Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism
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Prenatal and Nutritional Influences on Skeletal Development: Lessons from Animal Studies
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Abstract It is now well established that the onset of adult diseases such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes and hypertension
are linked to an adverse uterine growth environment, in particular through maternal nutrition, during development of the individual.
The geographical distribution of the incidence rate of heart disease is similar to that of osteoporosis. This may indicate
a link between maternal nutrition during pregnancy and the subsequent risk of developing osteoporosis in the offspring. This
review summarises what we know to date, from animal models, about maternal nutrition and the subseque...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - November 12, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
T-Scores and Z-ScoresEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Bone mineral density (BMD) can be measured by a variety of techniques at several skeletal sites. Once measured, the manufacturers’
software uses the BMD to calculate a T-score and/or Z-score. Both T-scores and Z-scores are derived by comparison to a reference population on a standard deviation scale. The recommended reference group
for the T-score is a young gender-matched population at peak bone mass, while the Z-score should be derived from an age-matched reference population. T-scores and Z-scores are widely quoted in scientific publications on osteoporosis and BMD studies, and are the values use...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - November 10, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Dendritic Cell-Associated Osteoclastogenesis and Bone LossEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The present osteoimmunology paradigm whereby inflammation in the periosseous tissue is significantly associated with an increase
in osteoclasts (OC) frequency, activity and bone destruction (i.e., inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis and bone loss)
has now been fully implemented. We and others have studied the role(s) of dendritic cells (DC) during this process and thereafter
proposed that, in addition to innate effector functions and their critical role as antigen-presenting cells (APC) involved
in triggering and orchestrating the adaptive immune responses, they could be directly implicated as o...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - October 13, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Vitamin D, Immunity and Human DiseaseEmail this article to a colleague.
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This article will review the effects of vitamin D on innate immune responses with specific emphasis on
the autocrine induction of antibacterial responses in macrophages, and the regulation of dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation.
The impact of vitamin D on adaptive immunity will also be reviewed, focusing on the effects of vitamin D on T-cell function,
particularly the induction of regulatory T-cells. The review will also explore the impact of vitamin D deficiency on these
facets of immune function, as well as the possible benefits of vitamin D supplementation. Finally, the review will also include
an appraisa...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - October 6, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Immunomodulation of Multiple Myeloma Bone DiseaseEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal malignancy of terminally differentiated plasma cells. Myeloma patients often have extensive
skeletal complications, including bone pain, osteolytic lesions and pathological fractures, which represent the major cause
of morbidity and possible mortality. Osteolysis is due to the uncoupling of bone cell activity, caused by osteoclast activation
and osteoblast inhibition. Osteoclast biology is dominantly regulated by the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis. A disruption of RANKL/OPG
ratio, due to the prevalence of RANKL and/or inactivation of OPG, has been reported in MM bone disease b...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - September 18, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Osteoclast Formation from Peripheral Blood of Patients with Bone-lytic DiseasesEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Recent literature indicates that osteoclast formation in vitro from peripheral blood of patients with diseases associated
with bone loss such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, periodontitis and bone metastatic cancer may occur spontaneously
being independent of addition of osteoclast formation stimulating factors such as macrophage colony forming factor (M-CSF)
and receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL). This could provide important clues to our understanding on how osteoclast precursors
are primed within the circulation whilst commuting to the site of ultimate osteoclast differentiation. W...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - September 3, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Immune System and Postmenopausal Bone LossEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The relation between immune system, estrogen deficiency and postmenopausal bone loss is an intriguing and yet unexplained
challenge of the past two decades. Here we summarize the evidences that link estrogen deficiency, T and B cells proliferation
and activation, cytokines production, and bone loss with particular regard to humans.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original PaperDOI 10.1007/s12018-009-9061-7Authors
Patrizia D’Amelio, University of Torino Department of Surgical and Medical Disciplines, Section of Gerontology Corso Bramante 88/90 10126 Torino ItalyGiovanni Carlo Isaia, Univers...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - August 24, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
IntroductionEmail this article to a colleague.
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Content Type Journal ArticleCategory IntroductionDOI 10.1007/s12018-009-9060-8Authors
Patrizia D’Amelio, University of Torino-Italy Department of Surgical and Medical Disciplines, Section of Gerontology Corso Bramante 88/90 10126 Torino Italy
Journal Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral MetabolismOnline ISSN 1559-0119Print ISSN 1534-8644 (Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - August 20, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Vitamin D Regulation of Immune Function: Implications for Bone Loss During InflammationEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Although the best known actions of vitamin D involve its regulation of bone mineral homeostasis, actions critical for a healthy
skeleton, vitamin D exerts its influence on many physiologic processes. One of these processes is the immune system. Both
the adaptive and innate immune systems are impacted by the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3. In turn, the immune system is now recognized as having a major impact on the skeleton. In this review, I will examine the
regulation by 1,25(OH)2D3 of immune function, then examine the evidence for such regulation as potential means of ameliorating the ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - August 19, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Oral Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Incidence, Clinical Features, Prevention, and Treatment RecommendationsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Biphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a devastating side effect of oral bisphosphonates associated with
patient morbidity and high financial burden to health services. BRONJ is usually associated with parenteral use of bisphosphonates
in oncologic patients, but its incidence among individuals with osteoporosis who take oral bisphosphonates is on the rise.
In the absence of definitive treatment for BRONJ, every effort should be made toward its prevention. The patients must be
informed about the extremely small but proven risk of oral BRONJ and be recommended to undergo periodic de...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - July 9, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Fracture Risk Assessment in Clinical Practice: T-scores, FRAX, and BeyondEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Assessment of fracture risk is a key component in the evaluation of skeletal health and a critical step in determining whether
to initiate pharmacological therapy to reduce fracture risk. The identification of high risk patients allows clinicians to
direct limited healthcare resources to those who are most likely to benefit. Bone mineral density (BMD) and clinical risk
factors (CRFs) for fracture predict fracture risk better than BMD or CRFs alone. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is
a technology for the measurement of BMD to diagnose osteoporosis, assess fracture risk, and monitor the BMD res...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - June 30, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Impact of Diabetes and its Treatment on BoneEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with increased fracture risk and higher bone density (BMD), suggesting that diabetic
bone is more fragile for a given density. The changes in bone quality that accompany T2DM are still not fully delineated but
potential factors include more rapid bone loss, differences in cortical bone and bone structure, and changes in material properties
of bone collagen due to accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). Increased fracture risk appears to be concentrated
among patients with longer duration of diabetes while those with recent onset or with impaired gl...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - June 9, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Effects of Feeding on Bone MetabolismEmail this article to a colleague.
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In conclusion, bone metabolism is regulated
by long-term energy balance, acute effects of feeding and dietary composition, and there are likely to be multiple interactions
between these processes. Some of the endocrine mediators of feeding and bone metabolism have potential as therapeutic agents.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original PaperDOI 10.1007/s12018-009-9052-8Authors
J. S. Walsh, Northern General Hospital NIHR Bone Biomedical Research Unit Herries Road Sheffield S5 7AU UKR. Eastell, Northern General Hospital NIHR Bone Biomedical Research Unit Herries Road Sheffield S5 7AU UK
Journal Clinical R...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - June 5, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Bone Assessment in Children: Clinical Relevance and InterpretationEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The assessment of bone in children is more difficult than in adults mainly due to the effect of growth and/or puberty. Despite
this, there is an increasing body of evidence showing that measurement of different components of bone is of clinical relevance.
Fracture incidence peaks during the early teenage years, and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has been shown to predict
fractures in children, especially those of the upper limb, in four prospective studies. Case control and cross-sectional studies
have also shown similar associations for peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), he...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - June 4, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: A ReviewEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced osteoporosis is the main cause of secondary osteoporosis. Fractures, which are often asymptomatic,
can occur in as many as 50% of patients receiving chronic GC therapy. GCs have direct and indirect effects on bone cells (osteoblasts,
osteocytes, and osteoclasts) with a suppression of bone formation and an increased bone resorption. The management of patients
exposed to GCs should include the use of the minimal effective dose of GC, general health measures, and adequate intakes of
calcium and vitamin D. Bisphosphonates are nowadays largely used in GC-induced osteoporosis a...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - June 2, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Body Fat as a Regulator of Bone Mass: Experimental Evidence from Animal ModelsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Animal models have proven valuable for elucidating the effects of body fat on bone metabolism, and this review highlights
recent findings relevant for better understanding the relationship between adiposity and bone mass. Genetically obese mice
and rats with altered leptin signaling consistently show reduced bone mass, demonstrating that leptin deficiency can contribute
directly to osteopenia; however, the effect of leptin on bone is concentration dependent, such that relatively low doses of
leptin stimulate bone formation, whereas high concentrations of leptin suppress bone formation and increase b...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - May 28, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Adipose Tissue and BoneEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract There is extensive clinical evidence that fat mass and bone mass are related to one another, and there are many laboratory
and animal studies that explore the mechanisms of these relationships. However, there are a number of methodological issues
that complicate the interpretation of both types of studies, and these need to be borne in mind as the studies reviewed in
this volume are considered. These issues are reviewed in this introduction.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory IntroductionDOI 10.1007/s12018-009-9045-7Authors
Ian R. Reid, University of Auckland Faculty of Medical and Health Scie...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - May 28, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Fatty Acids and BoneEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Nutritional status is an important determinant of skeletal health. Increased fat mass favorably influences bone mineral density
and reduces fracture risk. The mechanisms by which adiposity influences skeletal health include mechanical skeletal loading,
the effects of adipocyte and pancreatic β-cell-derived hormones that act on bone, and neuroendocrine outputs from the hypothalamus
that respond to peripheral nutritional signals. A growing body of evidence, including the recognition that specific fatty
acid receptors are expressed in skeletal tissue, also suggests that fatty acids affect skeletal hea...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - May 24, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Marrow Fat and Bone: New Insights from Mice and HumansEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Adipocytes are an essential component of the bone marrow micro-environment. Developmentally, fatty infiltration of the marrow
in the appendicular skeleton occurs at the time of peak bone acquisition. Conversely, vertebral marrow fat is most predominant
with advancing age. Recent studies suggest that the amount of marrow fat is inversely associated with bone mineral density.
It may also be a predictor of subsequent fracture. The molecular cellular and genetic aspects of marrow fat in mouse models
and humans are discussed. More studies are needed to understand the relationship of marrow fat to mineral...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - May 24, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Adipokine Effects on BoneEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The adipocyte is an important source of factors that act as circulating regulators of bone metabolism. These include estrogens,
and the adipokines, leptin, resistin, adiponectin, and probably others. Leptin acts directly on bone cells, and in some experimental
models these effects are modified by its actions on the central nervous system, which impact on appetite, body weight, and
insulin sensitivity. While not strictly an adipokine, insulin circulates in increased concentrations in obesity and exerts
anabolic effects on bone. Adipokine levels correlate with bone turnover, suggesting that they dynam...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - May 21, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Use of Bone Turnover Markers in OsteoporosisEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Bone metabolism can be assessed by measuring bone turnover markers in serum or urine. Bone turnover markers are substances
released from bone during bone turnover. They can be skeletal tissue proteins, collagen fragments, peptides, or enzymes released
from bone cells. Bone turnover markers are extensively used in research applications but also as tools for the management
of skeletal disorders in clinical practice. Osteoporosis-related applications may include assessment of response to, or deciding
on osteoporosis therapy; identification of individuals with increased bone loss, and prediction of risk...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - May 12, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
IntroductionEmail this article to a colleague.
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Content Type Journal ArticleCategory IntroductionDOI 10.1007/s12018-009-9043-9Authors
Michael F. Holick, Boston University Medical Center Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratory Boston MA USA
Journal Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral MetabolismOnline ISSN 1559-0119Print ISSN 1534-8644
Journal Volume Volume 7
Journal Issue Volume 7, Number 2 / June, 2009 (Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - May 2, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
IntroductionEmail this article to a colleague.
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Content Type Journal ArticleCategory IntroductionDOI 10.1007/s12018-009-9044-8Authors
Michael F. Holick, Boston University Medical Center Vitamin D, Skin and Bone Research Laboratory, Section of Endocrinology, Nutrition, and Diabetes, Department of Medicine Boston MA USA
Journal Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral MetabolismOnline ISSN 1559-0119Print ISSN 1534-8644
Journal Volume Volume 7
Journal Issue Volume 7, Number 1 / March, 2009 (Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - May 2, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Health Consequences in AfricaEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Africa is heterogeneous in latitude, geography, climate, food availability, religious and cultural practices, and skin pigmentation.
It is expected, therefore, that prevalence of vitamin D deficiency varies widely, in line with influences on skin exposure
to UVB sunshine. Furthermore, low calcium intakes and heavy burden of infectious disease common in many countries may increase
vitamin D utilization and turnover. Studies of plasma 25OHD concentration indicate a spectrum from clinical deficiency to
values at the high end of the physiological range; however, data are limited. Representative studies ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - April 28, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Health Disparities and Vitamin DEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Research over the last two to three decades has slowly demonstrated that Vitamin D, a long neglected and unappreciated hormone,
is of profound importance to human health and survival. Vitamin D begins its synthesis in human skin with ultraviolet B radiation
(UVB) from the sun. Melanin is a potent UVB blocker, protecting the skin from the high intensity sunlight found on the tropical
savannah into which humans evolved, but not impairing the skin’s ability to synthesize generous quantities of vitamin D there.
Adaptation to environmental availability of UVB radiation from the sun appears to explain t...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - April 21, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Vitamin D in Fracture Prevention and Muscle Function and Fall PreventionEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract This chapter reviews the potential of vitamin D for the prevention of falls and fractures. Evidence from randomized-controlled
trials will be reviewed for both endpoints, as well as epidemiologic data that links higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D)
status to better bone and muscle health. The chapter addresses the evidence of fracture and fall prevention by dose of vitamin
D, by type of dwelling and treatment duration. All data considered, this chapter summarizes the compelling dual benefit of
vitamin D on fracture reduction by its bone and muscle target, a concept that is reviewed at the onset of t...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - April 21, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Vitamin D and Health: Evolution, Biologic Functions, and Recommended Dietary Intakes for Vitamin DEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Vitamin D deficiency is now being recognized as one of the most common medical conditions worldwide. The consequences of vitamin
D deficiency include poor bone development and health as well as increased risk of many chronic diseases including type I
diabetes; rheumatoid arthritis; Crohn’s disease; multiple sclerosis; heart disease; stroke; infectious diseases; as well as
increased risk of dying of many deadly cancers including colon, prostate, and breast. The major source of vitamin D for most
humans is exposure to sunlight. However, avoidance of sun exposure has resulted in an epidemic of vitami...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - April 21, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Vitamin D Deficiency in the Middle East and its Health Consequences for Children and AdultsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Despite its abundant sunshine the Middle East, a region spanning latitudes from 12°N to 42°N allowing vitamin D synthesis
year round, registers some of the lowest levels of vitamin D and the highest rates of hypovitaminosis D worldwide. This major
public health problem affects individuals across all life stages including pregnant women, neonates, infants, children and
adolescents, adults, and the elderly. Furthermore, while rickets is almost eradicated from developed countries, it is still
reported in several countries in the Middle East. These observations can be explained by limited sun exposure...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - April 21, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
The Health Benefits of Solar Irradiance and Vitamin D and the Consequences of Their DeprivationEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Originally recognized for reducing the risk of rickets, the benefits of vitamin D were extended in the past three decades,
to protection against many non-calcemic diseases. The primary source of vitamin D is production by solar ultraviolet B (UVB)
irradiance. In this paper, evidence is reviewed that vitamin D reduces the risk of about 17 types of cancer; bacterial infections
for diseases such as dental caries, periodontitis, septicemia, and tuberculosis; viral infections such as respiratory infections
and Epstein-Barr virus; autoimmune diseases such as asthma and multiple sclerosis; cardiovascular d...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - April 1, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
The Functional Metabolism and Molecular Biology of Vitamin D ActionEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The evolution of our understanding of the biological impact of vitamin D is briefly reviewed, with a focus on the physiology
and endocrinology of the vitamin D system. This chapter attempts to bring the molecular discoveries in vitamin D metabolism
and mechanisms of action into focus on known physiology and endocrinology. The latest developments on metabolism of vitamin
D, the enzymes involved, and the genes responsible are presented. The impact of the molecular discoveries on current views
of the importance of vitamin D in public health is also presented.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Ori...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - April 1, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Vitamin D for Cancer Prevention and SurvivalEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Higher levels of the principal circulating form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), are associated with substantially
lower incidence and death rates from colon, breast, and ovarian cancer, with a linear dose–response gradient. The accumulated
evidence from observational studies and a randomized trial reveal that population serum levels of 25(OH)D in the range of
40 to 50 ng/ml will markedly reduce incidence and mortality rates of several cancers including those of the breast, colon,
and ovary. There is an immediate clinical need for cancer care providers worldwide to assure that a s...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - March 31, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Vitamin D and Type 2 DiabetesEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Vitamin D has been reported to have a variety of non-skeletal actions, including on glucose metabolism. There has been increasing
evidence from animal and human studies, to suggest that vitamin D may be important in modifying risk of type 2 diabetes. Vitamin
D is thought to have both direct (through activation of the vitamin D receptor) and indirect (via regulation of calcium homeostasis)
effects on various mechanisms related to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, including pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction,
impaired insulin action, and systemic inflammation. The evidence from human studies comes...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - March 27, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1α Hydroxylase: Studies in Mouse Models and Implications for Human DiseaseEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Genetic mouse models with targeted deletion (“knockout”) of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase gene [1α(OH)ase−/−], as well as with targeted deletion of the VDR gene, when exposed to different dietary regimens, have provided considerable
insight into the molecular regulation of skeletal physiology by the 1,25(OH)2D/VDR system. These regimens induced different phenotypic changes and demonstrated that parathyroid gland size and the development
of the cartilaginous growth plate were each co-ordinately regulated by calcium and by 1,25(OH)2D, and that parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion an...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - March 21, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Vitamin D and Innate ImmunityEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract This chapter will examine the role of vitamin D in the innate immune system as a mediator of human host defense mechanisms
microbial disease, focusing on tuberculosis. The first section will examine tuberculosis and the innate immune response to
the intracellular pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.
tuberculosis), the causative agent of tuberculosis. This is followed by a discussion of the known associations, genetic and mechanistic,
between the vitamin D pathway and tuberculosis susceptibility. Finally, the chapter will conclude with a discussion on the
potential for adjuvant treatment of tube...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - March 21, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Vitamin D Deficiency in Children and Its Health ConsequencesEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract This chapter reviews data on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, risk factors that predispose children and adolescents
to this problem, and current approaches to routine vitamin D supplementation and treatment of vitamin D deficiency. The increasing
world-wide prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among otherwise healthy pediatric patients is explored. Risk factors for vitamin
D deficiency have been identified and include, among others, northern geographical location, dark skin pigmentation, female
gender, lack of supplementation, and diseases associated with malabsorption. While supplementation st...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - March 21, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Vitamin D and the Brain: A Neuropsychiatric PerspectiveEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Based on clues from epidemiology, it has been proposed that low prenatal vitamin D may be a risk factor for schizophrenia.
In order to explore this hypothesis, our group has undertaken an integrated research program linking analytic epidemiology
and rodent experiments. There is consistent evidence from rodents that offspring exposed to low developmental vitamin D deficiency
have altered brain structure and function as adults. This chapter provides a concise summary of the evidence linking vitamin
D to brain development and function. In addition, the epidemiological evidence linking hypovitaminosis D...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - March 21, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
The Epidemiology of Vitamin D and Cancer RiskEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The relation between vitamin D status and cancer risk has been investigated in a number of epidemiologic studies, while data
from interventional studies remain scarce. The approaches to estimate vitamin D status have been varied, and include direct
measures of circulating 25(OH)vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, surrogates, or determinants of 25(OH)D, including region of residence,
intake, and sun exposure estimates. In terms of cancer sites, the body of evidence is the most extensive for colorectal cancer,
for which support comes from studies of 25(OH)D, vitamin D intake, multiple predictors of 25(OH)D, a...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - March 21, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Extra Renal Synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and its Health ImplicationsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Although the kidney was initially thought to be the sole organ responsible for the production of 1,25(OH)2D3 via its enzyme CYP27b1, it is now appreciated that the expression of CYP27b1 in tissues other than the kidney is wide spread.
However, the kidney is the major source for circulating 1,25(OH)2D3. Therefore the existence of the capacity for extra renal 1,25(OH)2D3 production begs the question why, and in particular whether the extra renal production of 1,25(OH)2D3 has physiologic importance. In this chapter this question will be discussed. First a compilation of the extra renal sites
for CYP27b1 ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - March 18, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnancy and Lactation and Health ConsequencesEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Pregnancy and lactation represent time periods where health status affects two persons instead of one. With the monumental
development and growth that occurs in fetal and in early life, optimizing health status is imperative. An important part of
health status is achieving and sustaining vitamin D sufficiency with vitamin D’s critical function in bone health, immune
function, and cell proliferation. Investigation regarding the short-term and long-term effect of vitamin D status during these
times is exponentially growing and, so far, demonstrates important roles for vitamin D in both maternal and ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - March 18, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Affective Disorders, Bone Metabolism, and OsteoporosisEmail this article to a colleague.
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The objective of this review is to describe the current
evidence regarding the association of unipolar and bipolar depression with BMD and indicators of bone metabolism, and to explore
potential mediating and confounding influences of those relationships. The majority of studies of unipolar depression and
BMD indicate that depressive symptoms are associated with low BMD. In contrast, evidence regarding the relationship between
bipolar depression and BMD is inconsistent. There is limited but suggestive evidence to support an association between affective
disorders and some markers of bone turnover. Many medications use...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - February 25, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
TSH and Thyroid Hormones Both Regulate Bone MassEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Thyrotoxicosis is associated with a high-turnover osteoporosis, which has been solely attributed to elevated thyroid hormone
levels. Mice lacking the thyroid hormone receptors α and β establish a role for thyroid hormones in regulating bone remodeling.
We show that TSH, which falls when thyroid hormones rise, directly suppresses bone remodeling, and that TSH receptor null
mice have profound bone loss. We suggest that reduced TSH signaling contributes to hyperthyroid osteoporosis and that TSH
and its receptor could become valuable drug targets.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original Paper...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - February 4, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Bone Disease and Idiopathic HypercalciuriaEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract There is sufficient epidemiological and clinical data demonstrating an association between reduced bone mineral density and
idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH). There have been relatively few studies that have addressed the underlying defect in bone remodeling.
The limited studies to date suggest that increased bone turnover occurs in some forms of IH such as fasting hypercalciuria
or renal calcium leak and explains the bone loss observed in these forms of IH. On the other hand, defective bone formation
is the major defect observed in patients with IH resulting from intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium....
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - October 29, 2008 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Osteopetrosis: from Animal Models to Human ConditionsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The term “osteopetrosis” is applied to a group of disorders characterized by an increased bone density, due to an inadequate
bone resorption. A considerable part of our current knowledge on osteoclast biology is based on the study of osteopetrotic
animal models. The search for mutations in these animals has unveiled many molecular mechanisms underlying osteoclast differentiation
and functioning. It also supplied new candidate genes for the identification of genes involved in the human variants of this
disease. All osteopetrotic genes identified so far in humans have their animal counterpart. The...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - September 12, 2008 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Surface-specific Bone Formation Effects of Osteoporosis Pharmacological TreatmentsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Current anti-osteoporotic pharmacological treatments reduce fracture risk in part by altering bone remodeling/modeling. These
effects can manifest on any or all of the bone envelopes—periosteal, intracortical, and trabecular/endocortical—each of which
has unique effects on the biomechanical properties of bone. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of how the
most common FDA-approved anti-osteoporosis agents [bisphosphonates, estrogen/hormone replacement therapy, selective estrogen
receptor modulators (SERMs), and parathyroid hormone (PTH)] affect tissue-level remodeling/modeling o...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - August 22, 2008 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
IntroductionEmail this article to a colleague.
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Content Type Journal ArticleCategory IntroductionDOI 10.1007/s12018-008-9020-8Authors
Daniel D. Bikle, University of California Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco CA 94121 USA
Journal Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral MetabolismOnline ISSN 1559-0119Print ISSN 1534-8644 (Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism)
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - August 19, 2008 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Adaptation of the Skeletal System During Long-Duration SpaceflightEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract This review will highlight evidence from crew members flown on space missions >90 days to suggest that the adaptations of
the skeletal system to mechanical unloading may predispose crew members to an accelerated onset of osteoporosis after return
to Earth. By definition, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder—characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and structural
deterioration—that reduces the ability of bones to resist fracture under the loading of normal daily activities. “Involutional”
or age-related osteoporosis is readily recognized as a syndrome afflicting the elderly popu...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - July 26, 2008 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Nongenomic Actions of Thyroid Hormone and Intracellular Calcium MetabolismEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone include several that involve or require calcium. Actions of thyroid hormone at the plasma
or intracellular membranes include stimulation of membrane glucose transport and of the Na+/H+ antiporter (exchanger) by mechanisms that require liberation of intracellular calcium and stimulation of the cell membrane
and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium pumps (Ca2+-ATPases). These pumps not only transport Ca2+, but also are regulated by the intracellular calmodulin-Ca2+ complex (plasma membrane/sarcolemma) or calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylation of phospholam...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - July 25, 2008 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Alterations in Bone Mineral Density in Marfan Syndrome and HomocystinuriaEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Homocystinuria and Marfan syndrome represent distinct genetic conditions that share phenotypically similar skeletal features.
An overview of the current understanding of genetic and physiologic contributing to the etiology of these conditions is summarized.
The focus of this review is to explore the present understanding of the pathophysiology of Marfan syndrome and homocystinuria
relative to the occurrence of osteoporosis in both conditions. Osteoporosis has been reported in association with homocystinuria.
However, evidence supporting an association of osteoporosis with Marfan syndrome is equivoca...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - July 11, 2008 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Combination Therapy Using Exercise and Pharmaceutical Agents to Optimize Bone HealthEmail this article to a colleague.
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This article discusses the tissue-level processes
regulating bone health, mechanisms of action of exercise and pharmaceutical agents, and rationale and current evidence for
combined exercise and pharmaceutical intervention for optimizing bone health.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original PaperDOI 10.1007/s12018-008-9017-3Authors
R. K. Fuchs, Indiana University Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences 1140 West Michigan Street, CF-326 Indianapolis IN 46202 USAS. J. Warden, Indiana University Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences 1140 W...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - June 14, 2008 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
Role of the Klotho Gene in Bone and Mineral MetabolismEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Klotho was originally identified when a random insertional mutation disrupting the mouse gene caused an abnormal phenotype
with accelerated aging and shortened lifespan. Klotho appears to play an important role in the renal handling of calcium and
phosphate, in part by interacting with the FGF23 signaling system. In general, klotho tends to decrease phosphate retention
and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis. It directly stimulates calcium reabsorption in the kidney and tends to increases serum
calcium, but may have opposite indirect effects related to the changes in vitamin D metabolism. Klotho may ...
Source: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism - June 4, 2008 Category: Internal Medicine Tags: Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism Source Type: journals
