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Presenilin transgenic mice as models of Alzheimer's disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Mutations in presenilin-1 (PS1) and presenilin-2 (PS2) cause familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Presenilins influence multiple molecular pathways and are best known for their role in the gamma-secretase cleavage of type I transmembrane proteins including the amyloid precursor protein (APP). PS1 and PS2 FAD mutant transgenic mice have been generated using a variety of promoters. PS1-associated FAD mutations have also been knocked into the endogenous mouse gene. PS FAD mutant mice consistently show elevations of Abeta42 with little if any effect on Abeta40. When crossed with plaque forming APP FAD mutant lines, the PS1 ...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - November 18, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Elder GA, Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Dickstein DL, Hof PR Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Lectin-binding glycoproteins in the developing and adult snail CNS.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Glycoproteins are complex molecules of the cell surface and the extracellular matrix (ECM) playing a fundamental role in the migration, guidance and synapse formation of neurons. In the present study, the glycosylated protein composition and localization were investigated in the adult and developing CNS of an aquatic (Lymnaea stagnalis) and a terrestrial (Helix pomatia) snail species, applying lectin histochemistry and blotting. Lectin probes that are specific for N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc) oligomers frequently appeared in anatomically different regions of the adult ganglia of both species, such as, the periganglion...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - November 15, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Serfőző Z, Elekes K Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Apoptosis and proliferation in the trigeminal placode.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The neurogenic trigeminal placode develops from the crescent-shaped panplacodal primordium which delineates the neural plate anteriorly. We show that, in Tupaia belangeri, the trigeminal placode is represented by a field of focal ectodermal thickenings which over time changes positions from as far rostral as the level of the forebrain to as far caudal as opposite rhombomere 3. Delamination proceeds rostrocaudally from the ectoderm adjacent to the rostral midbrain, and contributes neurons to the trigeminal ganglion as well as to the ciliary ganglion/oculomotor complex. Proliferative events are centered on the field prio...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - November 14, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Knabe W, Obermayer B, Kuhn HJ, Brunnett G, Washausen S Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Inducible nitric oxide synthase is present in motor neuron mitochondria and Schwann cells and contributes to disease mechanisms in ALS mice.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons (MNs). The molecular pathogenesis of ALS is not understood, thus effective therapies for this disease are lacking. Some forms of ALS are inherited by mutations in the superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) gene. Transgenic mice expressing human Gly93 --> Ala (G93A) mutant SOD1 (mSOD1) develop severe MN disease, oxidative and nitrative damage, and mitochondrial pathology that appears to involve nitric oxide-mediated mechanisms. We used G93A-mSOD1 mice to test the hypothesis that the degeneration of MNs is associated with an aberrant up-r...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - November 4, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Chen K, Northington FJ, Martin LJ Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Local circuits targeting parvalbumin-containing interneurons in layer IV of rat barrel cortex.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Interactions between inhibitory interneurons and excitatory spiny neurons and also other inhibitory cells represent fundamental network properties which cause the so-called thalamo-cortical response transformation and account for the well-known receptive field differences of cortical layer IV versus thalamic neurons. We investigated the currently largely unknown morphological basis of these interactions utilizing acute slice preparations of barrel cortex in P19-21 rats. Layer IV spiny (spiny stellate, star pyramidal and pyramidal) neurons or inhibitory (basket and bitufted) interneurons were electrophysiologically char...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - October 31, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Staiger JF, Zuschratter W, Luhmann HJ, Schubert D Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Erratum to: Brain volumes and Val66Met polymorphism of the BDNF gene: local or global effects?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19876646 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function)
Source: Brain Structure and Function - October 30, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Toro R, Chupin M, Garnero L, Leonard G, Perron M, Pike B, Pitiot A, Richer L, Veillette S, Pausova Z, Paus T Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Analysis of the structure of the brain stem of mammals by means of a modified D'Arcy Thompson procedure.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In his famous book, 'On Growth and Form', D'Arcy Thompson demonstrated that the shapes of related animals, or parts thereof, can be transformed into each other by a simple graphical procedure, called the method of coordinates. In this procedure, an object is inscribed in a net of Cartesian coordinates. It appeared that the shape of related objects could be characterized by means of simple, harmonious deformations of the initial orthogonal system of coordinates. Here, I demonstrate that: (1) the central nervous system contains a built-in, natural coordinate system; (2) differences in shape and proportion of cross sectio...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - October 20, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Nieuwenhuys R Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Imaging the relationship between structure, function and behaviour in the human brain.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19779738 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Brain Structure and Function)
Source: Brain Structure and Function - September 27, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Johansen-Berg H Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Modeling familial British and Danish dementia.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Familial British dementia (FBD) and familial Danish dementia (FDD) are two autosomal dominant neurodegenerative diseases caused by mutations in the BRI ( 2 ) gene. FBD and FDD are characterized by widespread cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), parenchymal amyloid deposition, and neurofibrillary tangles. Transgenic mice expressing wild-type and mutant forms of the BRI(2) protein, Bri ( 2 ) knock-in mutant mice, and Bri ( 2 ) gene knock-out mice have been developed. Transgenic mice expressing a human FDD-mutated form of the BRI ( 2 ) gene have partially reproduced the neuropathological lesions observed in FDD. These mice ...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - September 24, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Garringer HJ, Murrell J, D'Adamio L, Ghetti B, Vidal R Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Structure-function relationships in the processing of regret in the orbitofrontal cortex.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The influence of counterfactual thinking and regret on choice behavior has been widely acknowledged in economic science (Bell in Oper Res 30:961-981, 1982; Kahneman and Tversky in Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 201-210, 1982; Loomes and Sugden in Econ J 92:805-824, 1982). Neuroimaging studies have only recently begun to explore the neural correlates of this psychological factor and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activity was observed in several of them depending of the exact characteristics of the employed paradigm. This selective OFC involvement and, moreover, ...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - September 15, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Sommer T, Peters J, Gläscher J, Büchel C Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Measurement of spontaneous signal fluctuations in fMRI: adult age differences in intrinsic functional connectivity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report a behavior-based connectivity analysis method, in which whole-brain data are used to identify behaviorally relevant, intrinsic FC networks. Nineteen younger adults (20-28 years) and 19 healthy, older adults (63-78 years) were assessed with fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Results indicated that FC involving a distributed network of brain regions, particularly the inferior frontal gyri, exhibited age-related change in the correlation with perceptual-motor speed (choice reaction time; RT). No relation between FC and RT was evident for younger adults, whereas older adults exhibited a significant age-related ...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - September 1, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Chen NK, Chou YH, Song AW, Madden DJ Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

An fMRI case study of visual memory in a patient with epilepsy: comparison before and after temporal lobe surgery.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report fMRI activation data for a female patient with epilepsy, who was tested before and 2 years after resection surgery, to assess changes in fMRI activation. Areas within her right ATL/MTL were removed during surgery, including the right hippocampus. A visuo-spatial task was used in which novel and familiar pictures of objects, animals, scenes and buildings were randomly presented. Half of the pictures were novel to the patient, while half of the pictures were familiar pictures from the same stimulus categories. Despite unchanged visuo-spatial IQ-scores and equal performance on the fMRI task pre- and post-surgery, th...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - August 25, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Korsnes MS, Hugdahl K, Bjørnæs H Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

The substantia nigra pars compacta of the Göttingen minipig: an anatomical and stereological study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of this study was to provide the anatomical foundation for such a model, describing in detail the SNc in normal Göttingen minipigs and estimating the volume and total number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons. The brain stems of 6 Göttingen minipigs were paraffin embedded and serially cut before Nissl staining and immunohistochemical visualization of TH. The volume of the SNc and the total number of TH-positive neurons were estimated by design-based stereology. The substantia nigra was located at the dorsal rim of the crus cerebri extending throughout the mesencephalon. A dorsal pars comp...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - August 24, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Nielsen MS, Sørensen JC, Bjarkam CR Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Differential topography of the bilateral cortical projections to the whisker and forepaw regions in rat motor cortex.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Whisker and forelimb movements in rats have distinct behavioral functions that suggest differences in the neural connections of the brain regions that control their movements. To test this hypothesis, retrograde tracing methods were used to characterize the bilateral distribution of the cortical neurons that project to the whisker and forelimb regions in primary motor (MI) cortex. Tracer injections in each MI region revealed labeled neurons in more than a dozen cortical areas, but most labeling was concentrated in the sensorimotor areas. Cortical projections to the MI forepaw region originated primarily from the primar...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - August 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Colechio EM, Alloway KD Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Distribution of D(1) and D (5) dopamine receptors in the primate and rat basolateral amygdala.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dopamine, acting at the D1 family receptors (D1R) is critical for the functioning of the amygdala, including fear conditioning and cue-induced reinstatement of drug self administration. However, little is known about the different contributions of the two D1R subtypes, D(1) and D(5). We identified D(1)-immunoreactive patches in the primate that appear similar to the intercalated cell masses reported in the rodent; however, both receptors were present across the subdivisions of the primate amygdala including the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Using immunoelectron microscopy, we established that both receptors have widespre...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - August 7, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Chris Muly E, Senyuz M, Khan ZU, Guo JD, Hazra R, Rainnie DG Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Paracingulate asymmetry in anterior and midcingulate cortex: sex differences and the effect of measurement technique.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Many structural brain asymmetries accompany left hemisphere language dominance. For example, the cingulate sulcus is larger in the medial cortex of the right hemisphere, while the more dorsal paracingulate sulcus is larger on the left. The functional significance of these asymmetries is unknown because fMRI studies rarely attempt to localize activation to specific sulci, possibly due to difficulties in consistent sulcal identification. In medial cortex, for example, there are many regions of partial sulcal overlap where MRI images do not provide sufficient information to unambiguously distinguish a paracingulate sulcus...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - July 27, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Leonard CM, Towler S, Welcome S, Chiarello C Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Left cytoarchitectonic area 44 supports selection in the mental lexicon during language production.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the role of Broca's region for selecting semantic, syntactic, and phonological information during picture naming. According to psycholinguistic theory, selection is reflected in speech latency differences, e.g. during priming. Here, homogenous (priming) blocks in which German picture names had the same semantic category, syntactic gender, or initial phoneme alternated with heterogeneous (non-priming) blocks. Speech latencies revealed a negative priming effect. Speech latencies were used as regressors for the fMRI data in order to tap selection process...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - July 20, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Heim S, Eickhoff SB, Friederici AD, Amunts K Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

The efficacy of the fluorescent conjugates of cholera toxin subunit B for multiple retrograde tract tracing in the central nervous system.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we examined the efficacy of these new AF-CTB conjugates when injected into the brain, and compared the results to our previous experiences using fluorescent 3k dextran amines. To test this, we injected AF 488 and AF 594 CTB into the anterior cingulate cortex and the medial agranular cortex in the rat, and examined the retrograde transport to the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. We found that CTB was very viscous but yet very sensitive: small injection sites revealed very intense and detailed retrograde labeling. Anterograde transport was seen only when tissue at the injection site was damaged. Thes...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - July 20, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Conte WL, Kamishina H, Reep RL Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Structural MRI studies of language function in the undamaged brain.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report studies that have used two different techniques: voxel-based morphometry of whole brain grey or white matter images and diffusion tensor imaging. At present, there are relatively few structural imaging studies of language. We group them into those that investigated (1) the perception of novel speech sounds, (2) the links between speech sounds and their meaning, (3) speech production, and (4) reading. We highlight the validity of the findings by comparing the results to those from functional imaging studies. Finally, we conclude by summarising the novel contribution of these studies to date and potential direction...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - July 17, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Richardson FM, Price CJ Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

A volumetric study of the corpus callosum in 20s and 40s Korean people.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The purpose of this study was to measure the average corpus callosum volume of normal Koreans (aged in their 20s or 40s) and to analyze the effects of gender, age, and body parameters, such as height and weight on corpus callosum size. Magnetic resonance brain images were recorded for 68 people in their 20s (29 men, 39 women) and 91 in their 40s (36 men, 55 women). Intracranial volume was calculated using cerebral size and corpus callosum volume was normalized by covariance method. To investigate the effect of gender and age on corpus callosum volume, two-way analysis of variance, which used gender (two levels) and age...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - July 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Lee BY, Sohn JH, Choi MH, Lee SJ, Kim HS, Yang JW, Choi JS, Kim HS, Yi JH, Tack GR, Chung SC Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Greater than the sum of its parts: a review of studies combining structural connectivity and resting-state functional connectivity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
It is commonly assumed that functional brain connectivity reflects structural brain connectivity. The exact relationship between structure and function, however, might not be straightforward. In this review we aim to examine how our understanding of the relationship between structure and function in the 'resting' brain has advanced over the last several years. We discuss eight articles that directly compare resting-state functional connectivity with structural connectivity and three clinical case studies of patients with limited white matter connections between the cerebral hemispheres. All studies examined show largel...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - June 29, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Damoiseaux JS, Greicius MD Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

The Neuroscience Peer Review Consortium.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19308445 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function)
Source: Brain Structure and Function - March 24, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Saper CB, Maunsell JH Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Brain Mythology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19296129 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function)
Source: Brain Structure and Function - March 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Zaborszky L, Zilles K Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Synaptic circuitry in the retinorecipient layers of the optic tectum of the lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis). A combined hodological, GABA and glutamate immunocytochemical study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The ultrastructure of the retinorecipient layers of the lamprey optic tectum was analysed using tract tracing techniques combined with GABA and glutamate immunocytochemistry. Two types of neurons were identified; a population of large GABA-immunonegative cells, and a population of smaller, highly GABA-immunoreactive interneurons, some of whose dendrites contain synaptic vesicles (DCSV). Five types of axon terminals were identified and divided into two major categories. The first of these are GABA-immunonegative, highly glutamate-immunoreactive, contain round synaptic vesicles, make asymmetrical synaptic contacts, and c...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - February 28, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Repérant J, Ward R, Médina M, Kenigfest NB, Rio JP, Miceli D, Jay B Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Developments of sulcal pattern and subcortical structures of the forebrain in cynomolgus monkey fetuses: 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging provides high reproducibility of gross structural changes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The aim of this study was to spatio-temporally clarify gross structural changes in the forebrain of cynomolgus monkey fetuses using 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). T(1)-weighted coronal, horizontal, and sagittal MR slices of fixed left cerebral hemispheres were obtained from one male fetus at embryonic days (EDs) 70-150. The timetable for fetal sulcation by MRI was in good agreement with that by gross observations, with a lag time of 10-30 days. A difference in detectability of some sulci seemed to be associated with the length, depth, width, and location of the sulci. Furthermore, MRI clarified the embryonic...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - February 12, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Sawada K, Sun XZ, Fukunishi K, Kashima M, Sakata-Haga H, Tokado H, Aoki I, Fukui Y Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Brain volumes and Val66Met polymorphism of the BDNF gene: local or global effects?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A common Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) gene coding the Val66Met substitution in the pro-BDNF protein has been associated with a number of behavioural and neuroanatomical phenotypes; the latter include, for example, regional differences in volumes of the hippocampus and prefrontal grey matter. Here, we show that the observed regional differences may not stem from a localised effect of this gene. Our analysis of regional brain volume in a cohort of 331 adolescents indicates that the Val66Met substitution has a global effect on brain volume, and that the observed local diff...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - February 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Toro R, Chupin M, Garnero L, Leonard G, Perron M, Pike B, Pitiot A, Richer L, Veillette S, Pausova Z, Paus T Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Are there ten times more glia than neurons in the brain?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19198876 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function)
Source: Brain Structure and Function - February 7, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Hilgetag CC, Barbas H Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Superior olivary complex organization and cytoarchitecture may be correlated with function and catarrhine primate phylogeny.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the mammalian auditory system, the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body and the lateral superior olive (MNTB-LSO system) contribute to binaural intensity processing and lateralization. Localization precision varies with the sound frequencies. As recency of common ancestry with human beings increases, primates have improved low-frequency sensitivity and reduced sensitivity to higher frequencies. The medial part of the MNTB is devoted to higher frequency processing. Thus, its high-frequency-dependent function is nearly lost in humans and its role in binaural processing as part of the contralateral pathway to the LSO r...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - January 31, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Hilbig H, Beil B, Hilbig H, Call J, Bidmon HJ Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Neurotoxic lesions of the thalamic reuniens or mediodorsal nucleus in rats affect non-mnemonic aspects of watermaze learning.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, while the RE and MD nuclei seem not to be critical for the learning and memory of a standard watermaze task, they may contribute to non-mnemonic strategy shifting when animals are challenged in ways that do not occur during training. PMID: 19132385 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function)
Source: Brain Structure and Function - January 9, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Dolleman-van der Weel MJ, Morris RG, Witter MP Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

The extreme capsule in humans and rethinking of the language circuitry.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Experimental and imaging studies in monkeys have outlined various long association fiber pathways within the fronto-temporo-parietal region. In the present study, the trajectory of the extreme capsule (EmC) fibers has been delineated in five human subjects using DT-MRI tractography. The EmC seems to be a long association fiber pathway, which courses between the inferior frontal region and the superior temporal gyrus extending into the inferior parietal lobule. Comparison of EmC fibers with the adjacent association fiber pathway, the middle longitudinal fascicle (MdLF), in the same subjects reveals that EmC is located i...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - December 23, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Makris N, Pandya DN Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Neocortical neuron types in Xenarthra and Afrotheria: implications for brain evolution in mammals.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution and morphology of neocortical neurons stained for nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein, calbindin, calretinin, parvalbumin, and neuropeptide Y in three xenarthran species-the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla), the lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla), and the two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus)-and two afrotherian species-the rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) and the black and rufous giant elephant shrew (Rhynchocyon petersi). We also studied the distribution and morphology of astrocytes using glial fibrillary acidic protein as a marker. In...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - November 15, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Sherwood CC, Stimpson CD, Butti C, Bonar CJ, Newton AL, Allman JM, Hof PR Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

The influence of catecholamine on the migration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-producing neurons in the rat foetuses.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, these data suggest that endogenous catecholamines stimulate the GnRH neuron migration in ontogenesis. PMID: 18841392 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function)
Source: Brain Structure and Function - October 8, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Izvolskaia M, Duittoz AH, Tillet Y, Ugrumov MV Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Dopaminergic innervation of pyramidal cells in the rat basolateral amygdala.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dopaminergic (DA) inputs to the basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala (BLC) are critical for several important functions, including reward-related learning, drug-stimulus learning, and fear conditioning. Despite the importance of the DA projection to the BLC, very little is known about which neuronal subpopulations are innervated. The present study utilized dual-labeling immunohistochemistry at the electron microscopic level to examine DA inputs to pyramidal cells in the anterior basolateral amygdalar nucleus (BLa) in the rat. DA axon terminals and BLa pyramidal cells were labeled using antibodies to tyrosine hyd...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - October 7, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Muller JF, Mascagni F, McDonald AJ Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Brain structural and functional abnormalities in mood disorders: implications for neurocircuitry models of depression.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The neural networks that putatively modulate aspects of normal emotional behavior have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders by converging evidence from neuroimaging, neuropathological and lesion analysis studies. These networks involve the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and closely related areas in the medial and caudolateral orbital cortex (medial prefrontal network), amygdala, hippocampus, and ventromedial parts of the basal ganglia, where alterations in grey matter volume and neurophysiological activity are found in cases with recurrent depressive episodes. Such findings hold major implications ...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - August 13, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Drevets WC, Price JL, Furey ML Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Functional role of local GABAergic influences on the HPA axis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Neuronatomical and pharmacological studies have established GABA-mediated inhibition of the HPA axis at the level of the PVN. The origin of this innervation is a series of local hypothalamic and adjacent forebrain regions that project to stress-integrative hypophysiotropic CRH neurons. While a role in tonic inhibition of the stress axis is likely, this system of inhibitory loci is also capable of producing a dynamic braking capacity in the context of the neuroendocrine stress response. The latter function is mediated in large part by glutamatergic forebrain afferents that increase GABA release at the level of the PVN. ...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - August 12, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Cullinan WE, Ziegler DR, Herman JP Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Lennart Heimer: in memoriam (1930-2007).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 18688643 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function)
Source: Brain Structure and Function - August 8, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Haber SN, McGinty JF, Mugnaini E, Zaborszky L Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Fos expression following activation of the ventral pallidum in normal rats and in a model of Parkinson's Disease: implications for limbic system and basal ganglia interactions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The circuit-related consequences of activating the ventral pallidum (VP) are not well known, and lacking in particular is how these effects are altered in various neuropathological states. To help to address these paucities, this study investigated the brain regions affected by VP activation by quantifying neurons that stain for Fos-like immunoreactivity (ir). Fos-ir was assessed after intra-pallidal injections of the excitatory amino acid agonist, NMDA, or the GABA(A) antagonist, bicuculline in normal rats and in those rendered Parkinsonian-like by lesioning dopaminergic neurons with the neurotoxin, 6-OHDA. We hypothe...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - July 29, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Turner MS, Gray TS, Mickiewicz AL, Napier TC Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

The human inferior parietal lobule in stereotaxic space.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recently, a new cytoarchitectonic map of the human inferior parietal lobule (IPL) has been proposed, with the IPL consisting of seven cytoarchitectonically distinct areas (Caspers et al. in Neuroimage 33(2):430-448, 2006). The aim of the present study was to investigate the different aspects of variability of these IPL areas. As one aspect of variability, we analysed the topographical relationship between the localisation of the borders of the areas and macroanatomical landmarks. Although five areas occupy the surface supramarginal gyrus and two the angular gyrus, their borders cannot be reliably detected by means of m...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - July 24, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Caspers S, Eickhoff SB, Geyer S, Scheperjans F, Mohlberg H, Zilles K, Amunts K Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

A tribute to Lennart Heimer.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 18651174 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Brain Structure and Function)
Source: Brain Structure and Function - July 24, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Zilles K, Zaborszky L Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Noradrenergic transmission in the extended amygdala: role in increased drug-seeking and relapse during protracted drug abstinence.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Studies reviewed here implicate the extended amygdala in the negative affective states and increased drug-seeking that occur during protracted abstinence from chronic drug exposure. Norepinephrine (NE) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) signaling in the extended amygdala, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, shell of the nucleus accumbens, and central nucleus of the amygdala, are generally involved in behavioral responses to environmental and internal stressors. Hyperactivity of stress response systems during addiction drives many negative components of drug abstinence. In particular, NE signaling f...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - July 24, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Smith RJ, Aston-Jones G Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Sex differences and influence of gonadal hormones on MK801-induced neuronal degeneration in the granular retrosplenial cortex of the rat.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
MK801, PCP, and ketamine are non-competitive NMDA receptor-antagonists drugs that in humans produce psychomimetic effects and neurocognitive disturbances reminiscent to those of schizophrenia. The administration of these drugs in animals has been used as a pharmacological model to study the NMDA receptor hypofunction-hypothesis of schizophrenia. In animals, the biological effect of MK801 is dose-dependent. Low doses induce behavioral disturbances and higher doses, in addition, promote neurotoxicity in many brain regions, particularly the granular retrosplenial cortex (RSG). The neurotoxic effect of MK801 is sexually di...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - June 21, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: de Olmos S, Bueno A, Bender C, Lorenzo A, de Olmos J Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Cell proliferation in the striatum during postnatal development: preferential distribution in subregions of the ventral striatum.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cortico-ventral basal ganglia circuitry is associated with a variety of mental health disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder and drug addiction, disorders that emerge during childhood through young adulthood, a period in which the cortex and striatum continue to development. Moreover, cell proliferation, which is associated with development and plasticity, also continues in the cortex and striatum through adulthood. Given the implication of cortico-basal ganglia circuitry in diseases emerging during postnatal development, we studied cell proliferation at different ages in striatal regions associated with spe...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - June 17, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Stopczynski RE, Poloskey SL, Haber SN Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Cortico-accumbens fiber stimulation does not induce dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens in vitro.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Interactions between dopamine (DA) and glutamate in the nucleus accumbens (NA) are important for a variety of cognitive and limbic functions. Although, there is strong evidence that DA controls glutamate responses, the converse (glutamate affecting DA release) is controversial. To determine whether endogenous glutamate released from corticostriatal terminals can evoke DA release by local interactions in the NA, we measured DA release with amperometry simultaneously with whole cell recordings from NA medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in a slice preparation preserving DA terminals (but not cell bodies) and cortico-accumbens fi...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - June 13, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Benoit-Marand M, O'Donnell P Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Automated quantification of dendritic spine density and spine head diameter in medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dendritic spines are postsynaptic specializations thought to regulate the strength of synaptic transmission and play a critical role in neuronal plasticity. While changes in dendritic spine density can be pharmacologically- or environmentally-induced, the widespread utility of this important measure of synaptic plasticity in vivo has been hampered by the labor-intensive nature, and potential for bias and inconsistency inherent in manual spine counting. Here we report a method for obtaining high-resolution, three-dimensional confocal images of accumbens spiny neurons labeled with a diolistically delivered lipophilic flu...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - June 6, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Shen H, Sesack SR, Toda S, Kalivas PW Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Role of the extended amygdala in short-duration versus sustained fear: a tribute to Dr. Lennart Heimer.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The concept of the "extended amygdala", developed and explored by Lennart Heimer, Jose de Olmos, George Alheid, and their collaborators, has had an enormous impact on the field of neuroscience and on our own work. Measuring fear-potentiated startle test using conditioned stimuli that vary in length we suggest that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) and the lateral division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST(L)) are involved in short-term versus long-term fear responses we call phasic versus sustained fear, respectively. Outputs from the basolateral amygdala (BLA) activate the medial division of the...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - June 5, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Walker DL, Davis M Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Relapse to cocaine-seeking increases activity-regulated gene expression differentially in the striatum and cerebral cortex of rats following short or long periods of abstinence.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
One of the most insidious features of cocaine addiction is a high rate of relapse even after extended periods of abstinence. A wide variety of drug-associated stimuli, including the context in which a drug is taken, can gain incentive motivational properties that trigger drug desire and relapse to drug-seeking. Both animal and clinical studies suggest that extensive cocaine exposure may induce a transition from cortical to striatal control over decision-making as compulsive drug-seeking emerges. Using an animal model of relapse to cocaine-seeking, the present study investigated the expression patterns of three differen...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - May 17, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Hearing MC, See RE, McGinty JF Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Age-related changes in the expression of schizophrenia susceptibility genes in the human prefrontal cortex.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The molecular basis of complex neuropsychiatric disorders most likely involves many genes. In recent years, specific genetic variations influencing risk for schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders have been reported. We have used custom DNA microarrays and qPCR to investigate the expression of putative schizophrenia susceptibility genes and related genes of interest in the normal human brain. Expression of 31 genes was measured in Brodmann's area 10 (BA10) in the prefrontal cortex of 72 postmortem brain samples spanning half a century of human aging (18-67 years), each without history of neuropsychiatric ill...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - May 10, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Colantuoni C, Hyde TM, Mitkus S, Joseph A, Sartorius L, Aguirre C, Creswell J, Johnson E, Deep-Soboslay A, Herman MM, Lipska BK, Weinberger DR, Kleinman JE Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Ultrastructural analysis of prefrontal cortical inputs to the rat amygdala: spatial relationships to presumed dopamine axons and D1 and D2 receptors.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Projections from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to the amygdala (AMG) regulate affective behaviors in a manner that is modulated by dopamine (DA). Although PFC and DA inputs overlap within the basolateral nucleus (BLA) and intercalated cell masses (ICMs), the spatial relationship between these afferents has not been investigated, nor is it known how DA D1 (D1R) and D2 (D2R) receptors are localized in relationship to PFC terminals. We therefore combined tract-tracing from the rat PFC to the AMG with immunocytochemical labeling of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to identify presumed DA axons or D1R and D2R. In both the ICMs and B...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - March 14, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Pinto A, Sesack SR Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Approximation of optimal surface parameterizations and the application in cerebral cortex mapping.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Optimal parameterizations of surface meshes are useful in the mapping and visualization of the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the human brain. We propose two new methods to compute approximations of the optimal parameterizations, and apply these methods to human cortical surface meshes extracted from magnetic resonance images. Our methods approximate the parameterizations in a low-dimensional subspace spanned by the coordinate vectors of an initial parameterization and the low-frequency eigenvectors of a mesh Laplacian. This low-dimensional approximation reduces the computational complexity while minimizing the er...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - March 8, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Vadakkumpadan F, Spellucci P, Sun Y Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals

Norepinephrinergic afferents and cytology of the macaque monkey midline, mediodorsal, and intralaminar thalamic nuclei.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei (MITN), locus coeruleus (LC) and cingulate cortex contain nociceptive neurons. The MITN that project to cingulate cortex have a prominent innervation by norepinephrinergic axons primarily originating from the LC. The hypothesis explored in this study is that MITN neurons that project to cingulate cortex receive a disproportionately high LC input that may modulate nociceptive afferent flow into the forebrain. Ten cynomolgus monkeys were evaluated for dopamine-beta hydroxylase (DBH) immunohistochemistry, and nuclei with moderate or high DBH activity were analyzed for intermedi...
Source: Brain Structure and Function - March 4, 2008 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Vogt BA, Hof PR, Friedman DP, Sikes RW, Vogt LJ Tags: Brain Struct Funct Source Type: journals