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Effects of Arsenic on Maternal and Fetal Health.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Arsenic, which is commonly found in drinking water, is a potent toxicant, but little is known about its effects on maternal health. Arsenic's modes of action include enzyme inhibition and oxidative stress as well as immune, endocrine, and epigenetic effects. A couple of studies reported increased blood pressure and anemia during pregnancy. Susceptibility to arsenic is dependent on the biomethylation, which occurs via onecarbon metabolism. Methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid are main metabolites in urine, and elevated methylarsonic acid is considered a general risk factor. Arsenic easily passes the placenta, and...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - June 12, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Vahter M Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Nutritional Systems Biology: Definitions and Approaches.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are nascent areas that are evolving quickly and riding on the wave of "personalized medicine" that is providing opportunities in the discovery and development of nutraceutical compounds. The human genome sequence and sequences of model organisms provide the equivalent of comprehensive blueprints and parts lists that describe dynamic networks and the bases for understanding their responses to external and internal perturbations. Unfolding the interrelationships among genes, gene products, and dietary habits is fundamental for identifying individuals who will benefit most from, or be place...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - June 12, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Panagiotou G, Nielsen J Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Nutrient Biofortification of Food Crops.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Plant-based foods offer an array of nutrients that are essential for human nutrition and promote good health. However, the major staple crops of the world are often deficient in some of these nutrients. Traditional agricultural approaches can marginally enhance the nutritional value of some foods, but the advances in molecular biology are rapidly being exploited to engineer crops with enhanced key nutrients. Nutritional targets include elevated mineral content, improved fatty acid composition, increased amino acid levels, and heightened antioxidant levels. Unfortunately, in many cases the benefits of these "biofortifie...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 27, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Hirschi KD Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Mammalian Zinc Transporters: Nutritional and Physiologic Regulation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Research advances defining how zinc is transported into and out of cells and organelles have increased exponentially within the past five years. Research has progressed through application of molecular techniques including genomic analysis, cell transfection, RNA interference, kinetic analysis of ion transport, and application of cell and animal models including knockout mice. The knowledge base has increased for most of 10 members of the ZnT family and 14 members of the Zrt-, Irtlike protein (ZIP) family. Relative to the handling of dietary zinc is the involvement of ZnT1, ZIP4, and ZIP5 in intestinal zinc transport, ...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 27, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Lichten LA, Cousins RJ Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Management of the Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Through Lifestyle Modification.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Sustainable lifestyle modifications in diet and physical activity are the initial, and often the primary, component in the management of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. An energy-prudent diet, coupled with moderate levels of physical activity, favorably affects several parameters of the metabolic syndrome and delays the onset of diabetic complications. Weight loss, albeit not an absolute prerequisite for improvement, is a major determinant and maximizes effectiveness. Adopting a healthy lifestyle pattern requires a series of long-term behavioral changes, but evidence to date indicates low long-term adherence to di...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 27, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Magkos F, Yannakoulia M, Chan JL, Mantzoros CS Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Dietary Protein, Weight Loss, and Weight Maintenance.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The role of dietary protein in weight loss and weight maintenance encompasses influences on crucial targets for body weight regulation, namely satiety, thermogenesis, energy efficiency, and body composition. Protein-induced satiety may be mainly due to oxidation of amino acids fed in excess, especially in diets with "incomplete" proteins. Protein-induced energy expenditure may be due to protein and urea synthesis and to gluconeogenesis; "complete" proteins having all essential amino acids show larger increases in energy expenditure than do lower-quality proteins. With respect to adverse effects, no protein-induced effe...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 27, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Nieuwenhuizen A, Tome D, Soenen S, Westerterp KR Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Vitamin D Gene Pathway Polymorphisms and Risk of Colorectal, Breast, and Prostate Cancer.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Higher vitamin D exposure is hypothesized to prevent several cancers, possibly through genomic effects modulated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, and autocrine/paracrine metabolism of the VDR's ligand, 1alpha,25-(OH)(2)-vitamin D. Herein we review the background and evidence to date on associations between polymorphisms in VDR and selected genes in the vitamin D pathway in relation to colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer. Although most studies to date have examined only a few VDR polymorphisms, more are beginning to comprehensively investigate polymorphisms in the VDR as well as in other vitamin D pathway genes...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 21, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: McCullough ML, Bostick RM, Mayo TL Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Genetic Variation and Effects on Human Eating Behavior.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Feeding is a physiological process, influenced by genetic factors and the environment. In recent years, many studies have been performed to unravel the involvement of genetics in both eating behavior and its pathological forms: eating disorders and obesity. In this review, we provide a condensed introduction on the neurological aspects of eating and we describe the current status of research into the genetics of eating behavior, primarily focused on specific traits such as taste, satiation, and hunger. This is followed by an overview on the genetic studies done to unravel the heritable background of obesity and eating ...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 16, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: de Krom M, Bauer F, Collier D, Adan RA, la Fleur SE Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Is There a Fatty Acid Taste?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Taste is a chemical sense that aids in the detection of nutrients and guides food choice. A limited number of primary qualities comprise taste. Accumulating evidence has raised a question about whether fat should be among them. Most evidence indicates triacylglycerol is not an effective taste stimulus, though it clearly contributes sensory properties to foods by carrying flavor compounds and altering texture. However, there is increasing anatomical, electrophysiological, animal behavior, imaging, metabolic, and psychophysical evidence that free fatty acids are detectable when non-taste cues are minimized. Free fatty ac...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 6, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Mattes RD Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Use of Phosphatide Precursors to Promote Synaptogenesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
New brain synapses form when a postsynaptic structure, the dendritic spine, interacts with a presynaptic terminal. Brain synapses and dendritic spines, membrane-rich structures, are depleted in Alzheimer's disease, as are some circulating compounds needed for synthesizing phosphatides, the major constituents of synaptic membranes. Animals given three of these compounds, all nutrients-uridine, the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, and choline-develop increased levels of brain phosphatides and of proteins that are concentrated within synaptic membranes (e.g., PSD-95, synapsin-1), improved cognition...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 6, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Wurtman RJ, Cansev M, Sakamoto T, Ulus IH Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Roles for Vitamin K Beyond Coagulation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recent interest in vitamin K has been motivated by evidence of physiological roles beyond that of coagulation. Vitamin K and vitamin K-dependent proteins may be involved in regulation of calcification, energy metabolism, and inflammation. However, the evidence for many of these proposed roles in the maintenance of health is equivocal. There is also an emerging viewpoint that the biochemical function of vitamin K may extend beyond that of a cofactor for the vitamin K-dependent (VKD) carboxylation of glutamyl residues (Glus) to carboxylated Glus in VKD proteins. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Revie...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - March 27, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Booth SL Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

From Tryptophan to Hydroxytryptophan: Reflections on a Busy Life.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Given the very difficult odyssey of my early years, who could have imagined the incredible and successful journey that constituted my life path after age 13? I was born into a Jewish family in Breslau, Germany, right before the rise of Nazism and Hitler's election. After Kristallnacht, when my father was taken to Buchenwald Concentration Camp, we had to leave Germany as soon as possible. The first opportunity came in May of 1939, when we boarded the SS St. Louis bound for Havana, Cuba. Almost all passengers were denied entrance into Cuba, and the ship had to go back to Europe, where I ended up in France. In December of...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - March 10, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Fisher H Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Functional Significance of Zinc-Related Signaling Pathways in Immune Cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recent years have brought a paradigm shift for the role of the essential trace element zinc in immunity. Although its function as a structural component of many enzymes has been known for decades, current experimental evidence points to an additional function of the concentration of free or loosely bound zinc ions as an intracellular signal. The activity of virtually all immune cells is modulated by zinc in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we discuss the interactions of zinc with major signaling pathways that regulate immune cell activity, and the implications of zinc deficiency or supplementation on zinc signaling a...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - March 10, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Haase H, Rink L Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

The Nutritional Significance of Lipids Rafts.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The structure, size, stability, and functionality of lipid rafts are still in debate, but recent techniques allowing direct visualization have characterized them in a wide range of cell types. Lipid rafts are potentially modifiable by diet, particularly (but not exclusively) by dietary fatty acids. However, it is not clear whether dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are incorporated into raft lipids or whether their low affinity to cholesterol disallows this and causes phase separation from rafts and displacement of raft proteins. This review examines the potential for dietary modification of raft structure and...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - March 10, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Yaqoob P Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Where does fetal and embryonic cholesterol originate and what does it do?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The development of a single-celled fertilized egg, through the blastocyst stage of a ball of cells and the embryonic stage when almost all organ systems begin to develop, and finally to the fetal stage where growth and physiological maturation occurs, is a complex and multifaceted process. A change in metabolism during gestation, especially when organogenesis occurs, can lead to abnormal development and congenital defects. Although many studies have described the roles of specific proteins in development, the roles of specific lipids, such as sterols, have not been studied as intensely. Sterol's functions in developmen...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - July 30, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Woollett LA Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Cystic Fibrosis and Nutrition: Linking Phospholipids and Essential Fatty acids with Thiol Metabolism.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the mostcommonlethal inherited disorder among Caucasians and results from mutation in the gene encoding the CF transmembrane conductance regulator. In addition to its multisystem clinical effects, the disease is characterized by increased proinflammatory mediators and oxidant stress, and systemic redox imbalance with reduced glutathione (GSH), together with alterations in circulating and tissue (n-6) and (n-3) fatty acids, particularly a decrease in docosahexaenoic acid. The metabolism of phospholipids and fatty acids is closely related to GSH through the methionine-homocysteine cycle, in which ...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - May 22, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Innis SM, Davidson AG Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Nutrigenomics and Selenium: Gene Expression Patterns, Physiological Targets, and Genetics.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article addresses two facets of this interaction. The first facet is how genomics is contributing to understanding the molecular mechanisms by which selenium affects cell function through selenoproteins and downstream targets of Se supply in other metabolic pathways. The contribution of transgenic animals in this field is emphasized, and the more recent studies using transcriptomics are discussed. The second facet is the extent to which single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding selenoproteins and components of the selenoprotein synthetic machinery affect individual dietary requirements for optimal healt...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - May 20, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Hesketh J Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Eukaryotic-Microbiota Crosstalk: Potential Mechanisms for Health Benefits of Prebiotics and Probiotics.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The ability to link dietary consumption of prebiotic food ingredients and probiotic microorganisms to health benefits rests, in part, on our ability to identify both the extent to which these factors alter human microbiome activity and/or structure and the ability to engage eukaryotic cells necessary to transduce signals originating from the microbiome. The human microbiome consists of bacterial, archaeal, and fungal components that reside in mucosal surfaces of the gut, the airways, and the urogenital tract. Characterization of the symbiotic nature of the relationship between eukaryotic cells and the bacterial and arc...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - May 19, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Hord NG Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Systemic Iron Homeostasis and the Iron-Responsive Element/Iron-Regulatory Protein (IRE/IRP) Regulatory Network.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The regulation and maintenance of systemic iron homeostasis is critical to human health. Iron overload and deficiency diseases belong to the most common nutrition-related pathologies across the globe. It is now well appreciated that the hormonal hepcidin/ferroportin system plays an important regulatory role for systemic iron metabolism. We review recent data that uncover the importance of the cellular iron-responsive element/iron-regulatory protein (IRE/IRP) regulatory network in systemic iron homeostasis. We also discuss how the IRE/IRP regulatory system communicates with the hepcidin/ferroportin system to connect the...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - May 19, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Muckenthaler MU, Galy B, Hentze MW Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Insulin Signaling in the Pancreatic beta Cell.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The appropriate function of insulin-producing pancreatic beta-cells is crucial for the regulation of glucose homeostasis, and its impairment leads to diabetes mellitus, the most common metabolic disorder in man. In addition to glucose, the major nutrient factor, inputs from the nervous system, humoral components, and cell-cell communication within the islet of Langerhans act together to guarantee the release of appropriate amounts of insulin in response to changes in blood glucose levels. Data obtained within the past decade in several laboratories have revitalized controversy over the autocrine feedback action of secr...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - May 15, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Leibiger IB, Leibiger B, Berggren PO Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Dietary Protein and Bone Health: Roles of Amino Acid-Sensing Receptors in the Control of Calcium Metabolism and Bone Homeostasis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this article, we review the evidence that dietary protein has a positive influence on bone health, reduces hip fracture risk, and promotes postfracture recovery, and we consider the molecular, cellular, and endocrine bases of the interactions that link protein and calcium metabolism, including IGF-1 and PTH. In addition, we consider the roles of amino acid-sensing mechanisms in coupling dietary protein intake to metabolic change as well as the central role of calcium-sensing receptors (CaRs) in the control of calcium metabolism. Finally, we consider how recently identified broad-spectrum amino acid-sensing receptors...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - May 8, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Conigrave AD, Brown EM, Rizzoli R Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Bioethical Considerations for Human Nutrigenomics.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article gives an overview of the ethical issues in nutrigenomics research and personalized nutrition. The principles of research ethics, i.e., autonomy, beneficence, nonmalfeasance, and justice, are challenged by rapidly growing cross-border research activities utilizing existing and upcoming biobanks for studies of the interaction of genes with diet on risk of common diseases. We highlight the ethical issues, some unresolved, in international collaborative projects of which researchers should be aware. Personalized nutrition (tailoring diet on the basis of genotype) is one possible application of nutrigenomics resear...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 25, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Bergmann MM, Görman U, Mathers JC Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Complex Genetics of Obesity in Mouse Models.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Traits related to energy balance and obesity are exceptionally complex, with varying contributions of genetic susceptibility and interacting environmental factors. The use of mouse models has been a powerful driving force in understanding the genetic architecture of polygenic traits such as obesity. However, the use of mouse models for analysis of complex traits is at an important crossroad. Genome-wide association studies in humans are now leading to direct identification of obesity genes. In this review, we focus on three areas representing the current and future roles of mouse models regarding genetics of complex ob...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 24, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Pomp D, Nehrenberg D, Estrada-Smith D Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

The Emerging Functions and Mechanisms of Mammalian Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are abundant intracellular proteins that bind long-chain fatty acids with high affinity. Nine separate mammalian FABPs have been identified, and their tertiary structures are highly conserved. The FABPs have unique tissue-specific distributions that have long suggested functional differences among them. In the last decade, considerable progress has been made in understanding the specific functions of the FABPs and, in some cases, their mechanisms of action at the molecular level. The FABPs appear to be involved in the extranuclear compartments of the cell by trafficking their ligands...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 24, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Storch J, Corsico B Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide, and Nicotinamide Riboside: A Molecular Evaluation of NAD(+) Precursor Vitamins in Human Nutrition.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although baseline requirements for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) synthesis can be met either with dietary tryptophan or with less than 20 mg of daily niacin, which consists of nicotinic acid and/or nicotinamide, there is growing evidence that substantially greater rates of NAD(+) synthesis may be beneficial to protect against neurological degeneration, Candida glabrata infection, and possibly to enhance reverse cholesterol transport. The distinct and tissue-specific biosynthetic and/or ligand activities of tryptophan, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and the newly identified NAD(+) precursor, nicotinamide rib...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 22, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Bogan KL, Brenner C Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Regulation of Food Intake Through Hypothalamic Signaling Networks Involving mTOR.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To maintain normal activity, single cells must assure that their energy needs and utilization are continuously matched. Likewise, multicellular organisms must constantly coordinate energy intake and expenditure to maintain energy homeostasis. The brain, and the hypothalamus in particular, plays a critical role in integrating and coordinating several types of signals, including hormones and nutrients, to guarantee such homeostasis. Like single cells, the hypothalamus also profits from intracellular pathways known to work as fuel sensors to maintain energy balance. One such pathway is the mammalian target of rapamycin (m...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 22, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Cota D Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

The Efficiency of Cellular Energy Transduction and Its Implications for Obesity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We assess the existence, mechanism, and functions of less-than-maximal coupling efficiency of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and its potential as a target for future antiobesity interventions. Coupling efficiency is the proportion of oxygen consumption used to make adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and do useful work. High coupling efficiency may lead to fat deposition; low coupling efficiency to a decrease in fat stores. We review obligatory and facultative energy expenditure and the role of a futile cycle of proton pumping and proton leak across the mitochondrial inner membrane in dissipating energy. Basal proton...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 11, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Harper ME, Green K, Brand MD Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Nutritional Implications of Genetic Taste Variation: The Role of PROP Sensitivity and Other Taste Phenotypes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Genetic sensitivity to the bitter taste of phenylthiocarbamide and 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) is a well-studied human trait. It has been hypothesized that this phenotype is a marker for individual differences in taste perception that influence food preferences and dietary behavior with subsequent links to body weight and chronic disease risk. Steady progress has been made over the past several decades in defining the involvement of this phenotype and its underlying gene, TAS2R38, in this complex behavioral pathway. However, more work needs to be done to fully determine its overall nutritional and health significance. ...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 11, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Tepper BJ Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Nutrition and Mutagenesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Diet-related mutagenesis plays an etiologic role in chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Many dietary mutagens are DNA reactive, leading to distinct spectra of base-pair substitution mutations and structural chromosome changes. Examples include aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, ptaquiloside, various pyrrolizidine alkaloids, heterocyclic amines including 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzo[a]pyrene. However, endogenously or exogenously formed reactive species, inhibitors of topoisomerase II enzymes (e.g., flavonoids), of DNArepair (e.g.,...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 9, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Ferguson LR, Philpott M Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism in the Human Newborn.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Birth and adaptation to extrauterine life involve major shifts in the protein and energy metabolism of the human newborn. These include a shift from a state of continuous supply of nutrients including amino acids from the mother to cyclic periodic oral intake, a change in the redox state of organs, thermogenesis, and a significant change in the mobilization and use of oxidative substrates. The development of safe, stable isotopic tracer methods has allowed the study of protein and amino acid metabolism not only in the healthy newborn but also in those born prematurely and of low birth weight. These studies have identif...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 7, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Kalhan SC, Bier DM Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Sugar Absorption in the Intestine: The Role of GLUT2.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Intestinal glucose absorption comprises two components. One is classical active absorption mediated by the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter. The other is a diffusive component, formerly attributed to paracellular flow. Recent evidence, however, indicates that the diffusive component is mediated by the transient insertion of glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) into the apical membrane. This apical GLUT2 pathway of intestinal sugar absorption is present in species from insect to human, providing a major route at high sugar concentrations. The pathway is regulated by rapid trafficking of GLUT2 to the apical membrane induced by ...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - April 7, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Kellett GL, Brot-Laroche E, Mace OJ, Leturque A Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Malonyl-CoA, A Key Signaling Molecule in Mammalian Cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Malonyl-CoA can be formed within the mitochondria, peroxisomes, and cytosol of mammalian cells. Besides being an intermediate in the pathways of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid elongation, malonyl-CoA has an important signaling function through its allosteric inhibition of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, the enzyme that normally exerts flux control over mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Malonyl-CoA is rapidly turned over in mammalian cells, and the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and malonyl-CoA decarboxylase are important determinants of its cytosolic concentration. It is now recognized that malonyl-...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - March 14, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Saggerson D Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Regulation of Intestinal Calcium Transport.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Calcium is an essential ion in all organisms and participates in a variety of structural and functional roles. Calcium (re)absorption occurs in epithelia, including the intestine, kidney, mammary glands, placenta, and gills of fish. Its transport is regulated by a complex array of processes that are mediated by hormonal, developmental, and physiological factors involving the gastrointestinal tract, bone, kidney, and the parathyroids. Here we review the calcium transport mechanisms-paracellular, which is energy independent, and transcellular, which is energy dependent-primarily focusing on the intestine. We provide a ne...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - March 12, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Khanal RC, Nemere I Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Control of Cellular Energy Transduction Processes: Implications for Obesity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 18598139 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - February 6, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Harper ME Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Dietary Manipulation of Histone Structure and Function.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Post-translational modifications of histones are the subject of intensive investigations with the aim of decoding how they regulate, alone or in combination, chromatin structure, genomic stability, and gene expression. Major epigenetic programming events take place during gametogenesis and fetal development and are thought to have long-lasting consequences on adult health. Epidemiological and experimental studies have pointed towards maternal nutrition as a major player during pre-natal development in influencing disease susceptibility later in life. Although the mechanisms underlying such observations are not yet eluc...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - February 6, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Delage B, Dashwood RH Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Age-Related Changes in Nutrient Utilization by Companion Animals.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
As companion animals age and pass through various life stages from in utero to the geriatric state, nutrient requirements change along with the manner in which nutrients are utilized by the various organ systems in the body. From the regulatory perspective, recognized life stages include maintenance, growth, and gestation/lactation. Other important life stages include in utero, the neonate, and the senior/geriatric state. Age impacts digestive physiological properties, too, and factors such as gut microbiota, digestive hormones, gut morphology, gut immunity, and nutrient digestibility are modified as the animal becomes...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - February 6, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Fahey GC, Barry KA, Swanson KS Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Prefatory.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This review strives to make some of the contribution of those prefatory predecessors who have addressed the question of how to strike a balance between the concentration needs of the laboratory bench and bedside research, with participation in the marketplace of ideas and policy. I have been privileged to live most of my career, almost four decades, in an era in which nutrition was coming out of the shadows and demanding recognition in the arena of ideas and policies relating to health. If the first half of the 20th century could be referred to as the era of discovery in nutrition, in which all the vitamins were descri...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - February 6, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Rosenberg I Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Achieving a Healthy Weight Gain During Pregnancy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This review uses the 1990 US Institute of Medicine (IOM) gestational weight gain recommendations to examine the question, what is a healthy pregnancy weight gain? The relationship of gestational weight gain to infant size at birth; pregnancy, labor, and delivery complications; neonatal, infant and child outcomes; and maternal weight and health outcomes in US and European populations are discussed. Pregnancy weight gains within the IOM recommendations are associated with better outcomes. The possible exception is very obese women who may benefit from weight gains less than the 7 kg recommended. Only about 33 to 40% of U...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - February 6, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Olson CM Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Methionine Metabolism and Liver Disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the early 1930s Banting and Best, the discoverers of insulin, found that choline could prevent the development of fatty liver disease (steatosis) in pancreatectomized dogs treated with insulin. Later work indicated that, in rats and mice, diets deficient in labile methyl groups (choline, methionine, betaine, folate) produced fatty liver and that long-term administration of diets deficient in choline and methionine caused also hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These experiments not only linked steatosis and diabetes but also provided evidence, for the first time, of the importance of labile methyl group balance to main...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - February 6, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Mato JM, Martinez-Chantar ML, Lu SC Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Role of dietary proteins and amino acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dietary proteins and amino acids are important modulators of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Although high intake of dietary proteins has positive effects on energy homeostasis by inducing satiety and possibly increasing energy expenditure, it has detrimental effects on glucose homeostasis by promoting insulin resistance and increasing gluconeogenesis. Varying the quality rather than the quantity of proteins has been shown to modulate insulin resistance induced by Western diets and has revealed that proteins derived from fish might have the most desirable effects on insulin sensitivity. In vitro and in vivo...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - January 1, 2007 Category: Nutrition Authors: Tremblay F, Lavigne C, Jacques H, Marette A Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Evolution of infant and young child feeding: implications for contemporary public health.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Evolutionary anthropological and ethnographic studies are used to develop a general conceptual framework for understanding prehistoric, historic, and contemporary variation in human lactation and complementary feeding patterns. Comparison of similarities and differences in human and nonhuman primate lactation biology suggests humans have evolved an unusually flexible strategy for feeding young. Several lines of indirect evidence are consistent with a hypothesis that complementary feeding evolved as a facultative strategy that provided a unique adaptation for resolving tradeoffs between maternal costs of lactation and r...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - January 1, 2007 Category: Nutrition Authors: Sellen DW Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Fifty-five-year personal experience with human nutrition worldwide.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
By 1950 the vitamins had been identified, but little was known of their functions. Beriberi, pellagra, and ariboflavinosis were disappearing, but kwashiorkor and/or marasmus were common in most developing countries. Requirements for protein were still uncertain, and those for essential amino acids or essential fatty acids were unknown. The author's contributions in the field of vitamins began in the 1950s and have been reported in more than 650 publications and in 20 books or monographs. These contributions include establishing the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, the Department of Nutrition and Fo...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - January 1, 2007 Category: Nutrition Authors: Scrimshaw NS Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Trace element transport in the mammary gland.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The mammary gland has a remarkable capacity to adapt to maternal deficiency or excess of iron, copper, and zinc and to homeostatically control milk concentrations of these essential nutrients. Similarly, it can regulate changes in concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc change during lactation. For iron, this regulation is achieved by transferrin receptor, DMT1, and ferroportin, whereas mammary gland copper metabolism is regulated by Ctr1, ATP7A, and ATP7B. Zinc homeostasis is complex, involving both zinc importers (Zip3) and zinc exporters (ZnT-1, ZnT-2, and ZnT-4). Both transcriptional and post-translational regulat...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - January 1, 2007 Category: Nutrition Authors: Lönnerdal B Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Regional fat deposition as a factor in FFA metabolism.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Humans have a large variability in body fat distribution, which has tremendous implications for metabolic health. Obese individuals with an upper-body-fat distribution have increased health complications such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes in comparison with lower-body-obese individuals. Additionally, females have more body fat, a greater proportion of fat in their lower body, and much less visceral fat than do lean males at the same body mass index. The reasons for these differences in body fat distribution have not been clearly identified but could be important. Herein we revie...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - January 1, 2007 Category: Nutrition Authors: Votruba SB, Jensen MD Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Epigenetic epidemiology of the developmental origins hypothesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We describe permanent effects of transient environmental influences on the developmental establishment of epigenetic gene regulation and evidence linking epigenetic dysregulation with human disease. We propose a definition of "epigenetic epidemiology" and delineate how this emerging field provides a basis from which to explore the role of epigenetic mechanisms in DOHaD. We suggest strategies for future human epidemiologic studies to identify causal associations between early exposures, long-term changes in epigenetic regulation, and disease, which may ultimately enable specific early-life interventions to improve human hea...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - January 1, 2007 Category: Nutrition Authors: Waterland RA, Michels KB Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Metabolic regulation and function of glutathione peroxidase-1.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1) represents the first identified mammalian selenoprotein, and our understanding in the metabolic regulation and function of this abundant selenoenzyme has greatly advanced during the past decade. Selenocysteine insertion sequence-associating factors, adenosine, and Abl and Arg tyrosine kinases are potent, Se-independent regulators of GPX1 gene, protein, and activity. Overwhelming evidences have been generated using the GPX1 knockout and transgenic mice for the in vivo protective role of GPX1 in coping with oxidative injury and death mediated by reactive oxygen species. However, GPX1 exert...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - January 1, 2007 Category: Nutrition Authors: Lei XG, Cheng WH, McClung JP Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Energy metabolism during human pregnancy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This review summarizes information regarding how human energy metabolism is affected by pregnancy, and current estimates of energy requirements during pregnancy are presented. Such estimates can be calculated using either increases in basal metabolic rate (BMR) or increases in total energy expenditure (TEE). The two modes of calculation give similar results for a complete pregnancy but different distributions of energy requirements in the three trimesters. Recent information is presented regarding the effect of pregnancy on BMR, TEE, diet-induced thermogenesis, and physical activity. The validity of energy intake (EI) ...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - January 1, 2007 Category: Nutrition Authors: Forsum E, Löf M Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Splanchnic regulation of glucose production.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The liver plays a key role for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis under widely changing physiological conditions. In the overnight fasted state, breakdown of hepatic glycogen and synthesis of glucose from lactate, amino acids, glycerol, and pyruvate contribute about equally to hepatic glucose production. Postprandial glucose uptake by the liver is determined by the size of the glucose load reaching the liver, the rise in insulin concentration, and the route of glucose delivery. Hepatic glycogen stores are depleted within 36 to 48 hours of fasting, but gluconeogenesis continues to provide glucose for tissues w...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - January 1, 2007 Category: Nutrition Authors: Wahren J, Ekberg K Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

The ketogenic diet and brain metabolism of amino acids: relationship to the anticonvulsant effect.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In many epileptic patients, anticonvulsant drugs either fail adequately to control seizures or they cause serious side effects. An important adjunct to pharmacologic therapy is the ketogenic diet, which often improves seizure control, even in patients who respond poorly to medications. The mechanisms that explain the therapeutic effect are incompletely understood. Evidence points to an effect on brain handling of amino acids, especially glutamic acid, the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. The diet may limit the availability of oxaloacetate to the aspartate aminotransferase reaction, an im...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - January 1, 2007 Category: Nutrition Authors: Yudkoff M, Daikhin Y, Melø TM, Nissim I, Sonnewald U, Nissim I Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals

Taste receptor genes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the past several years, tremendous progress has been achieved with the discovery and characterization of vertebrate taste receptors from the T1R and T2R families, which are involved in recognition of bitter, sweet, and umami taste stimuli. Individual differences in taste, at least in some cases, can be attributed to allelic variants of the T1R and T2R genes. Progress with understanding how T1R and T2R receptors interact with taste stimuli and with identifying their patterns of expression in taste cells sheds light on coding of taste information by the nervous system. Candidate mechanisms for detection of salts, acid...
Source: Annual Review of Nutrition - January 1, 2007 Category: Nutrition Authors: Bachmanov AA, Beauchamp GK Tags: Annu Rev Nutr Source Type: journals