Applied Cognitive PsychologyThis is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader, such as GoogleReader, or to display this data on your own website or blog. Subscribe to this data using MyMedWorm.Subscribe to this data using GoogleReader.Subscribe to this data using Bloglines.Subscribe to this data using MyYahoo.

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Combating Co-witness contamination: Attempting to decrease the negative effects of discussion on eyewitness memoryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Witnesses who discuss an event with others often incorporate misinformation encountered during the discussion into their memory of the event. Two experiments were conducted to establish whether this memory conformity also occurs in the context of an interview and whether it is possible to reduce the effect. Participants viewed a crime-video which they then discussed with a co-witness. Some participants were warned they may have been exposed to misinformation during the discussion before all were interviewed individually. In Experiment 1, participants made remember/know judgments about each component of their free recall, a...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - November 19, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Helen M. Paterson, Richard I. Kemp, Jodie R. Ng Source Type: journals

Generational differences in cultural life scripts and life story memories of younger and older adultsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Groups of younger and older participants produced cultural life scripts by listing the seven most important life events and the expected timing of these events for a hypothetical person. They also produced the seven most important life story memories from their own lives. Cultural life scripts and life story memories were rated on valence. Scales on depression, satisfaction with life, and the centrality of an event for identity and the life story were administered. A stable cultural life script was found across the two generations, with a clear bump for positive events in adolescence and early adulthood. However, older adu...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - November 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Annette Bohn Source Type: journals

Did you see the unicycling clown? Inattentional blindness while walking and talking on a cell phoneEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We investigated the effects of divided attention during walking. Individuals were classified based on whether they were walking while talking on a cell phone, listening to an MP3 player, walking without any electronics or walking in a pair. In the first study, we found that cell phone users walked more slowly, changed directions more frequently, and were less likely to acknowledge other people than individuals in the other conditions. In the second study, we found that cell phone users were less likely to notice an unusual activity along their walking route (a unicycling clown). Cell phone usage may cause inattentional bli...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - October 18, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ira E. Hyman Jr, S. Matthew Boss, Breanne M. Wise, Kira E. McKenzie, Jenna M. Caggiano Source Type: journals

Following navigation instructions presented verbally or spatially: Effects on training, retention and transferEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two experiments investigated participants' ability to follow navigation instructions in a situation simulating communication between air traffic controllers and aircrews. A verbal condition, in which instructions were given orally, was compared with a spatial condition, in which commands were shown on a computer display as simulated movements, with the presentation times in the two conditions equated. Retention and transfer were studied a week later when participants performed in either the same or the other condition. In both sessions, participants' initial proportion correct was much higher in the spatial than in the ver...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - October 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Vivian I. Schneider, Alice F. Healy, Immanuel Barshi, James A. Kole Source Type: journals

'And I was very very crying': Children's self-descriptions of distress as predictors of recallEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
One hundred and forty-five children's (2-13-year-olds) self-descriptions of how much they cried when injured and subsequently treated in a hospital emergency room were used as predictors of their recall accuracy, completeness and number of unique details in interviews occurring a week, a year and 2 years later. Hierarchical regressions showed that stress was related to all three ways of evaluating children's recall of their injury in initial interviews, although only the completeness of hospital recall was related to stress. For accuracy, stress compromised recall of 2-6-year-olds in initial but not later interviews; for c...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - October 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Carole Peterson Source Type: journals

Remembering why: Can people consistently recall reasons for their behaviour?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We explored how consistent individuals are over time in their recall of the reasons why they engaged in a past behaviour. The study was inspired by a research survey submitted in a copyright infringement case. Study participants listed the reasons why they acquired a particular CD, and repeated the survey several months later. We assessed the consistency of responses across time overall and at the individual level. Results indicate that both forgetting and memory distortion were common. Different types of inconsistencies were identified, and these responses were predicted by characteristics of the original memory and of in...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - October 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Suzanne O. Kaasa, Erin K. Morris, Elizabeth F. Loftus Source Type: journals

Typicality effects on memory for voice: Implications for earwitness testimonyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The effects of voice typicality on voice recognition were examined. In an incidental task, participants were presented with consonant-vowel-consonant stimuli (with varying vowels) spoken by voices rated as high-typical or low-typical. One week later, they were brought back for a surprise voice recognition test where the target voice was presented along with low-typical and high-typical voice distracters. The results indicated that voice misidentifications occur, with many errors due to confusions of high-typical voice targets with high-typical target voices. The results show that voice typicality affects voice recognition ...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - October 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: J. W. Mullennix, A. Ross, C. Smith, K. Kuykendall, J. Conard, S. Barb Source Type: journals

Variations of the cognitive interview: Which one is the most effective in enhancing children's testimonies?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two experiments were conducted to examine the effectiveness of the combination of instructions used in the Cognitive Interview (CI) and the effectiveness of a new mnemonic, the 'cued recall' (CR), on children's recall and suggestibility levels. In the first experiment, 229 children, ages 4-5 and 8-9, participated in a painting session. They were then interviewed with one of six interview protocols: A full CI, four of its variations, or a Structured Interview (SI). The children were then asked some misleading questions. All of the variations of the CI elicited more correct details than the SI, without a concomitant in error...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - October 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Fanny Verkampt, Magali Ginet Source Type: journals

Treat and trick: A new way to increase false memoryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This paper reports a new experimental manipulation that increased false memories 1 month after the manipulation. Mirroring the standard three-stage misinformation paradigm (original event, misinformation, and test), subjects in the experimental group were first given a colour-slide presentation of two stories (events), then given an accurate account (instead of misinformation) of the events in narrations, and finally tested for their memory of the original events. One month later, they underwent the standard misinformation paradigm with two new events. The comparison group was given the standard misinformation tasks at bot...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - October 4, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Bi Zhu, Chuansheng Chen, Elizabeth F. Loftus, Chongde Lin, Qi Dong Source Type: journals

Accuracy and perspective in involuntary autobiographical memoryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigated accuracy (veridicality) and perspective (point of view) in everyday involuntary memories (i.e. spontaneous recollections of the past). Using the naturalistic diary method, subjects were asked to give confidence ratings on the accuracy of their involuntary memories as well as contact others who were present in them, having them also give confidence ratings. Memory perspective was assessed by asking subjects to indicate whether their memories had a field (original) or observer (the perspective of another) point of view. The results showed subjects assigning high confidence ratings to involuntary memor...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - October 1, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: John H. Mace, Elizabeth Atkinson, Christopher H. Moeckel, Varinia Torres Source Type: journals

Saying Versus judging: Assessing knowledge of eyewitness memoryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Determining the nature of jurors' knowledge about factors influencing eyewitness memory is critical for judges' decisions to admit expert testimony. Past empirical research has primarily assessed such knowledge using responses to survey questions. Yet, research from a variety of fields suggests that expressed beliefs may over- or under-estimate the ability of respondents to act appropriately when faced with a situation where such knowledge is relevant. Participants in this study evaluated the accuracy of eyewitnesses depicted in brief trial transcripts and answered survey questions to assess their beliefs regarding the sam...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Jill D. Alonzo, Sean M. Lane Source Type: journals

Self-esteem memories and school success in early adolescenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Early adolescents recounted experiences when they felt 'especially good' or 'especially bad' about themselves in the past year. Consistent with prior research using adult participants, negative memories focused primarily on social themes, whereas positive memories also prominently included achievement themes. Girls described more social themes than did boys for both positive and negative memories. The content of self-esteem memories was related to teachers' formal assessments of adolescents' social and academic functioning: The presence of achievement themes in positive and negative memories was associated with more positi...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - September 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Zorana Ivcevic, David B. Pillemer, Marc A. Brackett Source Type: journals

Predictors of multitasking performance in a synthetic work paradigmEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigated determinants of success in a 'synthetic work' task designed to reflect the requirement for multitasking that is common to many occupations. Participants were administered tests of working memory capacity (WMC) and processing speed (PS), and they reported experience with videogames, a type of activity presumed to involve multitasking. Results revealed that WMC was a strong predictor of multitasking in a 'non-emergency' condition when the pace of the tasks was relatively slow, whereas PS was a weaker predictor. Additionally, there was evidence for the incremental validity of videogame experience (VGE)...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - September 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: David Z. Hambrick, Frederick L. Oswald, Emily S. Darowski, Tara A. Rench, Randy Brou Source Type: journals

The influence of text legibility on eye movements during readingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Subjects read passages of text on a video monitor as their eye movements were recorded. In Experiment 1, the passages were presented either in a format (ClearType) designed to display smoother, clearer characters on LCD monitors by eliminating pixilation or in standard format (non-ClearType). The passages were also presented in three different fonts (Times New Roman, Harrington and Script MT bold) which differed in how easy the letters were to encode. While there were no comprehension differences due to ClearType or font, ClearType led to faster reading, fewer fixations, and shorter fixation durations than non-ClearType. T...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - September 15, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Timothy J. Slattery, Keith Rayner Source Type: journals

The testing effect: The role of feedback and collaboration in a tertiary classroom settingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigated the role of feedback and collaborative testing on the retention of course material in a tertiary educational setting. Tested material was better retained relative to non-tested material (testing effect), and feedback facilitated correction of errors. Group testing produced higher performance on the initial, but not final test performance, compared to individual testing. This set of findings suggests that to encourage long-term retention, educators should utilise individual formative testing with feedback; theoretical implications are also discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source:...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - September 14, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Marija Vojdanoska, Jacquelyn Cranney, Ben R. Newell Source Type: journals

Distinguishing true from false memories in forensic contexts: Can phenomenology tell us what is real?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We studied the extent to which subjective ratings of memory phenomenology discriminate true- and false-memory responses, and whether degree of gist-based processing influences false memory and phenomenology, in a classic forensic task, the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS). Participants heard a narrative of a robbery followed by suggestive questions about the content of the narrative. They were asked to rate the items they recognized as studied using the Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (MCQ). Consistent with studies of word lists, there were phenomenological differences between true and false memory responses: mem...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - September 14, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Tammy A. Marche, C. J. Brainerd, Valerie F. Reyna Source Type: journals

Supporting remote collaborative problem-solvingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We propose a framework of individual problem-solving and communicative demands (IproCo) that bridges the gap between models from cognitive psychology and communication pragmatics. Furthermore, we present two experiments conducted to identify factors influencing the demands and to test possibilities for support. The experiments employed a remote collaborative picture-sorting task with concrete and abstract pictures and applied non-interactive conditions compared to interactive conditions. In a first experiment, the influence of the postulated demands on collaboration process and outcome was analysed, and the impact of share...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - September 14, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Miriam Hansen, Hans Spada Source Type: journals

Drawings as an innovative and successful lie detection toolEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
No Abstract. (Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology)
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - September 14, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Aldert Vrij, Sharon Leal, Samantha Mann, Lara Warmelink, Par Anders Granhag, Ronald P. Fisher Source Type: journals

Interactive elements for dynamically linked multiple representations in computer simulationsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Seventy-three students learned central concepts about signal detection theory with an introductory text followed by a computer simulation. Each learner was randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: text boxes, scrollbars or drag and drop opportunities to modify parameters in the simulation. These three interactive elements were used for linking the different multiple representations in the simulation dynamically. Retention and transfer test, evaluation of the instructional material as well as time spent with the simulation were used as dependent measures. Learners who had to use scrollbars or had to modify pa...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - September 14, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Günter Daniel Rey Source Type: journals

Differential-associative processing: A new strategy for learning highly-similar conceptsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
For many students concepts like fluid and crystallized intelligence are difficult to learn because they have highly-similar definitions that are easy to confuse. The challenge of learning these highly-similar, yet often confused concepts is further complicated by the fact that students are tested on exams about differences between the concepts. In this theoretically-motivated research we test a new strategy for learning highly-similar pairs of concepts, called differential-associative processing. The results revealed that performance on multiple-choice questions was higher when students learned highly-similar concepts usin...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - September 14, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Brenda Hannon, Gregorio Lozano, Sarah Frias, Sandra Picallo-Hernandez, Robert Fuhrman Source Type: journals

Strategies in visuospatial working memory for learning virtual shapesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigated visuospatial working memory (WM) strategies people use to remember unfamiliar randomly generated shapes in the context of an interactive computer-based visuospatial WM task. In a three-phase experiment with random shapes, participants (n = 94) first interactively determined if two equivalent shapes were rotated or reflected; second, memorized the shape; and third, determined if an imprint in a profile view of the ground was a rotated, reflected imprint of the shape, or an imprint not matching the original shape. Participants self-reported these strategies: Key feature, shape interaction, association...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - September 1, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Glenn Gordon Smith, Albert Dieter Ritzhaupt, Edwin Tjoe Source Type: journals

In-court versus out-of-court testimonies: Children's experiences and adults' assessmentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The study examined the effects of different presentation modes on child witnesses' experiences and adults' perception and assessments of the same witnesses. Child witnesses (N = 108) were interviewed about an event that they had either experienced or imagined. Adult mock jurors (N = 240) watched the children's testimonies live, via two-way closed-circuit television (CCTV), or via a pre-recorded video. The results showed that the live observers perceived the children in more positive terms than did the two-way CCTV observers, who in turn perceived the children in more positive terms than did the video observers. Briefly, it...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - September 1, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Sara Landström, Pär Anders Granhag Source Type: journals

Detecting concealed information with reaction times: Validity and comparison with the polygraphEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Concealed Information Test is used to assess recognition of information that the examinee cannot or does not want to reveal. Physiological measures recorded with the polygraph have shown to be highly valid measures of concealed information. Research suggests that a reaction-time (RT) based test may also successfully reveal concealed information. Due to its simplicity, an RT-based test has great advantages for applied testing. In the present study, we assessed the validity of the RT-based test for concealed information detection, and compared its discriminative power with the polygraph. Thirty two participants in a feig...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - August 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Bruno Verschuere, Geert Crombez, Tessie Degrootte, Yves Rosseel Source Type: journals

Reality-monitoring characteristics in confirmed and doubtful allegations of child sexual abuseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
According to reality-monitoring theory, memories of experienced and imagined events are qualitatively different, and can be distinguished by children from the age of 3. Across three studies, a total of 119 allegations of sexual abuse by younger (aged 3-8) and older (aged 9-16) children were analysed for developmental differences in the presence of reality-monitoring criteria, which should characterise descriptions of experienced events. Statements were deemed likely or unlikely to be descriptions of actual incidents using independent case information (e.g. medical evidence). Accounts by older children consistently containe...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - August 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kim P. Roberts, Michael E. Lamb Source Type: journals

Comparing the handwriting behaviours of true and false writing with computerized handwriting measuresEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The goal of this study is to compare the handwriting behaviours of true and false writing. Based on the cognitive load and dis-automaticity known to be experienced while communicating a deceptive message, we hypothesized a difference (in temporal and spatial, pressure measures and peak velocities) between the handwriting of true vs. false messages. Thirty-four participants wrote true and false sentences on a digitizer, which is part of a new system called the Computerized Penmanship Evaluation Tool (ComPET). The ComPET evaluates brain-hand performance, as manifested through handwriting behaviour, and was found to be a vali...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - August 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Gil Luria, Sara Rosenblum Source Type: journals

Inducing a Stroop EffectEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examine the conditions that lead to Stroop interference for a meaningless linguistic label. Tiffany's cognitive model of drug abuse implies that individuals will respond more slowly to drug-related words compared to neutral words in an emotional Stroop task, because the former have many automatic associations (e.g. positive expectancies). To examine this proposal, we trained participants to associate a meaningless label with either one other word or several other words and examined the induced Stroop interference for these meaningless labels. In two experiments, and contrary to expectations from Tiffany's work, we obser...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - August 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Emmanuel M. Pothos, Katy Tapper Source Type: journals

Cognitive burden of survey questions and response times: A psycholinguistic experimentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
An important objective in survey question design is to write clear questions that respondents find easy to understand and to answer. This contribution identifies the factors that influence question clarity. Theoretical and empirical evidence from psycholinguistics suggests that specific text features (e.g., low-frequency words (LFRWs), left-embedded syntax) cause comprehension difficulties and impose a high cognitive burden on respondents. To examine the effect of seven different text features on question clarity, an online experiment was conducted in which well-formulated questions were compared to suboptimal counterparts...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - August 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Timo Lenzner, Lars Kaczmirek, Alwine Lenzner Source Type: journals

Can fabricated evidence induce false eyewitness testimony?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined whether exposure to a fabricated video could produce false eyewitness testimony. Subjects completed a gambling task alongside a confederate subject, and later we falsely told subjects that their partner had cheated on the task. Some subjects viewed a digitally manipulated video of their partner cheating; some were told that video evidence of the cheating exists; and others were not told anything about video evidence. Subjects were asked to sign a statement confirming that they witnessed the incident and that their corroboration could be used in disciplinary action against the accused. See-video subjects were th...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - August 19, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kimberley A. Wade, Sarah L. Green, Robert A. Nash Source Type: journals

Positive and negative effects of physical context reinstatement on eyewitness recall and identificationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The impact of context reinstatement (CR) on eyewitness recall and identification was explored in this study. Participants viewed a video of a staged theft and, following a 1-week interval, were asked to identify the culprit and recall the event in either the same or in a different physical environment. Results suggested that CR enhanced the perceived familiarity of the lineup members, which in turn increased participants' willingness to identify someone in the lineup. Although CR significantly improved facial discrimination and identification accuracy when the target was present, it also increased confidence ratings beyond...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - August 19, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Carol K. Wong, J. Don Read Source Type: journals

Social anxiety moderates memory conformity in adolescentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
When two people view the same event and later try to remember it together, what one person says affects what the other person reports. A model is presented which predicts that this memory conformity effect will be moderated, in different ways, by two components of social anxiety. People with higher fear of negative evaluation should be more influenced by their peers than others, but those with higher social anxiety related to avoiding social situations may be less influenced by their peers than others. Pairs of adolescent-aged participants took part in a face recognition study. For each trial one person responded and then ...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - August 19, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Daniel B. Wright, Kamala London, Michael Waechter Source Type: journals

Working memory for ballet moves and spatial locations in professional ballet dancersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The aim of the present study was to investigate working memory for ballet moves in expert dancers. Experiment 1 showed that a concurrent spatial task did not interfere with the recall of a sequence of ballet moves when these were encoded alone without being associated with spatial locations. Experiment 2 showed that a concurrent motor task selectively interfered with the recall of ballet moves while neither a concurrent motor task nor a spatial task affected recall of the specific locations where each ballet move had to be performed. Experiment 3 showed that spatial interference affected recall of sequences of locations wh...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - August 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Antonio Cortese, Clelia Rossi-Arnaud Source Type: journals

Event report training: An examination of the efficacy of a new intervention to improve children's eyewitness reportsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study tested the efficacy of Event Report Training (ERT), a training procedure designed to improve children's memory reports and decrease suggestibility. Children (N = 58) participated in two forensically relevant play events. Two weeks later, children received ERT or participated in control procedures, after which they received a memory interview. Results indicated that ERT decreased suggestibility to abuse-related questions in preschoolers; their responses were highly accurate and age differences were eliminated. ERT did not increase the amount of information preschoolers provided in response to open-ended questions...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - August 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Elisa Krackow, Steven Jay Lynn Source Type: journals

The effects of interleaved practiceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previous research shows that interleaving rather than blocking practice of different skills (e.g. abcbcacab instead of aaabbbccc) usually improves subsequent test performance. Yet interleaving, but not blocking, ensures that practice of any particular skill is distributed, or spaced, because any two opportunities to practice the same task are not consecutive. Hence, because spaced practice typically improves test performance, the previously observed test benefits of interleaving may be due to spacing rather than interleaving per se. In the experiment reported herein, children practiced four kinds of mathematics problems in...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - July 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kelli Taylor, Doug Rohrer Source Type: journals

Gaining insight into long-term effects of inviting speculation: Does recantation help?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The effects of speculation on delayed recall and on source monitoring (SM) as a recantation device were examined in first and fourth graders. Two weeks after a clown show, the speculation group recalled all actions and speculated on half. The control group recalled all actions without speculating. One month and 6 months later, all children recalled all actions. Half the children were given the opportunity to recant at 1 month and all children at 6 months. Even after 6 months, speculation negatively impacted recall. Only first-graders' script-consistent false responses increased with time. In the speculation group, 19% of p...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - July 28, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Nadja Schreiber Compo, Janat F. Parker Source Type: journals

Skulking around the dinosaur: Eliciting cues to children's deception via strategic disclosure of evidenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study examined the feasibility of the SUE-technique for eliciting cues to children's deception. Experiment 1 investigated verbal cues to deception as a function of early vs. late disclosure of evidence. Eighty-four children (12-14 years) either guilty or innocent of a mock crime were interviewed. As predicted, deceptive statements were significantly more inconsistent with the evidence than truthful statements, and this was more pronounced as a function of late compared to early disclosure of evidence. In Experiment 2, adult observers (N = 168) made veracity assessments of the videotaped statements. Observers in the la...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - July 19, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Franziska Clemens, Pär Anders Granhag, Leif A. Strömwall, Aldert Vrij, Sara Landström, Emma Roos af Hjelmsäter, Maria Hartwig Source Type: journals

Memory distrust and acceptance of misinformationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Relying on a community sample (N = 80), the present study examined whether memory distrust is related to an increased tendency to accept misinformation and whether it interacts with passage of time. Participants were shown video footage of an armed robbery. Approximately 30 minutes later, they were asked to describe as accurately as possible what they had seen. Either 1 day or 2 weeks later they were presented with their own statements, to which five misinformation items had been added. The results showed that people suffering from memory distrust accepted more misinformation than those with optimistic beliefs about their ...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - July 18, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Saskia van Bergen, Robert Horselenberg, Harald Merckelbach, Marko Jelicic, Roos Beckers Source Type: journals

Efficacy of a group memory training method for older adults based on visualization and association techniques: A randomized, controlled trial with a placebo groupEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The aim of this trial has been to determine the efficacy of a group memory training method. The experimental group was compared to a placebo group (health education) or to a control group (waiting list). Forty-five adults between the ages of 60 and 70 years (M = 66.9) were recruited by placing notices in senior citizen community centres, which encouraged people with memory problems to participate in the study. Data were collected at baseline, 1 week, and 6 months after the intervention. The efficacy of the training was evaluated by measures of objective and subjective everyday memory performance. After intervention, the ex...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - July 16, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: José Miguel Latorre Postigo, José Vicente Hernández-Viadel, Jorge Javier Ricarte Trives Source Type: journals

Turning a blind eye to double blind line-upsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although psychologists have urged police officers to use double blind line-up procedures during their investigations, police officers state that these would be difficult to administer and most have been reluctant to implement this change. Four studies examine whether lay people's judgements about the guilt of a suspect vary according to whether a brief written summary of a case described the identification procedure as double blind or non-double blind. The effects were all small (and almost all non-significant). Most people do not treat double blind line-ups differently from non-double blind line-ups when assessing the gui...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - June 24, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Daniel B. Wright, Marianna E. Carlucci, Jacqueline R. Evans, Nadja Schreiber Compo Source Type: journals

Measuring episodic memory: A novel approach with an indefinite number of alternative formsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Both clinical practice and clinical research settings can require successive administrations of a memory test, particularly when following the trajectory of suspected memory decline in older adults. However, relatively few verbal episodic memory tests have alternative forms. We set out to create a broad-based memory test to allow for the use of an essentially unlimited number of alternative forms. Four tasks for inclusion in such a test were developed. These tasks varied the requirement for recall as opposed to recognition, the need to form an association between unrelated words, and the need to discriminate the most recen...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - June 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Michael S. Humphreys, Simon Smith, Nancy A. Pachana, Gerry Tehan, Gerard J. Byrne Source Type: journals

Working memory deficits can be overcome: Impacts of training and medication on working memory in children with ADHDEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study evaluated the impact of two interventions - a training program and stimulant medication - on working memory (WM) function in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Twenty-five children aged between 8 and 11 years participated in training that taxed WM skills to the limit for a minimum of 20 days, and completed other assessments of WM and IQ before and after training, and with and without prescribed drug treatment. While medication significantly improved visuo-spatial memory performance, training led to substantial gains in all components of WM across untrained tasks. Training gains associ...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - June 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Joni Holmes, Susan E. Gathercole, Maurice Place, Darren L. Dunning, Kerry A. Hilton, Julian G. Elliott Source Type: journals

Are expert athletes 'expert' in the cognitive laboratory? A meta-analytic review of cognition and sport expertiseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study we examine, in a quantitative meta-analysis (k = 20), the relationship between expertise in sports and laboratory-based measures of cognition. We found that athletes performed better on measures of processing speed and a category of varied attentional paradigms, and athletes from interceptive sport types and males showed the largest effects. Based on our results, more research should be done with higher-level cognitive tasks, such as tasks of executive function and more varied sub-domains of visual attention. Furthermore, future studies should incorporate more female athletes and use a diverse range of sport ...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - June 16, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Michelle W. Voss, Arthur F. Kramer, Chandramallika Basak, Ruchika Shaurya Prakash, Brent Roberts Source Type: journals

Evidence for improved conclusion accuracy after reading about rather than conducting a belief-inconsistent simple physics experimentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Prior beliefs that contradict data may interfere with the ability to draw accurate conclusions; however, evidence shows that through engaged activity individuals may learn new information. In Experiment 1, undergraduates performed or read about two physics experiments involving a ball and ramp. The first experiment was consistent with most people's prior beliefs, while the second was inconsistent with most people's prior beliefs. Participants' predictions, experimentation adequacy, conclusions and ability to generalize knowledge were measured to determine the effects of prior belief bias depending on whether participants c...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - June 16, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Maggie DeHart Renken, Narina Nunez Source Type: journals

Have you made up your story? The effect of suspicion and liars' strategies on reality monitoringEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The impact of Veracity, Suspicion (weak or strong) and Strategy (making up a story or using past experiences) on Reality Monitoring (RM) scores was examined. A total of 158 undergraduate students were interviewed twice about the possession of an object. In one interview they were asked to lie, and in the other to tell the truth (Veracity factor). In both conditions, suspicion was raised in the second half of the interview: Participants were accused of lying by the interviewer and asked to repeat their account (Raised Suspicion factor). At the end of the interview participants were asked whether their lies were totally made...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - May 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Augusto Gnisci, Letizia Caso, Aldert Vrij Source Type: journals

Does Trial presentation medium matter in jury simulation research? Evaluating the effectiveness of eyewitness expert testimonyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study assesses whether mock jurors' perceptions of eyewitness expert testimony vary based on the level of ecological validity - video or transcript trial presentation medium. In Experiment 1, 496 jury-eligible mock jurors were presented a simulated trial. Each served in one condition in a 3 (no expert or eyewitness expert either with or without prosecution rebuttal witness) × 2 (trial presentation medium: Video or transcript) design. Participants were generally less certain of the defendant's guilt after the eyewitness expert testimony, and affective and cognitive ratings of the expert testimony were higher in the tr...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - May 19, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kathy Pezdek, Elizabeth Avila-Mora, Kathryn Sperry Source Type: journals

Unanswered questions: A preliminary investigation of personality and individual difference predictors of 9/11 conspiracist beliefsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Given the widespread appeal of conspiratorial beliefs, it is surprising that very little empirical research has examined the psychological variables associated with such beliefs. In the present study, we examined individual and demographic predictors of beliefs in conspiracy theories concerning the September 11, 2001 (9/11) attacks on the World Trade Centre and Pentagon among a representative British sample of 254 women and men. Results of structural equation modelling showed that 9/11 conspiracist beliefs were positively associated with belief in other conspiracy theories, exposure to 9/11 conspiracist ideas, political cy...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - May 15, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Viren Swami, Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic, Adrian Furnham Source Type: journals

Perceiving patterns in dynamic action sequences: Investigating the processes underpinning stimulus recognition and anticipation skillEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined whether skilled and less-skilled participants process dynamic sequences comprised of numerous elements using relational information or specific display features. Moreover, the processes underpinning anticipation and recognition judgments were compared. Participants viewed dynamic film sequences showing multiple display features and anticipated what would happen next. New and previously viewed action sequences were then presented in film or point-light display format. Participants attempted to recognize previously viewed sequences. Skilled participants demonstrated superior anticipation skill and were more sensi...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - May 15, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Jamie S. North, A. Mark Williams, Nicola Hodges, Paul Ward, K. Anders Ericsson Source Type: journals

The effects of ongoing activity on time estimation in prospective rememberingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two experiments examined whether time-based prospective memory performance is influenced by the continuous or discontinuous nature of an ongoing activity. The first experiment demonstrated that prospective memory performance was not influenced by the engagement in continuous or discontinuous ongoing activity. The second experiment demonstrated that a discontinuous ongoing activity negatively affected prospective memory performance when participants had to execute two time-based tasks for which the retention intervals partially overlapped. The results suggest that when individuals are engaged in multiple time-based tasks, a...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - May 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Miranda Occhionero, Maria José Esposito, Pier Carla Cicogna, Giovanna Nigro Source Type: journals

Novel lineup methods for improving the performance of older eyewitnessesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previous research shows that older witnesses demonstrate poorer lineup performance compared to younger adults. Two experiments are presented which investigated the effectiveness of pre-identification procedures aimed to reduce false identifications made by older adults. In experiment one older adults' demonstrated poorer lineup performance compared to younger adults. However, older adults benefited from pre-lineup questions and a practice lineup prior to viewing a target absent (TA) lineup. In a second experiment, participants in the practice lineup condition made significantly fewer false identifications and more correct ...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - May 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Rachel Wilcock, Ray Bull Source Type: journals

Shooting behaviour: How working memory and negative emotionality influence police officer shoot decisionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previous research on police officer shoot decisions has focussed on the influence of situational factors that lead to the shooting error. Focussing instead on the 'shooter', the present study examined whether working memory capacity and threat-related increases in negative emotionality influenced participant shoot decisions in a simulated shooting task. Following a working memory test, 24 police officers viewed a police-relevant threatening video while physiological indices of arousal and negative affect were obtained and then completed a computerized shoot-don't shoot task. Results indicated that lower working memory capa...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - April 28, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Heather M. Kleider, Dominic J. Parrott, Tricia Z. King Source Type: journals

Access to handouts of presentation slides during lecture: Consequences for learningEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Teachers often lecture with presentation software such as Microsoft PowerPoint; however, little research has examined the effects of this new technology on learning. One issue that arises is whether or not to give students copies of the lecture slides, and if so when. A survey documented that students prefer to receive lecture slides before class, whereas instructors were less pronounced in their preferences. Two experiments examined whether having handouts of the slides facilitated encoding of science lectures. Having access to handouts of the slides during lecture was associated with a number of benefits: less note-takin...
Source: Applied Cognitive Psychology - April 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Elizabeth J. Marsh, Holli E. Sink Source Type: journals