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[Epidemiological research on environmental health risks and their economic consequences.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In environmental health research, methods for quantitative analysis of human population studies data are gaining importance. In recent years, it has been realized that they can also provide an important link to the economic view on environmental health effects. In this review, fundamental concepts and methods from environmental epidemiology and health economics are presented and it is shown how they can be linked in order to support environmental policy decisions. In addition, the characteristics of environmental epidemiology and the role of epidemiologic studies in risk assessment are discussed. From the economic poin...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - November 19, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Haucke F, Holle R, Wichmann HE Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

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Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2009 Nov;52(11):1003-1005 Authors: PMID: 19921120 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - November 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

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Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2009 Nov;52(11):1093-1094 Authors: PMID: 19921121 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - November 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

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Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2009 Nov;52(11):1114-1118 Authors: PMID: 19921122 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - November 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Theory of health risks : Dispute of disciplines.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Since the Age of Enlightenment, risk as a term in philosophy has played an important role in explaining human's actions and decisions. Theoretical foundations deal with two different definitions: risk as a scientific term quantifiable by probability and size of associated damage - or risk as an individual or social construct influencing decisions and actions. Health risks have always been in the focus of both concepts with relevant theoretical and practical consequences. This contribution attempts to give a brief introduction, which will be expanded and deepened by the other articles of this volume. PMID: 19876602 ...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - October 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Timm J Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Tasks and public perception of the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) was founded in 2002. On the basis of internationally accepted scientific criteria for risk assessment, the institute provides opinions and statements on the safety of food and feed, chemicals, commodities and on consumer health protection. In this regard, it gives advice to the Federal Government and other institutes and Stakeholder groups. BfR does its own research on subjects which are close to its remit on risk assessment. By means of its proactive and participative risk communication, the BfR renders science visible to and beneficial for society. The following overvie...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - October 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Böl GF, Hensel A Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Improving medication safety.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Drug treatment is beneficial in most patients but can also cause adverse events and death. Since preventable adverse drug events are a relevant cause of morbidity and mortality, strategies for improving medication safety are warranted. Studies demonstrate that system failure is the most relevant cause of preventable adverse drug events, with prescribing errors being the most relevant. Lack of information either about the patient, the functioning of a patient's organs and concurrent medications, or about the prescribed drug, its correct dosing, contraindications and drug interactions often lead to preventable adverse dr...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - October 29, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Grandt D Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Threshold values, guiding values, benchmarks, action values : Definitions and determination with examples from the UBA.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19862486 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - October 29, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Dieter HH Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Perception of health risks : Psychological and social factors.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews central findings and current developments of psychological and sociological research on the perception of health risks. Risk perception is influenced by numerous psychological, social, political, and cultural factors. These factors can be categorized into (a) risk characteristics, (b) characteristics of the risk perceiving person and his/her situation, and (c) characteristics of risk communication. Thus, besides individual cognitive and affective processing of risk information, social processes of risk amplification (e.g., media effects) are also involved in the construction of individual risk percepti...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - October 29, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Kurzenhäuser S, Epp A Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Risk perception and psychological reactions in public crisis situations using the example of terror attacks.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The reactions to the 9/11 terror attacks were immense in the western population. In the current review, the impact of terror attacks is presented with surveys, clinical interviews, and scientific polls, which were identified in a comprehensive literature search. Results show that the fear of further terror attacks is comparatively overestimated in the population and is associated with numerous psychological consequences and reactions. The overestimation of the probability of further terror attacks is related among other reasons to its unique features and its strong representation in the media. Several independent studi...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - October 29, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Grimm A, Hulse L, Schmidt S Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Communication of health risks : The example of HIV/AIDS prevention.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Those seeking to educate the public about health need to communicate health risks effectively. This involves providing evidence-based information about factors and behaviors that are dangerous to people's health and making recommendations regarding how risks can be avoided or minimized. This communication usually aims to motivate people to act in a way that promotes health or prevents disease. Organized 'health education' that seeks to communicate risks is always embedded in a contextual framework that in turn influences the issues and content to be communicated and the form of communication that is chosen. The scope o...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - October 25, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Lehmann H, Töppich J Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

Needs and obstacles of uniform immunisation schedules in the European Union.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Immunisation schedules are developed by national committees on immunisation and may differ considerably between the European Union (EU) member states (MS). The European Commission has launched an initiative for a council recommendation with the aim to establish a scientifically substantiated reference childhood immunisation schedule for the EU. In our view this initiative implies the establishment of one European childhood immunisation schedule, which could lead to the perception that this schedule is the only one scientifically justified. The expectations that one uniform immunisation schedule will facilitate mobility...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - October 20, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Wiese-Posselt M, Reiter S, Gilsdorf A, Krause G Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Novel vaccination concepts on the basis of modern insights into immunology.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Since their introduction more than 200 years ago, vaccines have prevented millions of deaths caused by infectious diseases. This progress was possible because these vaccines protect through antibodies, which are relatively easily stimulated. In the meantime, we understand that diseases such as AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and hepatitis C cannot be tackled by these conventional approaches. Recent insights into immunology provide the basis for the development of custom-tailored vaccines to successfully combat these threatening infections. These new generation vaccines comprise components that modulate the mediators of imm...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - October 17, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Kaufmann SH, Meinke AL, von Gabain A Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Guideline for the mathematical estimate of the migration of individual substances from organic materials in drinking water (Modelling guideline) : Version as of October 7, 2008.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: PMID: 19838651 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - October 17, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Overview and assessment of available data sources to determine incidence of vaccine preventable diseases, vaccination coverage, and immune status in Germany.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The surveillance of vaccine preventable diseases and vaccination coverage is necessary in order to deliver epidemiological data with respect to national vaccination recommendations and control targets. The data available on the incidence of vaccine preventable diseases, vaccination coverage, and immune status of the population are fragmentary and do not allow the epidemiological situation to be fully assessed. Although the majority of vaccine preventable diseases are under surveillance nationwide (by statutory reporting or sentinel surveillance), data are not available for some diseases. In addition, data on vaccinatio...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - October 13, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Poggensee G, Reuss A, Reiter S, Siedler A Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Risk factors for delayed or missed measles vaccination in young children.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Because of low measles vaccine coverage rates, measles outbreaks have been observed several times during recent years in Germany. The aim of this study is to identify parents' attitudes and beliefs towards immunisations and socio-economic factors which are associated with delayed or missed first measles vaccination in young children. We used data from a representative German-wide immunisation survey on 2116 children born between 1 January 2002 and December 2004 by collecting precise vaccination information from vaccination cards. The influence of socio-economic determinants and parental attitudes towards immunisations ...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Schönberger K, Grote V, von Kries R, Kalies H Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Vaccine safety.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vaccinations rank among the most effective preventive measures for protection against infectious diseases. Advances in development, production, and control of vaccines facilitate the increasing standards of vaccine safety and tolerance. Comprehensive pre-clinical and clinical tests as well as modern manufacturing and testing methods ensure that vaccines marketed nowadays are safe. As a rule, clinical trials performed before granting the marketing authorisation identify the most frequent adverse events and these results are used to evaluate the safety of the product. Such trials can identify relatively rare adverse even...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 22, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Weißer K, Barth I, Keller-Stanislawski B Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Obligatory vaccination reporting in Saxony-Anhalt : Possibilities and limitations of establishing a computerized vaccination registry.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vaccination registries are databases intended to assess and manage complete vaccination data of as many individuals as possible in a population under survey. The task of these registries is to identify low vaccination rates on the individual and population level, to enable systems of reminding individuals, to focus vaccination campaigns and to maximize overall vaccination coverage. Saxony-Anhalt is the only federal state of Germany to have a law that prescribes the reporting of vaccinations. Vaccinations of children up to the age of 7 are reported to the regional public health services. However, as the law provides no ...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 19, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Oppermann H, Wahl G, Borrmann M, Fleischer J Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Vaccination recommendations of the Standing Committee on Vaccination at the Robert Koch Institute : Legal basis and significance.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The promotion of immunisation in Germany is regulated under Federal and Land (state) law. The Protection against Infection Act (Infektionsschutzgesetz) provides the framework for immunisations as a means of public health protection from vaccine-preventable diseases. Book Five of the Social Code (SGB V) regulates the claim of statutory health insurance members to receive protective vaccinations. Both federal laws stipulate that the health administration and the self-administration organs proceed on the basis of the recommendations issued by the Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO) at the Robert Koch Institute. This...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 19, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Schaade L, Widders U, Stange G, Höhl N Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Development and implementation of health targets for children and adolescents : What contribution can the Robert Koch Institute's National Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) make?]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article describes the data provided by the survey of the areas nutrition, exercise, and stress management and the contribution these data could make towards further developing and implementing the health targets for children and adolescents. PMID: 19768392 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 19, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Lampert T, Mensink GB, Hölling H, Schlack R, Kleiser C, Kurth BM Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Evaluating the health target "Increasing health competence, strengthening patient sovereignty"]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Establishing citizen and patient orientation is a national objective of German health policy. The cooperation network gesundheitsziele.de has defined the target area "Increasing health competence, strengthening patient sovereignty", and its Working Group 8, which bears the same name, has identified four key areas for action: increasing transparency, developing competence, strengthening patients' rights, and improving complaint management. As in the case of all the other targets defined by gesundheitsziele.de, attention is drawn to the need to evaluate the effects and success of the targets and related measures. A group...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 19, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Horch K, Hölling G, Klärs G, Maschewsky-Schneider U, Sänger S, Schellschmidt H, Dierks ML Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Oral hygiene in nursing home residents : Impact of an oral health education programme for the nursing personnel on the residents' oral health.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Many studies have shown urgent need in improving oral health hygiene in nursing home residents. Deficits in the knowledge of the personnel in dental and oral hygiene are often cited as one of the causes. Therefore in the spring of 2007 the nursing personnel of three nursing homes attended an oral health education programme. This programme was evaluated by examining the oral and dental health status of the residents, prior to and up to 12 months after the hygiene education. In three nursing homes in the Frankfurt am Main area, the oral health status of 113 residents was examined by a dentist with special education in ge...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 18, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Jäger S, Köster-Schmidt A, Schade M, Heudorf U Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Novel vaccines : Vaccinations in the near and distant future.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, thanks to conceptual and biotechnological progress, future vaccines will be safer, more efficient and more complex than those today. PMID: 19760246 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 17, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Wack A, Seubert A, Hilleringmann M Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Surveillance programmes to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination programmes using vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b and varicella as examples.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination programmes, it is not only important to know the effectiveness of the specific vaccine itself but also to have knowledge about the epidemiology of the corresponding vaccine-preventable disease. Only a high acceptance of a vaccination programme by the population will show an effect at the population level (herd immunity). At the moment, data routinely collected in Germany are not sufficient to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccination programmes. Hence, additional surveillance programmes have to be initialised. The frequency of the vaccine-preventable disease in the populatio...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 17, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Kalies H, Siedler A Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Evaluation of Germany's sixth national health target entitled "Depressive illnesses - prevention, early diagnosis, sustainable treatment"]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In 2006, Germany's sixth national health target entitled "Depressive illnesses - prevention, early diagnosis, sustainable treatment" was developed by an interdisciplinary group of experts. A total of six areas of activity and proposals for action with potential for improvement were defined. Subsequently, a group of experts was entrusted with designing evaluation strategies, defining indicators of progress, and examining the accessibility of data sources for evaluation. For the primary start-up activities set out in the health targets, specific progress indicators were deduced, and routine data available for evaluation ...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 17, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Bermejo I, Klärs G, Böhm K, Hundertmark-Mayser J, Lampert T, Maschewsky-Schneider U, Riedel-Heller S, Härter M Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

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Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2009 Sep 18; Authors: PMID: 19760251 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 17, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Vaccination strategies against HPV : Recommendations from a European perspective.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Most countries in Western Europe have recommended human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination for the prevention of cervical cancer. The burden of cervical cancer remains high worldwide with regional differences in incidence rates and mortality. Due to varying conditions in health care systems and nationwide data in the individual European countries, there are slightly different cervical cancer prevention strategies. There is an overall consensus to monitor the public health impact of HPV vaccines. Despite having different prevention strategies and vaccination recommendations in the individual European countries, considerat...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 17, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Deleré Y Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Establishment of Networks of National Reference Centres and associated Consiliary Laboratories in Germany.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The German Federal Ministry of Health has funded National Reference Centres (NRC) for laboratory-based surveillance of selected infection pathogens and infections disease syndromes. This selection is based on the epidemiologic relevance of the pathogens, specific diagnostic requirements, antimicrobial resistance and need for public health measures. Currently there are 18 NRC, nominated for a duration of 3 years. Toward the end of a nomination period, each NRC is evaluated by an expert committee, based on the catalogue of core tasks. In order to expand the spectrum of competencies 47 consiliary laboratories on additiona...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 16, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Laude G, Kist M, Krause G Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Toxicological and drinking water hygienic assessment of relevant and nonrelevant metabolites from pesticides in ground and drinking water.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19760249 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 16, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Dieter HH Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

Childhood vaccination schedules in Europe vary widely : Is this a problem?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Childhood vaccination programmes in Europe are basically very safe and effective. On the other hand there are very large differences between countries in the way they are organised. In this paper we analyse the immunisation schedules used in 29 European countries to highlight similarities and differences. One of the most evident differences is the total number of doses administered under 18 years of age, which ranges between 4 and 7 if we consider DT-containing vaccines. Any change in vaccination schedules is associated with costs. Thus, this process is worthy only if it can lead in the long run to an overall improveme...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 12, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Lopalco PL, de Carvalho HG, Kreidl P, Leitmeyer K, Giesecke J Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Repeated prevalence investigations of nursing home-associated infections as a tool to assess the hygienic quality of care.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, our study shows that repeated prevalence investigations can be an easy to use tool for surveillance of healthcare-associated infections as a surrogate parameter of the hygienic quality in nursing homes. This implies a knowledge of the seasonality of specific infections and a risk adjustment according to the categories of dependency. The primary intention of surveillance should be the identification of hygienic problems. However, the resources should preferentially be focused on hygienic structures and processes. PMID: 19756338 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundhei...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 12, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Engelhart S, Lauer A, Simon A, Exner D, Heudorf U, Exner M Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Current vaccination coverage and immunization gaps of children and adolescents in Germany.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Available data show increasing vaccination coverage of children and adolescents in recent years in Germany. Vaccination coverage of children against diphtheria, tetanus, polio and haemophilus influenzae Type b is high. Vaccination gaps exist for pertussis, hepatitis B and for the second measles, mumps and rubella doses. Coverage is still insufficient to achieve effective herd immunity and measles elimination. Data from the representative German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents reveal that vaccination of infants is markedly delayed compared to recommendations of the German Standing Co...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 9, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Reiter S, Poethko-Müller C Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Research funding of university medicine by the BMBF, DFG, and EU.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Public research funding is of growing importance for university medicine as a finance resource particularly in view of decreasing institutional budgets provided by the Federal States, as a serious stimulus for change in university medicine, and as an intra- and interuniversity research quality indicator, which is also used in the process of (re-)distributing institutional budgets. These three factors are largely determining the research in university medicine. The large funding institutions BMBF, DFG, EU have different programs and, thus, specific influence on the development of university medicine. The health research...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - August 20, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Adler G, von dem Knesebeck J Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

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Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2009 Aug 20; Authors: PMID: 19690812 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - August 19, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

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Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2009 Aug 20; Authors: PMID: 19690813 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - August 19, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

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Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2009 Aug 20; Authors: PMID: 19690814 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - August 19, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

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Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2009 Aug 19; Authors: PMID: 19688301 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - August 18, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Privatization of university hospitals. A promising option? : Giessen's experience from the viewpoint of research and teaching.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Giessen's experience with and insight into the privatization of university hospitals reveal privatization as a promising option. Important for the process in Giessen was the highly complex and difficult starting point of the medical campus as it was in 2005 and the years prior to that. The political pressure on the medical campus as well as the backlog of investments of about 200 Mio EUR and a high financial deficit led to the medical school's unanimous decision in favor of a privatization model. The state government established the necessary legal prerequisites for the cooperation between a publicly sponsored medical ...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - August 18, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Weidner W, Steinmann I Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[The German Excellence Initiative : Effects on the medical schools.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Excellence Initiative of the German Federal Government in 2006 and 2007 was motivated by the political wish to have a limited number of excellent universities in Germany that could reach top positions in the international research ranking, comparable to the top universities of Great Britain and the United States. In two rounds, the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) and the National Research Council (Wissenschaftsrat) evaluated more than 300 project proposals. Out of those, 39 Graduate Schools, 37 Centers of Excellence and 9 proposals for University Strategies were selected for support wit...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - August 15, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Fleckenstein B Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[The situation of the "small disciplines" using the example of the history, theory, and ethics of medicine.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
There is no clearly defined concept of the "small disciplines" (i.e., smaller fields of study). They have minor facilities and therefore they do not take center stage in a medical school with regard to research and education. Thus, in times of tight resources, the necessity of those disciplines is questioned. In particular, disciplines which cover the field of social medicine in a broader sense and which are not based on molecular medicine, respectively, do not belong to a clinical major discipline may be threatened with "extinction". This is probably not the case with "History, Theory, Ethics of Medicine" (German abbr...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - August 14, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Schott H Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Comments about the contribution: Reservoirs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care units published in the Bundesgesundheitsblatt in March 2009.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19685017 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz)
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - August 14, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Schoenen D, Krizek L Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[The role of university hospital executive board members.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Demographic changes and medical progress in combination with vastly altered regulatory and economic environments have forced considerable change in the structure of German university hospitals in recent years. These changes have affected medical care as well as research and medical school training. To allow for more flexibility and a higher level of reactivity to the changing environment German university hospitals were transferred from state agencies to independent corporate structures. All but one remains wholly owned by the respective state governments. The governing structure of these independent medical hospitals ...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - August 14, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Debatin JF, Rehr J Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Medical education in a bachelors and masters system.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Gain of basic and applied medical knowledge and the changing demands of society with regard to medical professions are the main factors for continuous reforms in medical curricula. The Bologna Declaration of 1999 initiated the development of a unified European higher education area. A key tool for unification is the introduction of the Bachelors/Masters system. Although some European countries have adapted their medical curricula to the Bachelors/Masters system there is still debate on this issue in Germany. Some societies, e.g., the Society for Medical Education, demonstrated how the Bachelors/Masters system might be ...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - August 11, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Harendza S, Guse AH Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Performance-oriented allocations of financial resources at medical schools : An overview.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
During the last 15 years, the performance-based allocation of funds (Leistungsorientierte Mittelvergabe, LOM) has become remarkably important at medical schools in Germany. In the meantime, all medical schools have established procedures adopting LOM to research. More recently, several medical schools have also begun to use LOM for teaching. The procedures used for both research and teaching are still very heterogeneous. For research, the DFG and the Wissenschaftsrat made suggestions to the medical schools, which were appreciated in a very normative way. The DFG is currently revising its recommendations in cooperation ...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - August 11, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Brähler E, Strauß B Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[The relationship between the medical school and the university.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
University medicine is presented as a relationship of three partners: the university hospital, the medical school, and the university as a whole. The university gains from the interdisciplinary potential of the medical school in teaching and research, and vice versa. Vis-à-vis the university hospital, the medical school is strengthened by the university's independent political standing and its expertise in legal and budget issues. Just as the financial separation between the university hospital and the medical school provided more clarity, a clear financial accounting between the medical school and university is p...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Hormuth S Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[The role of university medicine in the development of clinical guidelines.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Clinical guidelines are bridges between clinical research and patient care. In Germany, medical societies and university medicine are the main bodies responsible for the development, dissemination, and updating of high quality guidelines. The high demand on these to be based on evidence, clinical judgement, and structured consensus requires considerable resources. Currently, there is an inequality between the resources available to university hospitals and the incentives they receive. Financial and scientific recognition of the professionals, who develop and disseminate these guidelines, should be improved. PMID: 1...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - July 30, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Selbmann HK Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Authors' reply to the comments about the contribution: Reservoir of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care units published in the Bundesgesundheitsblatt in March 2009.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
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Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - July 29, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Authors' reply to the comments about the contribution: Reservoir of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care units published in the Bundesgesundheitsblatt in March 2009.] Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

["Other study programs" at university medical schools in Germany.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Traditionally medical and dental study programs in Germany are carried out by the medical schools of the universities. In the context of the specialization of medicine and the academization of the other health professions, additional study programs have been developed. The dynamics of the development and the federal structure of Germany have led to the current situation, which is difficult to understand. Based on a survey published in November 2007 ("Landkarte Hochschulmedizin") and the analysis of the Internet websites of the 36 medical schools (2008/2009), a summary of the currently offered "other study programs" cou...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - July 25, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: von Troschke J, Epe H Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Motivation of young academics for medical research : Position of the German Council of Science and Humanities.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Research needs innovative ideas, time for design, performance and discussion of projects, and freedom in the daily routine. Integrating the individual working concepts in the given profile of the university hospital and the national research system requires a suitable institutional framework and individual academic mentoring. German university medicine is shaped by a steep hierarchy and high economic pressure - factors that are justified by the medical care system, but which are counterproductive in research. There is a lack of scientific education, time, incentives, and adequate infrastructure - conditions which do no...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - July 23, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Beisiegel U Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

[Change in the job description of physicians : Consequences for medical education.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
After receiving the final degree at the age of about 25 years, physicians are going to practice a minimum of 40 years. Therefore, one can assume that after graduation physicians are confronted with many occupational challenges which were not and could not be covered during their studies. This implies that medical education does not only have to provide intensive knowledge about established methods but above all about potential future techniques. Throughout the educational period and continuing during professional life, physicians have first to learn and then to be able to seek information and to conduct a critical appr...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - July 21, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Gross M, Pelz J Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals