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Neurogenesis in the chronic lesions of multiple sclerosisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Subcortical white matter in the adult human brain contains a population of interneurons that helps regulate cerebral blood flow. We investigated the fate of these neurons following subcortical white matter demyelination. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine neurons in normal-appearing subcortical white matter and seven acute and 59 chronic demyelinated lesions in brains from nine patients with multiple sclerosis and four controls. Seven acute and 44 of 59 chronic multiple sclerosis lesions had marked neuronal loss. Compared to surrounding normal-appearing white matter, the remaining 15 chronic multiple sclerosis lesion...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Chang, A., Smith, M. C., Yin, X., Fox, R. J., Staugaitis, S. M., Trapp, B. D. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Autologous olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation in human paraplegia: a 3-year clinical trialEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Olfactory ensheathing cells show promise in preclinical animal models as a cell transplantation therapy for repair of the injured spinal cord. This is a report of a clinical trial of autologous transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells into the spinal cord in six patients with complete, thoracic paraplegia. We previously reported on the methods of surgery and transplantation and the safety aspects of the trial 1 year after transplantation. Here we address the overall design of the trial and the safety of the procedure, assessed during a period of 3 years following the transplantation surgery. All patients were assesse...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Mackay-Sim, A., Feron, F., Cochrane, J., Bassingthwaighte, L., Bayliss, C., Davies, W., Fronek, P., Gray, C., Kerr, G., Licina, P., Nowitzke, A., Perry, C., Silburn, P.A.S., Urquhart, S., Geraghty, T. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Residual spinothalamic tract pathways predict development of central pain after spinal cord injuryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Central neuropathic pain following lesions within the CNS, such as spinal cord injury, is one of the most excruciating types of chronic pain and one of the most difficult to treat. The role of spinothalamic pathways in this type of pain is not clear. Previous studies suggested that spinothalamic tract lesions are necessary but not sufficient for development of central pain, since deficits of spinothalamic function were equally severe in spinal cord injured people with and without pain. The aim of the present study was to examine spinothalamic tract function by quantitative sensory testing before and after activation and se...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Wasner, G., Lee, B. B., Engel, S., McLachlan, E. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Lateropulsion, pushing and verticality perception in hemisphere stroke: a causal relationship?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The relationships between perception of verticality by different sensory modalities, lateropulsion and pushing behaviour and lesion location were investigated in 86 patients with a first stroke. Participants sat restrained in a drum-like framework facing along the axis of rotation. They gave estimates of their subjective postural vertical by signalling the point of feeling upright during slow drum rotation which tilted them rightwards–leftwards. The subjective visual vertical was indicated by setting a line to upright on a computer screen. The haptic vertical was assessed in darkness by manually setting a rod to the ...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Perennou, D. A., Mazibrada, G., Chauvineau, V., Greenwood, R., Rothwell, J., Gresty, M. A., Bronstein, A. M. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Soluble amyloid-{beta} peptides potently disrupt hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the absence of cerebrovascular dysfunction in vivoEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Long before the onset of clinical Alzheimer's disease non-fibrillar, soluble assembly states of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are believed to cause cognitive problems by disrupting synaptic function in the absence of significant neurodegeneration. Since many of the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease are vascular, impairment of cerebral blood flow by soluble Aβ has been proposed to be critical in triggering these early changes. However, it is not known if soluble Aβ can affect cerebrovascular function at the concentrations required to cause inhibition of synaptic plasticity mechanisms believed to underlie th...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Hu, N.-W., Smith, I. M., Walsh, D. M., Rowan, M. J. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

STI571 prevents apoptosis, tau phosphorylation and behavioural impairments induced by Alzheimer's {beta}-amyloid depositsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
There is evidence that amyloid β-protein (Aβ) deposits or Aβ intermediates trigger pathogenic factors in Alzheimer's disease patients. We have previously reported that c-Abl kinase activation involved in cell signalling regulates the neuronal death response to Aβ fibrils (Aβf). In the present study we investigated the therapeutic potential of the selective c-Abl inhibitor STI571 on both the intrahippocampal injection of Aβf and APPsw/PSEN1E9 transgenic mice Alzheimer's disease models. Injection of Aβf induced an increase in the numbers of p73 and c-Abl immunoreactive cells in the hippocam...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Cancino, G. I., Toledo, E. M., Leal, N. R., Hernandez, D. E., Yevenes, L. F., Inestrosa, N. C., Alvarez, A. R. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Ventricular enlargement as a possible measure of Alzheimer's disease progression validated using the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative databaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study compared (i) ventricular enlargement after six months in subjects with MCI, AD and normal elderly controls (NEC) in a multi-centre study, (ii) volumetric and cognitive changes between Apolipoprotein E genotypes, (iii) ventricular enlargement in subjects who progressed from MCI to AD, and (iv) sample sizes for multi-centre MCI and AD studies based on measures of ventricular enlargement. Three dimensional T1-weighted MRI and cognitive measures were acquired from 504 subjects (NEC n = 152, MCI n = 247 and AD n = 105) participating in the multi-centre Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Cerebral ventricular...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Nestor, S. M., Rupsingh, R., Borrie, M., Smith, M., Accomazzi, V., Wells, J. L., Fogarty, J., Bartha, R., the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Neuroanatomical correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of this study was to identify the regions of decreased grey matter (GM) volume which were associated with specific neuropsychiatric behaviours in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. Voxel-based morphometry was used to correlate GM derived from T1-weighted MRI images of 31 patients with mild Alzheimer's disease and specific neuropsychiatric symptoms and behaviours measured by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Delusions were associated with decreased GM density in the left frontal lobe, in the right frontoparietal cortex and in the left claustrum. Apathy was associated with GM density loss in the anterior cin...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Bruen, P. D., McGeown, W. J., Shanks, M. F., Venneri, A. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Response monitoring, repetitive behaviour and anterior cingulate abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders (ASD)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by inflexible and repetitive behaviour. Response monitoring involves evaluating the consequences of behaviour and making adjustments to optimize outcomes. Deficiencies in this function, and abnormalities in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) on which it relies, have been reported as contributing factors to autistic disorders. We investigated whether ACC structure and function during response monitoring were associated with repetitive behaviour in ASD. We compared ACC activation to correct and erroneous antisaccades using rapid presentation event-related functional MRI in 1...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Thakkar, K. N., Polli, F. E., Joseph, R. M., Tuch, D. S., Hadjikhani, N., Barton, J. J.S., Manoach, D. S. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Brain hyper-reactivity to auditory novel targets in children with high-functioning autismEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although communication and social difficulties in autism have received a great deal of research attention, the other key diagnostic feature, extreme repetitive behaviour and unusual narrow interests, has been addressed less often. Also known as ‘resistance to change’ this may be related to atypical processing of infrequent, novel stimuli. This can be tested at sensory and neural levels. Our aims were to (i) examine auditory novelty detection and its neural basis in children with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) and (ii) test for brain activation patterns that correlate quantitatively with number of autistic tra...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Gomot, M., Belmonte, M. K., Bullmore, E. T., Bernard, F. A., Baron-Cohen, S. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Enuresis as a premorbid developmental marker of schizophreniaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
There is comparatively little information about premorbid maturational brain abnormalities in schizophrenia (SCZ). We investigated whether a history of childhood enuresis, a well-established marker of neurodevelopmental delay, is associated with SCZ and with measures of brain abnormalities also associated with SCZ. A Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) based history of enuresis, volumetric brain MRI scans and neuropsychological testing were obtained in patients with SCZ, their non-psychotic siblings (SIB) and non-psychiatric controls (NC). The subjects were 211 patients (79.6% male), 234 of their...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Hyde, T. M., Deep-Soboslay, A., Iglesias, B., Callicott, J. H., Gold, J. M., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Honea, R. A., Bigelow, L. B., Egan, M. F., Emsellem, E. M., Weinberger, D. R. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

The basal ganglia and cerebellum interact in the expression of dystonic movementEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by excessive involuntary muscle contractions that lead to twisting movements or abnormal posturing. Traditional views place responsibility for dystonia with dysfunction of basal ganglia circuits, yet recent evidence has pointed towards cerebellar circuits as well. In the current studies we used two strategies to explore the hypothesis that the expression of dystonic movements depends on influences from a motor network that includes both the basal ganglia and cerebellum. The first strategy was to evaluate the consequences of subthreshold lesions of the striatum in two differ...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Neychev, V. K., Fan, X., Mitev, V. I., Hess, E. J., Jinnah, H. A. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Nerve function and dysfunction in acute intermittent porphyriaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a rare metabolic disorder characterized by mutations of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene. Clinical manifestations of AIP are caused by the neurotoxic effects of increased porphyrin precursors, although the underlying pathophysiology of porphyric neuropathy remains unclear. To further investigate the neurotoxic effect of porphyrins, excitability measurements (stimulus-response, threshold electrotonus, current–threshold relationship and recovery cycle) of peripheral motor axons were undertaken in 20 AIP subjects combined with the results of genetic screening, biochemical and conv...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Lin, C. S.-Y., Krishnan, A. V., Lee, M.-J., Zagami, A. S., You, H.-L., Yang, C.-C., Bostock, H., Kiernan, M. C. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

John Ruskin's relapsing encephalopathyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
John Ruskin (1819–1900) is chiefly remembered for his works on painting and architecture, and for his powerful and original prose style. In middle age, he suffered recurring episodes of delirium with visual hallucinations and delusions. At about the same time, his writing developed a disjointed polemical character, with cryptic and intemperate elements that disorientated some readers. The nature of Ruskin's ‘madness’ is a key to understanding his later writing career but the psychiatric explanations given by many of his literary biographers seem unsatisfactory. Ruskin left numerous clues about the illness...
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Kempster, P.A., Alty, J.E. Tags: Occasional Paper Source Type: journals

Man as MachineEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - August 26, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Jacyna, S. Tags: Book Review Source Type: journals

A few comments on Ravel's diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Sellal, F. Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

Reply: A few comments on Ravel's diseasesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Seeley, W. W., Matthews, B. R., Miller, B. L. Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

The pulmonary first-pass effect, xenotransplantation and translation to clinical trials--a commentaryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Harting, M. T., Jimenez, F., Cox, C. S. Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

Reply: The pulmonary first-pass effect, xenotransplantation and translation to clinical trialsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Lee, S.-T., Chu, K., Jung, K.-H., Roh, J.-K. Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

EditorialEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Compston, A. Tags: Editorial Source Type: journals

Disturbed perception of colours associated with localized cerebral lesions. By J. C. Meadows (From the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London WCIN 3BG) Brain 1974: 97; 615-632.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Compston, A. Tags: From the Archives Source Type: journals

Neurodegeneration in xeroderma pigmentosumEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Taylor, A. M. R. Tags: Scientific Commentary Source Type: journals

The role of autophagy-lysosome pathway in neurodegeneration associated with Parkinson's diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP) are the two most important mechanisms that normally repair or remove abnormal proteins. Alterations in the function of these systems to degrade misfolded and aggregated proteins are being increasingly recognized as playing a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Dysfunction of the UPS has been already strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of this disease and, more recently, growing interest has been shown in identifying the role of ALP in neurodegeneration. Mutations of -synuclein and the...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Pan, T., Kondo, S., Le, W., Jankovic, J. Tags: Review Article Source Type: journals

Neurological symptoms and natural course of xeroderma pigmentosumEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We have prospectively followed 16 Finnish xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients for up to 23 years. Seven patients were assigned by complementation analysis to the group XP-A, two patients to the XP-C group and one patient to the XP-G group. Six of the seven XP-A patients had the identical mutation (Arg228Ter) and the seventh patient had a different mutation (G283A). Further patients were assigned to complementation groups on the basis of their consanguinity to an XP patient with a known complementation group. The first sign of the disease in all the cases was severe sunburn with minimal sun exposure in early infancy. Howeve...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Anttinen, A., Koulu, L., Nikoskelainen, E., Portin, R., Kurki, T., Erkinjuntti, M., Jaspers, N. G. J., Raams, A., Green, M. H. L., Lehmann, A. R., Wing, J. F., Arlett, C. F., Marttila, R. J. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Mutation of FIG4 causes a rapidly progressive, asymmetric neuronal degenerationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study represents the first documentation of the natural history of CMT4J. Physical obstruction of organelle trafficking by vacuoles is a potential novel cellular mechanism of neurodegeneration.
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Zhang, X., Chow, C. Y., Sahenk, Z., Shy, M. E., Meisler, M. H., Li, J. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Speech perception ability in individuals with Friedreich ataxiaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The aim of this study was to investigate auditory pathway function and speech perception ability in individuals with Friedreich ataxia (FRDA). Ten subjects confirmed by genetic testing as being homozygous for a GAA expansion in intron 1 of the FXN gene were included. While each of the subjects demonstrated normal, or near normal sound detection, 3 of the 10 showed electrophysiological evidence of auditory pathway disorder [presenting with the auditory neuropathy/dyssynchrony (AN/AD) result pattern], and 9 of the 10 showed abnormal speech understanding when tested with levels of background noise typical of everyday listenin...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Rance, G., Fava, R., Baldock, H., Chong, A., Barker, E., Corben, L., Delatycki, M. B. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

ECoG gamma activity during a language task: differentiating expressive and receptive speech areasEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Electrocorticographic (ECoG) spectral patterns obtained during language tasks from 12 epilepsy patients (age: 12–44 years) were analysed in order to identify and characterize cortical language areas. ECoG from 63 subdural electrodes (500 Hz/channel) chronically implanted over frontal, parietal and temporal lobes were examined. Two language tasks were performed. During the first language task, patients listened to a series of 50 words preceded by warning tones, and were asked to repeat each word. During a second memory task, subjects heard the 50 words from the first task randomly mixed with 50 new words and were aske...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Towle, V. L., Yoon, H.-A., Castelle, M., Edgar, J. C., Biassou, N. M., Frim, D. M., Spire, J.-P., Kohrman, M. H. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Primary cortical folding in the human newborn: an early marker of later functional developmentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the human brain, the morphology of cortical gyri and sulci is complex and variable among individuals, and it may reflect pathological functioning with specific abnormalities observed in certain developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Since cortical folding occurs early during brain development, these structural abnormalities might be present long before the appearance of functional symptoms. So far, the precise mechanisms responsible for such alteration in the convolution pattern during intra-uterine or post-natal development are still poorly understood. Here we compared anatomical and functional brain development...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Dubois, J., Benders, M., Borradori-Tolsa, C., Cachia, A., Lazeyras, F., Ha-Vinh Leuchter, R., Sizonenko, S. V., Warfield, S. K., Mangin, J. F., Huppi, P. S. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Different structures involved during ictal and interictal epileptic activity in malformations of cortical development: an EEG-fMRI studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are commonly complicated by intractable focal epilepsy. Epileptogenesis in these disorders is not well understood and may depend on the type of MCD. The cellular mechanisms involved in interictal and ictal events are notably different, and could be influenced independently by the type of pathology. We evaluated the relationship between interictal and ictal zones in eight patients with different types of MCD in order to better understand the generation of these activities: four had nodular heterotopia, two focal cortical dysplasia and two subcortical band heterotopia (double-cort...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Tyvaert, L., Hawco, C., Kobayashi, E., LeVan, P., Dubeau, F., Gotman, J. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Recurrent seizures and brain pathology after inhibition of glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus in ratsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
An excess of extracellular glutamate in the hippocampus has been linked to the generation of recurrent seizures and brain pathology in patients with medically intractable mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). However, the mechanism which results in glutamate excess in MTLE remains unknown. We recently reported that the glutamate-metabolizing enzyme glutamine synthetase is deficient in the hippocampus in patients with MTLE, and we postulated that this deficiency is critically involved in the pathophysiology of the disease. To further explore the role of glutamine synthetase in MTLE we created a novel animal model of hippoca...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Eid, T., Ghosh, A., Wang, Y., Beckstrom, H., Zaveri, H. P., Lee, T.-S. W., Lai, J. C. K., Malthankar-Phatak, G. H., de Lanerolle, N. C. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Depression after status epilepticus: behavioural and biochemical deficits and effects of fluoxetineEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Depression represents one of the most common comorbidities in patients with epilepsy. However, the mechanisms of depression in epilepsy patients are poorly understood. Establishment of animal models of this comorbidity is critical for both understanding the mechanisms of the condition, and for preclinical development of effective therapies. The current study examined whether a commonly used animal model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is characterized by behavioural and biochemical alterations involved in depression. Male Wistar rats were subjected to LiCl and pilocarpine status epilepticus (SE). The development of chronic...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Mazarati, A., Siddarth, P., Baldwin, R. A., Shin, D., Caplan, R., Sankar, R. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Abnormal temporal difference reward-learning signals in major depressionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Anhedonia is a core symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD), long thought to be associated with reduced dopaminergic function. However, most antidepressants do not act directly on the dopamine system and all antidepressants have a delayed full therapeutic effect. Recently, it has been proposed that antidepressants fail to alter dopamine function in antidepressant unresponsive MDD. There is compelling evidence that dopamine neurons code a specific phasic (short duration) reward-learning signal, described by temporal difference (TD) theory. There is no current evidence for other neurons coding a TD reward-learning signal,...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Kumar, P., Waiter, G., Ahearn, T., Milders, M., Reid, I., Steele, J. D. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Parkinson's disease and dopaminergic therapy--differential effects on movement, reward and cognitionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cognitive deficits are very common in Parkinson's disease particularly for ‘executive functions’ associated with frontal cortico-striatal networks. Previous work has identified deficits in tasks that require attentional control like task-switching, and reward-based tasks like gambling or reversal learning. However, there is a complex relationship between the specific cognitive problems faced by an individual patient, their stage of disease and dopaminergic treatment. We used a bimodality continuous performance task during fMRI to examine how patients with Parkinson's disease represent the prospect of reward and...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Rowe, J. B., Hughes, L., Ghosh, B. C. P., Eckstein, D., Williams-Gray, C. H., Fallon, S., Barker, R. A., Owen, A. M. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

A multitarget basal ganglia dopaminergic and GABAergic transplantation strategy enhances behavioural recovery in parkinsonian ratsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The current transplantation paradigm for Parkinson's disease that places foetal dopaminergic cells in the striatum neither normalizes neuronal activity in basal ganglia structures such as the substantia nigra (SN) and subthalamic nucleus (STN) nor leads to complete functional recovery. It was hypothesized that restoration of parkinsonian deficits requires inhibition of the pathological overactivity of the STN and SN in addition to restoration of dopaminergic activity in the striatum. To achieve inhibition, a multitargeted basal ganglia transplantation strategy using GABAergic cells derived from either foetal striatal primo...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Mukhida, K., Hong, M., Miles, G.B., Phillips, T., Baghbaderani, B.A., McLeod, M., Kobayashi, N., Sen, A., Behie, L.A., Brownstone, R.M., Mendez, I. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Parthenogenetic dopamine neurons from primate embryonic stem cells restore function in experimental Parkinson's diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The identity and functional potential of dopamine neurons derived in vitro from embryonic stem cells are critical for the development of a stem cell-based replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease. Using a parthenogenetic primate embryonic stem cell line, we have generated dopamine neurons that display persistent expression of midbrain regional and cell-specific transcription factors, which establish their proper identity and allow for their survival. We show here that transplantation of parthenogenetic dopamine neurons restores motor function in hemi-parkinsonian, 6-hydroxy-dopamine-lesioned rats. Exposure to Wnt5a and ...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Sanchez-Pernaute, R., Lee, H., Patterson, M., Reske-Nielsen, C., Yoshizaki, T., Sonntag, K. C., Studer, L., Isacson, O. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Spatial and temporal deficits are regionally dissociable in patients with pulvinar lesionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The pulvinar is an important structure for visual attention function. Spatial and temporal attention was examined in three patients with varying pulvinar lesions. Spatial and temporal deficits were dissociable. The patient with anterior damage showed strong spatial but not temporal attention deficits, while the patient with posterior damage showed clear temporal attention deficits, but much reduced spatial problems. A third patient with intermediate damage showed intermediate behaviours. These findings are discussed within the scope of models of visual attention in which the pulvinar facilitates communication between diffe...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Arend, I., Rafal, R., Ward, R. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Pupillary responses to coloured and contourless displays in total cerebral achromatopsiaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In two patients with total acquired cortical colour blindness and in six control subjects we studied the binocular pupillary response to a variety of sharply defined coloured and grey displays that either had the same mean luminance as the background (isoluminant) or were of greater mean luminance. Despite their complete inability to identify or to discriminate between colours the patients, like the control subjects, showed a pupillary response to the structured coloured displays, even when they were masked by dynamic luminance changes. However, and unlike the control subjects, the patients showed no pupillary response whe...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Cowey, A., Alexander, I., Heywood, C., Kentridge, R. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Reorganization of the motor cortex is associated with postural control deficits in recurrent low back painEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Many people with recurrent low back pain (LBP) have deficits in postural control of the trunk muscles and this may contribute to the recurrence of pain episodes. However, the neural changes that underlie these motor deficits remain unclear. As the motor cortex contributes to control of postural adjustments, the current study investigated the excitability and organization of the motor cortical inputs to the trunk muscles in 11 individuals with and without recurrent LBP. EMG activity of the deep abdominal muscle, transversus abdominis (TrA), was recorded bilaterally using intramuscular fine-wire electrodes. Postural control ...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Tsao, H., Galea, M. P., Hodges, P. W. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Increase in prefrontal cortical volume following cognitive behavioural therapy in patients with chronic fatigue syndromeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disabling disorder, characterized by persistent or relapsing fatigue. Recent studies have detected a decrease in cortical grey matter volume in patients with CFS, but it is unclear whether this cerebral atrophy constitutes a cause or a consequence of the disease. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective behavioural intervention for CFS, which combines a rehabilitative approach of a graded increase in physical activity with a psychological approach that addresses thoughts and beliefs about CFS which may impair recovery. Here, we test the hypothesis that cerebral atrophy may be ...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: de Lange, F. P., Koers, A., Kalkman, J. S., Bleijenberg, G., Hagoort, P., van der Meer, J. W. M., Toni, I. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Phantom limb pain, cortical reorganization and the therapeutic effect of mental imageryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Using functional MRI (fMRI) we investigated 13 upper limb amputees with phantom limb pain (PLP) during hand and lip movement, before and after intensive 6-week training in mental imagery. Prior to training, activation elicited during lip purse showed evidence of cortical reorganization of motor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) cortices, expanding from lip area to hand area, which correlated with pain scores. In addition, during imagined movement of the phantom hand, and executed movement of the intact hand, group maps demonstrated activation not only in bilateral M1 and S1 hand area, but also lip area, showing a two-way process...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: MacIver, K., Lloyd, D. M., Kelly, S., Roberts, N., Nurmikko, T. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Migraine headache is not associated with cerebral or meningeal vasodilatation--a 3T magnetic resonance angiography studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Migraine headache is widely believed to be associated with cerebral or meningeal vasodilatation. Human evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. 3 Tesla magnetic resonance angiography (3T MRA) allows for repetitive, non-invasive, sensitive assessment of intracranial vasodilatation and blood flow. Nitroglycerine (NTG) can faithfully induce migraine attacks facilitating pathophysiological studies in migraine. Migraineurs (n = 32) randomly received NTG (IV 0.5 µg/kg/min for 20 min; n = 27) or placebo (n = 5; for blinding reasons). Using 3T MRA, we measured: (i) blood flow in the basilar (BA) and internal carotid arteries...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Schoonman, G. G., van der Grond, J., Kortmann, C., van der Geest, R. J., Terwindt, G. M., Ferrari, M. D. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Cortical changes in cerebral small vessel diseases: a 3D MRI study of cortical morphology in CADASILEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of this study was to assess the changes affecting depth and surface area of cortical sulci and their clinical and radiological correlates in a cohort of patients with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriolopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), a genetic SVDB. Data were obtained from a series of 69 CADASIL patients. Validated methods were used to determine depth and surface area of four cortical sulci. The ratio of brain to intracranial cavity volumes (brain parenchymal fraction—BPF), volume of lacunar lesions (LL) and of white matter hyperintensities, number of cerebral microh...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Jouvent, E., Mangin, J.-F., Porcher, R., Viswanathan, A., O'Sullivan, M., Guichard, J.-P., Dichgans, M., Bousser, M.-G., Chabriat, H. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

1H/13C MR spectroscopic imaging of regionally specific metabolic alterations after experimental strokeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Loss of function and subsequent spontaneous recovery after ischaemic stroke are associated with functional and structural alterations in brain tissue. Acute functional tissue damage involves distortion of key metabolic processes, such as oxidative glycolysis and neurotransmitter metabolism. Nevertheless, initially perturbed metabolism may be restored at later stages, e.g. in perilesional areas, which could play a key role in post-stroke recovery of brain function. The pattern of metabolic recovery in relation to ischaemic tissue damage, however, is basically unknown. The goal of our study was to reveal changes in glycolysi...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: van der Zijden, J. P., van Eijsden, P., de Graaf, R. A., Dijkhuizen, R. M. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Supra- and sub-baseline phosphocreatine recovery in developing brain after transient hypoxia-ischaemia: relation to baseline energetics, insult severity and outcomeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Following hypoxia-ischaemia (HI), an early biomarker of insult severity is desirable to target neuroprotective therapies to patients most likely to benefit; currently there are no biomarkers within the ‘latent phase’ period before the establishment of secondary energy failure. Brief transient phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery overshoot (measured absolutely or relative to nucleotide triphosphate, NTP) following HI has been observed in cardiac and skeletal muscle; its significance however is unclear. To investigate cerebral PCr recovery levels after HI in relation to (i) baseline metabolism, (ii) insult severity, (i...
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Iwata, O., Iwata, S., Bainbridge, A., De Vita, E., Matsuishi, T., Cady, E. B., Robertson, N. J. Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Cortical maps and modern phrenologyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Jones, E. G. Tags: Book Review Source Type: journals

ErratumEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - August 4, 2008 Category: Neurology Tags: Erratum Source Type: journals

EditorialEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - July 1, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Compston, A. Tags: Editorial Source Type: journals

The problem of disseminated sclerosis (being the Presidential Address of the Neurological Section, Royal Society of Medicine, October 1946). By Douglas McAlpine. Brain 1946: 69; 233-250.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - July 1, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Compston, A. Tags: From The Archives Source Type: journals

Do natural killer cells accelerate or prevent autoimmunity in multiple sclerosis?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - July 1, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Lunemann, J. D., Munz, C. Tags: Scientific Commentary Source Type: journals

'Seronegative' myasthenia gravis is no longer seronegativeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: Brain - July 1, 2008 Category: Neurology Authors: Lindstrom, J. Tags: Scientific Commentary Source Type: journals

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