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Diurnal Variations in Natural and Drug Reward, Mesolimbic Tyrosine Hydroxylase, and Clock Gene Expression in the Male RatEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The impact of the circadian timing system upon behavior and physiology is pervasive, and previous evidence suggests a circadian modulation of drug-seeking behavior and responsiveness to drugs of abuse. To further characterize daily rhythms in reward and to extend these observations to natural reinforcers, diurnal variation in the rewarding value of sex and systemic amphetamine was assessed via the conditioned place preference paradigm. To identify potential mechanisms for rhythmicity in reward, levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and core clock proteins (Period1 and Bmal1) were examined across the day in the ventral tegmen...
Source: Journal of Biological Rhythms - November 19, 2009 Category: Research Authors: Webb, I. C., Baltazar, R. M., Wang, X., Pitchers, K. K., Coolen, L. M., Lehman, M. N. Tags: Articles Source Type: journals

Developmental vitamin D deficiency alters dopamine-mediated behaviors and dopamine transporter function in adult female ratsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we examined locomotor responses of male and female juvenile and adult rats to a dose range of amphetamine. We also measured dopamine receptor and monoamine transporter densities in adult brain. Results Female DVD-deficient adult rats displayed an enhanced sensitivity to amphetamine-induced locomotion, an increased dopamine transporter density in the caudate–putamen and increased affinity in the nucleus accumbens compared with control females. By contrast, there were no differences between control and DVD-deficient male rats. Discussion Taken together, this suggests an...
Source: Psychopharmacology - November 18, 2009 Category: Psychiatry Tags: Psychopharmacology Source Type: journals

Determination of 19 drugs of abuse and metabolites in whole blood by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A high-performance liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method has been developed and validated for the determination of 19 drugs of abuse and metabolites and used in whole blood. The following compounds were included: amphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine, methylenedioxyethylamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, codeine, methadone, buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, ketobemidone, tramadol, O-desmethyltramadol, zaleplone, zolpidem, and zopiclone. The sample pretreatment consisted of solid-phase extraction using mixed-mode...
Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry - November 18, 2009 Category: Chemistry Authors: Bjørk MK, Nielsen MK, Markussen LO, Klinke HB, Linnet K Tags: Anal Bioanal Chem Source Type: journals

Amphetamine analogs methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) differentially affect speechEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Methamphetamine improved verbal fluency and MDMA adversely affected fluency. This pattern of effects is consistent with the effects of these drugs on functioning in other cognitive domains. In general, methamphetamine effects on speech were inconsistent with effects popularly attributed to this drug, while MDMA-related effects were in agreement with some anecdotal reports and discordant with others. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00213-009-1715-0Authors Gina F. Marrone, New York State Psychiatric Institute Division of Substance Abuse 1051 Riverside...
Source: Psychopharmacology - November 16, 2009 Category: Psychiatry Tags: Psychopharmacology Source Type: journals

Shire announces publication of open-label study on coadministration of INTUNIV with stimulantsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Porter Novelli) Shire plc announced new study results on INTUNIV published in the October Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. In this open-label safety study, there was no evidence of unique adverse effects with the combination of INTUNIV and amphetamine or methylphenidate relative to what was observed with either medication alone. The open-label study also assessed improvement of ADHD symptoms using the ADHD-RS-IV. (Source: EurekAlert! - Social and Behavioral Science)
Source: EurekAlert! - Social and Behavioral Science - November 16, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Source Type: news

Inhibition of specific adenylyl cyclase isoforms by lithium and carbamazepine, but not valproate, may be related to their antidepressant effectEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Lithium and carbamazepine preferentially inhibit AC5, albeit via different mechanisms. Lithium competes with Mg2+, which is essential for AC activity; carbamazepine competes for AC's catechol-estrogen site. Antidepressant-like behavior of AC5 knockout mice in the forced-swim test supports the notion that AC5 inhibition is involved in the antidepressant effect of lithium and carbamazepine. The effect of lithium and carbamazepine to lower cAMP formation in AC5-rich dopaminergic brain regions suggests that D1-dopamine receptors in these regions are involved in the antidepressant effect of mood stabilizers. (Sourc...
Source: Bipolar Disorders - November 16, 2009 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Liad Mann, Eliahu Heldman, Yuly Bersudsky, Stephen F Vatner, Yoshihiro Ishikawa, Orna Almog, Robert H Belmaker, Galila Agam Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Neurotoxicity of drugs of abuse--the case of methylenedioxyamphetamines (MDMA, ecstasy), and amphetamines. - Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E, Daumann J.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Ecstasy (MDMA, 3,4-methylendioxymethamphetamine) and the stimulants methamphetamine (METH, speed) and amphetamine are popular drugs among young people, particularly in the dance scene. When given in high doses both MDMA and the stimulant amphetamines are c... (Source: SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated))
Source: SafetyLit: All (Unduplicated) - November 15, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Alcohol and Other Drugs Source Type: info

Anti-depressant and anxiolytic like behaviors in PKCI/HINT1 knockout mice associated with elevated plasma corticosterone levelEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: PKCI/HINT1 KO mice displayed a phenotype of behavioral and endocrine features which indicate changes of mood function, including anxiolytic-like and anti-depressant like behaviors, in conjunction with an elevated corticosterone level in plasma. These results suggest that the PKCI/HINT 1 gene could be important for the mood regulation function in the CNS. (Source: BMC Neuroscience - Latest articles)
Source: BMC Neuroscience - Latest articles - November 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Elisabeth BarbierJia Bei Wang Source Type: journals

Drugs of abuse and their metabolites in the Ebro River basin: Occurrence in sewage and surface water, sewage treatment plants removal efficiency, and collective drug usage estimation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Drugs of abuse and their metabolites have been recently recognized as environmental emerging organic contaminants. Assessment of their concentration in different environmental compartments is essential to evaluate their potential ecotoxicological effects. It also constitutes an indirect tool to estimate drug abuse by the population at the community level. The present work reports for the first time the occurrence of drugs of abuse and metabolites residues along the Ebro River basin (NE Spain) and also evaluates the contribution of sewage treatment plants (STPs) effluents to the presence of these chemicals in natural su...
Source: Environment International - November 12, 2009 Category: Environmental Health Authors: Postigo C, López de Alda MJ, Barceló D Tags: Environ Int Source Type: journals

Distribution of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) nerve structures in the porcine large intestine.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the number of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) nerve structures in the large intestine of juvenile pigs. The distribution pattern of CART-LI structures was studied by immunohistochemistry in the circular muscle layer, myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous plexus (ISP) as well as in the mucosal layer of six regions of the large bowel: caecum, centripetal and centrifugal turns of the proximal colon, transverse colon, descending colon and rectum. CART-LI neural structures were observed in all gut fragments studie...
Source: Acta Veterinaria Hungarica - November 11, 2009 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Gonkowski S, Burliński P, Skobowiat C, Majewski M, Arciszewski MB, Radziszewski P, Całka J Tags: Acta Vet Hung Source Type: journals

Down-Regulated GABAergic Expression in the Olfactory Bulb Layers of the Mouse Deficient in Monoamine Oxidase B and Administered With Amphetamine.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study explores primarily the role of the activity of monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) in the regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase(67) (GAD(67)) expression in distinct layers of main olfactory bulb (OlfB), which links the limbic system. Moreover, the response of GAD(67) was investigated to amphetamine perturbation in the absence of MAOB activity. Immunocytochemical analysis was performed on OlfB sections prepared from the adult wild type (WT) and the MAOB gene-knocked-out (KO) mice after receiving repeated intraperitoneal injections (two doses per day, total seven doses) of saline or amphetamine, 5 mg/kg. The levels of ...
Source: Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology - November 10, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Yin HS, Chen K, Shih JC, Tien TW Tags: Cell Mol Neurobiol Source Type: journals

David Nutt may set up new drugs bodyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Scientist removed for views on cannabis says government's advisory council is fatally flawed and should be independentThe government's drug advice body is "fatally flawed" and should be reconstituted as an independent organisation along the lines of the Bank of England, according to former government drugs adviser David Nutt, who was sacked last week in a row over the classification of cannabis. Nutt said that if the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) was not given more autonomy in future he would consider setting up an alternative committee to provide independent advice on drugs."Unless this issue is resolved ...
Source: Guardian Unlimited Science - November 4, 2009 Category: Science Authors: Alok Jha Tags: David Nutt Drugs policy Politics UK news The Guardian Source Type: news

ARTICLE: Case-control Study of a Gastroschisis Cluster in NevadaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions These findings add strength to the hypothesis that use of methamphetamine and related drugs is a risk factor for gastroschisis and raise questions about the risks associated with infections. (Source: Archives of Pediatrics)
Source: Archives of Pediatrics - November 2, 2009 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Elliott, L., Loomis, D., Lottritz, L., Slotnick, R. N., Oki, E., Todd, R. Tags: Bacterial Infections, Viral Infections, Pediatrics, Congenital Malformations, Public Health, Substance Abuse/ Alcoholism, Women's Health, Pregnancy and Breast Feeding, Infectious Diseases Article Source Type: journals

Case-control Study of a Gastroschisis Cluster in Nevada [Article]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions These findings add strength to the hypothesis that use of methamphetamine and related drugs is a risk factor for gastroschisis and raise questions about the risks associated with infections. (Source: Archives of Pediatrics)
Source: Archives of Pediatrics - November 2, 2009 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Elliott, L., Loomis, D., Lottritz, L., Slotnick, R. N., Oki, E., Todd, R. Tags: Bacterial Infections, Viral Infections, Pediatrics, Congenital Malformations, Public Health, Substance Abuse/ Alcoholism, Women's Health, Pregnancy and Breast Feeding, Infectious Diseases Article Source Type: journals

Morbidity involving the hallucinogenic designer amines MDA and 2C-I.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This report demonstrates the utility of testing for a wider menu of compounds using LC-MS/MS in order to better characterize the prevalence and toxicities of novel amines such as 2C-I. PMID: 19878416 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Forensic Sciences)
Source: Journal of Forensic Sciences - November 1, 2009 Category: Forensic Medicine Authors: Drees JC, Stone JA, Wu AH Tags: J Forensic Sci Source Type: journals

Contribution of early environmental stress to alcoholism vulnerabilityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: The most problematic aspects of alcohol abuse disorder are excessive alcohol consumption and the inability to refrain from alcohol consumption during attempted abstinence. The root causes that predispose certain individuals to these problems are poorly understood but are believed to be produced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Early environmental trauma alters neurodevelopmental trajectories that can predispose an individual to a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including substance abuse. Prenatal stress (PNS) is a well-established protocol that produces perturbations in nervous system ...
Source: Alcohol - November 1, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Joannalee C. Campbell, Karen K. Szumlinski, Tod E. Kippin Source Type: journals

The Roles of Dopamine Transport Inhibition and Dopamine Release Facilitation in Wake Enhancement and Rebound Hypersomnolence Induced by Dopaminergic AgentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: All DA releasing agents tested, and some DAT-inhibiting agents, produced RHS at equal wake-promoting doses. Thus amphetamine-like DA release appears sufficient for inducing RHS, but additional properties (pharmacologic and/or pharmacokinetic) evidently underlie RHS of other DAT inhibitors. Enhancing wake while mitigating RHS can be achieved by combining DAT-inhibiting and DA-releasing agents. Keywords: Sleep/wake, dopamine transporter, amphetamine, hypersomnolence, pharmacokinetic, rat (Source: Sleep)
Source: Sleep - October 31, 2009 Category: Sleep Medicine Source Type: journals

Role of hypoleptinemia during cold adaptation in Brandt's voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Brandt's voles Lasiopodomys brandtii exhibit large increases in nonshivering thermogenesis to cope with chronic cold exposure, resulting in compensatory hyperphagia and fat mobilization. These physiological events are accompanied by a remarkable reduction in serum leptin levels. However, the role of hypoleptinemia in cold adaptation in this species is still unknown. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that hypoleptinemia contributes to increases in food intake and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis by modifying hypothalamic neuropeptides in cold-exposed Brandt's voles. Adult male voles were transferred to ...
Source: AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology - October 30, 2009 Category: Physiology Authors: Tang, G.-B., Cui, J.-G., Wang, D.-H. Tags: Articles Source Type: journals

DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SACCHARATE, AMPHETAMINE ASPARTATE, DEXTROAMPHETAMINE SULFATE AND AMPHETAMINE SULFATEtablet [Sandoz Inc]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Updated Date: Oct 30, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))
Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) - October 30, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: organizations

The molecular biology of addictive drugsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews those experiments that have studied drug-induced alterations in gene transcription. Ethanol has diverse effects on the amounts of messenger RNA molecules within the central nervous system. Ion channels, neuropeptides, membrane receptors, and immediate early genes represent several regulated mRNAs. The effects are selective, however, as many other specific products are not altered. Evidence for a genetic predisposition to ethanol use reinforces the importance of the genotype. Opioids, cocaine, and amphetamine also affect gene transcription. Messenger RNAs studied have included many of those...
Source: Molecular Neurobiology - October 29, 2009 Category: Neurology Tags: Molecular Neurobiology Source Type: journals

Methanandamide blocks amphetamine-induced behavioral sensitization in rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Methanandamide acts at targets which modulate amphetamine-induced behaviors. Therefore, we investigated methanandamide effects on the acute hyperactivity produced by a single injection of amphetamine and behavioral sensitization induced by repeated amphetamine exposure in rats. Methanandamide (5mg/kg, i.p.) did not affect basal locomotor or stereotypical activity. Methanandamide (5mg/kg, i.p.) pretreatment did not alter the acute increase in locomotor or stereotypical activities produced by acute amphetamine (2mg/kg, i.p.). For chronic studies, rats injected with amphetamine (2mg/kg, i.p.) once daily for 3 consecutive ...
Source: European Journal of Pharmacology - October 29, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Rasmussen BA, Unterwald EM, Rawls SM Tags: Eur J Pharmacol Source Type: journals

Simultaneous Screening and Quantification of 29 Drugs of Abuse in Oral Fluid by Solid-Phase Extraction and Ultraperformance LC-MS/MS [Drug Monitoring and Toxicology]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The UPLC-MS/MS method makes it possible to detect all 29 analytes in 1 chromatographic run (15 min), including -9-tetrahydrocannabinol and benzoylecgonine, which previously have been difficult to incorporate into multicomponent methods. (Source: Clinical Chemistry)
Source: Clinical Chemistry - October 28, 2009 Category: Chemistry Authors: Badawi, N., Simonsen, K. W., Steentoft, A., Bernhoft, I. M., Linnet, K. Tags: Drug Monitoring and Toxicology Source Type: journals

The Neural Stem Cell Line CTX0E03 Promotes Behavioral Recovery and Endogenous Neurogenesis After Experimental Stroke in a Dose-Dependent FashionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions. This study found that the implantation of CTX0E03 human neural stem cells in rats after MCAO stroke promoted significant behavioral recovery depending on cell dose. The authors propose a paracrine trophic mechanism, which is triggered early after CTX0E03 cell implantation, and which in turn targets restoration of neurogenesis in the SVZ of MCAO rats. (Source: Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair)
Source: Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair - October 27, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Stroemer, P., Patel, S., Hope, A., Oliveira, C., Pollock, K., Sinden, J. Tags: Articles Source Type: journals

Shire Announces New Data on Pharmacokinetics of VyvanseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Findings show intranasal administration of Vyvanse did not result in a greater exposure of d-amphetamine, the active medication in Vyvanse, compared with oral administration PHILADELPHIA – October 22, 2009 – Shire plc (LSE: SHP, NASDAQ:... (Source: Drugs.com - Clinical Trials)
Source: Drugs.com - Clinical Trials - October 24, 2009 Category: Pharmaceuticals Source Type: clinical trials

Review: limited evidence to support pharmacological therapy for amphetamine withdrawalEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Evidence-Based Mental Health)
Source: Evidence-Based Mental Health - October 23, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Gossop, M. Tags: Clinical trials (epidemiology), Neurology, Substance dependence, Substance withdrawal, Epidemiology Therapeutics Source Type: journals

Amphetamine Use In Adolescence May Impair Adult Working MemoryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Rats exposed to high doses of amphetamines at an age that corresponds to the later years of human adolescence display significant memory deficits as adults -- long after the exposure ends, researchers report. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)
Source: ScienceDaily Headlines - October 22, 2009 Category: Science Source Type: news

Adult Working Memory May Be Impaired By Amphetamine Use In AdolescenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Rats exposed to high doses of amphetamines at an age that corresponds to the later years of human adolescence display significant memory deficits as adults - long after the exposure ends, researchers report. The declines in short-term or "working" memory are most pronounced when the rats are exposed during adolescence, rather than as adults, the researchers found. (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)
Source: Health News from Medical News Today - October 22, 2009 Category: Consumer Health News Tags: Alcohol / Addiction / Illegal Drugs Source Type: news

Vyvanse Capsules CII administration through 2 routes demonstrated similar pharmacokinetic profileEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Porter Novelli) Shire PLC announced new data about the pharmacokinetics of its attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication, Vyvanse (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate) Capsules CII, which showed that Vyvanse provided similar concentrations of its active medication in the blood when administered either intranasally or when administered orally. Specifically, the overall rate and extent of exposure to d-amphetamine, the active medication in Vyvanse, was similar in healthy adults whether they received the drug as a solution through the nose or orally as a capsule. (Source: EurekAlert! - Social and Behavioral Science)
Source: EurekAlert! - Social and Behavioral Science - October 22, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Source Type: news

Is A Hook-Up Culture Going To Help Us Get There?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
What happens (in the brain) when we experience the PASSION associated with a hook-up? Obviously, LOTS --- since such an experience will involve the stimulation of no fewer than several hundred thousand brain cells. But more specifically, what bio-chemical concoction (love potion?) is brewing? Some people may have heard of PEA (Phenylethylamine) --- this is an amphetamine-like chemical released by the brain during periods of passionate in-love-ness. [You would probably not be surprised to find that there are currently several pharmaceutical companies attempting to mimic PEA. It would be th...
Source: Psychology Today Relationships Center - October 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: John R. Buri, Ph.D. Tags: Relationships Amphetamine brain cells Chemicals concoction couples therapy dual income hook up hundred thousand international journal of impotence research love potion Love; Sex: Passion; Relationships marriage married couples Source Type: consumer

Randomized controlled trial of dexamphetamine maintenance for the treatment of methamphetamine dependenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The results of this preliminary study have demonstrated that a maintenance pharmacotherapy programme of daily sustained-release amphetamine dispensing under pharmacist supervision is both feasible and safe. The increased retention in the dexamphetamine group, together with the general decreases in methamphetamine use, degree of dependence and withdrawal symptom severity, provide preliminary evidence that this may be an efficacious treatment option for methamphetamine dependence. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - October 18, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Marie Longo, Wendy Wickes, Matthew Smout, Sonia Harrison, Sharon Cahill, Jason M. White Source Type: journals

D2 dopamine receptor subtype-mediated hyperactivity and amphetamine responses in a model of ADHD.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Low doses of psychostimulants produce beneficial behavioral effects in ADHD patients but the mechanisms underlying the response are not understood. Here we use the hyperactive mouse mutant coloboma to identify D2-like dopamine receptor subtypes that mediate the hyperactivity and response to amphetamine; we have previously demonstrated that D1-like dopamine receptors are not involved. Targeted deletion of the D2, but not the D3 or the D4, dopamine receptor in coloboma mice eliminated the hyperactivity; depleting D2 dopamine receptors also restored the excess dopamine overflow that may drive the hyperactivity to normal c...
Source: Neurobiology of Disease - October 15, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Fan X, Xu M, Hess EJ Tags: Neurobiol Dis Source Type: journals

Restoration of amphetamine-induced locomotor sensitization in dopamine D1 receptor-deficient miceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions D1 receptors were necessary for induction, but may not be necessary for expression of amphetamine-induced sensitization at low doses. The manifestation of amphetamine sensitization depended on the duration of treatment and length of the withdrawal period. Cholinergic–nicotinic stimulation restored amphetamine-induced sensitization in D1−/− mice. Enhanced basal expression of p-CREB in D1−/− mice may represent an adaptive mechanism related to lack of D1 receptors. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00213-009-1690-5Authors Mufida B. El-Ghundi, Un...
Source: Psychopharmacology - October 15, 2009 Category: Psychiatry Tags: Psychopharmacology Source Type: journals

A fatal case of myocardial damage due to misuse of the “designer drug” MDMAEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: A 39-year-old woman collapsed after oral intake of 3,4-methylenedioxymethyl-amphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”). After ingestion of the drug, she had felt persistent discomfort in her anterior chest area, and lost consciousness for a few minutes on the following morning. She was transported to a hospital and died seven days after collapse. A serum sample obtained on admission revealed an MDMA concentration of 1.2mg/L, but no evidence of any other drug including amphetamine, methamphetamine, or other ring-substituted amphetamines. Microscopic examination at autopsy revealed striking changes in the heart, including s...
Source: Legal Medicine - October 15, 2009 Category: Forensic Medicine Authors: Rie Sano, Toshikazu Hasuike, Minoru Nakano, Yoshihiko Kominato, Hideaki Itoh Tags: Case Reports Source Type: journals

Inhibitory and disinhibitory effects of psychomotor stimulants and depressants on the sexual behavior of male and female rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Drugs of abuse comprise several pharmacological classes, including psychomotor stimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine, and CNS depressants, such as morphine and alcohol. Few studies have examined the effects of those drugs systematically on human sexual behavior, although substantial clinical and epidemiological literatures suggest that drugs in both classes either inhibit sexual responding or can be "prosexual" in certain situations, thereby increasing the potential of risky sexual activity and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. This paper reviews original data in rats showing that both classes of drug ...
Source: Hormones and Behavior - October 14, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Pfaus JG, Wilkins MF, Dipietro N, Benibgui M, Toledano R, Rowe A, Couch MC Tags: Horm Behav Source Type: journals

Attenuation of estradiol on the reduction of striatal dopamine by amphetamine in ovariectomized ratsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Amphetamine (AMPH) is a highly addictive drug of abuse which exhibits toxicity to dopaminergic neurons in long-term abusers. Estrogen seems to show neuroprotection in dopamine (DA) deficit caused by AMPH. The present study was to investigate the effects of estradiol on the levels of striatal DA in ovariectomized (Ovx) rats treated with or without AMPH. Female rats were Ovx for 2 weeks before administration of AMPH (5 mg/kg/day, i.p.) with or without 17[beta]-estradiol benzoate (EB) (25 µg/kg/day, s.c.) for 7 days. The striatal tissues were collected, homogenized with DA mobile phase, and centrifuged. The concentrations of...
Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry - October 13, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Po-Ling Yu, Ching-I Wu, Tzong-Shyuan Lee, Wynn H.T. Pan, Paulus S. Wang, Shyi-Wu Wang Source Type: journals

Good Night and Good Luck: Norepinephrine in Sleep Pharmacology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Sleep is a crucial biological process is regulated through complex interactions between multiple brain regions and neuromodulators. As sleep disorders can have deleterious impacts on health and quality of life, a wide variety of pharmacotherapies have been developed to treat conditions of excessive wakefulness and excessive sleepiness. The neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), through its involvement in the ascending arousal system, impacts the efficacy of many wake- and sleep-promoting medications. Wake-promoting drugs such as amphetamine and modafinil increase extracellular levels of NE, enhancing transmission along ...
Source: Biochemical Pharmacology - October 11, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Mitchell HA, Weinshenker D Tags: Biochem Pharmacol Source Type: journals

Increased amphetamine-induced locomotor activity, sensitization, and accumbal dopamine release in M5 muscarinic receptor knockout miceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, we show here for the first time that amphetamine-induced hyperactivity and dopamine release as well as amphetamine sensitization are enhanced in mice lacking the M5 receptor. These results support the concept that the M5 receptor modulates effects of addictive drugs. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00213-009-1685-2Authors Lene S. Schmidt, Rigshospitalet Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center O-6102, Blegdamsvej 3 2100 Copenhagen DenmarkAnthony D. Miller, University of Memphis Department of Psychology Memphis TN USADeranda B. Lester, University of M...
Source: Psychopharmacology - October 10, 2009 Category: Psychiatry Tags: Psychopharmacology Source Type: journals

Pairing mild stress with increased serotonin-1B receptor expression in the nucleus accumbens increases susceptibility to amphetamineEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report that the increasing expression of 5-HT1B receptors on the terminals of NAc shell neurons that project to the ventral tegmental area and repeatedly exposing rats to mild stress subsequently enhance the acute locomotor-activating effects of amphetamine. In addition, the development of psychomotor sensitization (both locomotor activity and stereotypy components) is facilitated. These results suggest that serotonin signaling through NAc 5-HT1B heteroreceptors can interact with stress to increase susceptibility to the enduring forms of drug-induced plasticity that are associated with addiction. (Source: European Journal of Neuroscience)
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 8, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Susan M. Ferguson, Nolan A. Sandygren, John F. Neumaier Source Type: journals

Repeated amphetamine administration in rats revealed consistency across days and a complete dissociation between locomotor and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis effects of the drugEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Dissociation exists between HPA and locomotor activation induced by AMPH, which seemed to be both reliable individual traits. Locomotor reactivity to novelty was related neither to HPA nor to locomotor responses to AMPH. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00213-009-1676-3Authors Humberto Gagliano, Autonomous University of Barcelona Institute of Neurosciences Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 SpainRaül Andero, Autonomous University of Barcelona Institute of Neurosciences Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 SpainAntonio Armario, Autonomous University of Barcelona Institu...
Source: Psychopharmacology - October 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry Tags: Psychopharmacology Source Type: journals

Exercising with reserve: evidence that the central nervous system regulates prolonged exercise performance [Original articles]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: This suggests that endurance performance is not only "limited" by mechanical failure of the exercising muscles ("peripheral fatigue"). Rather performance during prolonged endurance exercise under normal conditions is highly regulated by the central nervous system to ensure that whole-body homeostasis is protected and an emergency reserve is always present. (Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine)
Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine - October 6, 2009 Category: Sports Medicine Authors: Swart, J, Lamberts, R P, Lambert, M I, St Clair Gibson, A, Lambert, E V, Skowno, J, Noakes, T D Tags: Cycling Original articles Source Type: journals

Exercising with reserve: evidence that the central nervous system regulates prolonged exercise performanceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: This suggests that endurance performance is not only "limited" by mechanical failure of the exercising muscles ("peripheral fatigue"). Rather performance during prolonged endurance exercise under normal conditions is highly regulated by the central nervous system to ensure that whole-body homeostasis is protected and an emergency reserve is always present. (Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine)
Source: British Journal of Sports Medicine - October 6, 2009 Category: Sports Medicine Authors: Swart, J, Lamberts, R P, Lambert, M I, St Clair Gibson, A, Lambert, E V, Skowno, J, Noakes, T D Tags: Cycling Original articles Source Type: journals

Determination of ketamine and amphetamines in hair by LC/MS/MS.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of ketamine (with its metabolite norketamine) and some amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxyamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine). This method was developed to determine these compounds in hair and is able to simultaneously quantify all of them in human hair. Hair samples (20 mg) were washed and pulverized, and an extraction with formic acid (0.01%) and ultrasonication for 4 h was used. Deuterated analogs of the analytes were used as internal standards for quantification. Linearity from 0.5 to ...
Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry - October 5, 2009 Category: Chemistry Authors: Tabernero MJ, Felli ML, Bermejo AM, Chiarotti M Tags: Anal Bioanal Chem Source Type: journals

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: A Reverse-Translational Study of Dysfunctional Exploration in Psychiatric Disorders: From Mice to MenEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions These findings validate the human open field paradigm and identify defining characteristics of bipolar mania that are distinct from those of schizophrenia. This cross-species study of exploration calls into question an accepted animal model of mania and should help to develop more accurate human and animal models, which are essential to the identification of the neurobiological underpinnings of neuropsychiatric disorders. (Source: Archives of General Psychiatry)
Source: Archives of General Psychiatry - October 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Perry, W., Minassian, A., Paulus, M. P., Young, J. W., Kincaid, M. J., Ferguson, E. J., Henry, B. L., Zhuang, X., Masten, V. L., Sharp, R. F., Geyer, M. A. Tags: Psychiatry, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia Original Article Source Type: journals

Content of ecstasy in the Netherlands: 1993–2008Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The DIMS results provide valuable qualitative information on the content of ecstasy tablets in the Netherlands, and its changes throughout the years. Moreover, the results were used for national and international risk assessments and important warning and prevention activities. (Source: Addiction)
Source: Addiction - October 4, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Neeltje Vogels, Tibor M. Brunt, Sander Rigter, Peter van Dijk, Hylke Vervaeke, Raymond J. M. Niesink Source Type: journals

Increased blood oxidative stress in amphetamine usersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Amphetamine derivatives have been shown to be a potential brain neurotoxin based on the production of free radicals that occurs after administration. The purpose of this study was to examine the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in the blood of amphetamine users. The plasma lipid peroxidation was determined and reported as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and was significantly increased (+21%), whereas the activities of the erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were significantly decreased ([minus]32%, [minus]14% and [minus]31%, respectively) in amphetamin...
Source: Addiction Biology - October 1, 2009 Category: Addiction Authors: Piyarat Govitrapong, Parichart Boontem, Patcharee Kooncumchoo, Sirinthorn Pinweha, Jatuporn Namyen, Yupin Sanvarinda, Smith Vatanatunyakum Source Type: journals

Students turn to 'smart drugs'Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Use of brain-enhancing drugs is on the rise, and a ban wouldn't work, expert warnsStudents are increasingly using brain-boosting drugs – and they're virtually impossible to ban, an expert warned today.Drugs normally used for conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are being used by students around the world to improve their academic performance.In some US universities, a quarter of students are reportedly using "smart drugs", and there is anecdotal evidence of increasing use on British campuses.The Academy of Medical Sciences said last year that the use of medicines "off...
Source: Guardian Unlimited Science - October 1, 2009 Category: Science Tags: Students Higher education Health Drugs Society UK news Young people guardian.co.uk Source Type: news

Functional and biological determinants affecting the duration of action and efficacy of anti-(+)-methamphetamine monoclonal antibodies in rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
These studies examined the in vivo pharmacokinetics and efficacy of five anti-methamphetamine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, K(D) values from 11 to 250nM) in rats. While no substantive differences in mAb systemic clearance (t(1/2)=6.1-6.9 days) were found, in vivo function was significantly reduced within 1-3 days for four of the five mAbs. Only mAb4G9 was capable of prolonged efficacy, as judged by prolonged high methamphetamine serum concentrations. MAb4G9 also maintained high amphetamine serum concentrations, along with reductions in methamphetamine and amphetamine brain concentrations, indicating neuroprotection. The...
Source: Vaccine - September 29, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Laurenzana EM, Hendrickson HP, Carpenter D, Peterson EC, Gentry WB, West M, Che Y, Carroll FI, Owens SM Tags: Vaccine Source Type: journals

Extended access to amphetamine self-administration increases impulsive choice in a delay discounting task in ratsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion These results show that extended AMPH self-administration produces a transient loss of inhibitory control, which may play a role in the escalating pattern of drug intake that characterizes the addiction process. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original InvestigationDOI 10.1007/s00213-009-1667-4Authors Cassandra D. Gipson, University of Kentucky Department of Psychology Lexington KY 40536-0509 USAMichael T. Bardo, University of Kentucky Department of Psychology Lexington KY 40536-0509 USA Journal PsychopharmacologyOnline ISSN 1432-2072Print ISSN 0033-3158 (Source: Psychopharmacology)
Source: Psychopharmacology - September 28, 2009 Category: Psychiatry Tags: Psychopharmacology Source Type: journals

Reversal of dopaminergic degeneration in a parkinsonian rat following micrografting of human bone marrow-derived neural progenitors.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by theselective loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain. Various types of stem cells that have potential to differentiate into DA neurons are being investigated as cellular therapies for PD. Stem cells also secrete growth factors and therefore may also have therapeutic effects in promoting the health of diseased DA neurons in the PD brain. To address this possibility in an experimental model of PD, bone marrow-derived neuroprogenitor-like cells were generated from bone marrow procured from healthy human adult volunteers and their pot...
Source: Cell Transplantation - September 27, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Glavaski-Joksimovic A, Virag T, Chang QA, West NC, Mangatu TA, McGrogan MP, Dugich-Djordjevic M, Bohn MC Tags: Cell Transplant Source Type: journals

Maternal and postweaning diet interaction alters hypothalamic gene expression and modulates response to a high-fat diet in male offspringEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Epidemiological data and results from animal studies indicate that imbalances in maternal nutrition impact the expression of metabolic disorders in the offspring. We tested the hypothesis that consumption of excess saturated fats during pregnancy and lactation contributes to adult metabolic dysfunction and that these disturbances can be further influenced by the postweaning diet. Adult male offspring from chow-fed dams were compared with males from dams fed a diet high in saturated fat (45 kcal/100 kcal) before mating, pregnancy, and lactation. Offspring were weaned to a standard chow diet or high fat diet. Animals were ki...
Source: AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology - September 24, 2009 Category: Physiology Authors: Page, K. C., Malik, R. E., Ripple, J. A., Anday, E. K. Tags: Articles Source Type: journals