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The Biochemistry of Drug Metabolism - An Introduction: part 7. Intra-Individual Factors Affecting Drug Metabolism.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This review on intra-individual factors affecting drug metabolism completes our series on the biochemistry of drug metabolism. The article presents the molecular mechanisms causing intra-individual differences in enzyme expression and activity. They include enzyme induction by transcriptional activation and enzyme inhibition on the protein level. The influencing factors are of physiological, pathological, or external origin. Tissue characteristics and developmental age strongly influence enzyme-expression patterns. Further influencing factors are pregnancy, disease, or biological rhythms. Xenobiotics, drugs, constituen...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - October 18, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Krämer SD, Testa B Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Verticillane Derivatives from Natural Sources.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19842130 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity)
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - October 18, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Wang YF, Su XH, Li LG, Wang W, Zhang ML, Huo CH, Shi QW Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Activities of a New Class of Pyrazole Derivatives in HL-60 Cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A series of N-substituted pyrazole derivatives have been synthesized and tested for their anticancer effect on the HL-60 leukaemia cell line. Four were active both in cell-growth inhibition and in inducing apoptosis. The inhibition of cell growth mainly reflects a compound-induced reduction in the number of cells in phases from S to M, whereas the induction of apoptosis involves inhibition of expression of Bcl-2 and enhanced expression of Bax with consequent reduced activation of the proapoptotic caspase 3. Finally, preliminary experiments carried out with tumor cells from myelogenous leukaemic patients showed that the...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - October 18, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Anzaldi M, Macciò C, Mazzei M, Bertolotto M, Ottonello L, Dallegri F, Balbi A Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

4,5,6-Trisubstituted Piperidinones as Conformationally Restricted Ceramide Analogues: Synthesis and Evaluation as Inhibitors of Sphingosine and Ceramide Kinases and as NKT Cell-Stimulatory Antigens.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The conformationally based piperidinone sphingosine analogues 7, 8, 15, and 16 were synthesized from allylic alcohol 34 via lactams 31 and 32. The l-arabino diol 7 and the l-ribo diol 8 were transformed into the amino alcohols 17-24. The l-gluco ceramide analogues 43, 46a, and 47, and the l-altro ceramide analogues 51a and 52 were synthesized from either 31 or 32. The l-ribo diols 8 and 16, and the amino alcohols 19 and 20 inhibit sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), while the l-arabino analogues 7, 15, 17, and 18 are inactive. The l-arabino and the l-ribo dimethylamines 21-24, the l-gluco ceramide analogues 43, 46a, and 47, ...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - October 18, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Mathew T, Cavallari M, Billich A, Bornancin F, Nussbaumer P, De Libero G, Vasella A Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Chemical Constituents from the Whole Plant of Gaultheria itoana Hayata.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two new diterpenoids, 14,18-dihydroxyabieta-8,11,13-trien-7-one (1) and 13-acetyl-14,18-dihydroxy-podocarpa-8,11,13-triene (2), together with eight known compounds, i.e., gaultheric acid (3), vanillic acid (4), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (5), cinnamic acid (6), stearic acid (7), palmitic acid (8), beta-sitosterol (9), and stigmasterol (10), were isolated from the MeOH extract of the whole plant of Gaultheria itoana Hayata (Ericaceae). The structures of the new constituents were elucidated by spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, and 1D- and 2D-NMR) and by mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS). Among them, 1 and 2 were demonstrated to exhi...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - October 18, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Chen CY, Lin RJ, Huang JC, Wu YH, Cheng MJ, Hung HC, Lo WL Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Further Daphniphyllum Alkaloids with Insecticidal Activity from the Bark of Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two new Daphniphyllum alkaloids, macropodumines J and K (1 and 2, resp.), together with six known structurally related alkaloids, 3-8, were isolated from the bark of Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq. The structures of the new compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of their spectroscopic and chemical data. Macropodumine J (1) contains a CN group which is relatively rare in naturally occurring alkaloids. All isolated compounds were tested for their insecticidal activities against a number of insect species. Daphtenidine C (5) is the most active compound against Plutella xylostella. This is...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - October 18, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Li ZY, Gu YC, Irwin D, Sheridan J, Clough J, Chen P, Peng SY, Yang YM, Guo YW Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Chemical Constituents of Crinum asiaticum L. var. sinicum Baker and Their Cytotoxic Activities.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A phytochemical investigation of the bulbs of Crinum asiaticum L. var. sinicum Baker resulted in the isolation of two new alkaloids, asiaticumines A and B (1 and 2, resp.), together with 21 known compounds, including nine alkaloids, four amides, five phenolic compounds, and three flavonoids. All 23 compounds were isolated for the first time from Crinum asiaticum L. var. sinicum Baker. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. In addition, ten alkaloids, 1-10, were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human tumor cell lines A549, LOVO, HL-60, and 6T-CEM. Compounds 3, 4, and 7-10 selectively ...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - October 18, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Sun Q, Shen YH, Tian JM, Tang J, Su J, Liu RH, Li HL, Xu XK, Zhang WD Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Cycloartane Triterpenes from Dikamali, the Gum Resin of Gardenia gummifera and Gardenia lucida.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19842136 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity)
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - October 18, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Kunert O, Sreekanth G, Babu GS, Rao BV, Radhakishan M, Kumar BR, Saf R, Rao AV, Schühly W Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Antioxidant Activities of Aqueous Extract from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb and Its Fractions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb is used as the tonic for asthenia and fatigue in China. Considering that the energizing effect might be correlated with antioxidant properties, we investigated the antioxidant activities of aqueous extract (AE) from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb by assessing radical-scavenging and anti-lipid-peroxidation abilities. We found that AE shows a moderate antioxidant activity to scavenge DPPH(.), O$\rm{ {_{2};{-{;\cdot} }}}$, and (.)OH and inhibit beta-carotene bleaching with IC(50) values of 13.0, 33.2, 351, and 11.9 mug/ml, respectively, while its AcOEt-soluble fraction (ESF) and BuOH soluble fraction (BSF) ...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - October 18, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Zhu L, Tan J, Wang B, He R, Liu Y, Zheng C Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Synthesis and Na(+)/H(+) Exchanger-1 Inhibitory Activity of Substituted (Quinolinecarbonyl)guanidine Derivatives.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE) is a protein expressed in many mammalian cell types. It is involved in intracellular pH (pH(i)) homeostasis by exchanging extracellular Na(+) for intracellular H(+). To date, nine NHE isoforms (NHE1-NHE9) have been identified. NHE1 is the most predominant isoform expressed in mammalian cardiac muscle. A novel series of substituted (quinolinecarbonyl)guanidine derivatives were designed and synthesized as NHE inhibitors. Most compounds can inhibit NHE1-mediated platelet swelling in a concentration-dependent manner, among which compound 7f was the most active and more potent than cariporide....
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - October 18, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Mao D, Xu Y, Hu X, Zhang G, Dong J, Gong G Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Xylocarpus.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19774592 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity)
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Shen LR, Guo D, Yu YM, Yin BW, Zhao L, Shi QW, Wang YL, Huo CH Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Thermal Wet Decomposition of Prussian Blue: Implications for Prebiotic Chemistry.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The complex salt named Prussian Blue, Fe(4)[Fe(CN)(6)](3)15 H(2)O, can release cyanide at pH>10. From the point of view of the origin of life, this fact is of interest, since the oligomers of HCN, formed in the presence of ammonium or amines, leads to a variety of biomolecules. In this work, for the first time, the thermal wet decomposition of Prussian Blue was studied. To establish the influence of temperature and reaction time on the ability of Prussian Blue to release cyanide and to subsequently generate other compounds, suspensions of Prussian Blue were heated at temperatures from room temperature to 150 degrees...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Ruiz-Bermejo M, Rogero C, Menor-Salván C, Osuna-Esteban S, Martín-Gago JA, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Interaction of Isoquinoline Alkaloids with Polymorphic DNA Structures.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The interaction of berberine, palmatine, and coralyne with the B, Z, and H(L) form of poly[d(G-C)] was studied. Berberine and palmatine showed moderate binding to the B form, while coralyne showed higher binding, as revealed from spectroscopic and thermodynamic data. Berberine and coralyne binding to the B form was exothermic and enthalpy-driven, while palmatine showed exothermic binding which was favored by both negative enthalpy and negative entropy changes. Berberine and palmatine neither bind nor converted the Z-form structure to B form. Coralyne, on the other hand, exhibited a strong binding affinity to Z DNA stru...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Bhadra K, Maiti M, Kumar GS Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Syntheses, Characterizations, and Biological Activities of Tetradeca-4,8-dien-1-yl Acetates as Sex Attractants of Leaf-Mining Moth of the Genus Phyllonorycter (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The four possible isomers of tetradeca-4,8-dien-1-yl acetate and corresponding alcohols were synthesized stereoselectively by synthetic routes employing Wittig coupling reaction for the preparation of (Z,E)- and (Z,Z)-isomers, and alkylation of terminal alkynes for the preparation of (E,E)- and (E,Z)-isomers as the key steps. Synthetic products were characterized by (13)C- and (1)H-NMR spectroscopy as well as mass-spectrometric methods. All four isomers gave distinctive mass spectra where m/z 81 fragments clearly dominated. Elution order, followed by retention index presented in parenthesis, of tetradeca-4,8-dien-1-ols...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Liblikas I, Mozūraitis R, Santangelo EM, Noreika R, Borg-Karlson AK Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Rediocides A and G as Potential Antitoxins Against Cobra Venom.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Rediocides A and G, the principle components of Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) Craib, which is known as Lotthanong in Thai, were investigated for a detoxification mechanism against Naja kaouthia venom by in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods. Molecular dockings of alpha-cobratoxin with rediocides A and G were performed, and the binding energies were found to be -14.17 and -14.14 kcal/mol, respectively. Rediocides bind to alpha-cobratoxin at the same location as alpha-cobratoxin binds to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), i.e., at the Asp27, Phe29, Arg33, Gly34, Lys35, and Val37 residues. alpha-Cobratoxin...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Utsintong M, Kaewnoi A, Leelamanit W, Olson AJ, Vajragupta O Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Adsorption of the Pt(II) Anticancer Drug Carboplatin by Mesoporous Silica.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this report, we show that MCM-41 adsorbs the front-line anticancer drug carboplatin, [Pt(CBDCA-O,O')(NH(3))(2)] (CBDCA=cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate; 1), which is used to treat ovarian, lung, and other types of cancer. UV/Visible difference absorption spectroscopy shows that MCM-41 adsorbs 1.8+/-0.2% of its own weight of carboplatin after a 24 h exposure to 26.9 mM drug in H(2)O. The pseudo-first-order rate constant for adsorption of carboplatin by MCM-41, measured using [(1)H,(15)N] heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR, and (15)N-labeled carboplatin is k(1)=2.92+/-2.17x10(-6) s(-1) at ca. 25 degrees . ...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Di Pasqua AJ, Wallner S, Kerwood DJ, Dabrowiak JC Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Removal of Anionic Surfactants from Wastewater Using a Constructed Wetland.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Removal of anionic surfactants from municipal wastewater using a constructed wetland with a horizontal subsurface flow was studied in 2007 and 2008. Extraction spectrophotometry with methylene blue served to determine the analyte concentrations in individual samples. The anionic surfactant-removal efficiency depended on actual conditions, mostly the treated water flow intensity, its temperature, and a redox-potential gradient in the longitudinal profile of the wetland bed. It increased with decreasing inflow and increasing temperature. The average efficiency was 83.7% in 2007 and 81.7% in 2008; however, values higher t...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Síma J, Havelka M, Holcová V Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Terpenoid Diversity in the Leaf Essential Oils of Himalayan Lauraceae Species.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The leaf terpenoid compositions of nine Lauraceae species, viz., Neolitsea pallens, Lindera pulcherrima, Dodecadenia grandiflora, Persea duthiei, Persea odoratissima, Persea gamblei, Phoebe lanceolata, Cinnamomum tamala, and Cinnamomum camphora, collected from the Himalayan region (India) were examined by GC, GC/MS, and NMR analyses in order to determine the similarities and differences among their volatile constituents. Furano-sesquiterpenoids were the principal constituents of N. pallens, L. pulcherrima, and D. grandiflora. (E)-Nerolidol, limonene, beta-pinene, and alpha-pinene were the major constituents of P. duthi...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Joshi SC, Padalia RC, Bisht DS, Mathela CS Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

A New Antimicrobial Fatty Acid from the Calcareous Sponge Paragrantia cf. waguensis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A new acetylenic fatty acid, 1, has been isolated from the title sponge. The structure of the molecule was elucidated to contain an enyne and a thiophene by spectroscopic methods. Compound 1 showed a weak cytotoxic effect against NBT-T2 rat bladder epithelial cells (IC(50)>20 mug/ml), and antimicrobial activity with minimal-inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 64 and 128 mug/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. PMID: 19774600 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity)
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Tianero MD, Hanif N, de Voogd NJ, van Soest RW, Tanaka J Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Seasonal and Geographical Influences on the Chemical Composition of Juniperus phoenicea L. Essential Oil Leaves from the Northern Tunisia.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The essential-oil composition of 60 individual trees of Juniperus phoenicea L. from four Tunisian populations in three different periods were investigated by GC and GC/MS analyses. 59 Compounds were identified in the oils, and a relatively high variation in their contents was found. All the oils were dominated by the terpenic hydrocarbon fraction, and the main component was alpha-pinene (20.28-40.86%). The results of the oil compositions were processed by hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) allowing establishing four groups of essential-oils differentiated by one compound or more. Pattern of ...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Medini H, Elaissi A, Farhat F, Khouja ML, Chemli R, Harzallah-Skhiri F Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Cashmirols A and B, New Lipoxygenase Inhibiting Triterpenes from Sorbus cashmiriana.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two new triterpenes, cashmirols A and B (1 and 2, resp.), along with three known compounds have been isolated from the AcOEt-soluble fraction of Sorbus cashmiriana, and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques including two-dimensional NMR. Both compounds displayed lipoxygenase enzyme inhibitory potential. PMID: 19774602 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity)
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Kazmi MH, Ahmed E, Hameed S, Malik A, Fatima I, Ashraf M Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Immunosuppressive Withanolides from Withania coagulans.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Six new withanolides, withacoagulins A-F (1-6, resp.), together with ten known withanolides, 7-16, were isolated from the aerial parts of Withania coagulans. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques including 1D- and 2D-NMR ((1)H, (13)C, HMQC, and HMBC) and MS experiments. These compounds, including the crude extracts of this herb, exhibited strong inhibitory activities on the T- and B-cell proliferation. PMID: 19774603 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity)
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Huang CF, Ma L, Sun LJ, Ali M, Arfan M, Liu JW, Hu LH Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Chemical Variation in Piper aduncum and Biological Properties of Its Dillapiole-Rich Essential Oil.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The essential oils of the specimens of Piper aduncum that occur in deforested areas of Brazilian Amazon, North Brazil, are rich in dillapiole (35-90%), a derivative of phenylpropene, to which are attributed biological properties. On the other hand, the oils of the specimens with occurrence in the Atlantic Forest, and Northeastern and Southeastern Brazil, do not contain dillapiole, but only terpene compounds such as (E)-nerolidol and linalool. One specimen existing in the Amazon was hydrodistilled. The obtained oil was fractioned on a silica chromatographic column, resulting in fractions rich in dillapiole (95.0-98.9%) ...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: de Almeida RR, Souto RN, Bastos CN, da Silva MH, Maia JG Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Cytotoxic Grifolin Derivatives Isolated from the Wild Mushroom Boletus pseudocalopus (Basidiomycetes).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Activity-guided purification of a MeOH extract of the Korean wild mushroom Boletus pseudocalopus afforded three new grifolin derivatives, 1-3, along with four known phenolic compounds 4-7. Their structures were established by a combination of (1)H- and (13)C-NMR, NOESY, and extensive two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic experiments such as gCOSY, gHSQC, gHMBC, and ROESY. The major metabolites 4 and 5 were subjected to reduction to provide the side chain-reduced compounds 8 and 9 for biological testing. All of the compounds except compound 6 showed anticancer activities in the range of IC(50) 3.5-11.0 mug/ml against human ...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Song J, Manir MM, Moon SS Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Two New Triterpenoid Saponins Cytotoxic to Human Glioblastoma U251MG Cells from Ardisia pusilla.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two new triterpenoid saponins, ardipusillosides IV and V (1 and 2, resp.), together with one known saponin, ardisiacrispin B (3), were isolated from the whole plants of Ardisia pusilla A. DC. Their structures were deduced by extensive spectral analysis and chemical evidences. Compound 1 contains a glycosylated glycerol residue which is a very rare structural feature among triterpenoid glycosides and has been so far found only in the genus Ardisia. All the saponins exhibited significant cytotoxicity against human glioblastoma U251MG cells, but did not affect the growth of primary cultured human astrocytes. PMID: 197...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Tang HF, Yun J, Lin HW, Chen XL, Wang XJ, Cheng G Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Microbial Reactions on 7alpha-Hydroxyfrullanolide and Evaluation of Biotransformed Products for Antibacterial Activity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
7alpha-Hydroxyfrullanolide (1), a known sesquiterpenoid, was isolated from Sphaeranthus indicus using an antibacterial-activity-directed fractionation method. This compound had exhibited a significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Chemical and microbial reactions were performed to prepare eight different analogues of compound 1 in order to evaluate these newly synthesized compounds for antibacterial activity. These compounds were 1beta,7alpha-dihydroxyfrullanolide (2), 7alpha-hydroxy-1-oxofrullanolide (3), 4,5-dihydro-7alpha-hydroxyfrullanolide (4), 11,13-dihydro-7alpha-hydroxyfrullanolide (5),...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Ata A, Betteridge J, Schaub E, Kozera DJ, Holloway P, Samerasekera R Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

New (9betaH)-Lanostanes and Lanostanes from Mikania aff. jeffreyi (Asteraceae).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Four new (9betaH)-lanostanes, i.e., (9betaH)-3beta-acetoxylanosta-7,24-diene, (9betaH)-3-oxolanosta-7,24-diene, (9betaH,24R)-3beta-acetoxy-24-hydroxylanosta-7,25-diene, and (9betaH,24S)-3beta-acetoxy-24-hydroxylanosta-7,25-diene, two new lanostanes, i.e., (24R)-3beta-acetoxy-24-hydroxylanosta-8,25-diene and (24S)-3beta-acetoxy-24-hydroxylanosta-8,25-diene, and two known lanostanes, i.e., 3beta-acetoxylanosta-8,24-diene and 3-oxolanosta-8,24-diene, were obtained from a new Mikania species (Asteraceae) besides pentacyclic triterpenes, steroids, and diterpenes. The structures of the compounds were determined by spectrosco...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - September 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Mendes CC, Sandes LQ, Cruz FG, Roque NF Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Atomic Diversity, Molecular Diversity, and Chemical Diversity: The Concept of Chemodiversity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This minireview is meant as an introduction to the following paper. To this end, it presents the general background against which the joint paper should be understood. The first objective of the present paper is thus to clarify some concepts and related terminology, drawing a clear distinction between i) atomic diversity (i.e., atomic-property space), ii) molecular or macromolecular diversity (i.e., molecular- or macromolecular-property spaces), and iii) chemical diversity (i.e., chemical-diversity space). The first refers to the various electronic states an atom can occupy. The second encompasses the conformational an...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Testa B, Vistoli G, Pedretti A, Bojarski AJ Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Partition Coefficient and Molecular Flexibility: The Concept of Lipophilicity Space.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The rationale of this study was to investigate molecular flexibility and its influence on physicochemical properties with a view to uncovering additional information on the fuzzy concept of dynamic molecular structure. Indeed, it is now known that computed molecular interaction fields (MIFs) such as molecular electrostatic potentials (MEPs) and lipophilicity potentials (MLPs) are conformation-dependent, as are dipole moments. A database of 125 compounds was used whose conformational space was explored, while conformation-dependent parameters were computed for each non-redundant conformer found in the conformational spa...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Vistoli G, Pedretti A, Testa B Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Cardioprotective Effect of 'Methylamine Irisolidone', a New Compound, in Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury in Cultured Rat Cardiac Myocytes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we investigated its effect on hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in cultured rat cardiac myocytes. The results showed that methylamine irisolidone could significantly inhibit lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, enhance the mitochondrial membrane potential, decrease intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) associated with the attenuation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, reduce contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) after H/R in a dose-dependent manner. The present study demonstrated that methylamine irisolidone can directly protect cardiomyocytes against ...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Mu YL, Xie YY, Zhou L, Zhong Y, Liu L, Bai H, Wang YS, Zhang XM Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

An Antifungal Tetrapeptide from the Culture of Penicillium canescens.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A new tetrapeptide D-Phe-L-Val-D-Val-L-Tyr (1), along with three known diketopiperazines and pseurotin A, were isolated from the culture of Penicillium canescens, collected from pollen from beehives, in a screening for new antimicrobial products from unexplored sources. The structure of the tetrapeptide, which exhibits antifungal activity comparable with that of the commercial product benomyl against the soybean phytopathogen Fusarium virguliforme, was determined by spectroscopic (2D-NMR, and MS and MS/MS) and chemical methods, and the sequence was confirmed by comparison with authentic synthetic isomeric peptides. ...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Bertinetti BV, Peña NI, Cabrera GM Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Cycloartane Triterpenes from Dikamali, the Gum Resin of Gardenia gummifera and Gardenia lucida.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report on the chemical investigation of dikamali gum, which is the resin of Gardenia gummifera and G. lucida (Rubiaceae). Six new cycloartane triterpenes, dikamaliartanes A-F (1-6, resp.), together with a known flavonoid (7), were isolated and identified by NMR spectroscopy. All six cycloartanes are characterized by an open A-ring with a free COOH group at C(3). In four of them, the C-atoms C(23)-C(27) form a 4-methylfuran-2-yl moiety. Bacterial assays using Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Mycobacteria have been carried out but did not reveal significant activity. PMID: 19697336 [PubMed - as supplied by...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Kunert O, Sreekanth G, Babu GS, Rao BV, Radhakishan M, Kumar BR, Saf R, Rao AV, Schühly W Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Biocatalytic Production of Acyclic Bis[bibenzyls] from Dihydroresveratrol by Crude Momordica charantia Peroxidase.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Biotransformation of dihydroresveratrol by crude Momordica charantia peroxidase provided six new acyclic bis[bibenzyls] 1-6. Their structures were established on the basis of NMR and MS analyses as C--C, C--O--C, and C--CH(2)--C dimers of dihydroresveratrol. Compounds 1-6 were tested for antiproliferative activity against human prostate cancer PC3 cell line in vitro, and 2 and 6 were found to be more potent than the parent compound. PMID: 19697337 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity)
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Xie CF, Yuan HQ, Qu JB, Xing J, Lü BB, Wang XN, Ji M, Lou HX Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Triterpenoids from the Roots of Actinidia chinensis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two new triterpenoids, 1 and 2, were isolated from the hepatoprotective AcOEt fraction of the roots of Actinidia chinensis, together with eight known 12-en-28-oic acids of oleanane or ursane type, 3-10. The two new compounds were elucidated as 2alpha,3beta-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28,30-olide (1) and 2alpha,3beta,24-trihydroxyurs-12-en-28,30-olide (2), on the basis of spectroscopic (IR, NMR, and MS) analyses. The chemotaxonomic significances of some triterpenoids were also discussed. PMID: 19697338 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity)
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Zhou XF, Zhang P, Pi HF, Zhang YH, Ruan HL, Wang H, Wu JZ Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Beauvericin Decreases Cell Viability of Wheat.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recently, beauvericin (BEA) has been recognized as an important toxic compound synthesized by several Fusarium strains, infecting maize, wheat, and rice, worldwide. The effects of BEA on mammalian cells have been studied; however, its effects on the function of host plant cells are largely unknown. The purpose of our work was to assess whether BEA can affect the root and leaf cells of wheat cultivar (cv.) 'Arina' seedlings, using a cytotoxicity assay and fluorescence microscopy. Toxigenicity during wheat germination was higher in BEA-treated wheat seedlings than in non-treated seedlings (control). Leaf primordial, situ...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Srobárová A, da Silva JA, Kogan G, Ritieni A, Santini A Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Colomitides A and B: Novel Ketals with an Unusual 2,7-Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Ring System from the Aquatic Fungus YMF 1.01029.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two novel diastereoisomeric bicyclic ketals, colomitides A and B (1 and 2, resp.), together with the known (4RS)-3,4-dihydro-4,8-dihydroxynaphthalen-1(2H)-one (3) and preussomerin E (4), were isolated from liquid cultures of an unidentified freshwater fungus YMF 1.01029. Colomitides possess an unusual 2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleton. The chemical structures and relative configurations of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic means, including 2D-NMR (HMBC, HMQC, TOCSY, ROESY, and (1)H,(1)H-COSY). Compounds 1, 2, and 4 showed noticeable antifungal and antibacterial activities. PMID: 19697340 [PubM...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Dong JY, Wang LM, Song HC, Shen KZ, Zhou YP, Wang L, Zhang KQ Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Antitumor Activity of the Essential Oil from the Leaves of Croton regelianus and Its Component Ascaridole.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, ascaridole has an interesting antitumor activity in sarcoma 180 murine model, probably related to the described cytotoxic activity, and, moreover, its presence in the essential oil from the leaves of C. regelianus could explain, at least in part, the ethnopharmacological use of this plant in the treatment of cancer. PMID: 19697341 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity)
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Bezerra DP, Filho JD, Alves AP, Pessoa C, de Moraes MO, Pessoa OD, Torres MC, Silveira ER, Viana FA, Costa-Lotufo LV Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Crassocolides G-M, Cembranoids from the Formosan Soft Coral Sarcophyton crassocaule.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Seven new polyoxygenated cembranoids possessing an alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone group, crassocolides G-M (1-7, resp.), have been isolated from the AcOEt extract of the Formosan soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule. The structures of compounds 1-7 were established by detailed spectroscopic analyses, including 2D-NMR spectroscopy ((1)H,(1)H-COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY), while the absolute configuration of 1 was determined using a modified reaction of Mosher's method. The cytotoxicity of compounds 1-7 against a limited panel of cancer cell lines was also determined. PMID: 19697342 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (S...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Huang HC, Chao CH, Kuo YH, Sheu JH Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Immunomodulatory Activity of 3beta,6beta-Dihydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic Acid in Tumor-Bearing Mice.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
3beta,6beta-Dihydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid (1) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from the rhizomes of Astilbe chinensis. To evaluate the in vivo antitumor potential and to elucidate its immunological mechanisms, effect of 1 on the growth of mouse-transplantable tumors, and the immune response in naive and tumor-bearing mice were investigated. The mice inoculated with mouse tumor cell lines were orally treated with 1 at the doses of 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg for 10 days. The effects of 1 on the growth of mouse-transplantable S180 sarcoma and H22 hepatoma, splenocyte proliferation, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Deng W, Sun HX, Chen FY, Yao ML Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Synthesis and Fungicidal Activities of New 1,2,4-Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A series of new acetohydrazone-containing 1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized for the purpose of searching for novel agrochemicals with higher fungicidal activity. Their in vitro fungicidal activities against Rhizoctonia solani were evaluated, and the most promising compound, 2-[(5,7-dimethyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-2-yl)sulfanyl]-2'-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]acetohydrazide (2-17), showed a lower EC(50) value (5.34 mug ml(-1)) than that of commercial carbendazim (EC(50)=7.62 mug ml(-1)). Additionally, compound 2-17 was also found to display broad-spectrum fungicidal acti...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Chen Q, Liu ZM, Chen CN, Jiang LL, Yang GF Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of the Essential Oils of Lavandula pedunculata (Miller) Cav.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oils of Lavandula pedunculata (Miller) Cav., harvested in North and Central Portugal, were investigated. The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The minimal-inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal-lethal concentration (MLC) of the essential oils and of their major constituents were used to evaluate the antifungal activity against different strains of fungi involved in candidosis, dematophytosis, and aspergillosis. The oils were characterized by a high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes, the main compo...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Zuzarte M, Gonçalves MJ, Cavaleiro C, Dinis AM, Canhoto JM, Salgueiro LR Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

New Nitrogen-Containing Sesquiterpenoids from the Taiwanese Soft Coral Cespitularia taeniata May.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Chemical investigation of the EtOH extract of the soft coral Cespitularia taeniata May collected in Taiwan has resulted in the isolation of two new sesquiterpene lactams, taenialactams A and B (1 and 2, resp.), and a new sesquiterpene lactone, taenialactone A (3), together with 8beta-methoxyatractylenolide (4) and atractylenolactam (5). The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. The in vitro cytotoxic activities of the isolated metabolites were tested against KB, Daoy, and WiDr cell lines. A biogenetic pathway for these novel compounds was proposed. PMID: 19697346 [Pub...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Cheng YB, Chen CY, Kuo YH, Shen YC Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

The Effect of an Amino-Acid Bridge on Binding Affinity and Cleavage Efficiency of Pyrenyl-Macrocyclic Polyamine Conjugates toward DNA.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A series of pyrenyl-macrocyclic polyamines 5a-5c have been prepared and characterized. Their DNA-cleavage properties were examined under physiological conditions. Without the presence of other additives, the DNA cleavage ability of 5a-5c showed the order of 5c>5a>5b. Absorption and fluorescence experiments showed the binding affinity of 5a-5c to DNA. The interactions of 5a-5c with CT-DNA indicated that the DNA binding ability followed an order according to their cleavage efficiency. All the results indicated that the structures of amino-acid bridge in the ligands may affect the DNA binding and cleavage ability. T...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Lu QS, Huang Y, Li J, Zhang ZW, Lin HH, Yu XQ Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Reactions of 4-[Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]benzenebutanoic Acid (Chlorambucil) with DNA.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
4-[Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]benzenebutanoic acid (=chlorambucil, 1; 2.5 mM) was allowed to react with single- and double-stranded calf thymus DNA at physiological pH (cacodylic acid, 50% base) at 37 degrees . The DNA-chlorambucil adducts were identified by analyzing the DNA hydrolysates by NMR, UV, HPLC, LC/ESI-MS/MS techniques as well as by spiking with authentic materials. ssDNA was more reactive than dsDNA, and the order of reactivity in ssDNA was Ade-N1>Gua-N7>Cyt-N3>Ade-N3. The most reactive site in dsDNA was Ade-N3. The Gua-N7 and Ade-N3 adducts were hydrolytically labile. Ade-N7 adduct could not be ident...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - July 20, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Florea-Wang D, Pawlowicz AJ, Sinkkonen J, Kronberg L, Vilpo J, Hovinen J Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Partitioning the Relative Contributions of Inorganic Plant Composition and Soil Characteristics to the Quality of Helichrysum italicum subsp. italicum (Roth) G. Don fil. Essential Oil.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study demonstrates a high level of intraspecific differences in oil composition due to environmental factors and, more particularly, soil characteristics. PMID: 19623548 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity)
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - July 20, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Bianchini A, Santoni F, Paolini J, Bernardini AF, Mouillot D, Costa J Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Venom Alkaloid Chemistry of Australian Species of the Monomorium rothsteini Complex, with Particular Reference to Taxonomic Implications.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A comparison of the morphology and of the venom alkaloids of the Australian Monomorium rothsteini complex was undertaken. These ants were collected in Australia from western New South Wales, northern Queensland, and northern Northern Territory. Additionally, samples from the M. sordidum complex and M. carinatum complex were examined. Thirteen previously described trans-2,5-dialkylpyrrolidines were detected in these ants, along with the novel trans-2-ethyl-5-[(Z)-tridec-4-enyl]pyrrolidine (6), whose structure was confirmed by synthesis. The extent of variation and the correlation observed in the morphology and venom che...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - July 20, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Jones TH, Andersen AN, Kenny JC Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Catechin and Catechin Fractions as Biochemical Markers to Study the Diversity of Indian Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Germplasm.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The heterogeneous Indian tea germplasm includes 'China', 'Assam', 'Cambod', and their hybrids which were evaluated using biochemical markers viz., total catechin and their fractions, for varietal identification and characterization. Principal component analysis (PCA) of biochemical characters showed that the total catechin and trihydroxylated catechin has higher eigenvalues. The first two principal components (PCs) could differentiate more than 90% of the clones studied. This grouping based on first two principal component matrices differentiated 'China', and their hybrids with 'Assam' and 'Cambod' variety. Morphologic...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - July 20, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Gulati A, Rajkumar S, Karthigeyan S, Sud RK, Vijayan D, Thomas J, Rajkumar R, Das SC, Tamuly P, Hazarika M, Ahuja PS Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Phytochemical Investigation and Cytotoxic Evaluation of the Components of the Medicinal Plant Ligularia atroviolacea.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A phytochemical investigation of the roots of Ligularia atroviolacea resulted in the isolation of 24 compounds including seven new eremophilanoids named eremophila-3,7(11),8-triene-12,8;14,6alpha-diolide (1), 3beta-(angeloyloxy)eremophil-7(11)-en-12,8beta-olid-14-oic acid (2), 1alpha-chloro-10beta-hydroxy-6beta-(2-methylpropanoyloxy)-9-oxo-7,8-furoeremophilane (3), (10betaH)-8-oxoeremophila-3(4),6(7)-diene-12,14-dioic acid (4), (10alphaH)-8-oxoeremophila-3(4),6(7)-diene-12,14-dioic acid (5), 8beta-[eremophila-3',7'(11')-diene-12',8'alpha;14',6'alpha-diolide]eremophila-3,7(11)-diene-12,8alpha;14,6alpha-diolide (6), and ...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - July 20, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Wang X, Sun L, Huang K, Shi S, Zhang L, Xu J, Peng H, Sun X, Wang L, Wu X, Zhao Y, Li X, Stöckigt J, Qu J Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

Cationic Ester Porphyrins Cause High Levels of Phototoxicity in Tumor Cells and Induction of Apoptosis in HeLa Cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A series of cationic ester porphyrins are much more cytotoxic to tumor cells than photofrin, meso-tetrakis(1-methylpyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (TMPyP4), and cisplatin. The lowest IC(50) value for SGC7901 is ca. 6 nM in vitro with irradiation. These porphyrins also exhibited the most potent photo-induced cytotoxicity without photobleaching. HeLa Cell apoptosis induced by cationic ester porphyrins after illumination was examined by flow cytometric analysis, staining assays with propidium iodide and annexin V FITC-PI, and further confirmed by observing morphological changes in the cells. The result of this study indicates t...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - July 20, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Wu L, Yang L, Huang J, Zhang L, Weng X, Zhang X, Shen C, Zhou X, Zheng C Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals

HPLC Profiles and Biomarker Contents of Australian-Grown Salvia miltiorrhiza f. alba Roots.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we investigated HPLC profiles and biomarker contents of Australian-grown S. miltiorrhiza f. alba roots. Patterns of HPLC profiles were established in MeOH, and aqueous extracts in terms of number of common characteristic peaks and their relative retention times. The contents of three tanshinone biomarkers (cryptotanshinone (3), tanshinone I (1), and tanshinone IIA (2)) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the roots of one-year-old plants than those of two-year-old plants. In contrast, salvianolic acid B (4) content was significantly higher in the roots of two-year-old plants than in those of one-year-old...
Source: Chemistry and Biodiversity - July 20, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Li CG, Sheng SJ, Pang EC, May B, Xue CC Tags: Chem Biodivers Source Type: journals