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Action on Addiction takes action to disarm addiction to see that people are free from addiction and its effects. Their approach to this mission is multi-dimensional and covers everything from prevention to recovery.

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H2 haplotype at chromosome 17q21.31 protects against childhood sexual abuse-associated risk for alcohol consumption and dependenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Animal research supports a central role for corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in actions of ethanol on brain function. An examination of alcohol consumption in adolescents reported a significant genotype × environment (G × E) interaction involving rs1876831, a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) polymorphism, and negative events. CRHR1 and at least four other genes are located at 17q21.31 in an extremely large block of high linkage disequilibrium resulting from a local chromosomal inversion; the minor allele of rs1876831 is contained within the H2 haplotype. Here, we examine whether G × E interactions ...
Source: Addiction Biology - October 30, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Elliot C. Nelson, Arpana Agrawal, Michele L. Pergadia, Jen C. Wang, John B. Whitfield, F. Scott Saccone, Jason Kern, Julia D. Grant, Andrew J. Schrage, John P. Rice, Grant W. Montgomery, Andrew C. Heath, Alison M. Goate, Nicholas G. Martin, Pamela A. F. M Source Type: journals

Single exposure to cocaine or ecstasy induces DNA damage in brain and other organs of miceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We evaluated the overall genetic damage induced by different doses of cocaine and MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine) in several organs. One hour after intraperitoneal drug administration, mice were euthanized; peripheral blood, liver and brain were collected, and the cellular suspensions were used for the single cell gel (comet) assay. We determined that all doses of cocaine and MDMA tested were able to induce DNA damage in blood cells. Extensive genotoxic damage was induced by cocaine or MDMA at the highest doses used in liver cells. Brain cells were affected by all doses administrated. These findings demonstrate th...
Source: Addiction Biology - October 29, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Tathiana A. Alvarenga, Monica L. Andersen, Daniel A. Ribeiro, Paula Araujo, Camila Hirotsu, José L. Costa, Murilo C. Battisti, Sergio Tufik Source Type: journals

5-HTTLPR polymorphism, mood disorders and MDMA use in a 3-year follow-up studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A 3-year longitudinal prospective study was conducted to compare the incidence of substance use disorders (SUD) and non-substance use disorders (NSUD) among ecstasy users and two control groups: one of cannabis users and the other of non-drug users. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism related to NSUD was also studied. A total of 94 subjects were included: 37 ecstasy users, 23 cannabis users and 34 non-drug users. SUD and NSUD disorders were diagnosed according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders criteria using the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders....
Source: Addiction Biology - October 29, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Rocío Martín-Santos, Marta Torrens, Sandra Poudevida, Klaus Langohr, Elisabet Cuyás, Roberta Pacifici, Magí Farré, Simona Pichini, Rafael de la Torre Source Type: journals

Increased blood oxidative stress in amphetamine usersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Amphetamine derivatives have been shown to be a potential brain neurotoxin based on the production of free radicals that occurs after administration. The purpose of this study was to examine the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in the blood of amphetamine users. The plasma lipid peroxidation was determined and reported as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and was significantly increased (+21%), whereas the activities of the erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were significantly decreased ([minus]32%, [minus]14% and [minus]31%, respectively) in amphetamin...
Source: Addiction Biology - October 1, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Piyarat Govitrapong, Parichart Boontem, Patcharee Kooncumchoo, Sirinthorn Pinweha, Jatuporn Namyen, Yupin Sanvarinda, Smith Vatanatunyakum Source Type: journals

Mifepristone and spironolactone differently alter cocaine intravenous self-administration and cocaine-induced locomotion in C57BL/6J miceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Corticosterone, the main glucorticoid hormone in rodents, facilitates behavioral responses to cocaine. Corticosterone is proposed to modulate cocaine intravenous self-administration (SA) and cocaine-induced locomotion through distinct receptors, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), respectively. However, this remains debatable. On one hand, modulation of both responses by the GR was tested in different experimental conditions, i.e. light versus dark nycthemeral phase and naïve versus cocaine-experienced animals. On the other hand, modulation of both responses by the MR was never tested...
Source: Addiction Biology - October 1, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Jean-François Fiancette, Eric Balado, Pier-Vincenzo Piazza, Véronique Deroche-Gamonet Source Type: journals

Addiction Biology reaches new heightsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Addiction Biology)
Source: Addiction Biology - September 8, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: RAINER SPANAGEL Tags: EDITORIAL Source Type: journals

The interaction between the dopamine transporter gene and age at onset in relation to tobacco and alcohol use among 19-year-oldsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recent evidence suggests that heterogeneity in the age at onset could explain the inconsistent findings of association studies relating the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene with alcohol and nicotine consumption. The aim of this study was to examine interactions between two DAT1 polymorphisms and different initiation ages with regard to alcohol and tobacco consumption levels and dependence. Two hundred and ninety-one young adults (135 males, 156 females) participating in the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk were genotyped for the 40-bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and rs27072 polymorphisms of DAT1. Age at init...
Source: Addiction Biology - September 7, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Brigitte Schmid, Dorothea Blomeyer, Katja Becker, Jens Treutlein, Ulrich S. Zimmermann, Arlette F. Buchmann, Martin H. Schmidt, Günter Esser, Tobias Banaschewski, Marcella Rietschel, Manfred Laucht Tags: GENETIC STUDY Source Type: journals

Preconscious attentional bias in cigarette smokers: a probe into awareness modulation on attentional biasEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
It has been frequently reported that smokers showed attentional bias toward smoking-related stimuli. The current study aimed to examine whether such bias was also present when subjects were unaware of the presented stimuli and the possible role of awareness modulation on attentional bias. With a psychophysical approach (interocular suppression), we suppressed subjects' awareness to the cigarette pictures presented to one of their eyes. The visual dot probe task was modified to increase the perceptual load and to control the physical features between two rivaling images. Twenty-eight male smokers and 25 male non-smokers par...
Source: Addiction Biology - September 7, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Xiaodan Yan, Yi Jiang, Jin Wang, Yuan Deng, Sheng He, Xuchu Weng Tags: HUMAN STUDY Source Type: journals

Acquisition and reinstatement of MDMA-induced conditioned place preference in mice pre-treated with MDMA or cocaine during adolescenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Those who take ecstasy are more likely to consume other drugs than non-users with cocaine abuse being reported by 75.5% of high school student MDMA (± 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine hydrochloride) users. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of exposure during adolescence to MDMA, cocaine or to both drugs on the MDMA-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in adult mice. Animals received two daily administrations of saline, 10 mg/kg of MDMA, 25 mg/kg of cocaine or 10 mg/kg of MDMA plus 25 mg/kg of cocaine over 3 days (from PD28 to 30). Three weeks after pre-treatment, the MDMA-induced CPP procedure was ini...
Source: Addiction Biology - September 7, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Manuel Daza-Losada, Marta Rodríguez-Arias, María A. Aguilar, José Miñarro Tags: PRECLINICAL STUDIES Source Type: journals

Compulsive alcohol drinking in rodentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Upon prolonged alcohol exposure, the behaviour of an individual can gradually switch from controlled to compulsive. Our review is focused on the neurobiological mechanisms that might underlie this transition as well as the factors that are influencing it. Animal studies suggest that temporally increased alcohol consumption during post-abstinence drinking is accompanied by a loss of flexibility of the behaviour and therefore, could serve as a model for compulsive alcohol drinking. However, studies using different alcohol-preferring rat lines in the post-abstinence drinking model suggest that high alcohol consumption does no...
Source: Addiction Biology - September 7, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Valentina Vengeliene, Evelyne Celerier, Lea Chaskiel, Franco Penzo, Rainer Spanagel Tags: RESEARCH FOCUS ON COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN ANIMALS Source Type: journals

An animal model of compulsive food-taking behaviourEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The increase in the incidence of obesity and eating disorders has promoted research aimed at understanding the aetiology of abnormal eating behaviours. Apart from metabolic factors, obesity is caused by overeating. Clinical reports have led to the suggestion that some individuals may develop addictive-like behaviours when consuming palatable foods, and compulsive eating plays a similar dominant role in obesity as compulsive drug taking does in drug addiction. The progress made in the development of treatment strategies for obesity is limited, in part, because the physiological and neurological causes and consequences of co...
Source: Addiction Biology - September 7, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Andrea Heyne, Christoph Kiesselbach, Ignasi Sahún, Jerome McDonald, Monica Gaiffi, Mara Dierssen, Jochen Wolffgramm Tags: RESEARCH FOCUS ON COMPULSIVE BEHAVIOUR IN ANIMALS Source Type: journals

Varenicline increases striatal dopamine D2/3 receptor binding in ratsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Increasing dopamine D2/3 receptor availability is postulated to be a treatment for drug addiction. Varenicline, an [alpha]4[beta]2-nicotinic partial agonist, is effective for nicotine dependence. We hypothesize that varenicline increases dopamine D2/3 receptor availability. Twenty male drug-naïve rats were randomized to varenicline (2 mg/kg) or placebo for 14 days, and then injected with the dopamine D2/3 radiotracer 123I-IBZM. We found significantly higher striatum-to-cerebellum binding ratios in both dorsal and ventral striatum for the varenicline group compared with placebo. Varenicline increases dopamine D2/3 receptor...
Source: Addiction Biology - August 5, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Cleo L. Crunelle, Michelle L. Miller, Kora de Bruin, Wim van den Brink, Jan Booij Source Type: journals

No association of alcohol dependence with SLC6A5 and SLC6A9 glycine transporter polymorphismsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To determine whether glycine transporter polymorphisms are associated with alcoholism, three genetic variants of SLC6A5 and two polymorphisms of SLC6A9 were genotyped in 463 German non-alcoholic controls and 644 German alcohol-dependent subjects. Association was investigated employing chi-square statistics and haplotype analysis. There was a significant association between the SLC6A5 polymorphism (rs1443547) and alcohol dependence as alcoholic individuals had a lower rate of AG-allele ([chi]2 = 6.048, P = 0.049, d.f. = 2), which did not remain significant after correction for multiple testing. There was no association betw...
Source: Addiction Biology - July 24, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Gabriele Koller, Peter Zill, Christoph Fehr, Oliver Pogarell, Brigitta Bondy, Michael Soyka, Ulrich-Wilkelm Preuss Source Type: journals

Stimulation of 5-HT1B receptors enhances cocaine reinforcement yet reduces cocaine-seeking behaviorEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Paradoxically, stimulation of 5-HT1B receptors (5-HT1BRs) enhances sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of cocaine but attenuates incentive motivation for cocaine as measured using the extinction/reinstatement model. We revisited this issue by examining the effects of a 5-HT1BR agonist, CP94253, on cocaine reinforcement and cocaine-primed reinstatement, predicting that CP94253 would enhance cocaine-seeking behavior reinstated by a low priming dose, similar to its effect on cocaine reinforcement. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.75 mg/kg, i.v.) paired with light and tone cues. For reinstatement experiments,...
Source: Addiction Biology - July 23, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Nathan S. Pentkowski, Jazmin I. Acosta, Jenny R. Browning, Elizabeth C. Hamilton, Janet L. Neisewander Source Type: journals

Prefrontal cortex morphometry in abstinent adolescent marijuana users: subtle gender effectsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study characterized prefrontal cortex (PFC) morphometry in chronic MJ-using adolescents following 1 month of monitored abstinence. Data were collected from MJ users (n = 16) and controls (n = 16) aged 16[ndash]18. Extensive exclusionary criteria included co-morbid psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Substance use and anatomical measures were collected after 28 days of monitored abstinence. PFC volumes were ascertained from manual tracing by reliable raters on high-resolution magnetic resonance images. After controlling for lifetime alcohol use, gender and intracranial volume, MJ users did not differ from controls in...
Source: Addiction Biology - July 23, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Krista Lisdahl Medina, Tim McQueeny, Bonnie J. Nagel, Karen L. Hanson, Tony T. Yang, Susan F. Tapert Source Type: journals

Exposure to smoking cues during an emotion recognition task can modulate limbic fMRI activation in cigarette smokersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Smoking cues (SCs) refer to smoking-associated environmental stimuli that may trigger craving and withdrawal symptoms, and predispose to relapse in smokers. Although previous brain imaging studies have explored neural responses to SCs, no study has characterized the effects of SCs on cerebral activity in smokers engaged in an attention-demanding cognitive task that is unrelated to smoking. Thirteen tobacco smokers and a demographically matched group of 13 healthy non-smokers participated in a fast event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study that involved a visual task integrating SCs and neutral cues (...
Source: Addiction Biology - July 23, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Eric Artiges, Emmanuel Ricalens, Sylvie Berthoz, Marie-Odile Krebs, Jani Penttilä, Christian Trichard, Jean-Luc Martinot Source Type: journals

Association between MTHFR 677C-T polymorphism and alcohol dependence according to Lesch and Babor typologyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study determines and compares MTHFR 677C-T distribution and examines its consequences on homocysteine metabolism and alcohol dependence in alcoholic patients classified according to the Babor and Lesch typologies. MTHFR TT genotype was more prevalent in AD patients with milder alcohol dependence (Babor type A) and with Lesch type 3, associated with depression. MTHFR TT was also associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Determining MTHFR 677C-T genotype, folate and vitamin B12 levels could assist physicians in identifying type 3 patients and improve addictions management. (Source: Addiction Biology)
Source: Addiction Biology - July 23, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Amine Benyamina, Raphaël Saffroy, Lisa Blecha, Patrick Pham, Laurent Karila, Brigitte Debuire, Antoinette Lemoine, Michel Reynaud Source Type: journals

Is withdrawal hyperalgesia in morphine-dependent mice a direct effect of a low concentration of the residual drug?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Withdrawal of opioid drugs leads to a cluster of unpleasant symptoms in dependent subjects. These symptoms are stimulatory in nature and oppose the acute, inhibitory effects of opiates. The conventional theory that explains the opioid withdrawal syndrome assumes that chronic usage of opioid drugs activates compensatory mechanisms whose stimulatory effects are revealed upon elimination of the inhibitory opioid drug from the body. Based on previous studies that show a dose-dependent dual activity of opiates, including pain perception, we present here an alternative explanation to the phenomenon of withdrawal-induced hyperalg...
Source: Addiction Biology - June 6, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Vardit Rubovitch, Chaim G Pick, Yosef Sarne Source Type: journals

Route of administration affects the ability of naltrexone to reduce amphetamine-potentiated brain stimulation reward in ratsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Opioid receptor antagonism has been shown to attenuate behavioral and neurochemical effects of amphetamine in humans and rodents. The effects of acute (oral or subcutaneous) or extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) were tested on the reward-enhancing effects of amphetamine using the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) paradigm. Acute exposure to drugs of abuse reduces the locus of rise (LOR) in the ICSS procedure, reflecting enhanced brain stimulation reward (BSR). Rats were treated once a day with naltrexone orally (PO; 5.0 mg/kg) or subcutaneously (SC; 0.5 mg/kg) for four consecutive days and tested with D-amphetamine (0...
Source: Addiction Biology - June 1, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Mark S. Todtenkopf, Krystal S. O'Neill, Kristina Kriksciukaite, Ryan Z. Turncliff, Reginald L. Dean, Irina Ostrovsky-Day, Daniel R. Deaver Source Type: journals

Electroacupuncture treatment reverses morphine-induced physiological changes in dopaminergic neurons within the ventral tegmental areaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study we examined alterations in the firing rate of DAergic neurons by means of extracellular recording following chronic morphine exposure and applied 100 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) treatment to reverse the reduced firing rate of these neurons. In the first set of experiments we show that in rats, which received chronic morphine treatment for 14 days, a small dose of morphine was not able to induce a CPP response anymore. However, the sensitivity to morphine was reinstated by consecutive EA treatment for 10 days. The electrophysiological response of VTA DA neurons to morphine was markedly reduced in chronic morphi...
Source: Addiction Biology - June 1, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Ling Hu, Ning-ning Chu, Lin-lin Sun, Rong Zhang, Ji-Sheng Han, Cai-lian Cui Source Type: journals

BclI glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism and smoking in the general populationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We studied the hypothesis that the BclI polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with an increased probability of being a (heavy) smoker and a decreased ability to quit smoking. The study cohort consisted of all subjects in the Rotterdam Study, a Dutch population-based cohort of people aged 55 years and older, for whom BclI genotyping and smoking status at baseline were available. In prospective analyses, the smoking status was reassessed during three additional examination rounds. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between BclI polymorphism and being a smoker or a heavy sm...
Source: Addiction Biology - April 29, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Satu J. Siiskonen, Loes E. Visser, Henning Tiemeier, Albert Hofman, Steven W.J. Lamberts, André G. Uitterlinden, Bruno H.Ch. Stricker Source Type: journals

Effect of concurrent saccharin intake on ethanol consumption by high-alcohol-drinking (UChB) ratsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study examined the effect of concurrent presentation of a highly palatable saccharin solution on ethanol consumption during the acquisition or maintenance of ethanol drinking by high-alcohol-drinking (UChB) rats. Rats were exposed to ethanol (10% v/v) and water under a home cage, two-bottle, free-choice regimen with unlimited access for 24 hours/day. After 7 days (acquisition) of ethanol exposure, a third bottle containing saccharin (0.2% w/v) was concomitantly offered for an additional seven consecutive days, and the same process was repeated after 3 months (maintenance) of ethanol exposure. We found that concurrent ...
Source: Addiction Biology - April 28, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Lutske Tampier, Maria Elena Quintanilla Source Type: journals

Pre-exposure to environmental cues predictive of food availability elicits hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activation and increases operant responding for food in female ratsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present study was undertaken to develop an animal model exploiting food cue-induced increased motivation to obtain food under operant self-administration conditions. To demonstrate the predictive validity of the model, rimonabant, fluoxetine, sibutramine and topiramate, administered 1 hour before the experiment, were tested. For 5 days, female Wistar rats were trained to self-administer standard 45 mg food pellets in one daily session (30 minutes) under FR1 (fixed ratio 1) schedule of reinforcement. Rats were then trained to an FR3 schedule and finally divided into two groups. The first group (control) was subjected to...
Source: Addiction Biology - April 28, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Carlo Cifani, Alessandro Zanoncelli, Michela Tessari, Claudio Righetti, Carla Di Francesco, Roberto Ciccocioppo, Maurizio Massi, Sergio Melotto Source Type: journals

Heritability and a genome-wide linkage analysis of a Type II/B cluster construct for cannabis dependence in an American Indian communityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study sought to investigate whether a dichotomous construct similar to Babor's Types A/B and Cloninger's Types I/II for alcohol dependence can be identified for cannabis dependence in a Native American sample. In addition, heritability of this construct and its behavior in a genetic linkage analyses were evaluated. Information on cannabis use and dependence symptoms and other psychiatric disorders was obtained using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism from a community sample of 606 American Indians. Hierarchical average linkage and K means cluster analysis was used, and a three-cluster soluti...
Source: Addiction Biology - April 28, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Cindy L. Ehlers, David A. Gilder, Ian R. Gizer, Kirk C. Wilhelmsen Source Type: journals

An association of prodynorphin polymorphisms and opioid dependence in females in a Chinese populationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Prodynorphin (PDYN) binds to [kappa]-opioid receptors and is known to regulate dopaminergic tone, making this system important for the reinforcing and rewarding properties of drugs of abuse such as opioids. The binding of dynorphins to [kappa]-opioid receptors also produces aversive states that may affect the development of opioid dependence. Recent animal results have shown that PDYNknockout mice show decreased ethanol consumption; however, this finding was restricted to female mice. We were interested to analyse a possible gender specificity of dynorphin effects in humans and to this end three single-nucleotide polymorph...
Source: Addiction Biology - March 8, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Toni-Kim Clarke, Kristina Krause, Tao Li, Gunter Schumann Source Type: journals

Alterations in pituitary-thyroid axis function among opioid-dependent subjects after acute and protracted abstinenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in the pituitary-thyroid axis (PTA) and the time course of the hormonal alterations in subjects with opioid dependence after abstinence. Blood samples from in-patients with opioid dependence and age- and sex-matched healthy controls were collected. The severity of opioid abuse and of withdrawal symptoms was assessed. Results were compared between patients with opioid dependence (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 30). We found that free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine levels were comparable with healthy controls while thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was lower...
Source: Addiction Biology - March 6, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Guo-fu Zhang, Yi-lang Tang, Alicia K. Smith, Zhen-qi Liu, Li-xia Sheng, Yong Chi, Wan-jun Du, Song Guo, Zuo-ning Jiang, Le Xiao, Hong-xi Zhang, Xiao-nian Luo Source Type: journals

Long-term haloperidol treatment (but not risperidone) enhances addiction-related behaviors in mice: role of dopamine D2 receptorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The high prevalence of psychostimulant abuse observed in schizophrenic patients may be related to the development of mesolimbic dopaminergic supersensitivity (MDS) or nigrostriatal dopaminergic supersensitivity (NDS) in response to the chronic blockade of dopamine receptors produced by typical neuroleptic treatment. We compared the effects of withdrawal from long-term administration of the typical neuroleptic haloperidol (Hal) and/or the atypical agent risperidone (Ris) on MDS and NDS, behaviorally evaluated by amphetamine-induced locomotor stimulation (AILS) and apomorphine-induced stereotypy (AIS) in mice, respectively. ...
Source: Addiction Biology - March 6, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Rita C. Carvalho, Daniela F. Fukushiro, Daniel C. Helfer, Donato Callegaro-Filho, Thaís F. Trombin, Lineane H. F. Zanlorenci, Leandro Sanday, Regina H. Silva, Roberto Frussa-Filho Source Type: journals

Do genetic and individual risk factors moderate the efficacy of motivational enhancement therapy? Drinking outcomes with an emerging adult sampleEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Research indicates that motivational enhancement therapy (MET) helps catalyze reductions in problem drinking among emerging adults. However, moderators of this intervention remain relatively unknown. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: (1) to test whether a single session of MET increased motivation to reduce drinking and drinking outcomes; and (2) to examine whether genetic dopamine D4 receptor L (DRD4 L) and individual personality risk factors (impulsivity and novelty seeking) moderated the effects of the MET. These hypotheses were evaluated by randomly assigning a sample of emerging adult problem drinkers (n =...
Source: Addiction Biology - March 6, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Sarah W. Feldstein Ewing, Heather A. LaChance, Angela Bryan, Kent E. Hutchison Source Type: journals

The effect of naltrexone on amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference and locomotor behaviour in the ratEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Whereas amphetamine and other psychostimulants primarily act on the dopamine system, there is also evidence that other neurotransmitter systems, such as the endogenous opioid system, modulate psychostimulant-induced effects. Several studies have investigated the role of opioid antagonists on cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP), but there is limited information about the interaction with amphetamines. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone (NTX) on the conditioning, expression and reinstatement of amphetamine-induced place preference. In additi...
Source: Addiction Biology - March 6, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Jenny Häggkvist, Sara Lindholm, Johan Franck Source Type: journals

Ecstasy-induced oxidative stress to adolescent rat brain mitochondria in vivo: influence of monoamine oxidase type AEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The administration of a neurotoxic dose of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 'ecstasy') to the rat results in mitochondrial oxidative damage in the central nervous system, namely lipid and protein oxidation and mitochondrial DNA deletions with subsequent impairment of the correspondent protein expression. Although these toxic effects were shown to be prevented by monoamine oxidase B inhibition, the role of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) in MDMA-mediated mitochondrial damage remains to be evaluated. Thus, the aim of the present study was to clarify the potential interference of a specific inhibition of MAO-A by clorgyli...
Source: Addiction Biology - December 13, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Ema Alves, Teresa Summavielle, Cecília Juliana Alves, José Barata Antunes Custódio, Eduarda Fernandes, Maria de Lourdes Bastos, Maria Amélia Tavares, Félix Carvalho Source Type: journals

Conditioned cues and yohimbine induce reinstatement of beer and near-beer seeking in Long-Evans ratsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) impact millions of individuals, yet there are few effective treatments. One major problem in treating AUDs is the high rate of relapse to drinking often induced by stress and/or anxiety states. Although beer accounts for over 81% of all alcohol consumed in hazardous amounts in the United States, the use of beer in pre-clinical research has been limited. It has been shown that rats will self-administer beer and near-beer using a standard operant self-administration paradigm; however, there have been few studies examining reinstatement of beer and near-beer seeking. We have determined that reward...
Source: Addiction Biology - December 12, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Jemma K. Richards, Jeffrey A. Simms, Selena E. Bartlett Source Type: journals

Effects of concurrent access to multiple ethanol concentrations and repeated deprivations on alcohol intake of high-alcohol-drinking (HAD) ratsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
High-alcohol-drinking rats, given access to 10% ethanol, expressed an alcohol deprivation effect (ADE) only after multiple deprivations. In alcohol-preferring (P) rats, concurrent access to multiple ethanol concentrations combined with repeated cycles of EtOH access and deprivation produced excessive ethanol drinking. The current study was undertaken to examine the effects of repeated alcohol deprivations with concurrent access to multiple concentrations of ethanol on ethanol intake of HAD replicate lines of rats. HAD-1 and HAD-2 rats received access to 10, 20 and 30% (v/v) ethanol for 6 weeks. Rats from each replicate lin...
Source: Addiction Biology - December 12, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Zachary A. Rodd, Richard L. Bell, Kelly A. Kuc, James M. Murphy, Lawrence Lumeng, William J. McBride Source Type: journals

Pavlovian drug discrimination with bupropion as a feature positive occasion setter: substitution by methamphetamine and nicotine, but not cocaineEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Bupropion can serve as a discriminative stimulus (SD) in an operant drug discrimination task, and a variety of stimulants substitute for the bupropion SD. There are no reports, however, of bupropion functioning as a Pavlovian occasion setter (i.e. feature positive modulator). The present experiment seeks to fill this gap in the literature by training bupropion in rats as a feature positive modulator that disambiguates when a light will be paired with sucrose. Specifically, on bupropion (10 mg/kg intraperitoneal) sessions, offset of 15-second cue lights were followed by brief delivery of liquid sucrose; saline sessions were...
Source: Addiction Biology - December 12, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Jamie L. Wilkinson, Chia Li, Rick A. Bevins Source Type: journals

Modeling stress and drug craving in the laboratory: implications for addiction treatment developmentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Addition is a chronic relapsing illness affected by multiple social, individual and biological factors that significantly impact course and recovery of the illness. Stress interacts with these factors and increases addiction vulnerability and relapse risk, thereby playing a significant role in the course of the illness. This paper reviews our efforts in developing and validating laboratory models of stress and drug cue-related provocation to assess stress responses and stress-related adaptation in addicted individuals compared with healthy controls. Empirical findings from human laboratory and brain imaging studies are pre...
Source: Addiction Biology - October 21, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Rajita Sinha Source Type: journals

Proof-of-concept human laboratory study for protracted abstinence in alcohol dependence: effects of gabapentinEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
There is a need for safe medications that can effectively support recovery by treating symptoms of protracted abstinence that may precipitate relapse in alcoholics, e.g. craving and disturbances in sleep and mood. This proof-of-concept study reports on the effectiveness of gabapentin 1200 mg for attenuating these symptoms in a non-treatment-seeking sample of cue-reactive, alcohol-dependent individuals. Subjects were 33 paid volunteers with current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV alcohol dependence and a strength of craving rating 1 SD or greater for alcohol than water cues. Subjects were randomly a...
Source: Addiction Biology - October 14, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Barbara J. Mason, John M. Light, Lauren D. Williams, David J. Drobes Source Type: journals

Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews data from controlled studies investigating different measures of impulsive behaviors, including delay discounting, behavioral inhibition and a newly proposed measure of inattention. Our findings support the hypothesis that drugs of abuse alter performance across independent behavioral measures of impulsivity. The findings lay the groundwork for studying the cognitive and neurobiological substrates of impulsivity, and for future studies on the role of impulsive behavior as both facilitator and a result of drug use. (Source: Addiction Biology)
Source: Addiction Biology - October 13, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Harriet de Wit Source Type: journals

Stress, alcohol and drug interaction: an update of human researchEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A challenging question that continues unanswered in the field of addiction is why some individuals are more vulnerable to substance use disorders than others. Numerous risk factors for alcohol and other drugs of abuse, including exposure to various forms of stress, have been identified in clinical studies. However, the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie this relationship remain unclear. Critical neurotransmitters, hormones and neurobiological sites have been recognized, which may provide the substrates that convey individual differences in vulnerability to addiction. With the advent of more sophisticated measures of ...
Source: Addiction Biology - October 13, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Magdalena Uhart, Gary S. Wand Source Type: journals

Identifying the neural circuitry of alcohol craving and relapse vulnerabilityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article focuses on neuronal correlates of cue responses in detoxified alcoholics. Current brain imaging studies indicate that dysfunction of dopaminergic, glutamatergic and opioidergic neurotransmission in the brain reward system (ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens) can be associated with alcohol craving and functional brain activation in neuronal systems that process attentional relevant stimuli, reward expectancy and experience. Increased functional brain activation elicited by such alcohol-associated cues predicted an increased relapse risk, whereas high brain activity elicited by affectively positive...
Source: Addiction Biology - October 13, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Andreas Heinz, Anne Beck, Sabine M. Grüsser, Anthony A. Grace, Jana Wrase Source Type: journals

Nicotine self-medication of cognitive-attentional processingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article selectively reviews research concerning nicotine's effects on cognition, including the neurobiological mechanism for these effects, task and experimental features that may be important for elucidating these effects, and why these effects may have amplified motivational significance among smokers with cognitive deficit. Nicotine has effects on various cognitive processes, though most studies in humans have focused on the amelioration of cognitive deficits experienced during drug withdrawal. The direct cognitive-enhancing effect of nicotine remains a controversial topic. The relationship between attentional and ...
Source: Addiction Biology - October 13, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: David E. Evans, David J. Drobes Source Type: journals

Heavy drinking relates to positive valence ratings of alcohol cuesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A positive family history of alcohol use disorders (FH) is a robust predictor of personal alcohol abuse and dependence. Exposure to problem-drinking models is one mechanism through which family history influences alcohol-related cognitions and drinking patterns. Similarly, exposure to alcohol advertisements is associated with alcohol involvement and the relationship between affective response to alcohol cues and drinking behavior has not been well established. In addition, the collective contribution that FH, exposure to different types of problem-drinking models (e.g. parents, peers) and personal alcohol use have on appra...
Source: Addiction Biology - October 13, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Carmen Pulido, Alex Mok, Sandra A. Brown, Susan F. Tapert Source Type: journals

Developing human laboratory models of smoking lapse behavior for medication screeningEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Use of human laboratory analogues of smoking behavior can provide an efficient, cost-effective mechanistic evaluation of a medication signal on smoking behavior, with the result of facilitating translational work in medications development. Although a number of human laboratory models exist to investigate various aspects of smoking behavior and nicotine dependence phenomena, none have yet modeled smoking lapse behavior. The first instance of smoking during a quit attempt (i.e. smoking lapse) is highly predictive of relapse and represents an important target for medications development. Focusing on an abstinence outcome is ...
Source: Addiction Biology - October 13, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Sherry A. McKee Source Type: journals

Self-administration of cocaine, cannabis and heroin in the human laboratory: benefits and pitfallsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of this review is to describe self-administration procedures for modeling addiction to cocaine, cannabis and heroin in the human laboratory, the benefits and pitfalls of the approach, and the methodological issues unique to each drug. In addition, the predictive validity of the model for testing treatment medications will be addressed. The results show that all three drugs of abuse are reliably and robustly self-administered by non-treatment-seeking research volunteers. In terms of pharmacotherapies, cocaine use is extraordinarily difficult to disrupt either in the laboratory or in the clinic. A range of medi...
Source: Addiction Biology - October 11, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Margaret Haney Source Type: journals

The P300 event-related potential and its possible role as an endophenotype for studying substance use disorders: a reviewEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The concept of endophenotypes has gained popularity in recent years. This is because of the potential that endophenotypes provide of measuring objective trait markers that are simpler to access and assess than complex behavioral disease phenotypes themselves. The simplicity, ease of measurement and the putative links to the etiology of the disease in the study of an endophenotype has the potential promise of unraveling the genetic basis of the disease in question. Of the various proposed endophenotypes, the P300 component of the event-related potential has been used in studies on alcoholism, schizophrenia and externalizing...
Source: Addiction Biology - September 23, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Shubh M. Singh, Debasish Basu Source Type: journals

Chronic viral hepatitis is a significant contributor to the immunosenescent phenotype of parenteral drug addictionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Intravenous drug addiction is known to be associated with an inordinate morbidity and mortality. As our previous report had identified an immune phenotype consistent with accelerated ageing, we wished to investigate how much of this change may have been related to chronic viral hepatitis. A total of 12 409 clinical pathology results from the period 1995[ndash]2007 were reviewed. To control for the differences in age, only patients less than 48 years of age were considered. A total of 636 substance use disorder (SUD) and 6103 non-SUD (N-SUD) patients were studied. They had comparable ages (mean ± SD 31.32 ± 6.90 versus 31...
Source: Addiction Biology - September 22, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Albert S. Reece Source Type: journals

Norepinephrine and stimulant addictionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
No pharmacotherapies are approved for stimulant use disorders, which are an important public health problem. Stimulants increase synaptic levels of the monoamines dopamine (DA), serotonin and norepinephrine (NE). Stimulant reward is attributable mostly to increased DA in the reward circuitry, although DA stimulation alone cannot explain the rewarding effects of stimulants. The noradrenergic system, which uses NE as the main chemical messenger, serves multiple brain functions including arousal, attention, mood, learning, memory and stress response. In pre-clinical models of addiction, NE is critically involved in mediating ...
Source: Addiction Biology - September 22, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Mehmet Sofuoglu, R. Andrew Sewell Source Type: journals

Pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus following training does not impair expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preferenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Learning and memory play an important role in morphine addiction. Status epilepticus (SE) can impair the spatial and emotional learning and memory. However, little is known about the effects of SE on morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). The present study was designed to investigate the effects of SE on morphine CPP, with food CPP being used as a control. The effects of SE on spatial memory in the Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze were investigated. SE was induced in adult mice using intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole; control mice received saline. The data indicated that SE had no effects on t...
Source: Addiction Biology - August 21, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Jie Zhang, Hua Tan, Hai C. Niu, Jian H. Wang, Xiang D. Tang, Larry D. Sanford, Yuan-Ye Ma Source Type: journals

Very low dose naltrexone addition in opioid detoxification: a randomized, controlled trialEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although current treatments for opioid detoxification are not always effective, medical detoxification remains a required step before long-term interventions. The use of opioid antagonist medications to improve detoxification has produced inconsistent results. Very low dose naltrexone (VLNTX) was recently found to reduce opioid tolerance and dependence in animal and clinical studies. We decided to evaluate safety and efficacy of VLNTX adjunct to methadone in reducing withdrawal during detoxification. In a multi-center, double-blind, randomized study at community treatment programs, where most detoxifications are performed,...
Source: Addiction Biology - August 19, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Paolo Mannelli, Ashwin A. Patkar, Kathi Peindl, David A. Gorelick, Li-Tzy Wu, Edward Gottheil Source Type: journals

The dopamine D4 Receptor (DRD4) gene exon III polymorphism, problematic alcohol use and novelty seeking: direct and mediated genetic effectsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present study sought to integrate convergent lines of research on the associations among the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene, novelty seeking and drinking behaviors with the overall goal of elucidating genetic influences on problematic drinking in young adulthood. Specifically, this study tested a model in which novelty seeking mediated the relationship between DRD4 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) genotype and problematic alcohol use. Participants (n = 90, 40 females) were heavy-drinking college students. Analyses using a structural equation modeling framework suggested that the significant direct path betwee...
Source: Addiction Biology - August 19, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Lara A. Ray, Angela Bryan, James MacKillop, John McGeary, Kirstin Hesterberg, Kent E. Hutchison Source Type: journals

Prolactin response to fenfluramine in abstinent, alcohol-dependent patientsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objectives of this paper are to examine the prolactin (PRL) and CORT response to dl-fenfluramine in a large cohort of males with alcohol dependence who had been abstinent for 3 weeks, and to compare this with an age-matched control group. Ninety-four subjects with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of moderate to severe alcohol dependence who had been abstinent for 3 weeks, and 23 control subjects underwent neuroendocrine challenge with dl-fenfluramine (10 mg per 10 kg body weight). PRL and CORT responses were measured. No significant difference was found in PRF between abstinent, alcoholic patients and controls (F = 2.7, d.f. = 1....
Source: Addiction Biology - July 13, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Richard J. Porter, Doug Sellman, Peter R. Joyce, Julia Davies, Chris Frampton Source Type: journals

Modulation of brain response to emotional images by alcohol cues in alcohol-dependent patientsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, the alcohol cues may have modulated cortical networks involved in the processing of emotional stimuli by eliciting a conditioned response in the alcoholics, but not in the controls, which may have decreased responsiveness to the negative images. (Source: Addiction Biology)
Source: Addiction Biology - May 27, 2008 Category: Addiction Authors: Jodi M. Gilman, Daniel W. Hommer Source Type: journals