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141 records returned

Unsteady state flow and stagnation in distribution systems affect the biological stability of drinking water.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The effects of water stagnation and flushing on the biological stability of drinking water were studied by promoting the formation of biofilms under continuous flow (turbulent or laminar) and subsequently subjecting them to unsteady hydraulic situations. Independently of the flow regime under which the biofilm was formed, stagnation promoted bacterial accumulation, either in attached or suspended form, which were carried away in higher numbers when flow was re-started, thereby compromising its biological quality. In all cases, Betaproteobacteria was the dominant phylogenetic group, although Gamma and Alpha subclasses w...
Source: Biofouling - October 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Manuel CM, Nunes OC, Melo LF Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Fluorinated/siloxane copolymer blends for fouling release: chemical characterisation and biological evaluation with algae and barnacles.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Fouling-release coatings were prepared from blends of a fluorinated/siloxane copolymer with a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) matrix in order to couple the low modulus character of PDMS with the low surface tension typical for fluorinated polymers. The content of the surface-active copolymer was varied in the blend over a broad range (0.15-10 wt % with respect to PDMS). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling analyses were performed on the coatings to establish the distribution of specific chemical constituents throughout the coatings, and proved enrichment in fluorine of the outermost layers of the coating sur...
Source: Biofouling - June 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Marabotti I, Morelli A, Orsini LM, Martinelli E, Galli G, Chiellini E, Lien EM, Pettitt ME, Callow ME, Callow JA, Conlan SL, Mutton RJ, Clare AS, Kocijan A, Donik C, Jenko M Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Capsular polysaccharides of cultured phototrophic biofilms.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Phototrophic biofilm samples from an Italian wastewater treatment plant were studied in microcosm experiments under varying irradiances, temperatures and flow regimes to assess the effects of environmental variables and phototrophic biomass on capsular exopolysaccharides (CPS). The results, obtained from circular dichroism spectroscopy and High Performance Liquid Chromatography, suggest that CPS have a stable spatial conformation and a complex monosaccharide composition. The total amount present was positively correlated with the biomass of cyanobacteria and diatoms, and negatively with the biovolume of green algae. Th...
Source: Biofouling - June 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Di Pippo F, Bohn A, Congestri R, De Philippis R, Albertano P Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Antifouling potential of Subtilisin A immobilized onto maleic anhydride copolymer thin films.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The proteinaceous nature of the adhesives used by most fouling organisms to attach to surfaces suggests that coatings incorporating proteolytic enzymes may provide a technology for the control of biofouling. In the present article, the antifouling (AF) and fouling release potential of model coatings incorporating the surface-immobilized protease, Subtilisin A, have been investigated. The enzyme was covalently attached to maleic anhydride copolymer thin films; the characteristics of the bioactive coatings obtained were adjusted through variation of the type of copolymer and the concentration of the enzyme solution used ...
Source: Biofouling - June 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Tasso M, Pettitt ME, Cordeiro AL, Callow ME, Callow JA, Werner C Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro activity of a surface-attached antimicrobial cationic peptide.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Infection associated with implanted biomaterials is common and costly and such infections are extremely resistant to antibiotics and host defenses. Consequently, there is a need to develop surfaces which resist bacterial adhesion and colonization. The broad spectrum synthetic cationic peptide melimine has been covalently linked to a surface via two azide linkers, 4-azidobenzoic acid (ABA) or 4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl azide (FNA), and the resulting surfaces characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. The quantity of bound peptide was estimated by a modified Bradford assay. The antimicr...
Source: Biofouling - June 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Chen R, Cole N, Willcox MD, Park J, Rasul R, Carter E, Kumar N Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Phenotypic and genetic differences between opaque and translucent colonies of Vibrio alginolyticus.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, Vibrio alginolyticus ZJ-51 displayed phase variation between opaque, rugose colonies (Op) and translucent, smooth colonies (Tr). Unlike the vibrios reported previously, Tr cells of ZJ-51 enhanced biofilm formation and motility, but they did not differ from Op cells in the quantity of surface polysaccharides produced. Real time PCR was used to analyze the expression of the genes involved in polysaccharide biosynthesis, flagellar synthesis, and the AI-2 quorum-sensing system. The results revealed that the K-antigen capsule gene cluster (which consists of homologs to the cpsA-K in Vibrio parahaemolyticus) and O...
Source: Biofouling - June 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Chang C, Jin X, Chaoqun H Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Effect of different Bacillus subtilis lipopeptides on surface hydrophobicity and adhesion of Bacillus cereus 98/4 spores to stainless steel and Teflon.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Various lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis were examined for their ability to modify the surface hydrophobicity of two substrata, stainless steel (SS) and Teflon. These modifications were evaluated by water contact angle measurements. The effects depended on the lipopeptide, its concentration, and the tested substratum. Treatment of SS with different concentrations of surfactin S1 showed an increase of the hydrophobicity between 1 and 100 mg l(-1). On the same substratum, fengycin increased hydrophobicity up to its critical micelle concentration (6.25 mg l(-1)). With higher concentrations of fengycin, hydrophob...
Source: Biofouling - June 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Shakerifard P, Gancel F, Jacques P, Faille C Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Pressure drop increase by biofilm accumulation in spiral wound RO and NF membrane systems: role of substrate concentration, flow velocity, substrate load and flow direction.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In an earlier study, it was shown that biofouling predominantly is a feed spacer channel problem. In this article, pressure drop development and biofilm accumulation in membrane fouling simulators have been studied without permeate production as a function of the process parameters substrate concentration, linear flow velocity, substrate load and flow direction. At the applied substrate concentration range, 100-400 microg l(-1) as acetate carbon, a higher concentration caused a faster and greater pressure drop increase and a greater accumulation of biomass. Within the range of linear flow velocities as applied in pract...
Source: Biofouling - June 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Vrouwenvelder JS, Hinrichs C, Van der Meer WG, Van Loosdrecht MC, Kruithof JC Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Laboratory studies on biomachining of copper using Staphylococcus sp.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, the results suggested that bacteria can be used as a tool for machining metallic surfaces. PMID: 19440892 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biofouling)
Source: Biofouling - June 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Shikata S, Sreekumari KR, Nandakumar K, Ozawa M, Kikuchi Y Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Involvement of reactive oxygen species in the electrochemical inhibition of barnacle (Amphibalanus amphitrite) settlement.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in electrochemical biofouling inhibition was investigated using a series of abiotic tests and settlement experiments with larvae of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite, a cosmopolitan fouler. Larval settlement, a measure of biofouling potential, was reduced from 43% +/- 14% to 5% +/- 6% upon the application of pulsed electric signals. The application of ROS scavengers such as glutathione and catalase counteracted the inhibitory effects of the electric signals, allowing settlement, and thus indicating that ROS are antifouling agents. Based on the experimental evidence, the prop...
Source: Biofouling - June 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Pérez-Roa RE, Anderson MA, Rittschof D, Hunt CG, Noguera DR Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Reversible effect of potassium sorbate on Balanus amphitrite larvae. Potential use as antifoulant.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Marine biofouling constitutes a major worldwide technical and economic problem. International regulations concerning the protection of both the environment and industrial workers have prompted paint manufacturers and end users to look for suitable replacements for traditional antifouling (AF) pigments. For this reason, the potential AF activity of potassium sorbate (KS) on nauplii and cyprids of Balanus amphitrite was tested in laboratory and field trials. Larval bioassays demonstrated a marked inhibitory and reversible effect. The values obtained for EC(50) and LC(50) were 9.91 mM and 36.73 mM, respectively, and the t...
Source: Biofouling - June 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Blustein G, Pérez M, García M, Stupak M, Cerruti C Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Defouling and cleaning using nanobubbles on stainless steel.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present work demonstrates that nanobubbles can be used as cleaning agents on stainless steel (SS) surfaces. Cleaning efficiency has been quantified. Using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), it was demonstrated that nanobubbles can be produced by electrochemical treatment on a SS surface either with or without adsorbed bovine serum albumin (BSA). After allowing adsorption on SS overnight, radio-labeled BSA was removed by electrochemically generated nanobubbles, and then the remaining BSA on the surface was quantified by radioactivity measurement. The results indicate that nanobubbles can remove >10% of the protein...
Source: Biofouling - March 5, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Chen H, Mao H, Wu L, Zhang J, Dong Y, Wu Z, Hu J Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

The introduction to Japan of the Titan barnacle, Megabalanus coccopoma (Darwin, 1854) (Cirripedia: Balanomorpha) and the role of shipping in its translocation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study reports its introduction to Japan and confirms its occurrence in Australia. In an attempt to determine the source of this introduction, phylogeographic techniques, involving cytochrome c oxidase I sequences of various widely separate populations of M. rosa and M. volcano, were utilized. No significant genetic differentiation or haplotype patterns between widely separated populations of each of the three species were found. Lack of such differentiation indicates recent geographical isolation and thus negates a null hypothesis predicting that the occurrence of one of more of these species in Australia was natural....
Source: Biofouling - February 18, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Yamaguchi T, Prabowo RE, Ohshiro Y, Shimono T, Jones D, Kawai H, Otani M, Oshino A, Inagawa S, Akaya T, Tamura I Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Nanoscale structures and mechanics of barnacle cement.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Polymerized barnacle glue was studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemical staining. Nanoscale structures exhibiting rod-shaped, globular and irregularly-shaped morphologies were observed in the bulk cement of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite (=Balanus amphitrite) by AFM. SEM coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) provided chemical composition information, making evident the organic nature of the rod-shaped nanoscale structures. FTIR spectroscopy gave signatures of beta-sheet and random coil conformations. The mechanica...
Source: Biofouling - January 31, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Sullan RM, Gunari N, Tanur AE, Chan Y, Dickinson GH, Orihuela B, Rittschof D, Walker GC Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Shallow moving structures promote marine invader dominance.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Global increases in urban development have resulted in severe habitat modification in many estuaries. Most are now dominated by artificial structures, which might have a myriad of effects on native species. The provision of extra hard substrata presents additional free space, and recent research suggests non-indigenous epifauna may be able to exploit these artificial structures (particularly pontoons) more effectively than native species. The early development of fouling assemblages was compared on settlement plates attached to fixed or moving experimental structures at depths of 0.5 m and 2 m. Invertebrate invaders as...
Source: Biofouling - January 31, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Dafforn KA, Johnston EL, Glasby TM Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Early detection of oxidized surfaces using Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 as a tool.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, a rapid, cost-effective system for the specific early detection of a variety of oxidized steel surfaces is described, taking advantage of bacteria with natural affinities for iron oxides, to identify the sites of nascent corrosion. PMID: 19165644 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Biofouling)
Source: Biofouling - January 24, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Waters MS, Salas EC, Goodman SD, Udwadia FE, Nealson KH Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Effects of different biotic substrata on mussel attachment.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Surface colonization by invertebrates can be stimulated or inhibited by cues produced by biofilms, conspecifics or other macroorganisms. To study the effects of living substrata on the attachment of the brown mussel, Perna perna, two different approaches were employed: (1) mussels were distributed in sets of Petri dishes consisting of one sterile set (controls), three sets in which marine biofilms were allowed to develop in aquaria for 1, 7 or 15 days and another set that had been immersed in a natural marine environment for 1-day. There was no significant effect of biofilms on attachment, suggesting that neither age n...
Source: Biofouling - November 29, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Ank G, Porto TF, Pereira RC, da Gama BA Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Marine biofouling field tests, settlement assay and footprint micromorphology of cyprid larvae of Balanus amphitrite on model surfaces.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM), laboratory settlement assays and field tests were used to correlate cyprid footprint (FP) morphology with the behaviour of cyprids on different substrata. AFM imaging under laboratory conditions revealed more porous and larger FPs on glass exposing a CH(3)-surface than on aminosilane functionalised (NH(2)-) surfaces. The secreted FP volume was found to be similar on both substrata (2.1-2.6 mum(3)). Laboratory settlement assays and marine field tests were performed on three substrata, viz. untreated clean glass, NH(2)-glass, and CH(3)-glass. The results distinguished settlement preferences...
Source: Biofouling - November 24, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Phang IY, Chaw KC, Choo SS, Kang RK, Lee SS, Birch WR, Teo SL, Vancso GJ Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Development of the primary bacterial microfouling layer on antifouling and fouling release coatings in temperate and tropical environments in Eastern Australia.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The role played by bacteria during the pioneering stages of colonisation on marine coatings was investigated over three distinct seasons in both tropical and temperate environments. Novel methods were developed to facilitate the study of the adhered bacterial population on the test coatings in their native, hydrated state. The approach eliminated destructive sample preparation techniques, including sample dehydration and/or removal from the substratum surface prior to analysis. Bacterial colonisation during initial biofilm formation was evaluated on two antifouling paints, Intersmooth 360(R) and Super Yacht 800(R), and...
Source: Biofouling - November 24, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Molino PJ, Childs S, Eason Hubbard MR, Carey JM, Burgman MA, Wetherbee R Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Editor's Note.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19023685 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Biofouling)
Source: Biofouling - November 19, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Evans LV Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Reply to Clare and Høeg 2008. Balanus amphitrite or Amphibalanus amphitrite? A note on barnacle nomenclature.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Reply to Clare and Høeg 2008. Balanus amphitrite or Amphibalanus amphitrite? A note on barnacle nomenclature. Biofouling. 2008 Nov 19;:1-4 Authors: Carlton JT, Newman WA The scientific names of living organisms can and do sometimes change. Such changes generally reflect advances in knowledge of the relationships of species and/or higher taxa. The new name, Amphibalanus amphitrite (subfamily Amphibalaninae), for a well-known fouling barnacle previously known as Balanus amphitrite (subfamily Balaninae), was proposed in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and is now widely accept...
Source: Biofouling - November 19, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Carlton JT, Newman WA Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Surface functionalization of Cu-Ni alloys via grafting of a bactericidal polymer for inhibiting biocorrosion by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans in anaerobic seawater.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A novel surface modification technique was developed to provide a copper nickel alloy (M) surface with bactericidal and anticorrosion properties for inhibiting biocorrosion. 4-(chloromethyl)-phenyl tricholorosilane (CTS) was first coupled to the hydroxylated alloy surface to form a compact silane layer, as well as to confer the surface with chloromethyl functional groups. The latter allowed the coupling of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) to generate the M-CTS-4VP surface with biocidal functionality. Subsequent surface graft polymerization of 4VP, in the presence of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) initiator, from the M-CTS-4VP surface pro...
Source: Biofouling - November 17, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Yuan SJ, Liu CK, Pehkonen SO, Bai RB, Neoh KG, Ting YP, Kang ET Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Laser damage to marine plankton and its application to checking biofouling and invasion by aquatic species: a laboratory study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this laboratory study, the ability of low-power pulsed laser irradiation to kill planktonic organisms in a flowing water system was examined, thus, to test the possibility of using this technique as a water treatment strategy to reduce biofouling growth in condenser tubes of power plants and to reduce bioinvasion via the ballast water of ships. Two flow rates (4.6 and 9.0 l h(-1)) were tested on three planktonic organisms: two marine centric diatoms viz. Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros gracilis and a dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa circularisquama. A low-power pulsed laser irradiation at 532 nm with a fluence of 0....
Source: Biofouling - November 17, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Nandakumar K, Obika H, Sreekumari K, Utsumi A, Ooie T, Yano T Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Biomimetic characterisation of key surface parameters for the development of fouling resistant materials.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study provides quantified surface parameters to guide the development of new materials with surface properties that confer fouling resistance and release. PMID: 18985468 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Biofouling)
Source: Biofouling - November 4, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Scardino AJ, Hudleston D, Peng Z, Paul NA, de Nys R Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Bulk adhesive strength of recombinant hybrid mussel adhesive protein.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Mussel adhesive proteins (MAPs) have received increased attention as potential biomedical and environmental friendly adhesives. However, practical application of MAPs has been severely limited by uneconomical extraction and unsuccessful genetic production. Developing new adhesives requires access to large quantities of material and demonstrations of bulk mechanical properties. Previously, the authors designed fp-151, a fusion protein comprised of six MAP type 1 (fp-1) decapeptide repeats at each MAP type 5 (fp-5) terminus and successfully expressed it in Escherichia coli. This recombinant hybrid protein exhibited high-...
Source: Biofouling - November 4, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Cha HJ, Hwang DS, Lim S, White JD, Matos-Perez CR, Wilker JJ Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Flavone and isoflavone derivatives of terrestrial plants as larval settlement inhibitors of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To determine whether they could serve as non-toxic or less damaging alternative antifouling (AF) agents, 17 flavone and isoflavone derivatives were isolated from terrestrial plant extracts, purified and examined for their ability to inhibit the settlement of barnacle (Balanus amphitrite) cyprids. In larval bioassays, eight compounds showed strong anti-larval settlement activities, with EC(50) values <10 mug ml(-1). Through an analysis of the structure-activity relationship of these compounds, it was found that (1) the structural difference between flavones and isoflavones did not affect their AF activities; (2) the ...
Source: Biofouling - October 13, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Zhou X, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Jin C, He H, Hao X, Qian PY Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Antifouling character of 'active' hybrid xerogel coatings with sequestered catalysts for the activation of hydrogen peroxide.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Halide-permeable xerogel films prepared from sols containing 50 mol% aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)/50 mol% tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) or 10 mol% APTES/90 mol% TEOS and 0.015 M selenoxide or telluride catalyst in the sol gave reduced settlement of cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite and larvae of the tubeworm Hydroides elegans in the presence of artificial seawater (ASW) and hydrogen peroxide (5-100 muM) relative to glass controls. Settlement of Ulva zoospores was lower on both the 50 mol% APTES/50 mol% TEOS and 10 mol% APTES/90 mol% TEOS xerogel formulations in comparison with glass controls with or wit...
Source: Biofouling - October 13, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: McMaster DM, Bennett SM, Tang Y, Finlay JA, Kowalke GL, Nedved B, Bright FV, Callow ME, Callow JA, Wendt DE, Hadfield MG, Detty MR Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

The potential of nano-structured silicon oxide type coatings deposited by PACVD for control of aquatic biofouling.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
SiO(x)-like coatings were deposited on glass slides from a hexamethylsiloxane precursor by plasma-assisted CVD (PACVD). Surface energies (23.1-45.7 mJ m(-1)) were correlated with the degree of surface oxidation and hydrocarbon contents. Tapping mode AFM revealed a range of surface topologies with Ra values 1.55-3.16 nm and RMS roughness 1.96-4.11 nm. Settlement of spores of the green alga Ulva was significantly less, and detachment under shear significantly more on the lowest surface energy coatings. Removal of young plants (sporelings) of Ulva under shear was positively correlated with reducing the surface energy of t...
Source: Biofouling - October 13, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Akesso L, Pettitt ME, Callow JA, Callow ME, Stallard J, Teer D, Liu C, Wang S, Zhao Q, D'Souza F, Willemsen PR, Donnelly GT, Donik C, Kocijan A, Jenko M, Jones LA, Guinaldo PC Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Neutral super-oxidised solutions are effective in killing P. aeruginosa biofilms.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Bacteria growing in biofilms can become up to 1000-fold more resistant to antibiotics and biocides as compared to their planktonic counterparts. As a result of this increased resistance, biofilms and biofilm-related infections cannot be effectively treated with conventional antibiotic therapy. The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of three neutral pH, super-oxidised solutions (nSOSs, OIS-80, OIS-125, OIS-200, Microcyn Technology) varying in oxychlorine concentration (80, 125 and 200 ppm) against P. aeruginosa grown planktonically and as biofilms. Exposure for 20 s of exponential phase cells to any of the...
Source: Biofouling - October 8, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Sauer K, Thatcher E, Northey R, Gutierrez AA Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

The relative magnitude of the effects of biological and physical settlement cues for cypris larvae of the acorn barnacle, Semibalanus balanoides L.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Barnacle cypris larvae respond to many cues when selecting a settlement site. The settlement of over a million larvae on tiles of different textures, orientations and densities of incumbent settlers was measured on the rocky intertidal at Great Cumbrae, Scotland. Half of the tiles were replaced every tide whereas the others simultaneously accumulated settlers. Factor effects varied on each tide, and converged in the accumulating deployment. Increasing incumbent density led to net loss of settlement, which was less probable on the textures on which fastest settlment occurred ('very fine'), and more probable on those on ...
Source: Biofouling - October 7, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Prendergast GS, Zurn CM, Bers AV, Head RM, Hansson LJ, Thomason JC Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Inhibition of microbial concrete corrosion by Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans with functionalised zeolite-A coating.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The inhibition of the corrosive action of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans on concrete specimens coated by functionalised zeolite-A containing 14% zinc and 5% silver by weight was studied. Uncoated concrete specimens, epoxy-coated concrete specimens (EP), and functionalised zeolite-A coated concrete specimens with epoxy to zeolite weight ratios of 3:1 (Z1), 2:2 (Z2) and 1:3 (Z3) were studied. Specimens were characterised by x-ray powder diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy for the identification of corrosion products and morphological changes. Biomass growth at the conclusion of the 32-day experimen...
Source: Biofouling - October 6, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Haile T, Nakhla G Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Biochemical composition of the marine conditioning film: implications for bacterial adhesion.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The conditioning film formed on glass panels was analysed for total carbohydrates (CFCHO), total proteins (CFP) and total uronic acids (CFURA). The influence of these compounds on the adhesion of three marine bacterial cultures, Pseudomonas sp. CE-2, Pseudomonas sp. CE-10 and Bacillus sp. SS-10 was also evaluated. One-way analysis of variance suggested a significant increase in the attachment of all three cultures to conditioned glass panels. Moreover, CE-2 (r = 0.874) and CE-10 (r = 0.879) showed a significant positive correlation with CFCHO. Conversely, SS-10 (r = -0.69) showed a significant negative correlation with...
Source: Biofouling - October 6, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Jain A, Bhosle NB Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Evaluation of a fully automated method to measure the critical removal stress of adult barnacles.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A computer-controlled force gauge designed to measure the adhesive strength of barnacles on test substrata is described. The instrument was evaluated with adult barnacles grown in situ on Silastic T2(R)-coated microscope slides and epoxy replicas adhered to the same substratum with synthetic adhesive. The force per unit area required to detach the barnacles (critical removal stress) using the new automated system was comparable to that obtained with ASTM D5618 (1994) (0.19 and 0.28 MPa compared with 0.18 and 0.27 MPa for two batches of barnacles). The automated method showed a faster rate of force development compared ...
Source: Biofouling - August 30, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Conlan SL, Mutton RJ, Aldred N, Clare AS Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Induction of metamorphosis of pediveliger larvae of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 using neuroactive compounds, KCl, NH4Cl and organic solvents.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Pediveliger larvae of Mytilus galloprovincialis were subjected to a series of bioassays to investigate the induction of metamorphosis using neuroactive compounds, K(+), NH(4)(+) and organic solvents. Growth and survival of post-larvae obtained using ethanol and methanol were also observed. Epinephrine, phenylephrine, clonidine and metanephrine induced larval metamorphosis at 10(-6) to 10(-4) M in both 24-h and continuous exposure assays. In 24-h exposure assays, alpha-methyldopa at 5 x 10(-5) M and methoxyphenamine at 5 x 10(-5)-10(-4) M induced 55-94% metamorphosis. Similarly, excess K(+) at 3 x 10(-2) M induced 39% m...
Source: Biofouling - August 17, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Yang JL, Satuito CG, Bao WY, Kitamura H Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Surface-immobilised antimicrobial peptoids.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Surface modification techniques that create surfaces capable of killing adherent bacteria are promising solutions to infections associated with implantable medical devices. Antimicrobial (AM) peptoid oligomers (ampetoids) that were designed to mimic helical AM peptides were synthesised with a peptoid spacer chain to allow mobility and an adhesive peptide moiety for easy and robust immobilisation onto substrata. TiO(2) substrata were modified with the ampetoids and subsequently backfilled with an antifouling (AF) polypeptoid polymer in order to create polymer surface coatings composed of both AM (active) and AF (passive...
Source: Biofouling - August 13, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Statz AR, Park JP, Chongsiriwatana NP, Barron AE, Messersmith PB Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Field-based video observations of wild barnacle cyprid behaviour in response to textural and chemical settlement cues.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Many marine invertebrate larvae respond behaviourally to environmental settlement cues, yet behaviours are often only inferred from settlement patterns or are limited to laboratory studies. The behaviour of wild cypris larvae of Semibalanus balanoides L. was filmed on settlement tiles in the field. Tiles were of five different textures with a nested treatment of crude conspecific adult extract (AE). The effects of texture and AE on eleven defined behaviours were analysed. Texture affected the gross and net exploratory distances, velocity, acceleration and time spent exploring. AE attracted more cyprids during the first...
Source: Biofouling - August 13, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Prendergast GS, Zurn CM, Bers AV, Head RM, Hansson LJ, Thomason JC Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Ecological lever and interface ecology: epibiosis modulates the interactions between host and environment.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The properties of the body surface play a crucial role in most interactions of marine organisms. Critical ecological properties such as drag, morphology, uptake and release of radiation and organic matter are linked to the body surface of an aquatic organism. The properties and functions of this interface may be modified substantially by the presence and activities of epibiotic communities. This, in turn, may lead to substantial modulation of the interactions between the organism bearing epiphytes and its environment, with consequences for the relative fitness of the host organism (basibiont) and its interactors, and u...
Source: Biofouling - August 8, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Wahl M Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

In situ infrared spectroscopic investigation of Perna canaliculus mussel larvae primary settlement.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The adhesion of Perna canaliculus mussel larvae on a germanium (Ge) prism in filtered seawater at 16 degrees C has been investigated by in situ attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy. The adhesive from the mussel larvae was spectrally monitored over 2 h and the IR spectrum showed its glycoproteinaceous nature with sulphated and carboxylated moieties. The adhesive from the mussel larvae differs from that of the adults, resembling the mucus secretion found in other benthic marine species at a larval stage. To date, this appears to be the first work describing the main chemical features of secreted adh...
Source: Biofouling - August 1, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Petrone L, Ragg NL, McQuillan AJ Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Seasonal variations in the fouling diatom community structure from a monsoon influenced tropical estuary.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Seasonal variations in the fouling diatom community from a monsoon influenced tropical estuary were investigated. The community composition did not differ significantly between stainless steel and polystyrene substrata due to dominance by Navicula spp. The experimental evidence suggests that Amphora, which is a dominant fouling diatom in temperate waters, ultimately dominates the community in tropical regions when conditions are favourable. These observations reveal that a faster onset of macrofouling interferes with the microfouling community wherein the faster recruiters that have a higher abundance in ambient waters...
Source: Biofouling - August 1, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Mitbavkar S, Anil AC Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Impact of Irgarol 1051 on the larval development and metamorphosis of Balanus amphitrite Darwin, the diatom Amphora coffeaformis and natural biofilm.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The effect of Irgarol 1051 on the biofilm-forming diatom, Amphora coffeaformis, and on natural biofilm (NBF) was assessed. A reduction in the number of A. coffeaformis cells within a biofilm was observed after treatment with Irgarol 1051, confirming its role as an inhibitor of photosynthetic activity. The impact of this compound on the development of nauplii of Balanus amphitrite was evaluated through its impact on Chaetoceros calcitrans, which was provided as food for the larvae. A reduction in the number of cells of C. calcitrans was observed when treated with Irgarol 1051. When larvae of B. amphitrite were reared us...
Source: Biofouling - July 31, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Desai DV Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Is surface orientation a determinant for colonisation patterns of vagile and sessile macrobenthos on artificial reefs?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In order to examine how substratum colonisation can affect community structure, a 1-year study was conducted at the Faro/Ancao artificial reef (Algarve, Portugal). In the study of hard substratum communities, motile species are usually neglected and only the conspicuous species are taken into account. Therefore, the development of vagile and sessile components of the epibiotic community were analysed separately. Differences between assemblages on horizontal surfaces, but not on vertical surfaces, were detected. Multivariate analysis detected differences in macrobenthic community structure either considering sessile or ...
Source: Biofouling - July 10, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Moura A, da Fonseca LC, Curdia J, Carvalho S, Boaventura D, Cerqueira M, Leitao F, Santos MN, Monteiro CC Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Barnacle reattachment: a tool for studying barnacle adhesion.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Standard approaches for measuring adhesion strength of fouling organisms use barnacles, tubeworms or oysters settled and grown in the field or laboratory, to a measurable size. These approaches suffer from the vagaries of larval supply, settlement behavior, predation, disturbance and environmental stress. Procedures for reattaching barnacles to experimental surfaces are reported. When procedures are followed, adhesion strength measurements on silicone substrata after 2 weeks are comparable to those obtained using standard methods. Hydrophilic surfaces require reattachment for 2-4 weeks. The adhesion strength of barnacl...
Source: Biofouling - July 7, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Rittschof D, Orihuela B, Stafslien S, Daniels J, Christianson D, Chisholm B, Holm E Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Effects of commercial enzymes on the adhesion of a marine biofilm-forming bacterium.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The antifouling potential of commercial hydrolases, four proteases, seven glycosidases and one lipase was evaluated on the adhesion of marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. D41. The experimental method, adapted to screen antifouling agents, was based on bacterial adhesion in natural sterile sea water in a microtiter plate and on total biomass quantification by the fluorescent dye DAPI (4[prime]6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). Savinase (subtilisin) was the most effective hydrolase in both the prevention of bacterial adhesion and the removal of adhered bacteria. However, some enzymatic preparations tested such as Amano protease were ...
Source: Biofouling - July 7, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Leroy C, Delbarre C, Ghillebaert F, Compere C, Combes D Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Sodium dodecyl sulfate allows the persistence and recovery of biofilms of Pseudomonas fluorescens formed under different hydrodynamic conditions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The effect of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms was investigated using flow cell reactors with stainless steel substrata, under turbulent (Re = 5200) and laminar (Re = 2000) flow. Steady-state biofilms were exposed to SDS in single doses (0.5, 1, 3 and 7 mM) and biofilm respiratory activity and mass measured at 0, 3, 7 and 12 h after the SDS application. The effect of SDS on biofilm mechanical stability was assessed using a rotating bioreactor. Whilst high concentrations (7 mM) of SDS promoted significant biofilm inactivation, it did not significantly reduce biofoul...
Source: Biofouling - July 7, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Simões M, Simões LC, Pereira MO, Vieira MJ Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Differential effects of tributyltin and copper antifoulants on recruitment of non-indigenous species.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Maritime transport is a primary vector for many marine invaders. For the past two decades, most commercial vessels have used tributyltin (TBT) antifouling (AF) paint, whereas recreational vessels have been restricted to alternatives, most commonly containing copper. Settlement plates painted with a collar of copper or TBT AF paint, and unpainted control plates, were deployed in commercial and recreational embayments in Port Jackson, Australia, and sampled photographically after 5 and 10 months. Copper enhanced early recruitment of several non-indigenous species (NIS), whereas recruitment of indigenous species was typic...
Source: Biofouling - July 7, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Dafforn KA, Glasby TM, Johnston EL Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Attachment point theory revisited: the fouling response to a microtextured matrix.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study reinforces the potential of using attachment points to develop surfaces with increased fouling resistance or, alternatively, surfaces which promote the attachment of selected target sizes of motile propagules or larvae. PMID: 18066730 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biofouling)
Source: Biofouling - July 7, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Scardino AJ, Guenther J, de Nys R Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Balanus amphitrite or Amphibalanus amphitrite? A note on barnacle nomenclature.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In a recent revision of the Balanidae based on morphological systematics, the much studied fouling species Balanus amphitrite was renamed Amphibalanus amphitrite. Here, the case is made for retaining the former nomenclature. Taxonomists are urged to exercise caution before introducing new formal taxonomies, which should ideally be based on several independent lines of evidence. PMID: 18092215 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Biofouling)
Source: Biofouling - July 7, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Clare AS, Høeg JT Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Extracts of North Sea macroalgae reveal specific activity patterns against attachment and proliferation of benthic diatoms: a laboratory study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A variety of macroalgae (Ceramium rubrum, Corallina officinalis, Palmaria palmata, Mastocarpus stellatus, Fucus vesiculosus, Cladophora rupestris, Ulva sp.) were investigated by scanning electron microscopy to visualize epiphytic colonizers. The macroalgae differed in terms of their epiphytic coverage of bacteria, fungi and diatoms. Macroalgae, largely devoid of epiphytic diatoms, were hypothesized to employ effective antifouling means to reduce epiphytic coverage, whilst heavily fouled macroalgae were proposed to lack antifouling strategies. To test these hypotheses from an allelochemical perspective with regard to fo...
Source: Biofouling - July 7, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Lam C, Grage A, Schulz D, Schulte A, Harder T Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

On microalgal settlements and the sluggish development of marine biofouling in Port Blair waters, Andamans.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Settlement of microalgae was investigated on Perspex, aluminium and zinc coupons immersed in Port Blair Bay waters for over 3 months. Commencement of fouling was exceptionally slow, and few microalgae were found until 14 days. Settlement occurred thereafter, and 47 microalgal species contributed to the fouling. The dominant forms belonged to the genera Navicula and Nitzschia, whereas Coscinodiscus eccentricus, Gyrosigma balticum and Trichodesmium erythraeum also accounted for high proportions of the settlements. The dominance of Nitzschia sigma was particularly marked on zinc coupons, suggesting an ability by the organ...
Source: Biofouling - July 7, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Eashwar M, Nallathambi T, Kuberaraj K Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals

Combined monitor for direct and indirect measurement of biofouling.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Biofouling is one of the most important problems associated with heat exchangers, leading to a loss of thermal performance in their cycle. To maintain them in optimum working condition, biofouling must be kept under control and, to do so, instrumentation is required for its monitoring. The development of the biofouling layer can be qualitatively followed, but only during maintenance shutdown periods is it possible to attain a quantitative assessment. The CMDIMB [Combined Monitor for Direct and Indirect Measurement of Biofouling] was conceived as a means of discovering the evolution of the frictional resistance (f) and ...
Source: Biofouling - July 7, 2008 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Eguía E, Trueba A, Río-Calonge B, Girón A, Amieva JJ, Bielva C Tags: Biofouling Source Type: journals