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Genetics vs. entropy: Longevity factors suppress the NF-kappaB-driven entropic aging process.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Molecular studies in model organisms have identified potent longevity genes which can delay the aging process and extend the lifespan. Longevity factors promote stress resistance and cellular survival. It seems that the aging process itself is not genetically programmed but a random process involving the loss of molecular fidelity and subsequent accumulation of waste products. This age-related increase in cellular entropy is compatible with the disposable soma theory of aging. A large array of host defence systems has been linked to the NF-kappaB system which is an ancient signaling pathway specialized to host defence,...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - November 7, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Salminen A, Kaarniranta K Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Perturbed Cellular Response to Brain Injury During Aging.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Old age is associated with an enhanced susceptibility to stroke and poor recovery from brain injury, but the cellular processes underlying these phenomena are only partly understood. Therefore, studying the basic mechanisms underlying structural and functional recovery after brain injury in aged subjects is of considerable clinical interest. Behavioral and cytological analyses of rodents that have undergone experimental injury show that: (a) behaviorally, aged rodents are more severely impaired by ischemia than are young animals, and older rodents also show diminished functional recovery; (b) compared to young animals,...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - November 6, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Popa-Wagner A, Buga AM, Kokaia Z Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Next-generation sequencing in aging research: emerging applications, problems, pitfalls and possible solutions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recent technological advances that allow faster and cheaper DNA sequencing are now driving biological and medical research. In this review, we provide an overview of state-of-the-art next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms and their applications, including in genome sequencing and resequencing, transcriptional profiling (RNA-Seq) and high-throughput survey of DNA-protein interactions (ChIP-Seq) and of the epigenome. Particularly, we focus on how new methods made possible by NGS can help unravel the biological and genetic mechanisms of aging, longevity and age-related diseases. In the same way, however, NGS platforms...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - November 6, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Magalhães JP, Finch CE, Janssens G Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Mechanical properties of cells and ageing.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Mechanical properties are fundamental properties of the cells and tissues of living organisms. The mechanical properties of a single cell as a biocomposite are determined by the interdependent combination of cellular components mechanical properties. Quantitative estimate of the cell mechanical properties depends on a cell state, method of measurement, and used theoretical model. Predominant tendency for the majority of cells with ageing is an increase of cell stiffness and a decrease of cell ability to undergo reversible large deformations. The mechanical signal transduction in old cells becomes less effective than th...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - November 5, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Starodubtseva MN Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Will Targeting insulin growth factor help us or hurt us?: an oncologist's perspective.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The insulin/insulin growth factor (IGF) pathway is a critical mediator of longevity and aging. Efforts to extend longevity by altering the insulin/IGF pathway may have varying effects on other physiological processes. Reduced insulin/IGF levels may decrease the incidence of certain cancers as well as the risk of developing metastatic disease. However, it may also increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease as well as cardiovascular related mortality. Pursuing the right insulin/IGF pathway targets will require striking a balance between inhibiting cancer cell development and progression and avoiding damage to...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - November 4, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Kamrava M, Gius D, Casagrande G, Kohn E Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Human intestinal microbiota and healthy ageing.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Earlier studies have indicated a decrease in anaerobes and bifidobacteria and a concomitant increase in enterobacteria in the intestinal microbiota with ageing. However, new data obtained with molecular techniques suggests decreased stability and increased diversity of the gut microbiota with advancing age. Further, no simple marker change in microbiota composition can be identified. Except for the reduced immune function, ageing itself may have relatively little effect on overall gastrointestinal function. Concomitant changes in nutrition, increased incidence of disease and corresponding use of medication with advanci...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - October 26, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Tiihonen K, Ouwehand AC, Rautonen N Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Biological Effects of Calorie Restriction: From Soup to Nuts.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Caloric restriction (CR), reduced protein, methionine, or tryptophan diets; and reduced insulin and/or IGFI intracellular signaling can extend mean and/or maximum lifespan and delay deleterious age-related physiological changes in animals. Mice and flies can shift readily between the control and CR physiological states, even at older ages. Many health benefits are induced by even brief periods of CR in flies, rodents, monkeys, and humans. In humans and nonhuman primates, CR produces most of the physiologic, hematologic, hormonal, and biochemical changes it produces in other animals. In primates, CR provides protection ...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - October 20, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Spindler SR Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Hypothermia as a Cytoprotective Strategy in Ischemic Tissue Injury.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Hypothermia is a well established cytoprotectant, with remarkable and consistent effects demonstrated across multiple laboratories. At the clinical level, it has recently been shown to improve neurological outcome following cardiac arrest and neonatal hypoxia ischemia. It is increasingly being embraced by the medical community, and could be considered an effective neuroprotectant. Conditions such as brain injury, hepatic encephalopathy and cardiopulmonary bypass seem to benefit from this intervention. It's role in direct myocardial protection is also being explored. A review of the literature has demonstrated that in o...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - October 11, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Tang XN, Yenari MA Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Anti-aging herbal medicine - How and why can they be used in aging-associated neurodegenerative diseases?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Aging is a universal biological process that leads to progressive and deleterious changes in organisms. From ancient time, mankind has already interested in preventing and keeping ourselves young. Anti-aging study is certainly not a new research area. Nowadays, the meaning of anti-aging has been changed from simply prolonging lifespan to increasing health span, which emphasizes more on the quality of life. This is the concept of healthy aging and prevention of pathological aging, which is associated with diseases. Keeping our brain functions as in young age is an important task for neuroscientists to prevent aging-asso...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - October 11, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Ho YS, So KF, Chang RC Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Powerful signals for weak muscles.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The aim of the present review is to summarise, evaluate and critique the different mechanisms involved in anabolic growth of skeletal muscle and the catabolic processes involved in cancer cachexia and sarcopenia of ageing. This is highly relevant, since they represent targets for future promising clinical investigations. Sarcopenia is an inevitable process associated with a gradual reduction in muscle mass and strength, associated with a reduction in motor unit number and atrophy of muscle fibres, especially the fast type IIa fibres. The loss of muscle mass with ageing is clinically important because it leads to dimini...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - September 1, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Saini A, Faulkner S, Al-Shanti N, Stewart C Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

The role of epigenetics in aging and age-related diseases.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The role of epigenetics in aging and age-related diseases is a key issue in molecular physiology and medicine because certain epigenetic factors are thought to mediate, at least in part, the relationship between the genome and the environment. An active role for epigenetics in aging must meet two prior conditions: there must be specific epigenetic changes during aging and they must be functionally associated with the aged phenotype. Assuming that specific epigenetic modifications can have a direct functional outcome in aging, it is also essential to establish whether they depend on genetic, environmental or stochastic ...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - September 1, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Calvanese V, Lara E, Kahn A, Fraga MF Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Energy Expenditure and Aging.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The study of energy expenditure (EE) has deep roots in understanding aging and lifespan in all species. In humans, total EE decreases substantially in advanced age resulting from parallel changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and activity EE. For RMR, this reduction appears to be due to a reduction in organ mass and specific metabolic rates of individual tissues. However, these anatomical changes explain very little regarding the decline in activity EE, which is governed by both genetic and environmental sources. The biological control centers for activity EE are closely coupled with body mass fluctuations and seem t...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - August 17, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Manini TM Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Impact of Ageing on Muscle Cell Regeneration.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Skeletal muscle regeneration is a coordinate process in which several factors are sequentially activated to maintain and preserve muscle structure and function. The major role in the growth, remodeling and regeneration is played by satellite cells, a quiescent population of myogenic cells that reside between the basal lamina and plasmalemma and are rapidly activated in response to appropriate stimuli. However, in several muscle conditions, including aging, the capacity of skeletal muscle to sustain an efficient regenerative pathway is severely compromised. Nevertheless, if skeletal muscle possesses a stem cell compartm...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - August 11, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Carosio S, Berardinelli MG, Aucello M, Musarò A Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Ageing and its Possible Impact on Mucosal Immune Responses.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19664726 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Ageing Research Reviews)
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - August 3, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Ogra PL Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Bats and Birds: Exceptional Longevity despite High Metabolic Rates.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Bats and birds live substantially longer on average than non-flying mammals of similar body size. The combination of small body size, high metabolic rates, and long lifespan in bats and birds would not seem to support oxidative theories of ageing that view senescence as the gradual accumulation of damage from metabolic byproducts. However, large-scale comparative analyses and laboratory studies on a few emerging model species have identified multiple mechanisms for resisting oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and cellular structures in both bats and birds. Here we review these recent findings, and suggest areas in w...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - July 26, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Munshi-South J, Wilkinson GS Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Dietary Fatty Acids in Dementia and Predementia Syndromes: Epidemiological Evidence and Possible Underlying Mechanisms.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Drugs currently used in the treatment of cognitive impairment and dementia have a very limited therapeutic value, suggesting the necessity to potentially individualize new strategies able to prevent and to slow down the progression of predementia and dementia syndromes. An increasing body of epidemiological evidence suggested that elevated saturated fatty acids (SFA) could have negative effects on age-related cognitive decline (ARCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Furthermore, a clear reduction of risk for cognitive decline has been found in population samples with elevated fish consumption, high intake of monoun...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - July 26, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Solfrizzi V, Frisardi V, Capurso C, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Vendemiale G, Capurso A, Panza F Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Hypothalamic and dietary control of temperature-mediated longevity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Temperature is an important modulator of longevity and aging in both poikilotherms and homeotherm animals. In homeotherms, temperature homeostasis is regulated primarily in the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus. This region receives and integrates peripheral, central and environmental signals and maintains a nearly constant core body temperature (T(core)) by regulating the autonomic and hormonal control of heat production and heat dissipation. Temperature sensitive neurons found in the POA are considered key elements of the neuronal circuitry modulating these effects. Nutrient homeostasis is also a hypothalamical...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - July 21, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Tabarean I, Morrison B, Marcondes MC, Bartfai T, Conti B Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Endothelial dysfunction and aging: an update.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION AND AGING: AN UPDATE. Ageing Res Rev. 2009 Jul 17; Authors: Herrera MD, Mingorance C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R, Sotomayor MA Aging is an important risk factor for the development of many cardiovascular diseases as atherosclerosis and hypertension with a common underlying circumstance: the progressive decline of endothelial function. Vascular endothelial dysfunction occurs during the human aging process and is accompanied by deterioration in the balance between vasodilator and vasoconstriction substances produced by the endothelium. This imbalance is mainly characterized by a progr...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - July 16, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Herrera MD, Mingorance C, Rodríguez-Rodríguez R, Sotomayor MA Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Circadian Temperature Variation and Ageing.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the present paper, an attempt is made to summarize current knowledge concerning the daily body temperature rhythm and its age-dependent alterations. Homeostatic and circadian control mechanisms are considered. Special attention is paid to the circadian system, as the mechanisms of autonomic control are the topic of another contribution to this special issue. Also, the interactions of the core body temperature rhythm with other circadian functions are discussed in detail as they constitute an essential part of the internal temporal order of living systems and thus guarantee their optimal functioning. In the second pa...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - July 16, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Weinert D Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Ischemic preconditioning in the aging heart: from bench to bedside.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in industrialized countries for people older than 65 years of age. The reasons are still unclear. A reduction of endogenous mechanisms against ischemic insults has been proposed to explain this phenomenon. Cardiac ischemic preconditioning represents the most powerful endogenous protective mechanism against ischemia. Brief episodes of ischemia are able to protect the heart against a following more prolonged ischemic period. This protective mechanism seems to be reduced with aging both in experimental and clinical studies. Alterations of mediators release and/or intra...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - July 13, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Abete P, Cacciatore F, Testa G, Della-Morte D, Galizia G, de Santis D, Calabrese C, Cioppa A, Ferrara N, Rengo F Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Regulatory role of HIF-1alpha in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly throughout the world. AMD is attributed to a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It is characterized by degeneration involving the retinal photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and Bruch's membrane, as well as alterations in choroidal capillaries. Aging and age-associated degenerative diseases, such as AMD, are intimately associated with decreased levels of tissue oxygenation and hypoxia that may induce accumulation of detrimental RPE -associated deposits, inflammation and neovascularizat...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - July 5, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Arjamaa O, Nikinmaa M, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Aging: central role for autophagy and the lysosomal degradative system.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The lysosomal network is the major intracellular proteolytic system accounting for more than 98% of long-lived bulk protein degradation and recycling particularly in tissues such as liver and muscles. Lysosomes are the final destination of intracellular damaged structures, identified and sequestered by the processes of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). In the process of macroautophagy, long-lived proteins and other macromolecular aggregates and damaged intracellular organelles are first engulfed by autophagosomes. Autophagosomes themselves have limited degrading capacity and rely on fusion with lys...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - June 28, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Rajawat YS, Hilioti Z, Bossis I Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

The ER and ageing II: calcium homeostasis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Increase in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration occurs by Ca(2+) influx through the plasma membrane and by Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores. The ER is the most important Ca(2+) store. Its stress, characterized by the impairment of Ca(2+) homeostasis and by the accumulation of misfolded proteins, can be induced by different factors. In turn, it induces defense mechanisms such as unfolded protein response, and when it is severe and prolonged, activation of the apoptotic pathway. Damage to the ER, impairment of its function, and a decreased level of its Ca(2+)-handling proteins might all play a role in physiologica...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - June 28, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Puzianowska-Kuznicka M, Kuznicki J Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

The ageing epigenome: damaged beyond repair?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Of all the proposed causes of ageing, DNA damage remains a leading, though still debated theory. Unlike most other types of age-related cellular damage, which can hypothetically be reversed, mutations in DNA are permanent. Such errors result in the accumulation of changes to RNA and protein sequences with age, and are tightly linked to cellular senescence and overall organ dysfunction. Over the past few years, an additional, more global role has emerged for the contribution of DNA damage and genomic instability to the ageing process. We, and others have found that DNA damage and the concomitant repair process can induc...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - June 28, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Sinclair DA, Oberdoerffer P Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis and Alzheimer's disease: an update.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Thanks to new evidence we are now a step closer to understanding how neurons produce amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta)-the chief culprit of Alzheimer's disease. As importance of clathrin-mediated endocytosis to normal neurons has become clearer, so has its role in pathology of neurological disorders. Here we update recent evidence that endocytosis plays a central role in the production of Abeta in neurons. PMID: 19491039 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Ageing Research Reviews)
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - June 28, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Wu F, Yao PJ Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

ER and aging-Protein folding and the ER stress response.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle which co-ordinates protein folding, lipid biosynthesis, calcium storage and release. Perturbations that disrupt ER homeostasis lead to the misfolding of proteins, ER stress and up-regulation of a signaling pathway called the ER stress response or the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is characterized by the induction of chaperones, degradation of misfolded proteins and attenuation of protein translation. Age-related declines and activity in key molecular chaperones and folding enzymes compromise proper protein folding and the adaptive response of the ...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - June 28, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Naidoo N Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

The coordination of nuclear and mitochondrial communication during aging and calorie restriction.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that integrate environmental signals to regulate energy production, apoptosis and Ca(2+) homeostasis. Not surprisingly, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with aging and the pathologies observed in age-related diseases. The vast majority of mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nuclear genome, and so communication between the nucleus and mitochondria is essential for maintenance of appropriate mitochondrial function. Several proteins have emerged as major regulators of mitochondrial gene expression, capable of increasing transcription of mitochondrial genes in response to th...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - June 28, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Finley LW, Haigis MC Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Relation between replicative senescence of human fibroblasts and life history characteristics.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Replicative ageing of fibroblasts in vitro has often been used as a model for organismal ageing. The general assumption that the ageing process is mirrored by cellular senescence in vitro is based on lower replicative capacity of human fibroblasts from patients with accelerated ageing syndromes, patients with age related diseases such as diabetes mellitus, and donors of higher chronological age, but these inverse relations have not been reported unequivocally. Therefore, we have performed a formal review on the replicative capacity of fibroblasts from patients suffering from accelerated ageing syndromes, age related di...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - June 28, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Maier AB, Westendorp RG Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Can hematopoietic stem cells be an alternative source for skin regeneration?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the past few years, the plasticity of adult cells in several post-natal tissues has attracted special attention in regenerative medicine. Skin is the largest organ in the body. Adult skin consists of epidermis, dermis and appendages such as hair and glands that are linked to the epidermis but project deep into the dermal layer. Stem cell biology of skin has been a focus of increasing interest in current life science. Committed stem cells with a limited differentiation potential for regeneration and repair of epidermis have been known for decades. Recent studies further found that adult skin tissues contain cell popu...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - June 28, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Fu X, Sun X Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Non-apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein E genetics of sporadic Alzheimer's disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The genetic epidemiology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD) remains a very active area of research,making it one of the most prolifically published areas in medicine and biology. Numerous putative candidate genes have been proposed. However, with the exception of apolipoprotein E (APOE), the only confirmed genetic risk factor for SAD, all the other data appear to be not consistent. Nevertheless, the genetic risk for SAD attributable to the APOE gene in the general population is 20-0%, providing a strong evidence for the existence of additional genetic risk factors. The first part of the present article was dedicated...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - June 28, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Seripa D, Panza F, Franceschi M, D'Onofrio G, Solfrizzi V, Dallapiccola B, Pilotto A Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Cyanobacteria and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) stress: Mitigation strategies.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cyanobacteria are primitive photosynthetic oxygen-evolving prokaryotes that appeared on the Earth when there was no ozone layer to protect them from damaging ultraviolet radiation (UVR). UVR has both direct and indirect effects on the cyanobacteria due to absorption by biomolecules and UVR-induced oxidative stress, respectively. However, these organisms have developed several lines of mitigation strategies/defense mechanisms such as avoidance, scavenging, screening, repair and programmed cell death to counteract the damaging effects of UVR. This review presents an update on the effects of UVR on cyanobacteria and the d...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - June 10, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Singh SP, Häder DP, Sinha RP Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Chronic diseases and risk for depression in old age: A meta-analysis of published literature.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: We concluded here that in old age, the associations of depression with some chronic diseases were definite; among these chronic diseases, stroke, loss of hearing, loss of vision, cardiac disease and chronic lung disease were risk factors for increased depression, but it should be further investigated whether arthritis, hypertension and diabetes were risk factors for increased depression or not. PMID: 19524072 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Ageing Research Reviews)
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - June 10, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Huang CQ, Dong BR, Lu ZC, Yue JR, Liu QX Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

The impact of sarcopenia and exercise training on skeletal muscle satellite cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
It has been well-established that the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength, or sarcopenia, impairs skeletal muscle function and reduces functional performance at a more advanced age. Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SC), as precursors of new myonuclei, have been suggested to be involved in the development of sarcopenia. In accordance with the type II muscle fiber atrophy observed in the elderly, recent studies report a concomitant fiber type specific reduction in SC content. Resistance type exercise interventions have proven effective to augment skeletal muscle mass and improve muscle function in the elderly. I...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - May 20, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Snijders T, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Suicidal function of DNA methylation in age-related genome disintegration.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
DNA cytosine methylation can affect genetic and epigenetic processes, works as a part of the genome-defense system and has mutagenic activity; however, the biological functions of this enzymatic modification are not well understood. This review will put forward the hypothesis that the host-defense role of DNA methylation in silencing and mutational destroying of retroviruses and other intragenomic parasites was extended during evolution to most host genes that have to be inactivated in differentiated somatic cells, where it acquired a new function in age-related self-destruction of the genome. The proposed model consid...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - May 20, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Mazin AL Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Endothelial dysfunction-An obstacle of therapeutic angiogenesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Due to ageing populations and improvements in survival, increasing numbers of patients suffering from ischemic cardiovascular disease are not amenable to revascularization. Hence, interests are currently focused on "therapeutic angiogenesis", which is the clinical use of growth factors to enhance or promote the development of collateral blood vessels in ischemic tissue. Several growth factors (or genes encoding these growth factors) are now available for therapeutic vascular growth in normal and ischemic tissues. However, the successes of angiogenic therapy observed in pre-clinical studies have not been realized in cli...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - April 20, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Sun L, Bai Y, Du G Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Biomarkers of oxidative and nitrosative damage in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia in the elderly. Products of oxidative and nitrosative stress (OS and NS, respectively) accumulate with aging, which is the main risk factor for AD. This provides the basis for the involvement of OS and NS in AD pathogenesis. OS and NS occur in biological systems due to the dysregulation of the redox balance, caused by a deficiency of antioxidants and/or the overproduction of free radicals. Free radical attack against lipids, proteins, sugars and nucleic acids leads to the formation of bioproducts whose detection in fluids and tissues represents the currently ...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - April 16, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Mangialasche F, Polidori MC, Monastero R, Ercolani S, Camarda C, Cecchetti R, Mecocci P Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

PON1 is a longevity gene: Results of a meta-analysis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is one of the most studied genes regarding cardiovascular risk, oxidative stress and inflammation. Several lines of evidence suggests that PON1 promotes an atheroprotective effect. Patients carrying PON1 codon 192 QQ genotype display a higher risk of cardiovascular events, the major cause of mortality in the elderly: it can be predicted that gene variants increasing the risk of mortality will be under-represented in long-living individuals. We first reported that PON1 R allele (R+) carriers are significantly more represented in Italian centenarians; subsequently this topic has been addressed by man...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - April 16, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Lescai F, Marchegiani F, Franceschi C Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Viewpoint: dried plum, an emerging functional food that may effectively improve bone health.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Osteoporosis is a debilitating disorder that affects both female and male, albeit to a greater extent in women than men. As the demographic shift to a more aged population continues, a growing number of men and women will be afflicted with osteoporosis and a search for potential non-pharmacological alternative therapies for osteoporosis is of prime interest. Aside from existing drug therapies, certain lifestyle and nutritional factors are known to reduce the risk of osteoporosis. Among nutritional factors, recent observations suggest that dried plum, or prunes (Prunus domestica L.) is the most effective fruit in both p...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - March 12, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Hooshmand S, Arjmandi BH Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Heat shock proteins as gatekeepers of proteolytic pathways-Implications for age-related macular degeneration (AMD).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the major diagnosis for severe and irreversible central loss of vision in elderly people in the developed countries. The loss of vision involves primarily a progressive degeneration and cell death of postmitotic retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE), which secondarily evokes adverse effects on photoreceptor cells. The RPE cells are exposed to chronic oxidative stress from three sources: their high levels of oxygen consumption, their exposure to the high levels of lipid peroxidation derived from the photoreceptor outer segments and their exposure to constant light stimuli. Cell...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - March 12, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Kaarniranta K, Salminen A, Eskelinen EL, Kopitz J Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Biological changes associated with healthy versus pathological aging: a symposium review.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Douglas Mental Health University Institute, in collaboration with the McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, organized a 2-day symposium entitled "Biological Changes Associated with Healthy Versus Pathological Aging" that was held in 13 and 14 December 2007 on the Douglas campus. The symposium involved presentations on current trends in aging and dementia research across several sub-disciplines: genetics, neurochemistry, structural and functional neuroimaging and clinical treatment and rehabilitation. The goal of this symposium was to provide a forum for knowledge-transfer between scientists and clinicians with differ...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - March 12, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Rajah MN, Bastianetto S, Bromley-Brits K, Cools R, D'Esposito M, Grady CL, Poirier J, Quirion R, Raz N, Rogaeva E, Song W, Pruessner J Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Signaling mechanisms of angiotensin II in regulating vascular senescence.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Angiotensin (Ang) II, the major effector of the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), has multiple functions in regulating cardiovascular hemodynamics and structure. Recent evidence strongly supports that Ang II promotes the onset and progression of vascular senescence, which is associated with vascular functional and structural changes, contributing to age-related vascular diseases. The vast majority of the cardiovascular actions of Ang II, including vascular senescence, are mediated by the Ang II type-1 (AT(1)) receptor. Similar to its growth-promoting process, the signaling mechanisms of AT(1) receptor-media...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - December 31, 2008 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Min LJ, Mogi M, Iwai M, Horiuchi M Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Recent insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in aging and the malignant transformation of adult stem/progenitor cells and their therapeutic implications.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recent advancements in tissue-resident adult stem/progenitor cell research have revealed that enhanced telomere attrition, oxidative stress, ultraviolet radiation exposure and oncogenic events leading to severe DNA damages and genomic instability may occur in these immature and regenerative cells during chronological aging. Particularly, the alterations in key signaling components controlling their self-renewal capacity and an up-regulation of tumor suppressor gene products such as p16(INK4A), p19(ARF), ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase, p53 and/or the forkhead box O (FOXOs) family of transcription factors may...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - December 9, 2008 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Mimeault M, Batra SK Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Endothelial progenitor cell therapy in atherosclerosis: A double-edged sword?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Atherosclerosis, an inflammatory process that selectively affects arteries, is highly prevalent in human. Thrombo-occlusive complications of atherosclerosis, including stroke and myocardial infarction, are becoming major causes of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized world. Atherosclerosis develops in response to local endothelial injuries. Endothelial dysfunction and cell loss are prominent features in atherosclerosis. Restoring the endothelial lining to normal is critical for slowing or reversing the progression of atherosclerosis. Increasing data suggest that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a signi...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - December 3, 2008 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Liu P, Zhou B, Gu D, Zhang L, Han Z Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Blood pressure and the risk for dementia-A double edged sword.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are important causes of cognitive decline in the elderly. As a result of the aging population, the incidence of dementia is expected to increase substantially over the coming decades. Many studies have identified that vascular risk factors are implicated in the pathogenesis of both AD and VaD. Longitudinal studies have suggested that high blood pressure in midlife is associated with a higher incidence of both AD and VaD in later life. The association appears weaker for hypertension in later life. Some studies also suggest that hypotension; especially low diastolic bl...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - November 21, 2008 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Kennelly SP, Lawlor BA, Kenny RA Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Current understanding of klotho.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Klotho is a new anti-aging gene. Genetic mutation of klotho causes multiple premature aging-like phenotypes and strikingly shortens lifespan. Overexpression of the klotho gene in mice suppresses aging and extends lifespan which may involve the mechanism of suppression of insulin signaling and oxidant stress. Klotho functions as a cofactor/coreceptor regulating fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 23 signaling. Klotho acts as a glucuronidase and activates ion channel TRPV5. Klotho protects against endothelial dysfunction and regulates the production of nitric oxide. Klotho also influences intracellular signaling pathways incl...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - October 31, 2008 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Wang Y, Sun Z Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Heart rate, lifespan, and mortality risk.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
An increasing body of research and evidence indicates that resting heart rate (HR) is inversely related to the lifespan among homeothermic mammals and within individual species. In numerous human studies with patients stratified by resting HR, increased HR is universally associated with greater risk of death. The correlation between HR and maximum lifespan seems to be due to both basal metabolic rate and cardiovascular-related mortality risk. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors are already postulated to determine how the biological clock works, through regulating and modulating the processes such as protein oxidation,...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - October 30, 2008 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Zhang GQ, Zhang W Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Effect of interleukin-6 polymorphisms on human longevity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Several studies have assessed changes in frequency of -174 interleukin (IL)-6 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with age. If IL-6 tracks with disability and age-related diseases, then there should be reduction, in the oldest old, of the frequency of homozgyous GG subjects, who produce higher IL-6 levels. However, discordant results have been obtained. To explore the relationship between this polymorphism and longevity, we analyzed individual data on long-living subjects and controls from eight case-control studies conducted in Europeans, using meta-analysis. There was no significant difference in the IL-6 genotype b...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - September 27, 2008 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Di Bona D, Vasto S, Capurso C, Christiansen L, Deiana L, Franceschi C, Hurme M, Mocchegiani E, Rea M, Lio D, Candore G, Caruso C Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Inflammatory response is associated with aortic dissection.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Aortic dissection is an age-dependent life-threatening cardiovascular disease with high mortality rates. Recent research has shown that inflammation plays an important role in aortic dissection. Inflammatory cells, such as lymphocytes and macrophages, not only increase the expression of proteases and cell adhesion molecules but also release reactive oxygen species. These cells also contribute to apoptosis of smooth muscle cells in the aortic artery, and finally lead to medial degradation. This process has been considered to be the principal mechanism for aortic dissection. Furthermore, changes in systemic inflammatory ...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - August 22, 2008 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Luo F, Zhou XL, Li JJ, Hui RT Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Effects of whole body vibration on the skeleton and other organ systems in man and animal models: What we know and what we need to know.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previous investigations reported enhanced osseous parameters subsequent to administration of whole body vibration (WBV). While the efficacy of WBV continues to be explored, scientific inquiries should consider several key factors. Bone remodeling patterns differ according to age and hormonal status. Therefore, WBV protocols should be designed specifically for the subject population investigated. Further, administration of WBV to individuals at greatest risk for osteoporosis may elicit secondary physiological benefits (e.g., improved balance and mobility). Secondly, there is a paucity of data in the literature regarding...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - August 12, 2008 Category: Stem Cells Authors: Prisby RD, Lafage-Proust MH, Malaval L, Belli A, Vico L Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals

Proteomics in animal models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The risk of developing neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) increases with age. AD and PD are the two most common neurodegenerative diseases that currently affect millions of persons within the United States population. While many clues about the mechanisms of these disorders have been uncovered, to date, the molecular mechanisms associated with the cause of these diseases are not completely understood. Furthermore, there are no available cures or preventive treatments for either disorder. Animal models of AD and PD, though not perfect, offer a means to gain knowledg...
Source: Ageing Research Reviews - July 18, 2008 Category: Stem Cells Authors: Sowell RA, Owen JB, Allan Butterfield D Tags: Ageing Res Rev Source Type: journals