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Medical and psychiatric problems among men and women in a community corrections residential settingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study of community corrections offenders utilizing residential facilities, we found that frequencies of substance use disorders, other mental health disorders, and medical problems exceeded frequencies found in the community and, in some cases, were higher than frequencies found in incarcerated individuals. Of particular concern were the high frequencies of substance use disorders, traumatic brain injury, anxiety states, suicidal ideation, and prior self-harm. While the level of self-reported medical and mental health service utilization was higher than expected, it appeared low relative to the disease burden repor...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - September 9, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Tracy D. Gunter, Robert Philibert, Nancy Hollenbeck Source Type: journals

Malingering in a correctional setting: the use of the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms in a jail sampleEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The ability to detect malingering in the correctional setting is of paramount importance. The burgeoning jail and prison population combined with statutory requirements for the provision of mental health treatment require that only those most in need receive these services. Several structured assessments have been developed to assist in the identification of individuals more likely to be feigning psychiatric symptoms. Prior to the development of these specialized assessments, subscales of standard psychological tests were used as an indicator of assessment attitudes, for both malingering and other dissimulation. At the Sac...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - September 9, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Barbara E. McDermott, Gregory Sokolov Source Type: journals

Pathways to psychiatric care in European prison systemsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article stresses the different organizational models of mental health care for inmates, different legal standards for screening their mental health status and different pathways to psychiatric care and aftercare. The study revealed serious shortcomings. Even the most rudimentary health reporting standards for mental health care in prison are lacking almost everywhere in Europe. Psychiatric screening and assessment procedures at prison entry and during imprisonment differ substantially and do not fulfil recognized quality standards. In many countries, the appointment of inadequately trained staff to perform such screen...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - September 9, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Hans-Joachim Salize, Harald Dressing Source Type: journals

Conducting research in corrections: challenges and solutionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Research in correctional settings has progressed from the exploitation of a vulnerable population in the years prior to 1978 to its current overly protective and restrictive state. With the considerable growth in the numbers of inmates with medical and mental health care needs, developing effective interventions to serve this population is paramount. There now appear to be signs of interest in and support for research with inmates by correctional agencies, academia, and health care organizations. Innes (2003) has articulated the following strategies for implementing research in prison: (1) gather stakeholders; (2) include ...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - September 9, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Sara Wakai, Deborah Shelton, Robert L. Trestman, Karen Kesten Source Type: journals

Childhood risk factors for offending before first psychiatric admission for people with schizophrenia: a case-control study of high security hospital admissionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions. While early offending among people with schizophrenia may delay treatment, making the distinction between pre-admission and post-admission offending may be useful in understanding the aetiology of the offending, and establishment of such a history may help in targeting interventions supplementary to treatment specific for the psychosis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - July 29, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Roland M. Jones, Marianne Van den Bree, Michael Ferriter, Pamela J. Taylor Source Type: journals

The effects of harassment severity and organizational behavior on damage awards in a hostile work environment sexual harassment caseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Community members reporting for jury duty (N = 128) read a sexual harassment trial summary in which harassment severity and the organization's sexual harassment policy and response were manipulated. Jurors who read the severe harassment scenario were more likely to agree that the plaintiff had suffered and should be compensated for her suffering and that the organization should be punished than were jurors who read the mild harassment scenario. When the organization had and enforced a sexual harassment policy, jurors believed that the plaintiff had suffered little and the organization should not be punished compared with c...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - July 5, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Stacie A. Cass, Lora M. Levett, Margaret Bull Kovera Source Type: journals

Monitoring a correctional mental health care system: the role of the mental health expertEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article provides a very brief introduction underlying the legal basis for such litigation. It focuses on the role of the mental health expert in monitoring a correctional mental health care system as a result of class action litigation including issues related to selection of the expert, development of the remedial plan, and monitoring of the implementation of the remedial plan. The importance of policies and procedures and a quality improvement process is emphasized. Essential elements of the monitoring process, prior to and during the site assessment, are described. Inmates and correctional staff alike have benefite...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - June 24, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Jeffrey L. Metzner Source Type: journals

Who succeeds in jail diversion programs for persons with mental illness? A multi-site studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study examined how the characteristics of people with mental illness who are participants in post-booking jail diversion programs affect recidivism and time spent incarcerated. The study employed data from a multi-site, federally funded jail diversion initiative. A pre-post comparison design was used to compare experiences of arrest and days spent in jail of diverted individuals for the 12 months following enrollment with the 12 months prior to enrollment. Also compared were differences in 12-month public safety outcomes. Data were collected between February 2003 and August 2007. The findings suggest that people with ...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - June 24, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Brian Case, Henry J. Steadman, Seth A. Dupuis, Laura S. Morris Source Type: journals

"Race salience" in juror decision-making: misconceptions, clarifications, and unanswered questionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In two frequently cited articles, Sommers and Ellsworth () concluded that the influence of a defendant's race on White mock jurors is more pronounced in interracial trials in which race remains a silent background issue than in trials involving racially charged incidents. Referring to this variable more generally as "race salience," we predicted that any aspect of a trial that leads White mock jurors to be concerned about racial bias should render the race of a defendant less influential. Though subsequent researchers have further explored this idea of "race salience," they have manipulated it in the same way as in these o...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - June 9, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Samuel R. Sommers, Phoebe C. Ellsworth Source Type: journals

Stress experiences of family members of registered sex offendersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The collateral consequences of sex offender registration and notification (SORN) have been well established, although little evidence has supported the efficacy of SORN. Based on the belief that family members provide some of the most consistent, important, and intense forms of support for criminal offenders in general and registered sex offenders (RSOs) more specifically, the experiences of sanctions, losses, and stresses of these individuals is examined. Using survey responses from 584 individuals known to visit online support and advocacy groups for RSOs and their loved ones, this study identifies the stress levels and ...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - June 7, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Richard Tewksbury, Jill Levenson Source Type: journals

Racial differences in the associations of neighborhood disadvantage, exposure to violence, and criminal recidivism among female juvenile offendersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The current study examined the impact of exposure to violence and neighborhood disadvantage on criminal recidivism among Black (n = 69) and White (n = 53) female juvenile offenders. Participants were girls between the ages of 13 and 19 (M = 16.8; SD = 1.2) who were sentenced to secure custody. Using a multi-method research design, the study assessed neighborhood disadvantage through census level data, exposure to violence through self-report, and criminal recidivism through official records. Results indicated that Black girls were significantly more likely than White girls to live in disadvantaged neighborhoods, but both r...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - June 2, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Preeti Chauhan, N. Dickon Reppucci, Eric N. Turkheimer Source Type: journals

The mangled butterfly: Rorschach results from 45 violent psychopathsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Participants were 45 violent California male prison inmates scoring 30 or more on the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 1991, 2003). Inmates were evaluated using Rorschach and neuropsychological test data. The participants' intellectual functioning was within the low-average range and displayed a lack of flexibility. Rorschach data were not suggestive of chronic narcissism and anger as in other psychopathic samples. This group resembled Exner's normative sample of high Lambda adults. Consistent with previous studies, psychopaths demonstrated poor emotional modulation, diminished reality testing, little interest...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - May 13, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Kent W. Franks, Shoba Sreenivasan, Beverly J. Spray, Patricia Kirkish Source Type: journals

What works in offender profiling? A comparison of typological, thematic, and multivariate modelsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Utilizing a sample of 85 stranger rapists, three models (Hazelwood's () Power and Anger FBI model, the Behavioral Thematic evaluation of Canter, Bennell, Alison, and Reddy (), and the Massachusetts Treatment Center: Rape classification system revision 3 (MTC:R3, Knight & Prentky, )) were contrasted with a multivariate regression approach to assess their ability to predict an offender's previous convictions from crime scene information. In respect of the three aforementioned models, logistic regression and AUC analysis indicated that the Power and Anger FBI model was the most effective, followed by the MTC:R3, and then the ...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - May 13, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Alasdair M. Goodwill, Laurence J. Alison, Anthony R. Beech Source Type: journals

Community sentiment and the juvenile offender: Should juveniles charged with felony murder be waived into the adult criminal justice system?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Juveniles are more likely than adult offenders to commit crimes in groups. This tendency makes the juvenile offender more susceptible to the felony murder rule. In three experiments we tested the notion that juveniles arrested and charged under the felony murder rule would be transferred into the adult criminal justice system based on an equalistic (i.e. the application of the felony murder rule) or a proportional (i.e. the just deserts philosophy) rule. Participants read case descriptions of an armed robbery (no death, accidental death, or intentional death) in which defendants had different levels of involvement in the c...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - May 13, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Nicole M. Garberg, Terry M. Libkuman Source Type: journals

Effects of false-evidence ploys and expert testimony on jurors' verdicts, recommended sentences, and perceptions of confession evidenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined jurors' verdicts, recommended sentences, and perceptions of the interrogation. Although factual evidence and the defendant's confession remained constant across conditions, false-evidence ploys led to fewer convictions and shorter sentences. Jurors also perceived interrogations with ploys as more deceptive and coercive. Expert testimony reduced convictions and increased interrogation deception and coercion ratings. Across ploy types, participants rated demeanor ploys as less deceptive and recommended longer sentences for confessors. Outcomes reveal important, previously unrecognized consequences of false-eviden...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - April 30, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: William Douglas Woody, Krista D. Forrest Source Type: journals

Alford pleas in the age of innocenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In 1970, the Supreme Court handed down a decision in North Carolina v. Alford that has since allowed defendants who do not wish to risk their fates at trial to plead guilty while simultaneously asserting their innocence. Although "Alford pleas" have remained unexamined by researchers, the increasing number of identified wrongful convictions of those factually innocent highlights the need for an in-depth examination of them. In the present study, using the Department of Justice 2004 State Survey of Inmates in Correctional Facilities dataset, we examined the likelihood of entering Alford pleas over traditional guilty, no con...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - April 29, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Allison D. Redlich, Asil Ali Özdo[gbreve]ru Source Type: journals

What do potential jurors know about police interrogation techniques and false confessions?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study provides empirical support for the idea that expert witnesses may helpfully inform jurors about the social science research on psychologically coercive interrogation methods and how and why such interrogation techniques can lead to false confessions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - April 29, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Richard A. Leo, Brittany Liu Source Type: journals

Cultural consequences of miscarriages of justiceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Social science scholarship has tended to focus more on the causes than the consequences of miscarriages of justice. Within the literature on consequences, the overwhelming emphasis has been on individual consequences: psychological and material impacts on the wrongly convicted individual and, in some cases, other indirectly impacted individuals such as family members of the wrongly convicted and victims of the true perpetrator's future crimes. Some attention has been devoted to social harms, the impact of miscarriages of justice on the broader society within which they are situated, such as the undermining of the legitimac...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - April 28, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Simon A. Cole Source Type: journals

Jurors' perceptions of juvenile defendants: The influence of intellectual disability, abuse history, and confession evidenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Understanding jurors' perceptions of juvenile defendants has become increasingly important as more and more juvenile cases are being tried in adult criminal court rather than family or juvenile court. Intellectual disability and child maltreatment are overrepresented among juvenile delinquents, and juveniles (particularly disabled juveniles) are at heightened risk for falsely confessing to crimes. In two mock trial experiments, we examined the effects of disability, abuse history, and confession evidence on jurors' perceptions of a juvenile defendant across several different crime scenarios. Abused juveniles were treated m...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - April 23, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Cynthia J. Najdowski, Bette L. Bottoms, Maria C. Vargas Source Type: journals

Videotaped interrogations and confessions: Does a dual-camera approach yield unbiased and accurate evaluations?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although an equal-focus camera perspective - suspect and interrogator each displayed in profile - produces relatively unbiased assessments of videotaped interrogations-confessions, many in law enforcement may consider it less than satisfactory because a full-face view of the suspect is precluded and thus potentially important information revealed in his or her expressions may be unavailable for fact finders' consideration. The present research investigated whether a dual-camera approach, wherein the full faces of both the suspect and interrogator are presented in a split-screen format simultaneously, is a viable alternativ...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - April 22, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Celeste J. Snyder, G. Daniel Lassiter, Matthew J. Lindberg, Shannon K. Pinegar Source Type: journals

The relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and psychopathy in adolescent male and female detaineesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined these three hypotheses and the possibility of sex differences using cross-sectional analyses in 90 male and 123 female incarcerated adolescents. Among males the influence of ADHD was largely attributable to the overlap between ADHD and CD, whereas among females ADHD contributed independently to psychopathy scores and to scores on several dimensions of psychopathy. In addition, among females, the ADHD × CD interaction was significant for the total score and the antisocial component of psychopathy and in a direction opposite to that predicted by the comorbid subtype hypothesis. These findings indicate that there...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - April 22, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Kathrin Sevecke, David S. Kosson, Maya K. Krischer Source Type: journals

Arresting and convicting the innocent: the potential role of an "inappropriate" emotional display in the accusedEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Research from both simulated and actual jurors has demonstrated that the defendant's emotional display can influence legal decisions. The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence regarding the influence of the defendant's emotional display, and to consider the potential role of suspect and defendant emotion in wrongful convictions. It is possible that the lack of "appropriate" emotion during questioning or interrogation may lead investigators to create a mind-set that the suspect is the guilty party; as a result, they may be less inclined to investigate other leads. During a trial, the defendant's perceived level of...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - April 21, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Wendy P. Heath Source Type: journals

Reid training and sensitivity to developmental maturity in interrogation: Results from a national survey of policeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although research has demonstrated that youthfulness is a risk factor for providing false confessions during criminal interrogations, it is unclear whether interrogation training programs address this issue. The goal was to analyze differences between Reid-trained (RT) and non-Reid-trained (non-RT) police in their sensitivity to the developmental maturity of young suspects. 1,828 police officers, 514 of whom were RT, completed surveys about their perceptions and practices during interrogation with children, adolescents, or adults. Results indicate that, compared with non-RT police, RT police demonstrate less sensitivity to...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - April 21, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Jessica O. Kostelnik, N. Dickon Reppucci Source Type: journals

Actual innocence: Is death different?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article examines the implications of the "death is different" doctrine for the problem of wrongful convictions in both capital and non-capital cases. It argues that innovations designed to enhance reliability in the special context of death-penalty prosecutions are important in their own right, but relevant new safeguards also should extend to criminal cases generally, where innocent people are similarly at risk and wrongful convictions are far more prevalent. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - April 17, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: James R. Acker Source Type: journals

Introduction to this Issue: The neuroscience and psychology of moral decision making and the lawEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
No Abstract.
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - March 25, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Steven K. Erickson, Alan R. Felthous Source Type: journals

Neurobiology of empathy and callousness: Implications for the development of antisocial behaviorEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article provides an integrated in-depth review of hormones (e.g. peripheral steroid hormones such as cortisol) and brain structures (e.g. insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and amygdala) implicated in empathy, callousness, and psychopathic-like behavior. The overarching goal of this article is to relate these hormones and brain structures to moral decision-making. This review will begin in the brain, but will then integrate information about biological functioning in the body, specifically stress-reactivity. Our aim is to integrate understanding of neural processes with hormones such as cortisol, both of which have de...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - March 24, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Elizabeth A. Shirtcliff, Michael J. Vitacco, Alexander R. Graf, Andrew J. Gostisha, Jenna L. Merz, Carolyn Zahn-Waxler Source Type: journals

Brain lesions and their implications in criminal responsibilityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
For over 200 years, Western courts have considered pleas of "not guilty by reason of insanity" (NGRI) for defendants in possession of a mental defect rendering them unable to understand the wrongfulness of their act. Until recently, determining the mental state of a defendant has fallen largely upon the shoulders of court psychologists and experts in psychiatry for qualitative assessments related to NGRI pleas and mitigation at sentencing. However, advances in neuroscience - particularly neurological scanning techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), computed tomogra...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - March 24, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Shelley Batts Source Type: journals

Emotional evidence and jurors' judgments: the promise of neuroscience for informing psychology and lawEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article is a review of psychological and neuroscience research addressing how juror decision making is influenced by emotion elicited from potentially disturbing evidence such as gruesome autopsy photographs, victim impact statements, and information about a defendant's tragic personal history presented as mitigating evidence. We review (a) converging evidence suggesting that the presence versus absence of such evidence results in more punitive juror judgments, (b) social cognition theories that provide potential explanations for these effects, and (c) neuroscience research aimed at understanding the role of emotion i...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - March 24, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Jessica M. Salerno, Bette L. Bottoms Source Type: journals

Neuroscience and the law: Philosophical differences and practical constraintsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Controversies surrounding the value of neuroscience as forensic evidence are explored from the perspective of the philosophy of mind, as well as from a practical analysis of the state of the scientific research literature. At a fundamental philosophical level there are profound differences in how law and neuroscience view the issue of criminal responsibility along the continuum from free will to determinism. At a more practical level, significant limitations in the current state of neuroimaging research constrain its ability to inform legal decision-making. Scientifically supported and unsupported forensic applications for...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - March 11, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Daniel A. Martell Source Type: journals

The development of decision-making capacities in children and adolescents: Psychological and neurological perspectives and their implications for juvenile defendantsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article attempts to review the latest and most relevant research on the development of decision-making capacities likely to be relevant in children and adolescents who are defendants. We distinguish cognition versus judgment in decision-making and briefly review adolescent decision-making in laboratory and real world conditions. We review a theoretical framework of two different systems, a cognitive-control system and socio-emotional system, and potentially correlated neurobiological and psychological findings. Implications for selected aspects of the juvenile adjudicative process are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - March 6, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Praveen Kambam, Christopher Thompson Source Type: journals

Non-invasive brain stimulation in the detection of deception: Scientific challenges and ethical consequencesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Tools for noninvasive stimulation of the brain, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have provided new insights in the study of brain-behavior relationships due to their ability to directly alter cortical activity. In particular, TMS and tDCS have proven to be useful tools for establishing causal relationships between behavioral and brain imaging measures. As such, there has been interest in whether these tools may represent novel technologies for deception detection by altering a person's ability to engage brain networks involved in conscious deceit. Investiga...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - March 5, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Bruce Luber, Carl Fisher, Paul S. Appelbaum, Marcus Ploesser, Sarah H. Lisanby Source Type: journals

Concepts of Intentional ControlEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article aims to give the legal concept of capacity to control an empirical, psychological background. This concept is intrinsically interwoven with motivation, conscious decision-making and volition as well as with the ability to convert intention into action. For neuroscientific research, it is important to have a valid psychological model of decision making. This article presents a psychological model of intentional action control and the problem of deactualization. It proposes a differentiation between the executive and the motivational capacities of controlling one's decisions and actions, each of which can separa...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - March 5, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Hans-Ludwig Kröber Source Type: journals

Neuroscience, moral reasoning, and the lawEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article presents a framework reviewing how event-feature-emotion complexes (EFEC) are relevant to jurors and understanding complex criminal behavior. Future directions regarding converging fields of neuroscience and legal decision making are considered. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - February 24, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Joshua J. Knabb, Robert K. Welsh, Joseph G. Ziebell, Kevin S. Reimer Source Type: journals

Behavioral and neurological foundations for the moral and legal implications of intoxication, addictive behaviors and disinhibitionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Disinhibition and addictive behaviors are related and carry moral implications. Both typically involve diminished consideration of negative consequences, which may result in harm to oneself or others. Disinhibition may occur on state and trait levels, and addictive substances may elicit disinhibitory states, particularly when intoxication is reached. Data suggest that trait disinhibition and addictions may be conceptualized as involving misdirected motivation with underlying biological bases including genetic factors, alterations in neurotransmitter systems and differences in regional brain function. The influences of into...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - February 24, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Robert F. Leeman, Jon E. Grant, Marc N. Potenza Source Type: journals

Political orientation and perceptions of adolescent autonomy and judicial culpabilityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study probed general attitudes about processing youths in adult criminal court across a range of offenses, explored attitudes about age of autonomous decision-making for several activities outside the criminal justice context, and examined the interaction between these two realms. The major finding was that adults favor adult punishment of adolescent offenders at younger ages than they favor autonomy in other decision-making contexts; the gap is widest for those who identify themselves as conservatives. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - January 20, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: N. Dickon Reppucci, Elizabeth Scott, Jill Antonishak Tags: Research Reports Source Type: journals

Deterring malingered psychopathology: The effect of warning simulating malingerersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The utility of a warning to deter malingering on measures of personality and psychopathology was examined. Sixty-seven first year psychology students were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: unwarned malingerers, warned malingerers, and controls. Participants in the two malingering groups were given a financial incentive to simulate believable psychological impairment. Warned malingerers received an additional warning that the tests could detect malingering and that detection would result in loss of course credit. Controls received standardized test instructions. It was hypothesized that the malingering incentive...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - January 20, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Joanne King, Karen A. Sullivan Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

Violent offenses associated with co-occurring substance use and mental health problems: Evidence from CJDATSEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present study examines the relationship between substance use, mental health problems, and violence in a sample of offenders released from prison and referred to substance abuse treatment programs. Data from 34 sites (n = 1,349) in a federally funded cooperative, the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJDATS), were analyzed. Among parolees referred to substance abuse treatment, self-reports for the six-month period before the arrest resulting in their incarceration revealed frequent problems with both substance use and mental health. For most offenders with substance use problems, the quantity of alcohol co...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - January 20, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Stanley Sacks, Charles M. Cleland, Gerald Melnick, Patrick M. Flynn, Kevin Knight, Peter D. Friedmann, Michael L. Prendergast, Carrie Coen Tags: Research Reports Source Type: journals

A latent class factor approach to identifying subtypes of juvenile diversion youths based on psychopathic featuresEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study offers partial support for the existence of psychopathy subgroups and has implications for future studies of psychopathy typologies. In addition, this study employed a methodology for classification that permits consideration of the dimensional nature of a construct, and as such has implications for a variety of research areas. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - January 20, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Jennifer Wareham, Richard Dembo, Norman G. Poythress, Kristina Childs, James Schmeidler Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

Maltreated children's understanding of and emotional reactions to dependency court involvementEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Little is known about the extent to which maltreated children understand what is happening during their participation in court proceedings, despite large numbers of children coming into contact with the legal system as victims of maltreatment. In the present study, maltreated 4- to 15-year-olds were interviewed about their understanding of dependency court on the day of their scheduled court visit. Their feelings about attending their hearings were also assessed, and after their hearing, their understanding of the decisions was examined. Age-related improvements in children's understanding emerged. Also, children who were ...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - January 20, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Jodi A. Quas, Allison R. Wallin, Briana Horwitz, Elizabeth Davis, Thomas D. Lyon Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

Retributive constraints on the concept of competency: the Required Role of "Patently False Beliefs" in Understanding Competency to be ExecutedEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
No Abstract.
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - January 1, 2009 Category: Medical Law Authors: Elyn Saks, M. Litt Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

Trait impulsivity in a forensic inpatient sample: An evaluation of the barratt impulsiveness scaleEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Impulsivity is a fundamental component of psychopathology and an essential trait to consider when working with forensic populations. Nevertheless, impulsivity has not been widely studied in psychiatric forensic patients. The current study evaluated the use of a self-report measure of impulsivity, the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11), in a sample of 425 male forensic psychiatric inpatients with varying degrees of psychopathology and criminality. Patients also completed a measure of psychopathology, the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). Descriptive information and psychometric properties of the BIS-11 are presented...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - November 27, 2008 Category: Medical Law Authors: Sara C. Haden, Andrew Shiva Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

Behavioral measures of impulsivity and the lawEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study found differential behavioral profiles across distinct measures of impulsivity by those with childhood- versus adolescent-onset Conduct Disorder. Legal implications for defining behavioral deficits using behavioral measures of impulsivity and their current limitations are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - November 27, 2008 Category: Medical Law Authors: Charles W. Mathias, Dawn M. Marsh-Richard, Donald M. Dougherty Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

Comparison of impulsive and premeditated perpetrators of intimate partner violenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Violence occurs in four to five million intimate relationships each year in the United States. Past research has investigated the concept of batterer subtypes based on the nature of the violent behavior. To extend this research, the present study used the Impulsive/Premeditated Aggression Scale (IPAS) along with a battery of relevant self-report measures in a sample of men (N = 113) convicted of domestic violence and court ordered into an intervention program. Batterers whose violence was classified as premeditated scored higher on psychopathic traits and a measure of treatment rejection. Batterers whose violence was class...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - November 27, 2008 Category: Medical Law Authors: Matthew S. Stanford, Rebecca J. Houston, Robyn M. Baldridge Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

Without Thinking: Impulsive Aggression and Criminal ResponsibilityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the U.S. the decision to impose criminal responsibility rests on an assumption about the defendant's decision to engage in proscribed conduct. We punish only those who we believe had the capacity to make a choice. In an increasingly violent world, the criminal law and the assumptions upon which it rests are relentlessly tested. A new generation of neuro-imaging technologies offers to provide insights into structural and functional abnormalities in the brain that may limit the autonomy of many dangerous offenders and unravel the fabric of the criminal justice system. How will the results of these technologies be received...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - November 27, 2008 Category: Medical Law Authors: Daniel W. Shuman, Liza H. Gold Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

Schizophrenia and impulsive aggression: A heuristic inquiry with forensic and clinical implicationsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Assessment of a violent act committed by an offender with schizophrenia typically focuses on whether the act was due to distortions in thought or perception, i.e., delusions or hallucination. An important but less appreciated feature is the impulsivity of the act, which can have forensic and therapeutic implications. Here a modification of Barratt's classification of aggressive behavior is presented that includes premeditated (instrumental), medical (secondary), impulsive (expressive), and compulsive (instrumental and expressive) aggression. Violence due to a mental condition such as schizophrenia is considered medical, bu...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - November 27, 2008 Category: Medical Law Authors: Alan R. Felthous Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

The accuracy of risk assessment instruments in the prediction of impulsive versus predatory aggressionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Actuarial violence risk assessments, many of which include the construct of psychopathy, have been shown to be superior to clinical judgment in the prediction of long-term risk of community violence and recidivism. While these instruments initially appeared to provide similarly accurate judgments of risk of institutional aggression, recent research has indicated that such assessments may be less robust in this setting. One explanation may lie in the types of aggression most frequently observed in each setting. Impulsive (or reactive/affective) is the type of physical aggression most commonly exhibited in psychiatric facili...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - November 27, 2008 Category: Medical Law Authors: Barbara E. McDermott, Cameron D. Quanbeck, David Busse, Kalynn Yastro, Charles L. Scott Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

Revisiting impulsivity in suicide: Implications for civil liability of third partiesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previous research and popular conceptualizations of suicide have posited that many suicides are the result of impulsive, "on a whim" decisions. However, recent research demonstrates that most suicides are not attempted impulsively, and in fact involve a plan. Legally, suicide has historically been considered to be a superseding intervening cause of death that exonerates other parties from liability, but currently there are two general exceptions to this view. Specifically, another party may be found responsible for a suicide if that party either caused the suicide or failed in its duty to prevent the suicide from occurring...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - November 27, 2008 Category: Medical Law Authors: April R. Smith, Tracy K. Witte, Nadia E. Teale, Sarah L. King, Ted W. Bender, Thomas E. Joiner Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

Executive dysfunction as a risk marker for substance abuse: The role of impulsive personality traitsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The relationships between family history of substance use, executive functions, impaired decision making, and current substance dependence are the focus of this study. Thirty-eight substance-dependent inpatients were compared with 30 community controls on performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail-Making Test-B, the Stroop Color Word Test, the Wais-II Digit Span, and the Iowa Gambling Task. Recent alcohol use, depressive symptoms, and impulsivity were also assessed. As hypothesized, individuals with substance dependence exhibited poorer executive functioning. Family history status was modestly related to impaire...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - November 27, 2008 Category: Medical Law Authors: Sara L. Dolan, Antoine Bechara, Peter E. Nathan Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

Empathic deficits and alexithymia in trauma-related impulsive aggressionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Our long term interest is to develop a developmental model of impulsive aggression based on a confluence of social, psychological and biological features. This approach incorporates neurobiological research, which has identified language processing deficits as a unique characteristic of impulsive aggressors and extends it to include emotional deficits. As an initial test of this hypothesis, we examined whether empathy and alexithymia were associated with impulsive aggression. Regressions were performed to explore the associations among impaired empathy, alexithymia, impulsive aggression, verbal and physical general aggress...
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - November 27, 2008 Category: Medical Law Authors: Andra L. Teten, Lisa A. Miller, Sara D. Bailey, Nancy Jo Dunn, Thomas A. Kent Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

Introduction to this issue: impulsivity and the lawEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
No Abstract.
Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law - November 1, 2008 Category: Medical Law Authors: Matthew S. Stanford, Alan R. Felthous Tags: Introductions Source Type: journals

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