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The cost-effectiveness of consistent and early intervention of harm reduction for injecting drug users in BangladeshEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The analysis confirms that harm reduction activities are cost-effective. Early intervention is more cost-effective than delaying activities, although this should not preclude later intervention. Starting harm reduction activities when IDU HIV prevalence reaches as high as 40% is still cost-effective. Continuing harm reduction activities once a project has matured is vital to sustaining its impact and cost-effectiveness. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 19, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Lorna Guinness, Peter Vickerman, Zahidul Quayyum, Anna Foss, Charlotte Watts, Andrea Rodericks, Tasnim Azim, Smarajit Jana, Lilani Kumaranayake Source Type: journals

The impact of cigarette deprivation and cigarette availability on cue–reactivity in smokersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The data suggest that, even under conditions of immediate cigarette availability, deprivation and cue presentations have independent, additive effects on self-reported craving levels in smokers. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 18, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Steffani R. Bailey, Katherine C. Goedeker, Stephen T. Tiffany Source Type: journals

Failure to reduce drinking and driving in France: a 6-year prospective study in the GAZEL cohortEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions A recent crackdown on road violations by the French government has failed to deter DWI. Given that DWI seems to be a sporadic and rarely punished behaviour, its prevention requires more coercive measures, such as using a breath alcohol ignition interlock device. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Aymery Constant, Sylviane Lafont, Mireille Chiron, Marie Zins, Emmanuel Lagarde, Antoine Messiah Source Type: journals

Estimating driver risk using alcohol biomarkers, interlock blood alcohol concentration tests and psychometric assessments: initial descriptivesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The findings suggest that several alcohol biomarkers and assessments could play an important role in the prediction and control of driver alcohol risk when re-licensing. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Paul Marques, Scott Tippetts, John Allen, Martin Javors, Christer Alling, Michel Yegles, Fritz Pragst, Friedrich Wurst Source Type: journals

Heroin-assisted treatment in Switzerland: a case study in policy changeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion A major change in drug policy was effectively realised under typical conditions of a federalist country with a longstanding tradition of democratic consensus building. Facilitating factors were the size and visibility of the heroin problem, the rise of the Aids epidemic, and a pragmatic attitude of tolerating private initiatives opening the way to official policy change. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Ambros Uchtenhagen Source Type: journals

Prevention programs in the 21st century: what we do not discuss in publicEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Prevention research concerning alcohol, tobacco and other drugs faces a number of challenges as the scientific foundation is strengthened for the future. Seven issues which the prevention research field should address are discussed: lack of transparency in analyses of prevention program outcomes, lack of disclosure of copyright and potential for profit/income during publication, post-hoc outcome variable selection and reporting only outcomes which show positive and statistical significance at any follow-up point, tendency to evaluate statistical significance only rather than practical significance as well, problem of selec...
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Harold Holder Source Type: journals

Outcome of long-term heroin-assisted treatment offered to chronic, treatment-resistant heroin addicts in the NetherlandsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Long-term HAT is an effective treatment for chronic heroin addicts who have failed to benefit from methadone maintenance treatment. Four years of HAT is associated with stable physical, mental and social health and with absence of illicit heroin use and substantial reductions in cocaine use. HAT should be continued as long as there is no compelling reason to stop treatment. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Peter Blanken, Vincent M. Hendriks, Jan M. van Ree, Wim van den Brink Source Type: journals

Evidence of a complex association between dose, pattern and timing of prenatal alcohol exposure and child behaviour problemsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Prenatal alcohol exposure at moderate and higher levels increased the odds of child behaviour problems with the dose, pattern and timing of exposure affecting the type of behaviour problems expressed. Larger studies with more power are needed to confirm these findings. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Colleen M. O'Leary, Natasha Nassar, Stephen R. Zubrick, Jennifer J. Kurinczuk, Fiona Stanley, Carol Bower Source Type: journals

Can hepatitis C virus prevalence be used as a measure of injection-related human immunodeficiency virus risk in populations of injecting drug users? An ecological analysisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) outbreaks occur among injecting drug users (IDUs), but where HIV is low insight is required into the future risk of increased transmission. The relationship between hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV prevalence among IDUs is explored to determine whether HCV prevalence could indicate HIV risk.Methods Systematic review of IDU HIV/HCV prevalence data and regression analysis using weighted prevalence estimates and time[ndash]series data.Results HIV/HCV prevalence estimates were obtained for 343 regions. In regions other than South America/sub-Saharan Africa (SAm/SSA), mean IDU HIV ...
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Peter Vickerman, Matthew Hickman, Margaret May, Mirjam Kretzschmar, Lucas Wiessing Source Type: journals

Options for global tobacco control beyond the Framework Convention in Tobacco ControlEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: CORAL GARTNER, ANN MCNEILL Source Type: journals

Smoking cessation patterns and predictors of quitting smoking among the Japanese general population: a 1-year follow-up studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Japanese smokers attempt to quit at a lower rate than smokers in the United Kingdom and United States, but factors that predict attempts (primarily markers of motivation) and success of attempts (primarily dependence) are similar to those found in western samples. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Akiko Hagimoto, Masakazu Nakamura, Takako Morita, Shizuko Masui, Akira Oshima Source Type: journals

Ethnic differences in drinking outcomes following a brief alcohol intervention in the trauma care settingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions All three ethnic groups evidenced reductions in drinking at 6- and 12-month follow-up independent of treatment assignment. Among Hispanics, BMI reduced alcohol intake significantly as measured by average volume per week, percentage days heavy drinking and maximum amount consumed in 1 day. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Craig A. Field, Raul Caetano, T. R. Harris, Ralph Frankowski, Bahman Roudsari Source Type: journals

What neurobiology cannot tell us about addictionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Molecular neurobiological studies have yielded enormous amounts of valuable information about neuronal response mechanisms and their adaptive changes. However, in relation to addiction this information is of limited value because almost every cell function appears to be involved. Thus it tells us only that neurons adapt to 'addictive drugs' as they do to all sorts of other functional disturbances. This information may be of limited help in the development of potential auxiliary agents for treatment of addiction. However, a reductionist approach which attempts to analyse addiction at ever finer levels of structure and funct...
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Harold Kalant Source Type: journals

Cognitive test scores in male adolescent cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers: a population-based studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion Controlled analyses from this large population-based cohort of male adolescents indicate that IQ scores are lower in male adolescents who smoke compared to non-smokers and in brothers who smoke compared to their non-smoking brothers. The IQs of adolescents who began smoking between ages 18[ndash]21 are lower than those of non-smokers. Adolescents with poorer IQ scores might be targeted for programmes designed to prevent smoking. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Mark Weiser, Salman Zarka, Nomi Werbeloff, Efrat Kravitz, Gad Lubin Source Type: journals

Randomized controlled trial of cognitive–behavioural therapy for coexisting depression and alcohol problems: short-term outcomeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Integrated treatment may be superior to single-focused treatment for coexisting depression and alcohol problems, at least in the short term. Gender differences between single-focused depression and alcohol treatments warrant further study. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Amanda L. Baker, David J. Kavanagh, Frances J. Kay-Lambkin, Sally A. Hunt, Terry J. Lewin, Vaughan J. Carr, Jennifer Connolly Source Type: journals

Consequences of chronic ketamine self-administration upon neurocognitive function and psychological wellbeing: a 1-year longitudinal studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions These findings imply that heavy use of ketamine is harmful to aspects of both cognitive function and psychological wellbeing. Health education campaigns need to raise awareness among young people and clinicians about these negative consequences of ketamine use. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Celia J. A. Morgan, Leslie Muetzelfeldt, H. Valerie Curran Source Type: journals

Continuities and changes in self-change researchEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Although considerable progress has occurred in natural recovery research, several topics deserving of further research are identified, and implications for policy practice are discussed. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Harald Klingemann, Mark B. Sobell, Linda C. Sobell Source Type: journals

Syringe exchange, injecting and intranasal drug useEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion While assessing the possible effects of syringe exchange on trends in injecting drug use is inherently difficult, these may be the strongest data collected to date showing a lack of increase in drug injecting following implementation of syringe exchange. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - November 6, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Don C. Des Jarlais, Kamyar Arasteh, Courtney McKnight, Martin Ringer, Samuel R. Friedman Source Type: journals

Policy options for alcohol price regulation: the importance of modelling population heterogeneityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion Policy appraisals must account for population heterogeneity and complexity if resulting interventions are to be well considered, proportionate, effective and cost-effective. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - October 19, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Petra Sylvia Meier, Robin Purshouse, Alan Brennan Source Type: journals

Randomized controlled trial of dexamphetamine maintenance for the treatment of methamphetamine dependenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The results of this preliminary study have demonstrated that a maintenance pharmacotherapy programme of daily sustained-release amphetamine dispensing under pharmacist supervision is both feasible and safe. The increased retention in the dexamphetamine group, together with the general decreases in methamphetamine use, degree of dependence and withdrawal symptom severity, provide preliminary evidence that this may be an efficacious treatment option for methamphetamine dependence. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - October 18, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Marie Longo, Wendy Wickes, Matthew Smout, Sonia Harrison, Sharon Cahill, Jason M. White Source Type: journals

Cannabis and crime: findings from a longitudinal studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The study suggests that cannabis use in adolescence and early adulthood may be associated with subsequent involvement in criminal activity. However, the bulk of this involvement seems to be related to various types of drug-specific crime. Thus, the association seems to rest on the fact that use, possession and distribution of drugs such as cannabis is illegal. The study strengthens concerns about the laws relating to the use, possession and distribution of cannabis. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - October 15, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Willy Pedersen, Torbjørn Skardhamar Source Type: journals

Alcohol consumption in homicide victims in the city of São PauloEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions These results highlight alcohol as a contributing factor for homicide victimization in the greatest urban center in South America, supporting public strategies and future research aiming to prevent homicides and violence related to alcohol consumption. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - October 5, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Gabriel Andreuccetti, Heráclito Barbosa de Carvalho, Júlio de Carvalho Ponce, Débora Gonçalves de Carvalho, Túlio Kahn, Daniel Romero Muñoz, Vilma Leyton Source Type: journals

The alcohol industry and public interest scienceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This report argues that the growing involvement of the alcohol industry in scientific research needs to be acknowledged and addressed. It suggests a set of principles to guide ethical decision-making in the future.Methods We review relevant issues with regard to relationships between the alcohol industry and the international academic community, especially alcohol research scientists. The guiding principles proposed are modelled after expert committee statements, and describe the responsibilities of governmental agencies, the alcohol industry, journal editors and the academic community. These are followed by recommendatio...
Source: Addiction - October 4, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Kerstin Stenius, Thomas F. Babor Source Type: journals

Alcohol and hypertension: gender differences in dose–response relationships determined through systematic review and meta-analysisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The risk for hypertension increases linearly with alcohol consumption, so limiting alcohol intake should be advised for both men and women. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - October 4, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Benjamin Taylor, Hyacinth M. Irving, Dolly Baliunas, Michael Roerecke, Jayadeep Patra, Satya Mohapatra, Jurgen Rehm Source Type: journals

Estimating population attributable risk for hepatitis C seroconversion in injecting drug users in Australia: implications for prevention policy and planningEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion While sharing needles/syringes or other injecting equipment were associated most strongly with increased risk of HCV infection, the PARp associated with these behaviours was relatively modest (12%) because they are relatively low-prevalence behaviours. Our analyses suggest that more HCV infection could be avoided by changing more common, but less strongly associated behaviours such as assisted injecting or daily injecting. Results suggest that to have a very substantial effect on HCV, a range of risk factors need modifying. The most efficient use of scarce resources in reducing HCV infections will require compl...
Source: Addiction - October 4, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Handan Wand, Donna Spiegelman, Matthew Law, Bin Jalaludin, John Kaldor, Lisa Maher Source Type: journals

Do Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol concentrations indicate recent use in chronic cannabis users?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Substantial whole blood THC concentrations persist multiple days after drug discontinuation in heavy chronic cannabis users. It is currently unknown whether neurocognitive impairment occurs with low blood THC concentrations, and whether return to normal performance, as documented previously following extended cannabis abstinence, is accompanied by the removal of residual THC in brain. These findings also may impact on the implementation of per se limits in driving under the influence of drugs legislation. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - October 4, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Erin L. Karschner, Eugene W. Schwilke, Ross H. Lowe, W. David Darwin, Harrison G. Pope, Ronald Herning, Jean L. Cadet, Marilyn A. Huestis Source Type: journals

Content of ecstasy in the Netherlands: 1993–2008Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The DIMS results provide valuable qualitative information on the content of ecstasy tablets in the Netherlands, and its changes throughout the years. Moreover, the results were used for national and international risk assessments and important warning and prevention activities. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - October 4, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Neeltje Vogels, Tibor M. Brunt, Sander Rigter, Peter van Dijk, Hylke Vervaeke, Raymond J. M. Niesink Source Type: journals

Extending drug ethno-epidemiology using agent-based modellingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Agent-based modelling was used to integrate ethno-epidemiological data on psychostimulant use, and to test the probable impact of a specific intervention on the prevalence of drug-related harms. It also established a framework for collaboration between research disciplines that emphasizes the synthesis of diverse data types in order to generate new knowledge relevant to the reduction of drug-related harms. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - October 4, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: David Moore, Anne Dray, Rachael Green, Susan L. Hudson, Rebecca Jenkinson, Christine Siokou, Pascal Perez, Gabriele Bammer, Lisa Maher, Paul Dietze Source Type: journals

Influence of smoking cues in movies on craving among smokersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions No effect of smoking cues in movies on craving was found, in contrast with research supporting the cue-craving link. Thus, if replicated, this might indicate that smoking cues in such contexts do not affect smokers' desire to smoke as expected. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - October 4, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Kirsten Lochbuehler, Rutger C. M. E. Engels, Ron H. J. Scholte Source Type: journals

The challenge of external validity in policy-relevant systematic reviews: a case study from the field of substance misuseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Prioritizing internal validity in a systematic review risks producing an evidence base that is not informed adequately by the wider determinants of health and which does not give sufficient consideration to external validity. The use of appropriate methods requires that commissioners of systematic reviews are clear at the outset how the review is proposed to be utilized. Review methods such as meta-ethnography and realist synthesis could contribute to making the frameworks within which judgements are made more explicit. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - October 4, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Mark Pearson, Ross Coomber Source Type: journals

Smoker sensitivity to retail tobacco displays and quitting: a cohort studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The presence of cigarette pack displays in stores may make it more difficult for smokers to quit smoking successfully. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - October 4, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Daniella Germain, Molly McCarthy, Melanie Wakefield Source Type: journals

Computer-delivered interventions to reduce college student drinking: a meta-analysisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions CDIs reduce the quantity and frequency of drinking among college students. CDIs are generally equivalent to alternative alcohol-related comparison interventions. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - September 10, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Kate B. Carey, Lori A. J. Scott-Sheldon, Jennifer C. Elliott, Jamie R. Bolles, Michael P. Carey Source Type: journals

Motivation and patch treatment for HIV+ smokers: a randomized controlled trialEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Motivationally enhanced treatment plus NRT did not improve cessation rates over and above standard care treatment plus NRT in this HIV+ sample of smokers. Providers offering brief support and encouraging use of nicotine replacement may be able to help HIV+ patients to quit smoking. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 28, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Elizabeth E. Lloyd-Richardson, Cassandra A. Stanton, George D. Papandonatos, William G. Shadel, Michael Stein, Karen Tashima, Timothy Flanigan, Kathleen Morrow, Charles Neighbors, Raymond Niaura Source Type: journals

Individualized assessment and treatment program for alcohol dependence: results of an initial study to train coping skillsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The IATP approach was more successful than PCBT at training adaptive coping responses for use in situations presenting a high risk for drinking. The highly individualized IATP approach may prove to be an effective treatment strategy for alcohol-dependent patients. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 27, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Mark D. Litt, Ronald M. Kadden, Elise Kabela-Cormier Source Type: journals

The 10 most important things known about addictionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
If you were asked: 'What are the most important things we know about addiction?' what would you say? This paper brings together a body of knowledge across multiple domains and arranged as a list of 10 things known about addiction, as a response to such a question. The 10 things are: (1) addiction is fundamentally about compulsive behaviour; (2) compulsive drug seeking is initiated outside of consciousness; (3) addiction is about 50% heritable and complexity abounds; (4) most people with addictions who present for help have other psychiatric problems as well; (5) addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder in the majority of ...
Source: Addiction - August 26, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Doug Sellman Source Type: journals

Hepatitis C virus infection among drug injectors in St Petersburg, Russia: social and molecular epidemiology of an endemic infectionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Genotyping reveals that there have been at least five unique introductions of HCV genotypes into the IDU community in St Petersburg. Analysis of prevalent infections does not appear to correlate with the social networks of IDUs, suggesting that simple approaches to link these networks to prevalent infections, rather than incident transmission, will not prove meaningful. On a more positive note, the majority of IDUs are infected with 3a genotype that is associated with sustained virological response to antiviral therapy. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 26, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Elijah Paintsil, Sergei V. Verevochkin, Elena Dukhovlinova, Linda Niccolai, Russell Barbour, Edward White, Olga V. Toussova, Louis Alexander, Andrei P. Kozlov, Robert Heimer Source Type: journals

First positive reactions to cannabis constitute a priority risk factor for cannabis dependenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions This study suggests an association between positive reactions to first cannabis uses and risk of life-time cannabis dependence, this variable having a central role among, and through, other risk factors. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 7, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Yann Le Strat, Nicolas Ramoz, John Horwood, Bruno Falissard, Christine Hassler, Lucia Romo, Marie Choquet, David Fergusson, Philip Gorwood Source Type: journals

Association between tobacco control policies and smoking behaviour among adolescents in 29 European countriesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions For boys, some of the currently recommended tobacco control policies may help to reduce smoking prevalence. However, the model is less suitable for girls, indicating gender differences in the potential efficacy of smoking policies. Future research should address this issue. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 6, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Anne Hublet, Holger Schmid, Els Clays, Emmanuelle Godeau, Saoirse Nic Gabhainn, Luk Joossens, Lea Maes Source Type: journals

A Bayesian model for estimating the effects of drug use when drug use may be under-reportedEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion The proposed Bayesian model allows one to estimate the effect of actual drug use on study outcome measures. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 5, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Garnett P. McMillan, Edward Bedrick, Janet C'deBaca Source Type: journals

Startle cue–reactivity differentiates between light and heavy smokersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions These data support recent theories which discriminate between habit-based and incentive-based drug abuse. This distinction may have consequences for the assessment and treatment of drug-addicted subjects. Furthermore, incentive-based light smoking seems to have general effects on the reward system. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 5, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Anne K. Rehme, Ingo Frommann, Sandra Peters, Verena Block, Julia Bludau, Boris B. Quednow, Wolfgang Maier, Christian Schütz, Michael Wagner Source Type: journals

Cigarettes and social differentiation in France: is tobacco use increasingly concentrated among the poor?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions While these results point out an increased social differentiation in tobacco use, they underline the need to design and implement other forms of action to encourage people to quit, in particular targeting individuals belonging to underprivileged groups. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 4, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Patrick Peretti-Watel, Jean Constance, Valérie Seror, François Beck Source Type: journals

Test–re-test reliability of DSM-IV adopted criteria for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abuse and dependence: a cross-national studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion The adopted DSM-IV diagnostic classification for MDMA abuse and dependence was moderately reliable across cities. Findings on MDMA withdrawal support the argument that MDMA should be separated from other hallucinogens in DSM. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 3, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Linda B. Cottler, Kit Sang Leung, Arbi Ben Abdallah Source Type: journals

Changes in per capita alcohol sales during the partial privatization of British Columbia's retail alcohol monopoly 2003–2008: a multi-level local area analysisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion The trend towards privatisation of liquor outlets between 2003/04 and 2007/08 in British Columbia has contributed to increased per capita sales of alcohol and hence possibly also to increased alcohol-related harm. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 3, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Tim Stockwell, Jinhui Zhao, Scott Macdonald, Basia Pakula, Paul Gruenewald, Harold Holder Source Type: journals

Interventions with injection drug users in UkraineEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Awareness of HIV infection by street-recruited drug injectors is associated with reduced sex risks. Additional interventions are required for younger IDUs and those injecting for shorter periods of time. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 3, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Robert E. Booth, Wayne E. K. Lehman, Sergey Dvoryak, John T. Brewster, Larisa Sinitsyna Source Type: journals

Preventing growth in amphetamine use: long-term effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP) from early adolescence to early adulthoodEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The pattern of results suggests that the program worked first to prevent amphetamine use, and then to maintain the preventive effect into adulthood. Study findings suggest that early adolescent substance use prevention programs that focus initially on the 'gateway' drugs have utility for long-term prevention of amphetamine use. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 3, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Nathaniel R. Riggs, Chih-Ping Chou, Mary Ann Pentz Source Type: journals

'I have no interest in drinking': a cross-national comparison of reasons why men and women abstain from alcohol useEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Reasons for abstaining depend on type of abstainer, gender, age and country drinking norms and patterns. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 3, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Sharon Bernards, Kathryn Graham, Hervé Kuendig, Siri Hettige, Isidore Obot Source Type: journals

Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and smoking and drinking onset among adolescents: the longitudinal cohort TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions In a general population, parental heavy substance use does not seem to affect cortisol levels consistently in their offspring. We found some evidence for higher, instead of lower, hypothalamic[ndash]pituitary[ndash]adrenal axis activity as a predictor of smoking in early adolescence. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 3, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Anja C. Huizink, Kirstin Greaves-Lord, Albertine J. Oldehinkel, Johan Ormel, Frank C. Verhulst Source Type: journals

How confident should we be that smoking cessation treatments work?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The efficacy of treatments for smoking cessation are extremely reliable. This argues for inclusion of treatment as an essential feature of tobacco control and clinical practice and argues for reimbursement of smoking cessation treatments on a par with other medical and behavioral disorders. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 3, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: John R. Hughes Source Type: journals

Unplanned attempts to quit smoking: missed opportunities for health promotion?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Unplanned quit attempts are common among smokers in all socio-demographic groups, are triggered commonly by advice from a health professional and are more likely to succeed; however, the majority of these unplanned attempts are unsupported. It is important to develop methods of providing behavioural and/or pharmacological support for these attempts, and determine whether these increase cessation rates still further. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 3, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Rachael L. Murray, Sarah A. Lewis, Timothy Coleman, John Britton, Ann McNeill Source Type: journals

Alcohol and Russian mortality: a continuing crisisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion There is convincing evidence that alcohol plays an important role in explaining high mortality in Russia, in particular among working age men. However, there remain important uncertainties about the precise scale of the problem and about the health effects of the distinctive pattern of alcohol consumption that is prevalent in Russia today. While there is a need for further research, enough is known to justify the development of a comprehensive inter-sectoral alcohol control strategy. The recent fall in life expectancy in Russia should give a renewed urgency to attempts to move the policy agenda forward. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - August 3, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: David A. Leon, Vladimir M. Shkolnikov, Martin McKee Source Type: journals