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Action on Addiction takes action to disarm addiction to see that people are free from addiction and its effects. Their approach to this mission is multi-dimensional and covers everything from prevention to recovery.

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Alcohol, Signaling, and ECM TurnoverEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Alcohol is recognized as a direct hepatotoxin, but the precise molecular pathways that are important for the initiation and progression of alcohol-induced tissue injury are not completely understood. The current understanding of alcohol toxicity to organs suggests that alcohol initiates injury by generation of oxidative and nonoxidative ethanol metabolites and via translocation of gut-derived endotoxin. These processes lead to cellular injury and stimulation of the inflammatory responses mediated through a variety of molecules. With continuing alcohol abuse, the injury progresses through impairment of tissue regeneration a...
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Devanshi Seth, Nympha B. D'Souza El-Guindy, Minoti Apte, Montserrat Mari, Steven Dooley, Manuela Neuman, Paul S. Haber, Gopal C. Kundu, Agus Darwanto, Willem J. de Villiers, A. Vonlaufen, Z. Xu, P. Phillips, S. Yang, D. Goldstein, R. M. Pirola, J. S. Wils Source Type: journals

Alcohol Stimulates Activation of Snail, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling, and Biomarkers of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition in Colon and Breast Cancer CellsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Collectively, our data support a novel mechanism for alcohol promoting cancer progression through stimulating the EMT program in cancer cells via an EGFR-Snail mediated pathway. This study reveals new pathways for alcohol-mediated promotion of cancer that could be targeted for therapy or prevention of alcohol-related cancers. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Christopher B. Forsyth, Yueming Tang, Maliha Shaikh, Lijuan Zhang, Ali Keshavarzian Source Type: journals

Glycine Receptors Involved in Acamprosate's Modulation of Accumbal Dopamine Levels: An In Vivo Microdialysis StudyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: These results suggest that both systemic and local application of acamprosate elevate extracellular dopamine levels in the nAc by activating accumbal GlyRs, and, secondarily, tegmental nAChRs. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: PeiPei Chau, Rosita Stomberg, Anne Fagerberg, Bo Söderpalm, Mia Ericson Source Type: journals

Glycine Receptors in the Nucleus Accumbens Involved in the Ethanol Intake-Reducing Effect of AcamprosateEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Based on current and previous results, we suggest that acamprosate primarily interacts with accumbal GlyRs and secondarily with ventral tegmental nAChRs, in a similar manner to that previously observed with EtOH and taurine. The interaction between acamprosate and GlyRs does not only influence dopamine output in the nAc but also EtOH consumption, giving further support for our hypothesis that GlyRs are of importance in EtOH reinforcement. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: PeiPei Chau, Helga Höifödt-Lidö, Elin Löf, Bo Söderpalm, Mia Ericson Source Type: journals

Increased Acid Sphingomyelinase Activity in Peripheral Blood Cells of Acutely Intoxicated Patients With Alcohol DependenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Alcohol-induced activation of ASM occurs in human subjects and might be responsible for deleterious effects of ethanol intoxication. Chronic alcohol abuse may induce deregulation of sphingomyelin metabolism in general, and this impairment may cause side effects during withdrawal from alcohol. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Martin Reichel, Elisabeth Greiner, Tanja Richter-Schmidinger, Özlem Yedibela, Philipp Tripal, Andrea Jacobi, Stefan Bleich, Erich Gulbins, Johannes Kornhuber Source Type: journals

Alcohol Up-Regulates TLR2 Through a NO/cGMP Dependent PathwayEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Alcohol up-regulates TLR2 through a NO/cGMP/PKG dependent pathway in the airway epithelium. This is an important observation in the understanding how alcohol modulates airway inflammation. In addition, this is the first time that cyclic nucleotides have been shown to play a role in the regulation of TLR2. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Kristina L Bailey, Joseph H. Sisson, Debra J. Romberger, James E. Robinson, Todd A. Wyatt Source Type: journals

Ethanol Upregulates iNOS Expression in Colon Through Activation of Nuclear Factor-kappa B in RatsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Ethanol inhibited the contraction of LP in colon mainly through activation of NF-[kappa]B, the subsequent upregulation of iNOS expression and increase of NO release in myenteric plexus. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Chao Wang, Shuanglian Wang, Junfang Qin, Yinglian Lv, Xuelian Ma, Chuanyong Liu Source Type: journals

Students' Drinker Prototypes and Alcohol Use in a Naturalistic SettingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: These findings further establish the value of drinker prototypes in predicting young adults' drinking behavior and suggest that people's motivation to drink alcohol in real-life drinking situations is related to their perceptions about heavy drinkers. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Renske Spijkerman, Helle Larsen, Frederick X. Gibbons, Rutger C.M.E. Engels Source Type: journals

Galanin Knockout Mice Show Disturbances in Ethanol Consumption and Expression of Hypothalamic Peptides That Stimulate Ethanol IntakeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: These results provide strong support for a physiological role of PVN GAL in stimulating the consumption of ethanol, as well as a fat-rich diet. Ablation of the GAL gene produced a behavioral phenotype, particularly in females, which may reflect the functional relationship of galanin to ovarian steroids. It also altered the peptides in the PFLH, with their reduced expression contributing to the larger behavioral effects observed in females and their increased expression attenuating these effects in males. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Olga Karatayev, Jessica Baylan, Valerie Weed, Siyi Chang, David Wynick, Sarah F. Leibowitz Source Type: journals

Alcohol, Cocaine, and Brain Stimulation-Reward in C57Bl6/J and DBA2/J MiceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: In C57 and DBA mice, reductions in BSR threshold reflect the ability of alcohol to potentiate the neural mechanisms of brain reward. The DBA mice are more sensitive to the reward-potentiating effects of both alcohol and cocaine, suggesting that there are mouse strain differences in the neural mechanisms of brain reward that can be measured with the ICSS technique. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Eric W. Fish, Thorfinn T. Riday, Megan M. McGuigan, Sara Faccidomo, Clyde W. Hodge, C. J. Malanga Source Type: journals

Neuropeptide S Receptor Gene Expression in Alcohol Withdrawal and Protracted Abstinence in Postdependent RatsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Neuropeptide S receptor mRNA expression is increased in different brain areas of postdependent rats; as shown in the DB test, this expression change is functionally relevant. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Barbara Ruggeri, Simone Braconi, Nazzareno Cannella, Marsida Kallupi, Laura Soverchia, Roberto Ciccocioppo, Massimo Ubaldi Source Type: journals

Maternal Alcohol Use During Pregnancy Causes Systemic Oxidation of the Glutathione Redox SystemEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Alcohol use during pregnancy, particularly at levels >3 drinks/occasion, caused significant oxidation of the systemic GSH system in the postpartum women. The clinical ramifications of the observed alcohol-induced oxidation of the GSH redox system on high risk pregnancies or on the exposed offspring require more accurate identification and further investigation. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Theresa W. Gauthier, Julie A. Kable, Leandrea Burwell, Claire D. Coles, Lou Ann S. Brown Source Type: journals

Initial Evidence of an Association Between OPRM1 and Adolescent Alcohol MisuseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: These data build on findings from adult studies and provide the first evidence that a polymorphism of the OPRM1 receptor gene is associated with the development of early-onset alcohol-related problems during adolescence, in part, by heightening sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of alcohol. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Robert Miranda, Lara Ray, Alicia Justus, Lori A. Meyerson, Valerie S. Knopik, John McGeary, Peter M. Monti Source Type: journals

CB1 Receptor Blockade Decreases Ethanol Intake and Associated Neurochemical Changes in Fawn-Hooded RatsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Taken together, these results revealed that blockade of cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1r) decreased voluntary ethanol intake in ethanol-habituated rats by normalizing the neurochemical alterations induced by ethanol. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Teresa Femenía, María S. García-Gutiérrez, Jorge Manzanares Source Type: journals

Polymorphisms of Alcohol Metabolizing Enzymes in Indigenous Mexican Population: Unusual High Frequency of CYP2E1*c2 AlleleEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Huichols exhibited the highest CYP2E1*c2 allele frequency of the world documented up to this date; meanwhile, ADH1B*2 and ALDH2*2 were practically absent. This feature could be useful in the understanding of Mexican population gene composition, alcohol metabolism, and alcoholic liver disease development. However, further association studies are necessary. The heterogeneity of Mexican population was evidenced by the significantly different distribution of CYP2E1*c2 allele observed among different regions of the country. Lipid and hepatic values were not associated to genotype. This report constitutes the first ...
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Elizabeth Gordillo-Bastidas, Arturo Panduro, Daniela Gordillo-Bastidas, Eloy A. Zepeda-Carrillo, Jesús J. García-Bañuelos, José F. Muñoz-Valle, Blanca E. Bastidas-Ramírez Source Type: journals

Systemic Administration of Arecoline Reduces Ethanol-Induced Sleeping Through Activation of Central Muscarinic Receptor in MiceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: These results suggest that central muscarinic receptor is a pharmacological target for the action of arecoline to modulate ethanol-induced hypnosis. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Yan-Ping Sun, Qing Liu, Juan Luo, Ping Guo, Feng Chen, Andrew J. Lawrence, Jian-Hui Liang Source Type: journals

Linkage Analysis of Alcohol Dependence Symptoms in the CommunityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The results support the finding that large community samples can be informative in the study of alcohol-related traits. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Narelle K. Hansell, Arpana Agrawal, John B. Whitfield, Katherine I. Morley, Scott D. Gordon, Penelope A. Lind, Michele L. Pergadia, Grant W. Montgomery, Pamela A. F. Madden, Richard D. Todd, Andrew C. Heath, Nicholas G. Martin Source Type: journals

Heavy Episodic Drinking and Alcohol Consumption in French Colleges: The Role of Perceived Social NormsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Overestimation of peer student prevalence is not uncommon among French university students. Furthermore, perceived peer student prevalence of HED is linked to HED frequency, even after adjusting for other correlates. Interventions correcting misperceived prevalences of HED among peer students have therefore the potential to reduce the frequency of HED in this population. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Lionel Riou França, Bertrand Dautzenberg, Michel Reynaud Source Type: journals

Age-Related Gray Matter Shrinkage in a Treatment Naïve Actively Drinking Alcohol-Dependent SampleEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of their contribution toward our knowledge of differences between different subpopulations of alcoholics and in terms of their implications for the morbidity of alcohol dependence in an aging national population. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: George Fein, Ryan Shimotsu, Jerome Barakos Source Type: journals

Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Defines Ethanol-Induced Brain Abnormalities in Prenatal Mice: Effects of Acute Insult on Gestational Day 7Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Individual MRM scans and 3D reconstructions of fetal mouse brains have facilitated demonstration of a broad range of GD 7 ethanol-induced morphological abnormality. These results, including the discovery of cerebral cortical heterotopias, elucidate the teratogenic potential of ethanol insult during the third week of human prenatal development. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 22, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Elizabeth A. Godin, Shonagh K. O'Leary-Moore, Amber A. Khan, Scott E. Parnell, Jacob J. Ament, Deborah B. Dehart, Brice W. Johnson, G. Allan Johnson, Martin A. Styner, Kathleen K. Sulik Source Type: journals

Structural Features of the NAD-Dependent In Situ Retinoic Acid Supply System in Esophageal MucosaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Considering the affinities for retinol and retinal of ADHs and ALDHs expressed in the rat esophagus, the NAD-dependent in situ retinoic acid supply system in the rat esophagus is thought to comprise Class IV ADH and ALDH 1A1. In the rat esophagus, the system exists predominantly in the mucosal layer. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - October 13, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Hirokazu Yokoyama, Haruko Shiraishi-Yokoyama, Toshifumi Hibi Source Type: journals

Long-Term Effects of Minimum Drinking Age Laws on Past-Year Alcohol and Drug Use DisordersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Exposure to a lower minimum legal purchase age was associated with a significantly higher risk of a past-year alcohol or other substance use disorder, even among respondents in their 40s or 50s. However, this association does not seem to be explained by age of initiation of drinking, per se. Instead, it seems plausible that frequency or intensity of drinking in late adolescence may have long-term effects on adult substance use patterns. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 23, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Karen E. Norberg, Laura J. Bierut, Richard A. Grucza Source Type: journals

Effects of Ethanol on Persistent Activity and Up-States in Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons in Prefrontal CortexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: These results suggest that ethanol reduces the activity of FS interneurons due to disruption of network-dependent activity. This would be expected to further impair the ability of PFC networks to carry out their normal function and may contribute to the adverse effects of ethanol on PFC-dependent behaviors. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 17, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: John J. Woodward, Matthew J. Pava Source Type: journals

Evidence for an Interaction Between Age at First Drink and Genetic Influences on DSM-IV Alcohol Dependence SymptomsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Early age at first drink may facilitate the expression of genes associated with vulnerability to alcohol dependence symptoms. This is important to consider, not only from a public health standpoint, but also in future genomic studies of alcohol dependence. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 16, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Arpana Agrawal, Carolyn E. Sartor, Michael T. Lynskey, Julia D. Grant, Michele L. Pergadia, Richard Grucza, Kathleen K. Bucholz, Elliot C. Nelson, Pamela A. F. Madden, Nicholas G. Martin, Andrew C. Heath Source Type: journals

The Interaction of Reward Genes With Environmental Factors in Contribution to Alcoholism in Mexican AmericansEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Our results suggest main effect of education background, OPRM1 A118G, and DRD2 [minus]141C Ins/Del as well as education*OPRM1 interaction in contribution to moderate and/or severe alcoholism in Mexican Americans. Functional relevance of these findings still needs to be explored. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 16, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Yanlei Du, Yu-Jui Yvonne Wan Source Type: journals

Suicide and Alcohol: Do Outlets Play a Role?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Bar densities in particular appear related to suicide, meaning, because this is an aggregate-level spatial analysis, that suicides, both attempted and completed, occur at greater rates in rural community areas with greater bar densities. Because the suicide rate is highest in rural areas, this study suggests that although the number of completed and attempted suicides is no doubt greater in absolute numbers in urban areas, the suicide rate, both completed and attempted, is greater in rural areas, which draws attention, perhaps much needed, to the problems of rural America. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 16, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Fred W. Johnson, Paul J. Gruenewald, Lillian G. Remer Source Type: journals

Catching the Alcohol Buzz: An Examination of the Latent Factor Structure of Subjective IntoxicationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: These findings support the notion that the neuropharmacological and behavioral effects of alcohol are multifaceted and cannot be simply defined as either positive or negative. Rather, moderate levels of intoxication appear to have concomitant dimensions of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment. This study also suggests that factor scores may be useful in future alcohol administration studies to reduce the number of comparisons and perhaps increase statistical power to detect meaningful effects. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 16, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Lara A. Ray, James MacKillop, Adam Leventhal, Kent E. Hutchison Source Type: journals

Acute Effects of Low Doses of Red Wine on Cardiac Conduction and Repolarization in Young Healthy SubjectsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Low doses of red wine acutely slow cardiac conduction and prolong repolarization in normal individuals. These changes are poorly predictable. The potential arrhythmogenic impact of these effects is worthy of exploration. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 16, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Matteo Cameli, Piercarlo Ballo, Antonio Garzia, Matteo Lisi, Elisabetta Palmerini, Tommaso Spinelli, Arianna Bocelli, Sergio Mondillo Source Type: journals

Ethanol Is Self-Administered Into the Nucleus Accumbens Shell, But Not the Core: Evidence of Genetic SensitivityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The present results indicate that the AcbSh, but not AcbC, is a neuroanatomical structure that mediates the reinforcing actions of EtOH. The data also suggest that, compared to Wistar rats, the AcbSh of P rats is more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of EtOH. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 16, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Eric A. Engleman, Zheng-Ming Ding, Scott M. Oster, Jamie E. Toalston, Richard L. Bell, James M. Murphy, William J. McBride, Zachary A. Rodd Source Type: journals

Priming Deficiency in Male Subjects at Risk for Alcoholism: The N4 During a Lexical Decision TaskEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: The lack of N4 attenuation to primed stimuli and/or inability to differentiate between primed and unprimed stimuli, without latency and reaction time being affected, suggest deficits in semantic priming, especially in semantic expectancy and/or postlexical semantic processing in HR male offspring. Further, it indicates that it might be an electrophysiological endophenotype that reflects genetic vulnerability to develop alcoholism. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 16, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Bangalore N. Roopesh, Madhavi Rangaswamy, Chella Kamarajan, David B. Chorlian, Arthur Stimus, Lance O. Bauer, John Rohrbaugh, Sean J. O'Connor, Samuel Kuperman, Marc Schuckit, Bernice Porjesz Source Type: journals

Effects of Ethanol on Mouse Embryonic Stem CellsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that ethanol may contribute to the pathogenesis of FAS by triggering apoptotic pathways during differentiation of embryonic stem cells and deregulating early stages of embryogenesis. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 16, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Alla Arzumanyan, Helen Anni, Raphael Rubin, Emanuel Rubin Source Type: journals

Polymorphisms of the IL-1 Gene Complex Are Associated With Alcohol Dependence in Spanish Caucasians: Data From an Association StudyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Our findings provide further tentative evidence of the role of IL-1 in alcohol dependence as well as evidence that the nature of the associations may be direct, gender-specific, or involve haplotype effects. However, findings from single association studies constitute tentative knowledge and must be interpreted carefully and precise replication is required. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 16, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Pilar A. Saiz, Maria P. Garcia-Portilla, Gerardo Florez, Paul Corcoran, Celso Arango, Blanca Morales, Juan C. Leza, Sandra Alvarez, Eva M. Díaz, Victoria Alvarez, Eliecer Coto, Luis Nogueiras, Julio Bobes Source Type: journals

Operant Behavior and Alcohol Levels in Blood and Brain of Alcohol-Dependent RatsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: These results emphasize that the key determinants of excessive alcohol drinking behavior are the BAL range and pattern of chronic high-dose alcohol exposure. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 9, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Nicholas W. Gilpin, Amanda D. Smith, Maury Cole, Friedbert Weiss, George F. Koob, Heather N. Richardson Source Type: journals

Prevalence and Patterns of Alcohol Consumption and Health-Risk Behaviors Among High School Students in ThailandEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Alcohol consumption is a serious problem among adolescents in Thailand and is strongly associated with various health-risk behaviors. Effective age- and gender-specific interventions should be implemented to discourage underage drinking and associated adverse health and social consequences. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 8, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Sawitri Assanangkornchai, Anocha Mukthong, Tanomsri Intanont Source Type: journals

Detecting Alcohol-Related Problems in Developing Countries: A Comparison of 2 Screening Measures in IndiaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: All measures were efficient at detecting AUDs. When screening for alcohol-related problems among males in the general population in India, cut-off scores for screeners may need to be adjusted. Selecting an appropriate screening measure and cut-off score necessitates careful consideration of the screening context and resources available to confirm alcohol-related diagnoses. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 8, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Madhabika B. Nayak, Jason C. Bond, Cheryl Cherpitel, Vikram Patel, Thomas K. Greenfield Source Type: journals

BOLD Response During Spatial Working Memory in Youth With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol ExposureEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: In the context of equivalent performance to a SWM task, the current results suggest that widespread increases in BOLD response in youth with FASDs could either indicate decreased efficiency of relevant brain networks, or serve as a compensatory mechanism for deficiency at neural and/or cognitive levels. In context of existing fMRI evidence of heightened prefrontal activation in response to verbal working memory and inhibition demands, the present findings may indicate that frontal structures are taxed to a greater degree during cognitive demands in individuals with FASDs. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 8, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Andrea D. Spadoni, Alissa D. Bazinet, Susanna L. Fryer, Susan F. Tapert, Sarah N. Mattson, Edward P. Riley Source Type: journals

Selected Line Difference in the Effects of Ethanol Dependence and Withdrawal on Allopregnanolone Levels and 5α-Reductase Enzyme Activity and ExpressionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: These results suggest that there are line and brain regional differences in the regulation of the neurosteroid biosynthetic enzyme 5[alpha]-reductase during ethanol dependence and withdrawal. In conjunction with the finding that WSP mice exhibit reduced sensitivity to ALLO during withdrawal, the present results are consistent with the hypothesis that genetic differences in ethanol withdrawal severity are due, in part, to modulatory effects of GABAergic neurosteroids such as ALLO. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 8, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Michelle A. Tanchuck, Season L. Long, Matthew M. Ford, Joel Hashimoto, John C. Crabbe, Charles E. Roselli, Kristine M. Wiren, Deborah A. Finn Source Type: journals

The Mammalian Circadian Clock Exhibits Acute Tolerance to EthanolEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Both the inhibiting and enhancing effects of ethanol on in vitro SCN clock phase resetting show acute tolerance. Additional experiments are needed to determine whether more slowly developing forms of tolerance also occur with respect to the SCN circadian clock. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 8, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Rebecca A. Prosser, J. David Glass Source Type: journals

Alcohol and Cognitive Function: Assessment in Everyday Life and Laboratory Settings Using Mobile PhonesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: We found that mobile phones allowed practical research on cognitive performance in an everyday life setting. Alcohol impaired function in both laboratory and everyday life settings at relevant doses of alcohol. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - September 8, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Brian Tiplady, Bami Oshinowo, Joanne Thomson, Gordon Blair Drummond Source Type: journals

Comparison of Adaptive Behavior in Children With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity DisorderEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: This study suggests that both children with prenatal alcohol exposure and children with ADHD show impairments in adaptive function relative to controls, but that the pattern of impairment differs between these clinical groups. Adaptive ability in children with prenatal alcohol exposure is characterized by an arrest in development, as evidenced by a lack of improvement with age in socialization and communication scores. In contrast, children with ADHD exhibit a developmental delay in adaptive ability as their scores continued to improve with age, albeit not to the level of control children. Continued research f...
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - August 31, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Nicole Crocker, Linnea Vaurio, Edward P. Riley, Sarah N. Mattson Source Type: journals

Alcohol Price and Intoxication in College BarsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The results are consistent with economic theory and population-level research regarding the price elasticity of alcoholic beverages, which show that increases in alcohol prices are accompanied by less alcohol consumption. These findings suggest that stricter regulation of the drink discounting practices of on-premise drinking establishments would be an effective strategy for reducing the intoxication levels of exiting patrons. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - August 30, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Ryan J. O'Mara, Dennis L. Thombs, Alexander C. Wagenaar, Matthew E. Rossheim, Michele L. Merves, Wei Hou, Virginia J. Dodd, Steven B. Pokorny, Robert M. Weiler, Bruce A. Goldberger Source Type: journals

Fetal Exposure to Moderate Ethanol Doses: Heightened Operant Responsiveness Elicited by Ethanol-Related ReinforcersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The present results suggest that late prenatal experience with ethanol changes the predisposition of the newborn to gain access to ethanol-related stimuli. In conjunction with prior literature, this study emphasizes the fact that intrauterine experience with ethanol not only augments ethanol's palatability and ingestion, but also facilitates the acquisition of response[ndash]stimulus associations where the drug acts as an intraoral reinforcer. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - August 30, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Samanta M. March, Paula Abate, Norman E. Spear, Juan Carlos Molina Source Type: journals

The Effects of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome on Response Execution and Inhibition: An Event-Related Potential StudyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The timing and amplitude differences in the ERP measures suggest that slower, less efficient processing characterizes the FAS/PFAS group during initial stimulus identification. Moreover, the exposed children showed less sharply defined components throughout the stimulus and response evaluation processes involved in successful response inhibition. Although both groups were able to inhibit their responses equally well, the level of neural activation in the children with FAS/PFAS was greater, suggesting more cognitive effort. The specific deficits in response inhibition processing at discrete stages of neural act...
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - August 30, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Matthew J. Burden, Colin Andrew, Dave Saint-Amour, Ernesta M. Meintjes, Christopher D. Molteno, H. Eugene Hoyme, Luther K. Robinson, Nathaniel Khaole, Charles A. Nelson, Joseph L. Jacobson, Sandra W. Jacobson Source Type: journals

Acetaldehyde and the Hypothermic Effects of Ethanol in MiceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The results of the present study clearly show that acetaldehyde has hypothermic properties in mice at least at relatively high concentrations. Furthermore, the accumulation of acetaldehyde following ALDH inhibition strongly enhanced the hypothermic effects of ethanol. These latter results confirm the hypothermic properties of acetaldehyde and show that acetate, the next step in ethanol metabolism, is not involved in these hypothermic effects. Finally, the experiment with 4-MP indicates that the potentiating effects of cyanamide are mediated by the peripheral accumulation of acetaldehyde, which then reaches the...
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - August 30, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Catherine Closon, Vincent Didone, Ezio Tirelli, Etienne Quertemont Source Type: journals

Actions and Interactions of Alcohol and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 on Female Pubertal DevelopmentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Alcohol (ALC) is a drug that is capable of disrupting reproductive function in adolescent humans, as well as immature rhesus monkeys and rats. Critical to determining the mechanism(s) of the effects of ALC on the pubertal process is to have a better understanding of the important events involved in the initiation of puberty. For years it has been hypothesized that there may be metabolic signals capable of linking somatic growth to the activation of the reproductive system at the time of puberty. In recent years it has been shown that insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is one such signal that plays an early role in the pu...
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - August 30, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: W. Les Dees, Vinod Srivastava, Jill K. Hiney Source Type: journals

Drinking Alcohol before Age 13 and Negative Outcomes in Late AdolescenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Although no temporal relationships can be determined between drinking alcohol before age 13 and delinquent behavior outcomes, the results suggested that adolescents under the age of 13 need to be included in national epidemiological surveys on alcohol use and more efforts need to be directed toward the implementation of prevention programs early in elementary and middle schools. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - August 30, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Neta Peleg-Oren, Gilbert Saint-Jean, Gabriel A. Cardenas, Hayley Tammara, Colbert Pierre Source Type: journals

Schedule of Passive Ethanol Exposure Affects Subsequent Intragastric Ethanol Self-InfusionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Measurement of withdrawal signs indicated that Massed passive exposure produced stronger dependence than Spaced passive exposure, suggesting that enhanced ethanol self-infusion in Massed Groups might be explained by the opportunity for greater negative reinforcement by ethanol. Although enhanced negative reinforcement might also explain why the Massed Group showed a weaker aversion for the ethanol-paired flavor than the Spaced Group, this observation could also be explained by the development of greater tolerance to ethanol's aversive pharmacological effects in the Massed Group. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical a...
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - August 10, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Tara L. Fidler, Brandon G. Oberlin, Amanda M. Struthers, Christopher L. Cunningham Source Type: journals

A Functional Polymorphism of the NFKB1 Gene Increases the Risk for Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis in Patients With Alcohol DependenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The deletion allele of the [minus]94ins/del NFKB1 polymorphism could be associated with a higher risk of developing ALC through an increase in inflammation, as supported by previous data. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - August 9, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Miguel Marcos, Isabel Pastor, Rogelio González-Sarmiento, Francisco Javier Laso Source Type: journals

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Naltrexone in Outpatients With Bipolar Disorder and Alcohol DependenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Results suggest the potential value and acceptable tolerability of naltrexone for alcohol dependence in bipolar disorder patients. A larger trial is needed to establish efficacy. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - August 9, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: E. Sherwood Brown, Thomas J. Carmody, Joy M. Schmitz, Raul Caetano, Bryon Adinoff, Alan C. Swann, A. John Rush Source Type: journals

Alcoholism and Dampened Temporal Limbic Activation to Emotional FacesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Deficient activation of amygdala and hippocampus may underlie impaired processing of emotional faces associated with long-term alcoholism and may be a part of the wide array of behavioral problems including disinhibition, concurring with previously documented interpersonal difficulties in this population. Furthermore, the results suggest that alcoholics may rely on prefrontal rather than temporal limbic areas in order to compensate for reduced limbic responsivity and to maintain behavioral adequacy when faced with emotionally or socially challenging situations. (Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research)
Source: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research - August 9, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Ksenija Marinkovic, Marlene Oscar-Berman, Trinity Urban, Cara E. O'Reilly, Julie A. Howard, Kayle Sawyer, Gordon J. Harris Source Type: journals