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Chapter 1 impacts of the oceans on climate change.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Mackenzie FT, Malin G, Mauritzen C, Olafsson J, Paull C, Rignot E, Shimada K, Vogt M, Wallace C, Wang Z, Washington R The oceans play a key role in climate regulation especially in part buffering (neutralising) the effects of increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and rising global temperatures. This chapter examines how the regulatory processes performed by the oceans alter as a response to climate change and assesses the extent to which positive feedbacks from the ocean may exacerbate climate change. There is clear evidence for rapid change in the oceans. As the main heat store for the world there h...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - November 10, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Reid PC, Fischer AC, Lewis-Brown E, Meredith MP, Sparrow M, Andersson AJ, Antia A, Bates NR, Bathmann U, Beaugrand G, Brix H, Dye S, Edwards M, Furevik T, Gangstø R, Hátún H, Hopcroft RR, Kendall M, Kasten S, Keeling R, Le Quéré C Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Chapter 2 vulnerability of marine turtles to climate change.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Marine turtles are generally viewed as vulnerable to climate change because of the role that temperature plays in the sex determination of embryos, their long life history, long age-to-maturity and their highly migratory nature. Extant species of marine turtles probably arose during the mid-late Jurassic period (180-150 Mya) so have survived past shifts in climate, including glacial periods and warm events and therefore have some capacity for adaptation. The present-day rates of increase of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, and associated temperature changes, are very rapid; the capacity of marine turtles to a...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - November 10, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Poloczanska ES, Limpus CJ, Hays GC Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Chapter 3 Effects of Climate Change and Commercial Fishing on Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
During the course of the last century, populations of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua L. have undergone dramatic declines in abundance across their biogeographic range, leading to debate about the relative roles of climatic warming and overfishing in driving these changes. In this chapter, we describe the geographic distributions of this important predator of North Atlantic ecosystems and document extensive evidence for limitations of spatial movement and local adaptation from population genetic markers and electronic tagging. Taken together, this evidence demonstrates that knowledge of spatial population ecology is critical...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - November 10, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Mieszkowska N, Genner MJ, Hawkins SJ, Sims DW Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Chapter 4 susceptibility of sharks, rays and chimaeras to global extinction.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Marine biodiversity worldwide is under increasing threat, primarily as a result of over-harvesting, pollution and climate change. Chondrichthyan fishes (sharks, rays and chimaeras) have a perceived higher intrinsic risk of extinction compared to other fish. Direct fishing mortality has driven many declines, even though some smaller fisheries persist without associated declines. Mixed-species fisheries are of particular concern, as is illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. The lack of specific management and reporting mechanisms for the latter means that many chondrichthyans might already be susceptible to e...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - November 10, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Field IC, Meekan MG, Buckworth RC, Bradshaw CJ Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Chapter Five: Effects of the Prestige Oil Spill on the Biota of NW Spain 5 Years of Learning.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
On 19 November 2002, the oil tanker Prestige broke into two and sank in the Atlantic Ocean 260km off the north-western coast of Spain, releasing about 63,000 tonnes of Bunker C oil. The accident represented one of the largest environmental catastrophes in the history of European navigation. More than 1000km of coastline and a huge variety of habitats were affected, ranging from supralittoral, intertidal and sublittoral levels to oceanic and bathyal environments. In this chapter, we review published results regarding the impact of the Prestige oil spill on marine organisms, at levels of biological organisation ranging f...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - November 10, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Penela-Arenaz M, Bellas J, Vázquez E Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Endogenous and exogenous control of gametogenesis and spawning in echinoderms.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Most echinoderms display seasonal or other temporal cycles of reproduction that presumably result from the complex interplay of endogenous and exogenous signals. Various environmental, chemical and hormonal factors, acting directly or indirectly, individually or in combination, have been proposed to cue, favour or modulate a suite of reproductive functions from the onset of gametogenesis to gamete release. From as early as the nineteenth century, an astonishing array of studies has been published on topics related to the control of reproduction in echinoderms, ranging from fortuitous behavioural observations to complex...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - September 25, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Mercier A, Hamel JF Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Preface.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19595320 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Advances in Marine Biology)
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - July 15, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Mercier A, Hamel JF Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Chapter 1 introduction.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Most echinoderms display seasonal or other temporal cycles of reproduction that presumably result from the complex interplay of endogenous and exogenous signals. Various environmental, chemical and hormonal factors, acting directly or indirectly, individually or in combination, have been proposed to cue, favour or modulate a suite of reproductive functions from the onset of gametogenesis to gamete release. From as early as the nineteenth century, an astonishing array of studies has been published on topics related to the control of reproduction in echinoderms, ranging from fortuitous behavioural observations to complex...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - July 15, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Mercier A, Hamel JF Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Chapter 2 gametogenesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19595322 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Advances in Marine Biology)
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - July 15, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Mercier A, Hamel JF Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Chapter 3 spawning.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19595323 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Advances in Marine Biology)
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - July 15, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Mercier A, Hamel JF Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Chapter 4 discussion.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19595324 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Advances in Marine Biology)
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - July 15, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Mercier A, Hamel JF Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Chapter 1 maternal effects in fish populations.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recently, the importance of the female to population dynamics-especially her non-genetic contribution to offspring fitness or maternal effect-has received much attention in studies of a diverse collection of animal and plant taxa. Of particular interest to fisheries scientists and managers is the role of the demographic structure of the adult component of fish populations in the formation of future year classes. Traditionally, fisheries managers tended to assess whole populations without regard to variation between the individuals within the population. In doing so, they overlooked the variation in spawning production ...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - October 22, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Green BS Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Chapter 2 sexual segregation in marine fish, reptiles, birds and mammals behaviour patterns, mechanisms and conservation implications.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Sexual segregation occurs when members of a species separate such that the sexes live apart, either singly or in single-sex groups. It can be broadly categorised into two types: habitat segregation and social segregation. Sexual segregation is a behavioural phenomenon that is widespread in the animal kingdom yet the underlying causes remain poorly understood. Sexual segregation has been widely studied among terrestrial mammals such as ungulates, but it has been less well documented in the marine environment. This chapter clarifies terms and concepts which have emerged from the investigation of sexual segregation in ter...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - October 22, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Wearmouth VJ, Sims DW Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Chapter 3 Sieving a Living A Review of the Biology, Ecology and Conservation Status of the Plankton-Feeding Basking Shark Cetorhinus Maximus.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The basking shark Cetorhinus maximus is the world's second largest fish reaching lengths up to 12 m and weighing up to 4 tonnes. It inhabits warm-temperate to boreal waters circumglobally and has been the subject of fisheries exploitation for at least 200 years. There is current concern over its population levels as a consequence of directed harpoon and net fisheries that in the north-east Atlantic Ocean alone took over 100,000 mature individuals between 1946 and 1997. As a consequence, it is not known whether populations are recovering or are at a fraction of their historical, pre-fishing biomass. They are currently R...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - October 22, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Sims DW Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Chapter 4 practical proxies for tidal marsh ecosystem services application to injury and restoration.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Tidal marshes are valued, protected and restored in recognition of their ecosystem services: (1) high productivity and habitat provision supporting the food web leading to fish and wildlife, (2) buffer against storm wave damage, (3) shoreline stabilization, (4) flood water storage, (5) water quality maintenance, (6) biodiversity preservation, (7) carbon storage and (8) socio-economic benefits. Under US law, federal and state governments have joint responsibility for facilitating restoration to compensate quantitatively for ecosystem services lost because of oil spills and other contaminant releases on tidal marshes. Th...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - October 22, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Peterson CH, Able KW, Dejong CF, Piehler MF, Simenstad CA, Zedler JB Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

The evolutionary ecology of offspring size in marine invertebrates.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined patterns of variation in offspring size within populations using a meta-analysis of the available data for 102 species across 7 phyla. The average coefficient of variation in offspring size within populations is 9%, while some groups (e.g., direct developers) showed much more variation (15%), reflecting a fourfold difference between the largest and smallest offspring in any population. Offspring-size variation can have for reaching consequences. Offspring size affects every stage of a marine invertebrate's life history, even in species in which maternal provisioning accounts for only a small proportion of larva...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - October 16, 2007 Category: Biology Authors: Marshall DJ, Keough MJ Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

An evaluation of the effects of conservation and fishery enhancement hatcheries on wild populations of salmon.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The historical, political and scientific aspects of salmon hatchery programmes designed to enhance fishery production, or to recover endangered populations, are reviewed. We start by pointing out that the establishment of hatcheries has been a political response to societal demands for harvest and conservation; given this social context, we then critically examined the levels of activity, the biological risks, and the economic analysis associated with salmon hatchery programmes. A rigorous analysis of the impacts of hatchery programmes was hindered by the lack of standardized data on release sizes and survival rates at...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - October 16, 2007 Category: Biology Authors: Naish KA, Taylor JE, Levin PS, Quinn TP, Winton JR, Huppert D, Hilborn R Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

The social structure and strategies of delphinids: predictions based on an ecological framework.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dolphins live in complex social groupings with a wide variety of social strategies. In this chapter we investigate the role that differing habitats and ecological conditions have played in the evolution of delphinid social strategies. We propose a conceptual framework for understanding natural patterns of delphinid social structure in which the spatial and temporal predictability of resources influences the ranging patterns of individuals and communities. The framework predicts that when resources are spatially and temporally predictable, dolphins should remain resident in relatively small areas. Predictable resources ...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - October 16, 2007 Category: Biology Authors: Gowans S, Würsig B, Karczmarski L Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

The biology of glass sponges.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
As the most ancient extant metazoans, glass sponges (Hexactinellida) have attracted recent attention in the areas of molecular evolution and the evolution of conduction systems but they are also interesting because of their unique histology: the greater part of their soft tissue consists of a single, multinucleate syncytium that ramifies throughout the sponge. This trabecular syncytium serves both for transport and as a pathway for propagation of action potentials that trigger flagellar arrests in the flagellated chambers. The present chapter is the first comprehensive modern account of this group and covers work going...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - February 15, 2007 Category: Biology Authors: Leys SP, Mackie GO, Reiswig HM Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

The Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) Offshore Fishery in the Northeast Atlantic.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This chapter describes the development and current situation of the offshore shrimp fisheries in Iceland, Greenland, Svalbard, Jan Mayen and the Norwegian Barents Sea area, with information on the biology of Pandalus borealis and its relation to the environment. Some additional information about the inshore shrimp fisheries of Iceland and Greenland of relevance to this study is also included. The Icelandic offshore shrimp fishery started in 1975 and has formed between 68% and 94% of the annual catch of shrimp since 1984. Landings peaked at 66,000 tons in 1997. The offshore fleet increased threefold from 1983 to 1987, a...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - February 15, 2007 Category: Biology Authors: Garcia EG Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Protein metabolism in marine animals: the underlying mechanism of growth.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Growth is a fundamental process within all marine organisms. In soft tissues, growth is primarily achieved by the synthesis and retention of proteins as protein growth. The protein pool (all the protein within the organism) is highly dynamic, with proteins constantly entering the pool via protein synthesis or being removed from the pool via protein degradation. Any net change in the size of the protein pool, positive or negative, is termed protein growth. The three inter-related processes of protein synthesis, degradation and growth are together termed protein metabolism. Measurement of protein metabolism is vital in h...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - February 15, 2007 Category: Biology Authors: Fraser KP, Rogers AD Tags: Adv Mar Biol Source Type: journals

Protobranch bivalves.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Zardus JD The subclass Protobranchia comprises more than 600 species of bivalves that occur throughout the world ocean. Mostly deposit feeders in soft sediments, they are abundant in the deep sea. Apomorphies that unite them as a group include gill structure, hinge conformation, shell microstructure, larval development, foot morphology, respiratory pigments, trophic mode and digestion. They are relatively small and highly conserved in form, originating in the Cambrian era. They may represent an ancestral, derived or paraphylectic group of the Bivalvia. The protobranchs include two orders, the Nuculoida and Sol...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

The Scaphopoda.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Reynolds PD The Scaphopoda are marine infaunal carnivores that feed on foraminiferans and other microorganisms selected and manipulated by their unique feeding tentacles or captacula. Their tusk-like shell is open at both ends; the burrowing foot and captacula protrude anteriorly, while respiratory currents pass through the posterior opening. Although the scaphopods comprise one of the smallest molluskan classes in terms of species diversity, they have a worldwide distribution ranging from intertidal to depths in excess of 6000 m. Despite detailed monographic work from the late nineteenth and early twentieth c...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Pleurotomarioidean gastropods.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Harasewych MG Pleurotomarioidean gastropods are continuously present in the fossil record since the Upper Cambrian and survive into the Recent fauna, thus providing rare insights into the evolutionary history of the class Gastropoda. Pleurotomarioidea achieved greatest numerical and morphological diversity during the Paleozoic, and dominated global shallow water marine gastropod faunas during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. Only a single family, the Pleurotomariidae, survived the end-Cretaceous Extinction, but was restricted to deep water through most of the Cenozoic. The first living pleurotomariid was discovered...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Shelled opisthobranchs.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Mikkelsen PM In his contributions to the monographic series "Manual of Conchology", Henry Pilsbry reviewed the subgroup Tectibranchiata, comprising those opisthobranch snails that (at least primitively) still possess a shell (Pilsbry, 1894-1896). Exemplified by the Cephalaspidea (bubble shells), others included in this group at Pilsbry's time and since were Anaspidea (sea hares) and the shelled members of Notaspidea (side-gilled slugs) and Sacoglossa (leaf slugs). Pilsbry (and others since his time) considered tectibranchs to be the "root stock" from which more advanced gastropods such as Nudibranchia and Pulm...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Ecology and biogeography of marine parasites.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Rohde K A review is given of (mainly recent) work on the biodiversity, ecology, biogeography and practical importance of marine parasites. Problems in estimating species numbers have been thoroughly discussed for free-living species, and the main points of these discussions are reviewed here. Even rough estimates of the richness of most parasite groups in the oceans are premature for the following reasons: species numbers of host groups, in particular in the deep sea and the meiofauna, are not known; most host groups have been examined only insufficiently for parasites or not at all; even in some of the best k...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Ecology of southern ocean pack ice.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Brierley AS, Thomas DN Around Antarctica the annual five-fold growth and decay of sea ice is the most prominent physical process and has a profound impact on marine life there. In winter the pack ice canopy extends to cover almost 20 million square kilometres--some 8% of the southern hemisphere and an area larger than the Antarctic continent itself (13.2 million square kilometres)--and is one of the largest, most dynamic ecosystems on earth. Biological activity is associated with all physical components of the sea-ice system: the sea-ice surface; the internal sea-ice matrix and brine channel system; the unders...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Biological and remote sensing perspectives of pigmentation in coral reef organisms.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Hedley JD, Mumby PJ Coral reef communities face unprecedented pressures on local, regional and global scales as a consequence of climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. Optical remote sensing, from satellites or aircraft, is possibly the only means of measuring the effects of such stresses at appropriately large spatial scales (many thousands of square kilometres). To map key variables such as coral community structure, percentages of living coral or percentages of dead coral, a remote sensing instrument must be able to distinguish the reflectance spectra (i.e. "spectral signature", reflected light as a ...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Fecundity and life-history strategies in marine invertebrates.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Ramirez Llodra E The reproductive strategies of an organism play a major role in the dynamics of the population and the biogeography and continuity of the species. Numerous processes are involved in reproduction leading to the production of offspring. Although diverse processes are involved in oogenesis (the production of eggs) and spermatogenesis (the production of sperm), the basic patterns of gametogenesis are similar amongst invertebrates, with the proliferation and differentiation of germ cells leading to the final production of mature gametes. The production of gametes, especially eggs, is energetically ...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

A synthesis of growth rates in marine epipelagic invertebrate zooplankton.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We present the most extensive study to date of globally compiled and analysed weight-specific growth rates in marine epi-pelagic invertebrate metazoan zooplankton. Using specified selection criteria, we analyse growth rates from a variety of zooplanktonic taxa, including both holo- and mero-planktonic forms, from over 110 published studies. Nine principal taxonomic groups are considered, the copepods (number of individual data points (n) = 2,528); crustaceans other than copepods (n = 253); cnidarians (n = 77); ctenophores (n = 27); chaetognaths (n = 87); pteropods (n = 8); polychaetes (n = 12); thaliaceans (n = 88); and la...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Biology of early life stages in cephalopod molluscs.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: von Boletzky S Recent literature on embryonic and post-embryonic development, biology and behavioural ecology of juvenile cephalopods is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on biological processes. Life-history patterns and phylogenetic systematics, which are important for a proper understanding of the evolutionary history of the cephalopods, are only briefly touched upon. Egg sizes in cephalopods range from less than 1 mm to about 30 mm in diameter, so the hatchlings emerging from the largest eggs are bigger than the adults of pygmy squid, the smallest known cephalopods. Developmental durations from spawning to hatc...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Movements of marine fish and decapod crustaceans: process, theory and application.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Pittman SJ, McAlpine CA Many marine species have a multi-phase ontogeny, with each phase usually associated with a spatially and temporally discrete set of movements. For many fish and decapod crustaceans that live inshore, a tri-phasic life cycle is widespread, involving: (1) the movement of planktonic eggs and larvae to nursery areas; (2) a range of routine shelter and foraging movements that maintain a home range; and (3) spawning migrations away from the home range to close the life cycle. Additional complexity is found in migrations that are not for the purpose of spawning and movements that result in a r...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Culture of harpacticoid copepods: potential as live feed for rearing marine fish.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Cutts CJ Copepods are useful as food for marine fish cultivation, in terms of both nutrition and ease of culture. Harpacticoid copepods are favoured over calanoids, since harpacticoids, as a result of their benthic habitat, can be reared at much higher densities. However, their benthic nature also makes mass culture difficult, since large surface areas must be provided. Within Harpacticoida, Tisbe spp. seem most useful, having high overall fecundity, and positive phototaxis of the nauplii. Harpacticoids can synthesise de novo several nutritionally important essential fatty acids (EFA), making them desirable as...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Benthic foraminifera (Protista) as tools in deep-water palaeoceanography: environmental influences on faunal characteristics.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Gooday AJ Foraminiferal research lies at the border between geology and biology. Benthic foraminifera are a major component of marine communities, highly sensitive to environmental influences, and the most abundant benthic organisms preserved in the deep-sea fossil record. These characteristics make them important tools for reconstructing ancient oceans. Much of the recent work concerns the search for palaeoceanographic proxies, particularly for the key parameters of surface primary productivity and bottom-water oxygenation. At small spatial scales, organic flux and pore-water oxygen profiles are believed to c...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Breeding biology of the intertidal sand crab, Emerita (Decapoda: Anomura).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Subramoniam T, Gunamalai V Emerita is a burrowing mole crab or sand crab, adapted to life in wave-washed sandy beaches of temperate and tropical seas. The reproductive biology of this anomuran crab presents several peculiarities, all contributing to its adaptation to this harsh environmental niche. We discuss the following aspects: 1) sex ratio and size at sexual maturity, 2) neoteny and protandric hermaphroditism, 3) mating behaviour and sperm transfer strategy, 4) synchronisation of moulting and reproduction, 5) environmental impact on reproductive cycle and egg production, 6) biochemistry of yolk utilisatio...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Coral bleaching--capacity for acclimatization and adaptation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Coles SL, Brown BE Coral bleaching, i.e., loss of most of the symbiotic zooxanthellae normally found within coral tissue, has occurred with increasing frequency on coral reefs throughout the world in the last 20 years, mostly during periods of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Experiments and observations indicate that coral bleaching results primarily from elevated seawater temperatures under high light conditions, which increases rates of biochemical reactions associated with zooxanthellar photosynthesis, producing toxic forms of oxygen that interfere with cellular processes. Published projections of a ba...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Dalsgaard J, St John M, Kattner G, Müller-Navarra D, Hagen W Fatty acids have been used as qualitative markers to trace or confirm predator-prey relationships in the marine environment for more than thirty years. More recently, they have also been used to identify key processes impacting the dynamics of some of the world's major ecosystems. The fatty acid trophic marker (FATM) concept is based on the observation that marine primary producers lay down certain fatty acid patterns that may be transferred conservatively to, and hence can be recognized in, primary consumers. To identify these fatty acid patterns t...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Advances in Marine Biology cumulative index volumes 20-44.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: PMID: 14725255 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advances in Marine Biology)
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Long-term oceanographic and ecological research in the Western English Channel.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Southward AJ, Langmead O, Hardman-Mountford NJ, Aiken J, Boalch GT, Dando PR, Genner MJ, Joint I, Kendall MA, Halliday NC, Harris RP, Leaper R, Mieszkowska N, Pingree RD, Richardson AJ, Sims DW, Smith T, Walne AW, Hawkins SJ Long-term research in the western English Channel, undertaken by the marine laboratories in Plymouth, is described and details of survey methods, sites, and time series given in this chapter. Major findings are summarized and their limitations outlined. Current research, with recent reestablishment and expansion of many sampling programmes, is presented, and possible future approaches are ...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Interactions between behaviour and physical forcing in the control of horizontal transport of decapod crustacean larvae.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Queiroga H, Blanton J We summarize what is known of the biophysical interactions that control vertical migration and dispersal of decapod larvae, asking the following main questions: How common is vertical migration in decapod crustacean larvae? What is the vertical extent of the migrations? What are the behavioural mechanisms that control vertical migrations? How does vertical migration interact with the physics of the ocean to control the dispersal of larvae? These questions are analysed by first giving a synopsis of the physical processes that are believed to significantly affect horizontal transport, and t...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Marine biofouling on fish farms and its remediation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Braithwaite RA, McEvoy LA The fish farming industry suffers significantly from the effects of biofouling. The fouling of cages and netting, which is costly to remove, is detrimental to fish health and yield and can cause equipment failure. With rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry, coupled with the tightening of legislation on the use of antifouling biocides, the problems of fish farm biofouling are increasing. The nature of the biological communities that develop on fish farm equipment and the antifouling practices that can be employed to reduce it are described here. Particular emphasis is placed on a...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Comparison of marine copepod outfluxes: nature, rate, fate and role in the carbon and nitrogen cycles.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Frangoulis C, Christou ED, Hecq JH We compare the nature of copepod outfluxes of nonliving matter, the factors controlling their rate and their fate, and finally their role, particularly their relative importance in the carbon and nitrogen cycle. Copepods release dissolved matter through excretion and respiration and particulate matter through production of faecal pellets, carcasses, moults, and dead eggs. Excretion liberates several organic C, N, and P compounds and inorganic N and P compounds, with inorganic compounds constituting the larger part. The faecal pellets of copepods are covered by a peritrophic m...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Aquatic geomicrobiology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Canfield DE, Kristensen E, Thamdrup B PMID: 15797449 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advances in Marine Biology)
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Restocking and stock enhancement of marine invertebrate fisheries.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Bell JD, Munro JL, Nash WJ, Rothlisberg PC, Loneragan NR, Ward RD, Andrew NR PMID: 16503428 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Advances in Marine Biology)
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Biology and ecology of the hydrocoral millepora on coral reefs.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Lewis JB Millepores are colonial polypoidal hydrozoans secreting an internal calcareous skeleton of an encrusting or upright form, often of considerable size. Defensive polyps protruding from the skeleton are numerous and highly toxic and for this reason millepores are popularly known as "stinging corals" or "fire corals." In shallow tropical seas millepore colonies are conspicuous on coral reefs and may be locally abundant and important reef-framework builders. The history of systematic research on the Milleporidae and the sister family Stylasteridae is rich and full with the works of early naturalists beginn...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

The functional value of Caribbean coral reef, seagrass and mangrove habitats to ecosystem processes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Harborne AR, Mumby PJ, Micheli F, Perry CT, Dahlgren CP, Holmes KE, Brumbaugh DR Caribbean coral reef habitats, seagrass beds and mangroves provide important goods and services both individually and through functional linkages. A range of anthropogenic factors are threatening the ecological and economic importance of these habitats and it is vital to understand how ecosystem processes vary across seascapes. A greater understanding of processes will facilitate further insight into the effects of disturbances and assist with assessing management options. Despite the need to study processes across whole seascapes...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Southern Ocean cephalopods.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Collins MA, Rodhouse PG The Southern Ocean cephalopod fauna is distinctive, with high levels of endemism in the squid and particularly in the octopodids. Loliginid squid, sepiids and sepiolids are absent from the Southern Ocean, and all the squid are oceanic pelagic species. The octopodids dominate the neritic cephalopod fauna, with high levels of diversity, probably associated with niche separation. In common with temperate cephalopods, Southern Ocean species appear to be semelparous, but growth rates are probably lower and longevity greater than temperate counterparts. Compared with equivalent temperate spec...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Effects of shallow-water hydrothermal venting on biological communities of coastal marine ecosystems of the western Pacific.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Tarasov VG This review is based on integrated studies of the composition, structure and function of shallow-water ecosystems in the western Pacific that are influenced by underwater gas-hydrothermal activity. Most of the data were collected from 1985 to 1997 by the Institute of Marine Biology of the Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Science during expeditions to zones of modern volcanism. Gas-hydrothermal activity of volcanoes has a great influence on the physicochemical characteristics of the water column and plankton, and of bottom sediment and benthic communities. The abundance of nutrients (SiO(3)(...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

The fishery for Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica) in the Northeast Atlantic.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Garcia EG This review focuses on the history and management of the Iceland scallop fishery in Iceland, Greenland and Norway (including the Svalbard archipelago and the islands of Bjørnøya and Jan Mayen), with information on research into each stock. The start of the fishery in all these regions followed the discovery of virgin scallop beds made up of old, large specimens in very high densities. Despite the apparent similarity of original conditions, the fishery has followed very different trends in each region, with drastic declines in Iceland, Svalbard and Jan Mayen. The general biology of the Iceland scall...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals

Are larvae of demersal fishes plankton or nekton?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: Leis JM A pelagic larval stage is found in nearly all demersal marine teleost fishes, and it is during this pelagic stage that the geographic scale of dispersal is determined. Marine biologists have long made a simplifying assumption that behaviour of larvae--with the possible exception of vertical distribution--has negligible influence on larval dispersal. Because advection by currents can take place over huge scales during a pelagic larval stage that typically lasts for several days to several weeks, this simplifying assumption leads to the conclusion that populations of marine demersal fishes operate over, ...
Source: Advances in Marine Biology - January 22, 2007 Category: Biology Source Type: journals