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Augmentation in contingency learning under time pressure.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recent research suggests that cue competition effects in human contingency learning, such as blocking, are due to higher-order cognitive processes. Moreover, some experimental reports suggest that the effect opposite to blocking, augmentation, could occur in experimental preparations that preclude the intervention of reasoning mechanisms. In the present research, we tested this hypothesis by investigating cue interaction effects in an experimental task in which participants had to enter their responses under time pressure. The results show that under these conditions, augmentation, instead of blocking, is observed. ...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - November 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Vadillo MA, Matute H Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Time to act and attend to the real mechanisms of action and attention.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We discuss Humphreys' article in the context of two challenges that exist in regards to future research on the link between action and attention: (1) determining the cognitive and neural mechanisms responsible for an action-attention link and (2) demonstrating that the action-attention links observed in the laboratory reflect the same links between action and attention observed in the complexities of everyday life. PMID: 19889256 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - November 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Dalrymple KA, Kingstone A Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Seeing is a verb.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This commentary on 'The interaction of attention and action: From seeing action to acting on perception' by Humphreys et al. (in press) considers selection-for-action in relation to the role of parietal cortex corollary discharge in the 'mastery of sensori-motor contingencies' that O'Regan and Noe (2001) suggest gives rise to visual awareness. PMID: 19857371 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - October 23, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Rafal B Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Do image descriptions underlie word recognition in reading?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article is a commentary on 'The utility of image descriptions in the initial stages of vision: A case study of printed text' (Watt & Dakin, in press). PMID: 19857372 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - October 23, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Legge GE, Tjan BS, Chung ST, Bigelow C Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Measurement of ability emotional intelligence: Results for two new tests.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Emotional intelligence (EI) has attracted considerable interest amongst both individual differences researchers and those in other areas of psychology who are interested in how EI relates to criteria such as well-being and career success. Both trait (self-report) and ability EI measures have been developed; the focus of this paper is on ability EI. The associations of two new ability EI tests with psychometric intelligence, emotion perception, and the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso EI test (MSCEIT) were examined. The new EI tests were the Situational Test of Emotion Management (STEM) and the Situational Test of Emotional Underst...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - October 18, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Austin EJ Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Individual differences and reasoning: A study on personality traits.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Personality can play a crucial role in how people reason and decide. Identifying individual differences related to how we actively gather information and use evidence could lead to a better comprehension and predictability of human reasoning. Recent findings have shown that some personality traits are related to similar decision-making patterns showed by people with mental disorders. We performed research with the aim to investigate delusion-proneness, obsessive-like personality, anxiety (trait and state), and reasoning styles in individuals from the general population. We introduced personality trait and state anxiety...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - October 4, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Bensi L, Giusberti F, Nori R, Gambetti E Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Teacher organizational citizenship behaviours and job efficacy: Implications for student quality of school life.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present study investigated the impact of teachers' organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs) on student quality of school life (SQSL) via the indirect effect of job efficacy. A measure of teacher OCBs was developed, tapping one dimension of individual-focused OCB (OCBI - student-directed behaviour) and two dimensions of organization-focused OCB (OCBO - civic virtue and professional development). In line with previous research suggesting that OCBs may enhance job efficacy, as well as studies demonstrating the positive effects of teacher efficacy on student outcomes, we expected an indirect relationship between te...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - October 4, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Jimmieson NL, Hannam RL, Yeo GB Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Reactive aggression in psychopathy and the role of frustration: Susceptibility, experience, and control.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article is a commentary on 'Psychopathy, frustration, and reactive aggression: The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex' (Blair, 2009). PMID: 19807945 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - October 4, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Harenski CL, Kiehl KA Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Predicting children's word-reading accuracy for common English words: The effect of word transparency and complexity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The effects of printed word frequency and transparency measures on single word reading accuracy were examined in 105 six-year-old children. The results indicated that it may be necessary to re-appraise notions of orthography-to-phonology correspondences for children of this age. The influence of orthographic neighbourhood size appeared to derive from word frequency and graphemic complexity. The results also indicated that sonograph frequency was more predictive of reading accuracy than the GPC rules and weighted correspondences currently embodied in dual route and connectionist models of skilled reading. PMID: 1977...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - September 22, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Spencer K Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

A test of engagement versus disengagement in catastrophe models.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present study explored the interactive effects of self-efficacy and increasing/decreasing task difficulty upon engagement and disengagement within a cusp-catastrophe model framework. Using a closed motor skill aiming task participants (N=60) were required to compete in conditions where task difficulty increased and then decreased (or vice versa) where they were rewarded for good performance but penalized for bad. Participants who reported low levels of self-efficacy disengage at an earlier level of task difficulty than their high self-efficacy counterparts. Furthermore, this group did not re-engage with the task un...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - September 8, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Beattie S, Davies M Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Perceived responsibility to act: An investigation with respect to registering willingness to become a posthumous organ donor.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two questionnaire studies (Ns=238 and 497) were guided by the original theoretical specification of the triangle model of responsibility. These investigated the relationship between perceived responsibility to register willingness to posthumously donate one's organs and people's self-reported actual and intended registration behaviour. Exploratory factor analyses suggested that various responsibility-related constructs could be differentiated, several of which explained unique variance in participants' registration status. Although predominantly derived from it, these constructs provided little support for the specific...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - September 4, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Farsides T Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Applying test operating characteristics to measures of exercise motivation: A primer.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Physical activity programmes that include a motivational counselling component can be effective at increasing exercise participation. Reliable screening procedures could provide a cost effective method of identifying and channelling those 'at risk' for non-participation into a motivational counselling intervention and increase participation and long-term adherence. Traditional statistical methods have played an important step in developing measures that are good predictors of future exercise behaviour. Test operating characteristics (TOCs), a set of clinical outcome statistics, could be used to evaluate the accuracy of...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - August 24, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Brickell TA, Lange RT, Chatzisarantis NL Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Selective attention for masked and unmasked emotionally toned stimuli: Effects of trait anxiety, state anxiety, and test order.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We investigated selective attention for masked and unmasked, threat, and positively valenced words, in high trait anxious (HTA) and low trait anxious (LTA) individuals using the emotional Stroop colour-naming task. State anxiety was varied within participants through the threat of electric shock. To investigate whether the sequencing of the state anxiety manipulation affected colour-naming latencies, the ordering of the shock threat and shock safe conditions was counterbalanced across participants. The results indicated that the ordering of the state anxiety manipulation moderated masked and unmasked threat bias effect...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - August 24, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Edwards MS, Burt JS, Lipp OV Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Constraints on natural altruism.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article is a commentary on 'The roots of human altruism' (Warneken & Tomasello, 2009). PMID: 19450383 [PubMed - in process] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - June 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Wynn K Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

The roots and branches of human altruism.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The authors' rigorous and ingenious programme of work documents young humans' capacity for prosocial action (Warneken & Tomasello, 2009). Their laboratory findings are corroborated by centuries of observational data, spanning cultures, and historical epochs. Two general questions are raised. Firstly, what are the rules of evidence needed in using comparative data to make claims about the evolution of human social behaviours? Secondly, what ontogenetic processes contribute to the transformation of toddlers' helpfulness into mature, cognitively informed and rule-governed altruism? These findings alone do not provide ...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - June 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Hay DF Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Digging deeper: A response to commentaries on The roots of human altruism.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The current response discusses the insightful commentaries by Dale Hay (2009) and Karen Wynn (2009) on the proposal that human altruism has deep roots both in phylogeny and ontogeny (Warneken & Tomasello, 2009). In particular, I focus on (a) what observational and experimental methods can reveal about altruistic motivations in children, (b) Wynn's idea that early altruism might confer a selective advantage to the infants themselves, and (c) how recent findings on young children's social ontology will enable us to test the hypothesis that ontogeny proceeds from rather global to more differentiated altruistic behavio...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - June 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Warneken F Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Relationships between quality of life and finding benefits in a diagnosis of colorectal cancer.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This longitudinal study investigated relations between benefit-finding domains and outcome measures. Participants were 1,757 individuals diagnosed with colorectal cancer. A written questionnaire and telephone interview were completed at 5-months (Time 1) and 12-months post-diagnosis (Time 2). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed three psychometrically sound factors: personal growth, interpersonal growth, and acceptance. Results of regression analyses were conducted and found that Time 1 benefit-finding domains accounted for significant amounts of variance in Time 1 positive affect and cancer-related qu...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - June 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Rinaldis M, Pakenham KI, Lynch BM Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Sexual dimorphism of male face shape, partnership status and the temporal context of relationship sought modulate women's preferences for direct gaze.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Most previous studies of face preferences have investigated the physical cues that influence face preferences. Far fewer studies have investigated the effects of cues to the direction of others' social interest (i.e. gaze direction) on face preferences. Here we found that unpartnered women demonstrated stronger preferences for direct gaze (indicating social interest) from feminine male faces than from masculine male faces when judging men's attractiveness for long-term relationships, but not when judging men's attractiveness for short-term relationships. Moreover, unpartnered women's preferences for direct gaze from fe...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - May 19, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Conway CA, Conway CA, Debruine LM, Little AC Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Adoption of an internal viewpoint following presentations of plan-view diagrams and maps.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigated people's ability to adopt novel imagined viewpoints after studying plan-view diagrams and maps. In two experiments, university students were presented with a plan-view diagram of a character surrounded by nearby objects (Expt 1) or a character within a map of a multi-level shopping centre (Expt 2). Subsequently, participants' spatial knowledge of the diagrams/maps was tested by asking them about the location of six salient objects/places. In both experiments, the analyses of participants' spatial judgments suggested that they had adopted an imagined viewpoint internal to the character. The findings ...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - May 19, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Drummond A, Tlauka M Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Altruism as a courtship display: Some effects of third-party generosity on audience perceptions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Public generosity may be a means to convincingly advertise one's good character. This hypothesis suggests that altruistic individuals will be desirable as romantic partners. Few studies have tested this prediction, and these showed mixed results. Some studies have found that altruism is not particularly attractive; other studies showed that altruism is attractive by contrasting descriptions of 'nice guys' with 'jerks'. The present study sought to resolve this debate by having participants read a series of experimentally manipulated vignettes of persons with corresponding photographs, such that altruistic vignettes were...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - April 24, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Barclay P Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

'It's a boy because he's painting a picture': Age differences in children's conventional and unconventional gender schemas.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two studies investigated the development of children's gender knowledge using a procedure designed to tap into children's unconventional gender beliefs. Study 1 revealed a developmental progression with 34 3- to 4-year-old children providing more unconventional reasons than conventional reasons to explain the gender of a series of drawings. By contrast, 39 5- to 6-year-old and 42 7- to 8-year-old children provided more conventional than unconventional reasons. Study 2 found that a second sample of 42 3- to 4-year-old children mastered a close-ended assessment of gender stereotyping, while they relied on unconventional ...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - April 10, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Tenenbaum HR, Hill DB, Joseph N, Roche E Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Test of a brief theory of planned behaviour-based intervention to promote adolescent safe sex intentions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present study tested a brief (303 word) intervention designed to change attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control regarding a safe sex behaviour in a sample of 16- to 18-year-olds. Participants (N=288) were randomized to receive either an experimental intervention or a control (knowledge only) intervention and completed measures of their reactions to the stimuli as well as pre- and post-test measures of theory of planned behaviour variables. The experimental intervention significantly increased message processing (mean between-group difference=0.73, 95% CI=0.40, 1.06; Cohen's d=.52), message acce...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - April 10, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Armitage CJ, Talibudeen L Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

A hundred years of psychology in the BJP.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351438 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Mitchell P, Ferguson E Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Reprinted from The British Journal of Psychology (1920), 11, 87-104: Is thinking merely the action of language mechanisms?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351439 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Watson JB Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Behaviourism, thoughts, and actions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351440 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Bouton ME Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Watson: the thinking man's behaviourist.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351441 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Hall G Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Reprinted from The British Journal of Psychology (1925), 16, 16-27: Feeling, imaging and thinking.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351442 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Bartlett FC Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

The thinking person's emotion theorist: a comment on Bartlett's feeling, imaging, and thinking.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351443 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Dalgleish T Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Reconstructing Bartlett's affect theory.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351444 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Parkinson B Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Reprinted from The British Journal of Psychology (1928), 18, 276-301: La causalité chez l'enfant (Children's understanding of causality).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Reprinted from The British Journal of Psychology (1928), 18, 276-301: La causalité chez l'enfant (Children's understanding of causality). Br J Psychol. 2009 Apr;100(Pt 1A):207-24 Authors: Piaget J PMID: 19351445 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Piaget J Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Piaget on piaget.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351446 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Chandler MJ Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Piaget on causality: The Whig interpretation of cognitive development.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351447 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Harris PL Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Reprinted from The British Journal of Psychology (1946), 36, 159-174: Personality structure and measurement II: the determination and utility of trait modality.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351448 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Cattell RB Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

On weaving personality into a tapestry of traits.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351449 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ackerman PL Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Personality structure and measurement: the contributions of Raymond Cattell.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351450 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Revelle W Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Reprinted from The British Journal of Psychology (1958), 49, 182-194: Visually controlled locomotion and visual orientation in animals.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A general theory of locomotor behaviour in relation to physical objects is presented. Since the controlling stimulation for such behaviour is mainly optical, this involves novel assumptions about object perception and about what is called 'visual kinaesthesis'. Evidence for these assumptions is cited. On the basis of this theory it is possible to suppose that animals are visually oriented to the surfaces of their environment, not merely to light as such. In short, it is possible to explain why they seem to have space perception. Implications of this approach for maze-learning are pointed out. PMID: 19351451 [PubMed...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Gibson JJ Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Deep implications or an oversimplified approach?-Gibson's ideas 50 years on.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351452 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Rogers BJ Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

How do animals get about by vision? Visually controlled locomotion and orientation after 50 years.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19351453 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: British Journal of Psychology)
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Warren WH Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Is learning mindfulness associated with improved affect after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The increased popularity of mindfulness-based interventions and the growing body of empirical evidence confirming the positive effects of these interventions on well-being warrant more research to determine if the effects are indeed related to learning mindfulness. The present study extends previous studies, by examining whether and how changes in five core aspects of mindfulness are related to changes in the report of negative and positive affect during an 8-week course of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. The study was performed in 64 individuals from the community with mild to moderate psychological problems. Dat...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 26, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Schroevers MJ, Brandsma R Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Psychopathy, frustration, and reactive aggression: The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Psychopathy is a developmental disorder marked by emotional hyporesponsiveness and an increased risk for instrumental and reactive aggression. The increased risk for reactive aggression is the focus of the current paper. It will be argued that the increased risk for reactive aggression does not relate to an increased sensitivity to threatening stimuli since psychopathy is associated with a reduced sensitivity to threat. Instead, it is argued that the increased risk for reactive aggression relates to an increased risk for frustration; i.e. the emotional state following the performance of an action in the expectation of ...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 24, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Blair RJ Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Inhibitory processes in memory are impaired in schizophrenia: Evidence from retrieval induced forgetting.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Schizophrenic patients are known to exhibit inhibitory impairments in response suppression and selective attention. However, the impairment of inhibitory control in memory retrieval has not clearly been documented. In two experiments, we investigate inhibition in memory retrieval by using the retrieval practice procedure. In Expt 1, a cued recall final test was used. Consistent with previous research, we found similar retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) effects in schizophrenic patients and in controls. However, these effects could be the result of interference/blocking or the results of inhibition. In order to reduce t...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Soriano MF, Jiménez JF, Román P, Bajo MT Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Verbalization and problem solving: Insight and spatial factors.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two groups of participants attempted eight examples of each of four different problem types formed by combining insight versus non-insight and verbal versus spatial factors. The groups were given different verbalization instructions viz., Silent (N=40) or Direct Concurrent (N=40). There were significant differences between insight and non-insight tasks and between spatial and verbal tasks in terms of solution rates and latencies. Significant interactions between the verbal versus spatial factor and verbalization condition on solution rates and latencies reflected a greater (negative) effect of verbalizing on spatial as...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Gilhooly KJ, Fioratou E, Henretty N Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Effect of manipulated prestige-car ownership on both sex attractiveness ratings.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previous studies have shown that male attractiveness can be enhanced by manipulation of status through, for example, the medium of costume. The present study experimentally manipulated status by seating the same target model (male and female matched for attractiveness) expressing identical facial expressions and posture in either a 'high status' (Silver Bentley Continental GT) or a 'neutral status' (Red Ford Fiesta ST) motor-car. A between-subjects design was used whereby the above photographic images were presented to male and female participants for attractiveness rating. Results showed that the male target model was...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 19, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Dunn MJ, Searle R Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

The selection of creative ideas after individual idea generation: Choosing between creativity and impact.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
It is commonly assumed that successful innovation depends on creative idea generation: the more ideas are generated, the higher the probability of selecting a very good idea should be. However, research has shown that people do not perform optimally at idea selection and that ideational output may not contribute much to creative idea selection. The present studies aim to explain this phenomenon. We identified the strong tendency of our participants to select feasible and desirable ideas, at the cost of originality, as the main reason for their poor selection performance. Two manipulations of participants' processing of...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Rietzschel EF, Nijstad BA, Stroebe W Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Parent-delivered compensatory education for children at risk of educational failure: Improving the academic and self-regulatory skills of a Sure Start preschool sample.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Thirty preschoolers from low-income families participated in a 12-month intervention programme, funded by Sure Start, which engaged them in scaffolded educational activities delivered at home by their mothers. Immediately following the programme, the intervention group outperformed matched controls in tests of academic knowledge, receptive vocabulary, and inhibitory control, but not short-term memory or theory of mind. Teachers' ratings of children's capabilities upon school entry favoured the intervention group, especially in terms of listening, responding, writing, mathematics, and personal/social skills. Superior in...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - March 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ford RM, McDougall SJ, Evans D Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Does switching between strategies within the same task involve a cost?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In two experiments, participants had to switch regularly between two cognitive strategies of a different complexity in the context of a numerosity judgement task. Expt 1 comprised bivalent stimuli (i.e. allowing the application of the two strategies), whereas Expt 2 involved univalent stimuli (i.e. allowing the application of only one strategy). Both experiments revealed that switching between strategies entailed a cognitive cost that was reflected in longer response times on switch compared to non-switch trials but not in reduced accuracy. The size of this switch cost did not differ as a function of strategy complexit...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - February 23, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Luwel K, Schillemans V, Onghena P, Verschaffel L Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Validation of the Narrative Emplotment Scale and its correlations with well-being and psychological adjustment.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two studies examined correlates of the Narrative Emplotment Scale (NES), which measures the extent to which individuals perceive chance events and unchosen experiences as meaningfully connected. In Study 1 (N=99), the NES demonstrated adequate test-retest stability and good internal reliability. The scale was positively related to paranormal beliefs, mystical experiences, and absorption. In Study 2 (N=342), personality measures indicative of external locus of control, intrinsic religiosity, well-being, satisfaction with life, and a measure of frequency of coincidence experience were all positively correlated with narra...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - February 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Hill ED, Terrell HK, Hladkyj S, Nagoshi CT Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

An exploration of the moderating effect of trait emotional intelligence on memory and attention in neutral and stressful conditions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study explores, the cognitive processes underlying this effect, under the hypothesis that trait EI moderates the impact of stress on memory and/or attention. Results supported the hypothesis, but solely for the 'regulation' EI-dimension (named self-control or SC). In neutral conditions, high SC was characterized by an attentional focus to neutral material and a facilitated memory for positive events, whereas low SC was characterized by an attentional focus to emotional material (regardless of valence) and a facilitated memory for negative events. In stressful conditions, high SC individuals engaged attention to emotio...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - February 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Mikolajczak M, Roy E, Verstrynge V, Luminet O Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

Contact and other-race effects in configural and component processing of faces.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Other-race faces are generally recognized more poorly than own-race faces. There has been a long-standing interest in the extent to which differences in contact contribute to this other-race effect (ORE). Here, we examined the effect of contact on two distinct aspects of face memory, memory for configuration and for components, both of which are better for own-race than other-race faces. Configural and component memory were measured using recognition memory tests with intact study faces and blurred (isolates memory for configuration) and scrambled (isolates memory for components) test faces, respectively. Our participa...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - February 18, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Rhodes G, Ewing L, Hayward WG, Maurer D, Mondloch CJ, Tanaka JW Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals

The utility of image descriptions in the initial stages of vision: A case study of printed text.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vision research has made very substantial progress towards understanding how we see. It is one area of psychology where the three-way thrust of behavioural measurements (psychophysics), brain imaging, and computational studies have been combined quite routinely for some years. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a relatively unusual form of computational modelling that we characterise as involving image descriptions. Image descriptions are statements about structures in images and relationships between structures. Most modelling in vision is either conceived in fairly abstract terms, or is done at the level of ...
Source: British Journal of Psychology - February 14, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Watt R, Dakin S Tags: Br J Psychol Source Type: journals