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Recent advances in the development of transgenic papaya technology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Papaya with resistance to papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) is the first genetically modified tree and fruit crop and also the first transgenic crop developed by a public institution that has been commercialized. This chapter reviews the different transformation systems used for papaya and recent advances in the use of transgenic technology to introduce important quality and horticultural traits in papaya. These include the development of the following traits in papaya: resistance to PRSV, mites and Phytophthora, delayed ripening trait or long shelf life by inhibiting ethylene production or reducing loss of firmness, and to...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Tecson Mendoza EM, C Laurena A, Botella JR Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

The current status and future potential of personalized diagnostics: Streamlining a customized process.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recent genetic discoveries and related developments in genomic techniques have led to the commercialization of novel diagnostic platforms for studying disease or gauging therapeutic outcomes in individual patients. This newly emerging field is called "personalized medicine," and uses the patient's genetic composition to tailor strategies for patient-specific disease detection, treatment, or prevention. Personalized diagnostic tests are used to detect patient-to-patient variations in gene or protein expression levels, which act as indicators for drug treatments or disease prognosis. In turn, medical professionals can be...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Richmond TD Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Critical review and appraisal of published clinical literature: Useful skill in biotechnology product development.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Critical review of published literature may be necessary during several stages of biotechnology product development. The reviewer should develop a standardized method for reviewing and comparing published papers on a given topic and should be aware of common errors found in published papers. PMID: 18606371 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Foote M Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Free radical processes in green tea polyphenols (GTP) investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This chapter reviews the current status of research on investigations of the free radical chemistry of green tea and its constituent polyphenols (GTP). It is based on the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and also includes a section on practical aspects of the technique, which should be of value to readers who are unfamiliar with the detailed operation of EPR. The free radical chemistry of GTP is important, because many of their antioxidant functions involve reactions with O(2)-derived free radicals, and the products of such reactions are themselves generally free radicals. The stability of the...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Pirker KF, Severino JF, Reichenauer TG, Goodman BA Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Ethnomedicines and ethnomedicinal phytophores against herpesviruses.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Herpesviruses are important human pathogens that can cause mild to severe lifelong infections with high morbidity in susceptible adults. Moreover, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2, for example, has been reported to be responsible for increased transmission and disease progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, the discovery of novel anti-HSV drugs deserves great efforts. Herbal medicinal products have been used as source of putative candidate drugs in many diseases. However, in case of viral diseases the development of antivirals from natural source is less explored probably because within the virus...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Chattopadhyay D, Khan MT Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

The application of low shear modeled microgravity to 3-D cell biology and tissue engineering.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The practice of cell culture has been virtually unchanged for 100 years. Until recently, life scientists have had to content themselves with two-dimensional cell culture technology. Clearly, living creatures are not constructed in two dimensions and thus it has become widely recognized that in vitro culture systems must become three dimensional to correctly model in vivo biology. Attempts to modify conventional 2-D culture technology to accommodate 3-D cell growth such as embedding cells in extracellular matrix have demonstrated the superiority of concept. Nevertheless, there are serious drawbacks to this approach incl...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Navran S Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

G protein-independent cell-based assays for drug discovery on seven-transmembrane receptors.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conventional cell-based assays for seven-transmembrane receptors, also known as G protein-coupled receptors, rely on the coupling of the ligand-bound receptor to heterotrimeric G proteins. New assay methods have become available that are not based on G protein activation, but that apply the molecular mechanism underlying the attenuation of G protein signaling mediated by beta-arrestin. beta-arrestin is a cytoplasmic protein that targets receptors to clathrin-coated endocytotic vesicles for degradation or recycling. This process has been visualized and quantified in high-content imaging assays using receptor- or beta-ar...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Verkaar F, van Rosmalen JW, Blomenröhr M, van Koppen CJ, Blankesteijn WM, Smits JF, Zaman GJ Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Identification and characterization of a novel cytotoxic protein, parasporin-4, produced by Bacillus thuringiensis A1470 strain.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In 1901, a unique bacterium was isolated as a pathogen of the sotto disease of the silkmoth larvae, and later in 1915, the organism was described as Bacillus thuringiensis. Since the discovery, this bacterium has widely attracted attention of not only insect pathologists but many other scientists who are interested in strong and specific insecticidal activity associated with inclusion bodies of B. thuringiensis. This has led to the recent worldwide development of B. thuringiensis-based microbial insecticides and insect-resistant transgenic plants, as well as the epoch-making discovery of parasporin, a cancer cell-speci...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Okumura S, Saitoh H, Ishikawa T, Mizuki E, Inouye K Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Protein arginine methylation in health and disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Protein arginine methylation is a rapidly growing field of biomedical research that holds great promise for extending our understanding of developmental and pathological processes. Less than ten years ago, fewer than two dozen proteins were verified to contain methylarginine. Currently, however, hundreds of methylarginine proteins have been detected and many have been confirmed by mass spectrometry and other proteomic and molecular techniques. Several of these proteins are products of disease genes or are implicated in disease processes by recent experimental or clinical observations. The purpose of this chapter is two...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Aletta JM, Hu JC Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

How to predict and prevent the immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Therapeutic proteins in general induce an immune response, especially when administered as multiple doses over prolonged periods. Non-human therapeutic proteins such as asparaginase and streptokinase induce antibodies by the classical immune reaction and their primary immunogenic factor is the degree of non-self. Human therapeutic proteins such as the interferons and GM-CSF breakdown immune tolerance and protein aggregation is their main factor inducing antibodies. Many other factors influence the level of immunogenicity of proteins, such as storage conditions,contaminants or impurities in the preparation, downstream p...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Schellekens H Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Use of the cauliflower Or gene for improving crop nutritional quality.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We describe the isolation of a novel gene, the Or gene, from a high-beta-carotene orange cauliflower mutant. The Or gene encodes a plastid-targeted protein containing a cysteine-rich zinc finger domain and appears to be plant-specific. The insertion of a copia-like LTR retrotransponson in the Or gene confers high levels of carotenoid accumulation in the normally low-pigmented tissues. Rather than directly regulating carotenoid biosynthesis, the Or gene controls carotenoid accumulation by inducing the formation of chromoplasts, which provide a metabolic sink to sequester and deposit carotenoids. Examination of the Or transg...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Zhou X, Van Eck J, Li L Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Network models in drug discovery and regenerative medicine.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Network motifs and modelling paradigms are attracting increasing attention as modelling tools in drug design and development, and in regenerative medicine. There is a gradual but inexorable convergence between these hitherto disparate disciplines. This review summarizes some very recent work in these areas, leading to an understanding of the complementary roles networks play and factors driving this convergence: PMID: 18606362 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Winkler DA Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Potential implications of availability of short amino acid sequences in proteins: An old and new approach to protein decoding and design.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule is primarily determined by its amino acid sequence, and thus the elucidation of general rules embedded in amino acid sequences is of great importance in protein science and engineering. To extract valuable information from sequences, we propose an analytical method in which a protein sequence is considered to be constructed by serial superimpositions of short amino acid sequences of n amino acid sets, especially triplets (3-aa sets). Using the comprehensive nonredundant protein database, we first examined "availability" of all possible combinatorial sets of 8,000 triple...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Otaki JM, Gotoh T, Yamamoto H Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

UCSC Genome Browser: Deep support for molecular biomedical research.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The volume and complexity of genomic sequence data, and the additional experimental data required for annotation of the genomic context, pose a major challenge for display and access for biomedical researchers. Genome browsers organize this data and make it available in various ways to extract useful information to advance research projects. The UCSC Genome Browser is one of these resources. The official sequence data for a given species forms the framework to display many other types of data such as expression, variation, cross-species comparisons, and more. Visual representations of the data are available for explora...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Mangan ME, Williams JM, Lathe SM, Karolchik D, Lathe WC Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Gene expression microarray data analysis demystified.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The increasing use of gene expression microarrays, and depositing of the resulting data into public repositories, means that more investigators are interested in using the technology either directly or through meta analysis of the publicly available data. The tools available for data analysis have generally been developed for use by experts in the field, making them difficult to use by the general research community. For those interested in entering the field, especially those without a background in statistics, it is difficult to understand why experimental results can be so variable. The purpose of this review is to ...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Roberts PC Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

The social network of a cell: Recent advances in interactome mapping.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Proteins very rarely act in isolation. Biomolecular interactions are central to all biological functions. In human, for example, interference with biomolecular networks often lead to disease. Protein-protein and protein-metabolite interactions have traditionally been studied one by one. Recently, significant progresses have been made in adapting suitable tools for the global analysis of biomolecular interactions. Here we review this suite of powerful technologies that enable an exponentially growing number of large-scale interaction datasets. These new technologies have already contributed to a more comprehensive carto...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Charbonnier S, Gallego O, Gavin AC Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Preface.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 18606357 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - July 10, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Raafat El-Gewely M Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Using nanotechnology to improve the characteristics of antineoplastic drugs: Improved characteristics of nab-paclitaxel compared with solvent-based paclitaxel.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nanotechnology refers to the use of very small pieces of matter, typically 200nm in diameter. Nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab) paclitaxel, a soluble form of the cytotoxin paclitaxel that has demonstrated utility in the setting of cancer chemotherapy, is produced by nab technology using the protein albumin. nab-Paclitaxel targets tumors, enhances tumor penetration by the novel mechanism of albumin receptor-mediated (gp60) endothelial transcytosis, and avoids the use of surfactants and solvents such as Cremophor and Tween. nab-Paclitaxel minimizes the toxicities associated with Cremophor and eliminates the need for preme...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Foote M Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Citric acid production.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Citric acid is a commodity chemical produced and consumed throughout The World. It is used mainly in the food and beverage industry, primarily as an acidulant. Although it is one of the oldiest industrial fermentations, its World production is still in rapid increasing. Global production of citric acid in 2007 was over 1.6 million tones. Biochemistry of citric acid fermentation, various microbial strains, as well as various substrates, technological processes and product recovery are presented. World production and economics aspects of this strategically product of bulk biotechnology are discussed. PMID: 17875481 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Berovic M, Legisa M Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Ganoderma lucidum and its pharmaceutically active compounds.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Ganoderma lucidum is a wood-degrading basidiomycete with numerous pharmacological effects. Since the mushroom is very rare in nature, artificial cultivation of fruiting bodies has been known on wood logs and on sawdust in plastic bags or bottles. Biotechnological cultivation of G. lucidum mycelia in bioreactors has also been established, both on solid substrates and in liquid media by submerged cultivation of fungal biomass. The most important pharmacologically active constituents of G. lucidum are triterpenoids and polysaccharides. Triterpenoids have been reported to posses hepatoprotective, anti-hypertensive, hypocho...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Boh B, Berovic M, Zhang J, Zhi-Bin L Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Potentials of phenolic molecules of natural origin and their derivatives as anti-HIV agents.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Identification of phenolic compounds and their derivatives interfering the several steps of the viral life cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is focused for the development of novel molecules for the treatment of AIDS. Several phenolic compounds isolated and characterized from natural sources have been studied in detail and found to exhibit inhibitory effects against different steps of the HIV-1 life cycle, including virus-cell fusion and virus absorption, reverse transcription, integration (IN) and proteolytic cleavage. In the review, we are summarizing some strong evidences demonstrating several...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Hassan Khan MT, Ather A Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Production of plasmid DNA for pharmaceutical use.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The concept of curing diseases at the genetic level was already introduced in the 1970s, but only the evolution of molecular biology and tools for genetic manipulation brought the idea into labs and clinics during the last 16 years. Viral and non-viral vectors and delivery systems were developed to transfer therapeutic genes into the target cells. In the case of non-viral approaches plasmid DNA has become a very promising gene delivery vector because it can easily be genetically manipulated and produced by cultivation of plasmid harbouring Escherichia coli and subsequent downstream processing, thus making production ea...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Voß C Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Porous silicon protein microarray technology and ultra-/superhydrophobic states for improved bioanalytical readout.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
One attractive method for monitoring biomolecular interactions in a highly parallel fashion is the use of microarrays. Protein microarray technology is an emerging and promising tool for protein analysis, which ultimately may have a large impact in clinical diagnostics, drug discovery studies and basic protein research. This chapter is based upon several original papers presenting our effort in the development of new protein microarray chip technology. The work describes a novel 3D surface/platform for protein characterization based on porous silicon. The simple adjustment of pore morphology and geometry offers a conve...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Ressine A, Marko-Varga G, Laurell T Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Pharming and transgenic plants.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Plant represented the essence of pharmacopoeia until the beginning of the 19th century when plant-derived pharmaceuticals were partly supplanted by drugs produced by the industrial methods of chemical synthesis. In the last decades, genetic engineering has offered an alternative to chemical synthesis, using bacteria, yeasts and animal cells as factories for the production of therapeutic proteins. More recently, molecular farming has rapidly pushed towards plants among the major players in recombinant protein production systems. Indeed, therapeutic protein production is safe and extremely cost-effective in plants. Unlik...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Liénard D, Sourrouille C, Gomord V, Faye L Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Advances in antibody manufacturing using mammalian cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this review, we describe recent advances in antibody processing technology including: (1) development of proprietary cell lines; (2) improved expression systems optimized by selective technologies to boost underperformers; (3) improved protein-free and serum-free culture media; and (4) attention to glycosylation and other post-translational modifications. Advances in computer technology and sophisticated redesign of bioreactors have been major contributors to the dramatic improvements in antibody yields that have been documented in the last decade. Disposable bioreactor components are now widespread, resulting in im...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Morrow KJ Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Preparation of recombinant vaccines.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vaccination is one of the most efficient ways to eradicate some infectious diseases in humans and animals. The material traditionally used as vaccines is attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This approach is sometimes limited by the fact that the material for vaccination is not efficient, not available, or generating deleterious side effects. A possible theoretical alternative is the use of recombinant proteins from the pathogens. This implies that the proteins having the capacity to vaccinate have been identified and that they can be produced in sufficient quantity at a low cost. Genetically modified organisms harbori...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Soler E, Houdebine LM Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Engineering, expression, purification, and production of recombinant thermolysin.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Thermolysin [EC 3.4.24.27] is a thermostable neutral zinc metalloproteinase originally identified in the culture broth of Bacillus thermoproteolyticus Rokko. Since the discovery in 1962, the enzyme has been extensively studied regarding its structure and catalytic mechanism. Today, thermolysin is a representative of zinc metalloproteinase and an attractive target in protein engineering to understand the catalytic mechanism, thermostability, and halophilicity. Thermolysin is used in industry, especially for the enzymatic synthesis of N-carbobenzoxy l-Asp-l-Phe methyl ester (ZDFM), a precursor of an artificial sweetener,...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Inouye K, Kusano M, Hashida Y, Minoda M, Yasukawa K Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Optimizing scaleup yield for protein production: Computationally Optimized DNA Assembly (CODA) and Translation Engineeringtrade mark.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Translation Engineeringtrade mark combined with synthetic biology (gene synthesis) techniques makes it possible to deliberately alter the presumed translation kinetics of genes without altering the amino acid sequence. Here, we describe proprietary technologies that design and assemble synthetic genes for high expression and enhanced protein production, and offers new insights and methodologies for affecting protein structure and function. We have patented Translation Engineeringtrade mark technologies to manage the complexity of gene design to account for codon pair usage, translational pausing signals, RNA secondary ...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Hatfield GW, Roth DA Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Toward a new era in sequencing.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Sequencing is a powerful tool that helps scientists in gaining new insights in many areas of medicine and biology. The electrophoresis-based Sanger method is currently the most popular sequencing technology and was the foundation stone of the human genome project. With the Sanger technique it became possible to sequence not only complete genomes, but also fragments of genomes. Nowadays, this standard method is very close to reach its limits. PMID: 17875471 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Ziebolz B, Droege M Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Foreword biotechnology, health, and peace.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 17875470 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Mjøs OD Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Editorial board.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: PMID: 17875469 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - September 19, 2007 Category: Biotechnology Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Medical writing departments in biopharma companies: how to establish a department.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Medical writers have important roles in preparing the documentation for approval for marketing of new products, writing manuscripts for publication, and other nonclinical, clinical, and promotional materials. Medical writing departments can be organized in different ways to accommodate the needs of the company. When organizing a new department or when determining metric for an existing department, it is important to understand what medical writers in the biopharma industry do, how they are recruited and trained, and how metrics are developed. PMID: 17045201 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2006 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Foote M, Soskin K Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Clinical trial registries and clinical trial result posting: new paradigm for medical writers.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Clinical trial registries and posting of clinical trial results have recently become standard procedures for drug development. Several groups, including journal editors and professional trade organizations have called for legislation or have mandated terms or both for the public disclosure of current trials and the results of the clinical trials within a short timeframe after the trial has ended. PMID: 17045200 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2006 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Foote M Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Bleaching with lignin-oxidizing enzymes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article presents an overview of the developments in the application of lignin-oxidizing enzymes in bleaching of chemical pulps. The present knowledge of the mechanisms on the action of enzymes as well as the practical results and advantages obtained on the laboratory and industrial scale are discussed. PMID: 17045199 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2006 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Bajpai P, Anand A, Bajpai PK Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Recent developments in biodegradable synthetic polymers.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This chapter reviews recent developments in biodegradable synthetic polymers focusing on tailoring polymer structures to meet material specification for emerging applications such as tissue engineered products and therapies. Major classes and new families of synthetic polymers are discussed with regard to synthesis, properties and biodegradability, and known degradation modes and products are summarized based on studies reported during the past 10-15 years. Polyesters and their copolymers, polyurethanes, polyphosphazenes, polyanhydrides, polycarbonates, polyesteramides and recently developed injectable polymer systems ...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2006 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Gunatillake P, Mayadunne R, Adhikari R Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Glucocorticoid action and the development of selective glucocorticoid receptor ligands.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Glucocorticoids are important endocrine regulators of a wide range of physiological systems ranging from respiratory development, immune function to responses to stress. Glucocorticoids in cells activate the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that dimerizes, translocates to the nucleus and functions as a ligand-dependent transcriptional regulator. Synthetic glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone and prednisolone have for decades been the cornerstone for the clinical treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and asthma, and in some lymphoid cancers, yet its prolonged use has undesirable side ...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2006 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Cole TJ Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Molecularly imprinted materials as advanced excipients for drug delivery systems.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The application of the molecular imprinting technology in the design of new drug delivery systems (DDS) and devices useful in closely related fields, such as diagnostic sensors or biological traps, is receiving increasing attention. Molecular imprinting technology can provide polymeric materials with the ability to recognize specific bioactive molecules and with a sorption/release behaviour that can be made sensitive to the properties of the surrounding medium. In this review, an introduction to the imprinting technology presenting the different approaches in preparing selective polymers of different formats is given, ...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2006 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Concheiro A Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Inhibitors of signal transduction protein kinases as targets for cancer therapy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cancer development requires that tumour cells attain several capabilities, including increased replicative potentials, anchorage and growth-factor independency, evasion of apoptosis, angiogenesis and metastasis. Many of these processes involve the actions of protein kinases, which have emerged as key regulators of all aspects of neoplasia. Perturbed protein kinase activity is repeatedly found to be associated with human malignancies, making these proteins attractive targets for anti-cancer therapy. The last decade has witnessed an exponential increase in the development of specific small protein kinase inhibitors. Many...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2006 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Mikalsen T, Gerits N, Moens U Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Coencapsulation of hepatocytes and bone marrow cells: In vitro and in vivo studies.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Bioencapsulation of cells is one of the many areas of artificial cells being extensively investigated by centers around the world. This includes the bioencapsulation of hepatocytes. A number of methods have been developed to maintain the specific function and phenotype of the bioencapsulated hepatocytes for in vitro and in vivo applications. These include supplementation of factors in the culture medium; use of appropriate substrates and the co-cultivation of hepatocytes with other type of cells, the so called "feeder cells". These feeder cells can be of liver origin or non-liver origin. We have recently studied the ro...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2006 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Chang Liu Z, Chang TM Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Trends in the development and application of functional biomembrane surfaces.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 17045193 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2006 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Lee TH, Aguilar MI Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Putting the 'Ome' in lipid metabolism.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The recognition that altered lipid metabolism underlies many metabolic disorders challenging Western society highlights the importance of this metabolomic subset, herein referred to as the lipidome. Although comprehensive lipid analyses are not a recent concept, the novelty of a lipidomic approach lies with the application of robust statistical algorithms to highlight subtle, yet significant, changes in a population of lipid molecules. First-generation lipidomic studies have demonstrated the sensitivity of interpreting quantitative datasets with computational software; however, the innate power of comprehensive lipid p...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2006 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Mutch DM, Fauconnot L, Grigorov M, Fay LB Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Recent advances in all-protein chromophore technology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is the foundation of a powerful technology that has revolutionized the way in which the life scientist carries out experiments in the living cell. The technology is continually evolving and improving through the development of existing proteins and discovery of new members of the all-protein chromophore (APC) family. This review gives an overview of the more recent advances in the technology with a particular focus on APCs having optical properties that are significantly red-shifted relative to those variants derived from Aequorea victoria GFP. PMID: 17045191 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2006 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Prescott M, Battad JM, Wilmann PG, Rossjohn J, Devenish RJ Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Emerging options in protein bioseparation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 17045190 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2006 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Mondal K, Jain S, Teotia S, Gupta MN Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Foreword: physical biology: the next 50 years.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: PMID: 17045189 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2006 Category: Biotechnology Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Cell migration/invasion assays and their application in cancer drug discovery.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Invasive capacity is the single most important trait that distinguishes benign from malignant lesions. Tumour cells, during intravasation and extravasation of blood and lymphatic channels and when establishing colonies at secondary sites, must move through tissue boundaries that normal adult cells (other than, for example activated leukocytes) do not cross. Similar mechanisms are also utilised by activated endothelial cells during the generation of new blood vessels that enable the sustained growth and dissemination of tumours. It is now increasingly recognised that these processes--cell motility and invasion--might pr...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2005 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Eccles SA, Box C, Court W Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

A prospective, non-randomised phase 1-2 trial of VACOP-B with filgrastim support for HIV-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) remains an important complication of associated HIV infection despite advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART), and the optimum chemotherapy regimen for this disease remains to be defined. A dose-escalation trial was performed to determine the maximum tolerated doses of etoposide and doxorubicin as part of the 12-week VACOP-B regimen, supported by filgrastim (r-metHuG-CSF). Patients with aggressive histology HIV-related NHL who were previously untreated with chemotherapy, and who had no active opportunistic infection were eligible for the study. Chemotherapy consisted of cyclophosphamide 35...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2005 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Sawka CA, Shepherd FA, Franssen E, Brandwein J, Dotten DA, Routy JP, Walker IR, St-Louis J, Taylor M, Arts K, Crump M, Foote M Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Water ecology of Legionella and protozoan: environmental and public health perspectives.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Ecological studies on Legionella spp. are essential to better understand their sources in the natural environments, the mechanism of their entry into man-made water systems and the factors enabling their survival and growth in aquatic habitats. Legionella spp. exhibits peculiar and multiple strategies to adapt to stressful environment conditions which normally impair other germ survival. These strategies include the ability to enter in a viable but non-cultivable (VBNC) state, to multiply intracellularly within a variety of protozoa, such as amoebae, to survive as free organisms within biofilms and to be enhanced/inhib...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2005 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Borella P, Guerrieri E, Marchesi I, Bondi M, Messi P Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Detection of metazoan species as a public health issue: simple methods for the validation of food safety and quality.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Species identification represents a critical issue in food chain safety and quality control. Several procedures are available to detect animal proteins in cattle feed or to trace transgenic foods. The most effective approach is based on the use of DNA as a marker. Amplification of DNA provides rapid, sensitive and specific protocols. Several target genes can be used, but new insights come from the mitochondrial genome, which is naturally amplified in each cell and shows a remarkable resistance to degradation. These are key points when analysing complex matrices such as foods, animal feedstuff or environmental samples. ...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2005 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Vassioukovitch O, Orsini M, Paparini A, Gianfranceschi G, Cattarini O, Di Michele P, Montuori E, Vanini GC, Romano Spica V Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Convective Interaction Media (CIM)--short layer monolithic chromatographic stationary phases.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Modern downstream processing requires fast and highly effective methods to obtain large quantities of highly pure substances. Commonly applied method for this purpose is chromatography. However, its main drawback is its throughput since purification, especially of large molecules, requires long process time. To overcome this problem several new stationary phases were introduced, among which short layer monoliths show superior properties for many applications. The purpose of this review is to give an overview about short methacrylate monolithic columns commercialised under the trademark Convective Interaction Media (CIM...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2005 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Podgornik A, Strancar A Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals

Sterilisation in biotechnology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Sterilisation of fermentation media, inlet and outlet gases and maintenance of aseptic conditions during bioprocessing represents one of the most relevant parts of comprehensive upstream processing. The present chapter reviews various sterilisation techniques and methods for sterilisation of inlet gases, liquids, including sterilisation of small and large industrial equipment and validation of sterilisation procedures. Various methods for sterilisation using different kinds of filters, filter cartridges and membrane filters are also presented. Liquid sterilisation methods by filtration as well as heat sterilisation are...
Source: Biotechnology Annual Review - January 1, 2005 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Berovic M Tags: Biotechnol Annu Rev Source Type: journals