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114 records returned

Gonad morphogenesis in vertebrates: divergent means to a convergent end.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A critical element of successful sexual reproduction is the generation of sexually dimorphic adult reproductive organs, the testis and ovary, which produce functional gametes. Examination of different vertebrate species shows that the adult gonad is remarkably similar in its morphology across different phylogenetic classes. Surprisingly, however, the cellular and molecular programs employed to create similar organs are not evolutionarily conserved. We highlight the mechanisms used by different vertebrate model systems to generate the somatic architecture necessary to support gametogenesis. In addition, we examine the d...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - October 8, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: DeFalco T, Capel B Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Mechanisms of Lipid Transport Involved in Organelle Biogenesis in Plant Cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Chloroplasts are the defining organelle of photoautotrophic plant cells. Photosynthetic light reactions and electron transport are the functions of an elaborate thylakoid membrane system inside chloroplasts. The lipid composition of photosynthetic membranes is characterized by a substantial fraction of nonphosphorous galactoglycerolipids reflecting the need of sessile plants to conserve phosphorus. Lipid transport and assembly of glycerolipids play an essential role in the biogenesis of the photosynthetic apparatus in developing chloroplasts. During chloroplast biogenesis, fatty acids are synthesized in the plastid and...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 1, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Benning C Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Chromosome Odds and Ends.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Here I give a brief history of my scientific career, beginning with my early interest in natural history and my introduction to the microscope and the wonderful world of the cell. My studies have focused on chromosomes, nucleoli, and other nuclear structures, with a few forays into the cytoplasm. In each case, I have tried to understand how proteins and nucleic acids are physically organized to give rise to the structures seen in under the microscope. I describe how studies in my laboratory on amplified ribosomal RNA genes led to the development of in situ hybridization, a technique that permitted us to localize specif...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - June 10, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Gall JG Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Polar targeting and endocytic recycling in auxin-dependent plant development.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Plant development is characterized by a profound phenotypic plasticity that often involves redefining of the developmental fate and polarity of cells within differentiated tissues. The plant hormone auxin and its directional intercellular transport play a major role in these processes because they provide positional information and link cell polarity with tissue patterning. This plant-specific mechanism of transport-dependent auxin gradients depends on subcellular dynamics of auxin transport components, in particular on endocytic recycling and polar targeting. Recent insights into these cellular processes in plants hav...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - October 8, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Kleine-Vehn J, Friml J Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Cell polarity signaling in Arabidopsis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cell polarization is intimately linked to plant development, growth, and responses to the environment. Major advances have been made in our understanding of the signaling pathways and networks that regulate cell polarity in plants owing to recent studies on several model systems, e.g., tip growth in pollen tubes, cell morphogenesis in the leaf epidermis, and polar localization of PINs. From these studies we have learned that plant cells use conserved mechanisms such as Rho family GTPases to integrate both plant-specific and conserved polarity cues and to coordinate the cytoskeketon dynamics/reorganization and vesicular...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - October 8, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Yang Z Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Dscam-mediated cell recognition regulates neural circuit formation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Dscam family of immunoglobulin cell surface proteins mediates recognition events between neurons that play an essential role in the establishment of neural circuits. The Drosophila Dscam1 locus encodes tens of thousands of cell surface proteins via alternative splicing. These isoforms exhibit exquisite isoform-specific binding in vitro that mediates homophilic repulsion in vivo. These properties provide the molecular basis for self-avoidance, an essential developmental mechanism that allows axonal and dendritic processes to uniformly cover their synaptic fields. In a mechanistically similar fashion, homophilic repu...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - October 8, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Hattori D, Millard SS, Wojtowicz WM, Zipursky SL Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Microtubule Dynamics in Cell Division: Exploring Living Cells with Polarized Light Microscopy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This Perspective is an account of my early experience while I studied the dynamic organization and behavior of the mitotic spindle and its submicroscopic filaments using polarized light microscopy. The birefringence of spindle filaments in normally dividing plant and animal cells, and those treated by various agents, revealed (a) the reality of spindle fibers and fibrils in healthy living cells; (b) the labile, dynamic nature of the molecular filaments making up the spindle fibers; (c) the mode of fibrogenesis and action of orienting centers; and (d) force-generating properties based on the disassembly and assembly of ...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 16, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Inoué S Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Auxin Receptors and Plant Development: A New Signaling Paradigm.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The plant hormone auxin, in particular indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), is a key regulator of virtually every aspect of plant growth and development. Auxin regulates transcription by rapidly modulating levels of Aux/IAA proteins throughout development. Recent studies demonstrate that auxin perception occurs through a novel mechanism. Auxin binds to TIR1, the F-box subunit of the ubiquitin ligase complex SCF(TIR1), and stabilizes the interaction between TIR1 and Aux/IAA substrates. This interaction results in Aux/IAA ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Regulation of the Aux/IAA protein family by TIR1 and TIR1-like aux...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 16, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Mockaitis K, Estelle M Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Communication Between the Synapse and Nucleus in Neuronal Development, Plasticity, and Disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Sensory experience is critical for the proper development and plasticity of the brain throughout life. Successful adaptation to the environment is necessary for the survival of an organism, and this process requires the translation of specific sensory stimuli into changes in the structure and function of relevant neural circuits. Sensory-evoked activity drives synaptic input onto neurons within these behavioral circuits, initiating membrane depolarization and calcium influx into the cytoplasm. Calcium signaling triggers the molecular mechanisms underlying neuronal adaptation, including the activity-dependent transcript...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 10, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Cohen S, Greenberg ME Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Replicative Aging in Yeast: The Means to the End.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Progress in aging research is now rapid, and surprisingly, studies in a single-celled eukaryote are a driving force. The genetic modulators of replicative life span in yeast are being identified, the molecular events that accompany aging are being discovered, and the extent to which longevity pathways are conserved between yeast and multicellular eukaryotes is being tested. In this review, we provide a brief retrospective view on the development of yeast as a model for aging and then turn to recent discoveries that have pushed aging research into novel directions and also linked aging in yeast to well-developed hypothe...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 10, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Steinkraus KA, Kaeberlein M, Kennedy B Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Systems Approaches to Identifying Gene Regulatory Networks in Plants.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Complex gene regulatory networks are composed of genes, noncoding RNAs, proteins, metabolites, and signaling components. The availability of genome-wide mutagenesis libraries; large-scale transcriptome, proteome, and metabalome data sets; and new high-throughput methods that uncover protein interactions underscores the need for mathematical modeling techniques that better enable scientists to synthesize these large amounts of information and to understand the properties of these biological systems. Systems biology approaches can allow researchers to move beyond a reductionist approach and to both integrate and comprehe...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 10, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Long TA, Brady SM, Benfey PN Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

The Epigenetics of rRNA Genes: From Molecular to Chromosome Biology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In eukaryotes, the genes encoding ribosomal RNAs (rDNA) exist in two distinct epigenetic states that can be distinguished by a specific chromatin structure that is maintained throughout the cell cycle and is inherited from one cell to another. The fact that even in proliferating cells with a high demand of protein synthesis a fraction of rDNA is silenced provides a unique possibility to decipher the mechanism underlying epigenetic regulation of rDNA. This chapter summarizes our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that establish and propagate the epigenetic state of rRNA genes, unraveling a complex interplay of DNA me...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 10, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: McStay B, Grummt I Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Sister Chromatid Cohesion: A Simple Concept with a Complex Reality.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In eukaryotes, the process of sister chromatid cohesion holds the two sister chromatids (the replicated chromosomes) together from DNA replication to the onset of chromosome segregation. Cohesion is mediated by cohesin, a four-subunit SMC (structural maintenance of chromosome) complex. Cohesin and cohesion are required for proper chromosome segregation, DNA repair, and gene expression. To carry out these functions, cohesion is regulated by elaborate mechanisms involving a growing list of cohesin auxiliary factors. These factors control the timing and position of cohesin binding to chromatin, activate chromatin-bound co...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 10, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Onn I, Heidinger-Pauli JM, Guacci V, Unal E, Koshland DE Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

The Evolution, Regulation, and Function of Placenta-Specific Genes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A number of placenta-specific genes (e.g., Tpbp, Plac1, Syncytin, and retrotransposon-associated genes such as Peg10, Rtl1, Endothelin B receptor, Insl4, Leptin, Midline1, and Pleiotrophin), enhancer elements (e.g., glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit) and gene isoforms (e.g., 3betaHSD, Cyp19), as well as placenta-specific members of gene families (e.g., Gcm1, Mash2, Rhox, Esx1, Cathepsin, PAG, TKDP, Psg, Siglec) have been identified. This review summarizes their evolution, regulation, and biochemical functions and discusses their significance for placental development and function. Strikingly, the number of unique, tru...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 10, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Rawn SM, Cross JC Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Comparative Aspects of Animal Regeneration.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Most but not all phyla include examples of species that are able to regenerate large sections of the body plan. The mechanisms underlying regeneration on this scale are currently being studied in a variety of contexts in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Regeneration generally involves the formation of a wound epithelium after transection or injury, followed by the generation of regenerative progenitor cells and morphogenesis to give the regenerate. Common mechanisms may exist in relation to each of these aspects. For example, the initial proliferation of progenitor cells often depends on the nerve supply, whereas mo...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 3, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Brockes JP, Kumar A Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Hunter to Gatherer and Back: Immunological Synapses and Kinapses as Variations on the Theme of Amoeboid Locomotion.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The immunological synapse was initially defined as a stable cell-cell junction composed of three concentric supramolecular activation clusters (SMACs) enriched in particular components: a central SMAC with clustered antigen receptors and kinases, a peripheral SMAC rich in beta2 integrin adhesion molecule LFA-1, and a distal SMAC marked by a critical tyrosine phosphatase. In the past year the SMACs have each been identified with functional modules of amoeboid motility, and the stability of the immunological synapse has been revealed as a reconfiguration of the motile apparatus from an asymmetric hunting mode, a kinapse,...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 3, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Dustin ML Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Regulation of APC/C Activators in Mitosis and Meiosis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase that triggers the degradation of multiple substrates during mitosis. Cdc20/Fizzy and Cdh1/Fizzy-related activate the APC/C and confer substrate specificity through complex interactions with both the core APC/C and substrate proteins. The regulation of Cdc20 and Cdh1 is critical for proper APC/C activity and occurs in multiple ways: targeted protein degradation, phosphorylation, and direct binding of inhibitory proteins. During the specialized divisions of meiosis, the activity of the APC/C must be modified to achieve proper chromosom...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 3, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Pesin JA, Orr-Weaver TL Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Protein Kinases: Starting a Molecular-Systems View of Endocytosis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The field of endocytosis is in strong need of formal biophysical modeling and mathematical analysis. At the same time, endocytosis must be much better integrated into cellular physiology to understand the former's complex behavior in such a wide range of phenotypic variations. Furthermore, the concept that endocytosis provides the space-time for signal transduction can now be experimentally addressed. In this review, we discuss these principles and argue for a systematic and top-down approach to study the endocytic membrane system. We provide a summary of published observations on protein kinases regulating endocytic m...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 3, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Liberali P, Rämö P, Pelkmans L Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Prelude to a Division.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Accurate segregation of chromosomes during meiosis requires physical links between homologs. These links are usually established through chromosome pairing, synapsis, and recombination, which occur during meiotic prophase. How chromosomes pair with their homologous partners is one of the outstanding mysteries of meiosis. Surprisingly, experimental evidence indicates that different organisms have found more than one way to accomplish this feat. Whereas some species depend on recombination machinery to achieve homologous pairing, others are able to pair and synapse their homologs in the absence of recombination. To ensur...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 2, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Bhalla N, Dernburg AF Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Evolution of Coloration Patterns.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
There is an amazing amount of diversity in coloration patterns in nature. The ease of observing this diversity and the recent application of genetic and molecular techniques to model and nonmodel animals are allowing us to investigate the genetic basis and evolution of coloration in an ever-increasing variety of animals. It is now possible to ask questions about how many genes are responsible for any given pattern, what types of genetic changes have occurred to generate the diversity, and if the same underlying genetic changes occur repeatedly when coloration phenotypes arise through convergent evolution or parallel ev...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 1, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Protas ME, Patel NH Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

The Immunoglobulin-Like Cell Adhesion Molecule Nectin and Its Associated Protein Afadin.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nectins are immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that compose a family of four members. Nectins homophilically and heterophilically interact in trans with each other to form cell-cell adhesions. In addition, they heterophilically interact in trans with other immunoglobulin-like CAMs. Nectins bind afadin, an actin filament (F-actin)-binding protein, at its cytoplasmic tail and associate with the actin cytoskeleton. Afadin additionally serves as an adaptor protein by further binding many scaffolding proteins and F-actin-binding proteins and contributes to the association of nectins with other cell-cell adhe...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 1, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Takai Y, Ikeda W, Ogita H, Rikitake Y Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Structural and Functional Aspects of Lipid Binding by CD1 Molecules.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We describe the events that have led to the discovery of the role of CD1 molecules, their pattern of intracellular trafficking, and their ability to sample different intracellular compartments for self- and foreign lipids. Structural and functional aspects of lipid presentation by CD1 molecules are presented in the context of the function of CD1-restricted T cells in antimicrobial responses, antitumor immunity, and the regulation of the tolerance and autoimmunity immunoregulatory axis. Particular emphasis is on invariant NKT (iNKT) cells and their ability to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Expected final onl...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - July 1, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Silk JD, Salio M, Brown J, Jones EY, Cerundolo V Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Unconventional Mechanisms of Protein Transport to the Cell Surface of Eukaryotic Cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The classical secretion of soluble proteins and transport of integral membrane proteins to the cell surface require transit into and through the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. Signal peptides or transmembrane domains target proteins for translocation into the lumen or insertion into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. Here we discuss two mechanisms of unconventional protein targeting to plasma membranes, i.e., transport processes that are active in the absence of a functional Golgi system. We first focus on integral membrane proteins that are inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum ...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - June 27, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Nickel W, Seedorf M Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Regulation of Spermatogonial Stem Cell Self-Renewal in Mammals.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a classic adult stem cell-dependent process, supported by self-renewal and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Studying SSCs provides a model to better understand adult stem cell biology, and deciphering the mechanisms that control SSC functions may lead to treatment of male infertility and an understanding of the etiology of testicular germ cell tumor formation. Self-renewal of rodent SSCs is greatly influenced by the niche factor glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). In mouse SSCs, GDNF activation upregulates expression of the transcription factor-encoding g...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - June 26, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Oatley JM, Brinster RL Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Disulfide-Linked Protein Folding Pathways.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Determining the mechanism by which proteins attain their native structure is an important but difficult problem in basic biology. The study of protein folding is difficult because it involves the identification and characterization of folding intermediates that are only very transiently present. Disulfide bond formation is thermodynamically linked to protein folding. The availability of thiol trapping reagents and the relatively slow kinetics of disulfide bond formation have facilitated the isolation, purification, and characterization of disulfide-linked folding intermediates. As a result, the folding pathways of seve...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - June 26, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Mamathambika BS, Bardwell JC Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Molecular Mechanisms of Presynaptic Differentiation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Information processing in the nervous system relies on properly localized and organized synaptic structures at the correct locations. The formation of synapses is a long and intricate process involving multiple interrelated steps. Decades of research have identified a large number of molecular components of the presynaptic compartment. In addition to neurotransmitter-containing synaptic vesicles, presynaptic terminals are defined by cytoskeletal and membrane specializations that allow highly regulated exo- and endocytosis of synaptic vesicles and that maintain precise registration with postsynaptic targets. Functional ...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - June 26, 2008 Category: Cytology Authors: Jin Y, Garner CC Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Penetration of nonenveloped viruses into the cytoplasm.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although the precise mechanism by which nonenveloped viruses penetrate biological membranes is unclear, a more coherent understanding of this process is starting to emerge. To initiate membrane penetration, nonenveloped viruses engage host cell factors that impart conformational changes on the viral particles, resulting in the exposure of a hydrophobic moiety or the release of a lytic factor. The viruses' interactions with the limiting membrane subsequently compromise the bilayer integrity. This reaction presumably perforates the bilayer to enable the virus to cross the membrane and reach the cytosol. Valuable insights...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Tsai B Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Heart field: from mesoderm to heart tube.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We describe the morphological and molecular events that play a pivotal role in each of these four processes. PMID: 17456019 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology)
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Abu-Issa R, Kirby ML Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Transcriptional control of wound repair.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Injury to the skin initiates a complex process of events involving inflammation as well as the formation and remodeling of new tissue. These processes result in at least partial reconstitution of the injured skin. However, wounds in adult mammals heal with a scar, which is accompanied by functional and aesthetic impairments. In addition to this problem, a large number of patients, in particular in the aged population, suffer from chronic, nonhealing ulcers. Therefore, there is a strong need to improve the wound healing process. This requires a thorough understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. ...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Schäfer M, Werner S Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Mechanisms regulating epithelial stratification.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The epidermis is a stratified epithelium that functions as a barrier protecting the organism from dehydration, mechanical trauma, and microbial insults. This barrier function is established during embryogenesis through a complex and tightly controlled stratification program. Whereas the morphological changes that occur during epidermal development have been extensively studied, the molecular mechanisms that govern this process remain poorly understood. In this review we summarize the current advances that have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate epidermal morphogenesis. PMID: 17489688 ...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Koster MI, Roop DR Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Two families of chaperonin: physiology and mechanism.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Chaperonins are large ring assemblies that assist protein folding to the native state by binding nonnative proteins in their central cavities and then, upon binding ATP, release the substrate protein into a now-encapsulated cavity to fold productively. Two families of such components have been identified: type I in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the bacterial cytosol, which rely on a detachable "lid" structure for encapsulation, and type II in archaea and the eukaryotic cytosol, which contain a built-in protrusion structure. We discuss here a number of issues under current study. What is the range of substrates acted ...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Horwich AL, Fenton WA, Chapman E, Farr GW Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Morphology, molecular codes, and circuitry produce the three-dimensional complexity of the cerebellum.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The most noticeable morphological feature of the cerebellum is its folded appearance, whereby fissures separate its anterior-posterior extent into lobules. Each lobule is molecularly coded along the medial-lateral axis by parasagittal stripes of gene expression in one cell type, the Purkinje cells (PCs). Additionally, within each lobule distinct combinations of afferents terminate and supply the cerebellum with synchronized sensory and motor information. Strikingly, afferent terminal fields are organized into parasagittal domains, and this pattern bears a close relationship to PC molecular coding. Thus, cerebellum thre...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Sillitoe RV, Joyner AL Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

The role of Pax genes in the development of tissues and organs: Pax3 and Pax7 regulate muscle progenitor cell functions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We present our current understanding of different aspects of Pax3/7 function in myogenesis, focusing on the mouse model. This is compared with that of other Pax proteins in the emergence of tissue specific lineages and their differentiation as well as in cell survival, proliferation, and migration. Finally, we consider the molecular mechanisms that underlie the function of Pax transcription factors, including the cofactors and regulatory networks with which they interact. PMID: 17506689 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology)
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Buckingham M, Relaix F Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Hyaluronan in tissue injury and repair.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A hallmark of tissue injury and repair is the turnover of extracellular matrix components. This review focuses on the role of the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan in tissue injury and repair. Both the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix are critical contributors to tissue repair and remodeling. Fragmented hyaluronan accumulates during tissue injury and functions in ways distinct from the native polymer. There is accumulating evidence that hyaluronan degradation products can stimulate the expression of inflammatory genes by a variety of immune cells at the injury site. CD44 is the major cell-surface hyaluronan...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Jiang D, Liang J, Noble PW Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Cilia and developmental signaling.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recent studies have revealed unexpected connections between the mammalian Hedgehog (Hh) signal transduction pathway and the primary cilium, a microtubule-based organelle that protrudes from the surface of most vertebrate cells. Intraflagellar transport proteins, which are required for the construction of cilia, are essential for all responses to mammalian Hh proteins, and proteins required for Hh signal transduction are enriched in primary cilia. The phenotypes of different mouse mutants that affect ciliary proteins suggest that cilia may act as processive machines that organize sequential steps in the Hh signal transd...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Eggenschwiler JT, Anderson KV Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

The thymus as an inductive site for T lymphopoiesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Like all hematopoietic cells, T lymphocytes are derived from bone-marrow-resident stem cells. However, whereas most blood lineages are generated within the marrow, the majority of T cell development occurs in a specialized organ, the thymus. This distinction underscores the unique capacity of the thymic microenvironment to support T lineage restriction and differentiation. Although the identity of many of the contributing thymus-derived signals is well established and rooted in highly conserved pathways involving Notch, morphogenetic, and protein tyrosine kinase signals, the manner in which the ensuing cascades are int...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Ciofani M, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

SNARE-ware: the role of SNARE-domain proteins in plant biology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In yeast and animal cells, members of the superfamily of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor adaptor protein receptor (SNARE)-domain-containing proteins are key players in vesicle-associated membrane fusion events during transport processes between individual compartments of the endomembrane system, including exocytosis and endocytosis. Compared with genomes of other eukaryotes, genomes of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants encode a surprisingly high number of SNARE proteins, suggesting vital roles for this protein class in higher plant species. Although to date it remains elusive whether plant SNARE proteins fun...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Lipka V, Kwon C, Panstruga R Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

microRNA functions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play important roles in posttranscriptional gene regulation. In animal cells, miRNAs regulate their targets by translational inhibition and mRNA destabilization. Here, we review recent work in animal models that provide insight into the diverse roles of miRNAs in vivo. PMID: 17506695 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology)
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Bushati N, Cohen SM Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Following the chromosome path to the garden of the genome.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
I have been fascinated by chromosomes for longer than I care to mention; their beautiful structure, cell-type-specific changes in morphology, and elegant movements delight me. Shortly before I began graduate study, the development of nucleic acid hybridization made it possible to compare two nucleic acids whether or not their sequences were known. From this stemmed a progression of development in tools and techniques that continues to enhance our understanding of how chromosomes function. As my PhD project I contributed to this progression by developing in situ hybridization, a technique for hybridization to nucleic ac...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Pardue ML Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Biogenesis and function of multivesicular bodies.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The two major cellular sites for membrane protein degradation are the proteasome and the lysosome. Ubiquitin attachment is a sorting signal for both degradation routes. For lysosomal degradation, ubiquitination triggers the sorting of cargo proteins into the lumen of late endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVBs)/endosomes. MVB formation occurs when a portion of the limiting membrane of an endosome invaginates and buds into its own lumen. Intralumenal vesicles are degraded when MVBs fuse to lysosomes. The proper delivery of proteins to the MVB interior relies on specific ubiquitination of cargo, recognition and sorting of...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Piper RC, Katzmann DJ Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Controls of germline stem cells, entry into meiosis, and the sperm/oocyte decision in Caenorhabditis elegans.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Caenorhabditis elegans germ line provides an exceptional model for analysis of the molecular controls governing stem cell maintenance, the cell cycle transition from mitosis to meiosis, and the choice of sexual identity-sperm or oocyte. Germline stem cells are maintained in an undifferentiated state within a well-defined niche formed by a single somatic cell, the distal tip cell (DTC). In both sexes, the DTC employs GLP-1/Notch signaling and FBF/PUF RNA-binding proteins to maintain stem cells and promote mitotic divisions, three additional RNA regulators (GLD-1/quaking, GLD-2/poly(A) polymerase, and GLD-3/Bicaudal-...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Kimble J, Crittenden SL Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

The cell biology of synaptic plasticity: AMPA receptor trafficking.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The cellular processes that govern neuronal function are highly complex, with many basic cell biological pathways uniquely adapted to perform the elaborate information processing achieved by the brain. This is particularly evident in the trafficking and regulation of membrane proteins to and from synapses, which can be a long distance away from the cell body and number in the thousands. The regulation of neurotransmitter receptors, such as the AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs), the major excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain, is a crucial mechanism for the modulation of synaptic transmission. The leve...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Shepherd JD, Huganir RL Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Wing vein patterning in Drosophila and the analysis of intercellular signaling.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The positioning and elaboration of ectodermal veins in the wing of Drosophila melanogaster rely on widely utilized developmental signals, including those mediated by EGF, BMP, Hedgehog, Notch, and Wnt. Analysis of vein patterning mutants, using the molecular and genetic mosaic techniques available in Drosophila, has provided important insights into how a combination of short-range and long-range signaling can pattern a simple epidermal tissue. Moreover, venation has become a powerful system for isolating and analyzing novel components in these signaling pathways. I here review the basic events of vein patterning and gi...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Blair SS Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Secretory mechanisms in cell-mediated cytotoxicity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a critical role in the immune system; they are able to recognize and destroy virally infected and tumorigenic cells. Specific recognition of MHC class I-peptide complexes by the T cell receptor (TcR) results in precise delivery of lytic granules to the target cell, sparing neighboring cells and the CTL itself. Over the past 10 years various studies have eludicated the mechanisms that lead to the rapid polarization of the secretory apparatus in CTLs. These studies highlight similarities and differences between polarity and secretory mechanisms seen in other cell types and developmenta...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Stinchcombe JC, Griffiths GM Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Maintaining peroxisome populations: a story of division and inheritance.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Eukaryotic cells divide their metabolic labor between functionally distinct, membrane-enveloped organelles, each precisely tailored for a specific set of biochemical reactions. Peroxisomes are ubiquitous, endoplasmic reticulum-derived organelles that perform requisite biochemical functions intimately connected to lipid metabolism. Upon cell division, cells have to strictly control peroxisome division and inheritance to maintain an appropriate number of peroxisomes in each cell. Peroxisome division follows a specific sequence of events that include peroxisome elongation, membrane constriction, and peroxisome fission. Pe...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Fagarasanu A, Fagarasanu M, Rachubinski RA Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

The small G proteins of the Arf family and their regulators.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Small G proteins play a central role in the organization of the secretory and endocytic pathways. The majority of such small G proteins are members of the Rab family, which are anchored to the bilayer by C-terminal prenyl groups. However, the recruitment of some effectors, including vesicle coat proteins, is mediated by a second class of small G proteins that is unique in having an N-terminal amphipathic helix that becomes available for membrane insertion upon GTP binding. Sar1, Arf1, and Arf6 are the best-characterized members of this ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) family. In addition, all eukaryotes contain additional...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Gillingham AK, Munro S Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Structure and mechanism of cadherins and catenins in cell-cell contacts.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cadherins are Ca(2+)-dependent cell adhesion molecules found in several kinds of cell-cell contact, including adherens junctions and desmosomes. In the presence of Ca(2+), cells expressing the same type of cadherin form stable contacts with one another, a phenomenon designated homophilic, or homotypic, adhesion. Most cadherins are single-pass transmembrane proteins whose extracellular regions mediate specific cell-cell interactions. The intracellular faces of these contacts are associated with the actin cytoskeleton in adherens junctions or the intermediate-filament system in desmosomes. The close coordination of the t...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Pokutta S, Weis WI Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Semaphorin regulation of cellular morphology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Semaphorin proteins, although initially characterized as repulsive neuronal guidance cues, are now appreciated as major contributors to morphogenesis and homeostasis for a wide range of tissue types. Semaphorin-mediated long- and short-range repulsive, and attractive, guidance has profound influences on cellular morphology. The diversity of semaphorin receptor complexes utilized by various semaphorin ligands, the ability of semaphorins themselves to serve as receptors, and the myriad of intracellular signaling components that comprise semaphorin signaling cascades all contribute to cell-type-specific responses to semap...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Tran TS, Kolodkin AL, Bharadwaj R Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

Embryonic patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Early embryonic development in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana follows a predictable sequence of cell divisions. Anatomical hallmarks and the expression of marker genes in dynamic patterns indicate that new cell fates are established with virtually every round of mitosis. Although some of the factors regulating these early patterning events have been identified, the overall process remains relatively poorly understood. Starting at the globular stage, when the embryo has approximately 100 cells, the organization of development appears to be taken over by programs that regulate postembryonic patterning throughou...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Jenik PD, Gillmor CS, Lukowitz W Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals

The biology of cancer stem cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cancers originally develop from normal cells that gain the ability to proliferate aberrantly and eventually turn malignant. These cancerous cells then grow clonally into tumors and eventually have the potential to metastasize. A central question in cancer biology is, which cells can be transformed to form tumors? Recent studies elucidated the presence of cancer stem cells that have the exclusive ability to regenerate tumors. These cancer stem cells share many characteristics with normal stem cells, including self-renewal and differentiation. With the growing evidence that cancer stem cells exist in a wide array of tumo...
Source: Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology - January 1, 2007 Category: Cytology Authors: Lobo NA, Shimono Y, Qian D, Clarke MF Tags: Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol Source Type: journals