, Guidot DM Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals

HIV-1 transgene expression in rats causes oxidant stress and alveolar epithelial barrier dysfunctionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Taken together, these data indicate that HIV-related proteins cause oxidant stress and alter the expression of critical tight junction proteins in the alveolar epithelium, resulting in barrier dysfunction. (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - February 4, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Coy Lassiter, Xian Fan, Pratibha C Joshi, Barbara A Jacob, Roy L Sutliff, Dean P Jones, Michael Koval and David M Guidot Source Type: journals

Traditional indian medicine and homeopathy for HIV/AIDS: a review of the literature.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: This review exposes a broad gap between the widespread use of TIMH therapies for HIV/AIDS, and the dearth of high-quality data supporting their effectiveness and safety. In light of the suboptimal effectiveness of vaccines, ART, barrier methods, and behavior change strategies for prevention and cure of HIV infection, it is both important and urgent to develop a rigorous research agenda that uses innovative methodologies to investigate, evaluate and maximize the role of TIMH in managing HIV/AIDS and associated illnesses in India. PMID: 19102742 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: AIDS Research and Therapy)
Source: AIDS Research and Therapy - December 22, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Fritts M, Crawford CC, Quibell D, Gupta A, Jonas WB, Coulter ID, Andrade A Tags: AIDS Res Ther Source Type: journals