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Trans-fatty acids and nonlipid risk factorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Consumption of industrially produced trans-fatty acids (TFA) is associated with substantial risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The magnitude of this relationship, as well as emerging associations with end points such as diabetes and sudden cardiac death, cannot be fully explained by the well-established adverse effects of TFA on serum lipids. We review the evidence for effects of TFA intake on nonlipid risk factors. Based on evidence from randomized controlled trials, observational studies, animal experiments, and in vitro studies, these include effects on systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfu...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - November 4, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Omega-3 fatty acids and heart failureEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews recent clinical and experimental evidence on the effect of n-3 PUFA in coronary heart disease, with particular attention on HF and its pathophysiologic mechanisms. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0066-yAuthors Roberto Marchioli, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud Via Nazionale 66030 Santa Maria Imbaro ItalyMaria Giuseppina SillettaGiacomo LevantesiRaffaella Pioggiarella Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 6 / November, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports)
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - November 4, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Impact of circulating esterified eicosanoids and other oxylipins on endothelial functionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Eicosanoids, including epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, and other oxylipins derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, have emerging roles in endothelial inflammation and subsequent atherosclerosis. Unlike eicosanoids in the prostanoid series, they are known to be esterified in cell lipids such as phospholipids and triglycerides; however, our understanding of these reservoirs is in its infancy. This review focuses on recent work identifying circulating oxylipins, primarily esterified with lipoprotein lipids, and their effects on markers of endothelial dysfunction. These oxyli...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - November 4, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

The omega-3 index: From biomarker to risk marker to risk factorEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids reflect the interplay of metabolism and the intake of omega-3-rich foods (eg, oily fish). Multiple lines of evidence link reduced tissue and/or blood levels of omega-3 fatty acids, as reflected in the erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid plus docosahexaenoic acid level (ie, the omega-3 index), with increased risk for coronary heart disease, especially sudden cardiac death. The purpose of this review is to examine the extent to which biomarkers like the omega-3 index qualify as coronary heart disease risk markers and/or risk factors based on new criteria from the Amer...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - November 4, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Nutritional supplements and serum lipids: Does anything work?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease. Many patients decline prescription lipid-lowering agents and opt instead for supplements. Before any supplement can be routinely recommended it is crucial to examine the types of clinical trials that have been performed, the mechanism by which a supplement is felt to alter lipids, the population studied, potential adverse effects, and the possibility that investigators might be biased. Clinical trial evidence strongly supports the notion that both red yeast rice and plant stanols and sterols effectively lower low-density ...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - November 4, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Carotenoids and cardiovascular diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Carotenoids are a class of natural fat-soluble pigments found principally in plants. They have potential antioxidant biological properties due to their chemical structure and interaction with biological membranes. The most abundant carotenoids in the diet are β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin. Numerous epidemiologic studies have supported the hypothesis that antioxidants could be used as an inexpensive means of prevention, and possibly treatment, of cardiovascular diseases, even though findings from interventional trials have been mixed, with some positive ...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - November 4, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Vitamin D and cardiovascular diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Recent studies indicate that deficient vitamin D status may increase risk of both ischemic and nonischemic cardiovascular diseases independently of established cardiovascular risk factors. The role of vitamin D in potentially regulating many functions in the cardiovascular system is just beginning to be understood. Among the potentially relevant mechanisms for cardiovascular diseases, vitamin D may influence blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system, parathyroid hormone levels, myocardial function, inflammation, and vascular calcification. Cardiovascular risk appears especially elevated at...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - November 4, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Cardiovascular disease-related genes and regulation by dietEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews the evidence that specific receptors exist for fatty acids or their metabolites that are able to regulate gene expression and coordinately affect metabolic or signaling pathways associated with CVD. Four nuclear receptor subfamilies that respond to dietary and endogenous ligands and have implications for CVD are emphasized in this article: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, retinoid X receptors, liver X receptors, and the farnesoid X receptor. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0067-xAuthors John P. Vanden Heuvel, Penn State University Department of Veterinary and Bio...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - November 4, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Dietary cholesterol and coronary artery disease: A systematic reviewEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews the current evidence on the association between dietary cholesterol and the risk of CHD. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0063-1Authors Luc Djoussé, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School Division of Aging, Department of Medicine 1620 Tremont Street, 3rd floor Boston MA 02120 USAJ. Michael Gaziano Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 6 / November, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports)
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - November 4, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Carbohydrate-restricted diets for obesity and related diseases: An updateEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Basic, clinical, and epidemiologic research on carbohydrate-restricted dietary patterns continues to grow, evaluating the impact of this way of eating on weight loss, obesity-associated comorbidities, and development of any adverse effects. Randomized, controlled, dietary weight loss trials conducted in adults in the past 2 years reinforce previous findings that carbohydrate-restricted diets (CRDs) promote weight loss while increasing serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lowering serum triglycerides, and improving glucose homeostasis. Studies showing that reduction of dietary carbohydrate lea...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - November 4, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Substudies of the Japan EPA lipid intervention study (JELIS)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0071-1Authors William S. Harris, Cardiovascular Health Research Center and the Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota South Dakota USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 6 / November, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports)
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - November 4, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Low-density lipoprotein in the setting of congestive heart failure: Is lower really better?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), CAD mortality, and incident heart failure (HF). Lipid-lowering therapy with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) has been shown to reduce the risk of developing HF in patients with CAD. However, in patients with chronic established HF, hypercholesterolemia has not been associated with an increased risk of mortality. Several studies have demonstrated that higher lipid and lipoprotein levels, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides, are asso...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - July 31, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Lipid lowering and aortic valve diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Several retrospective and nonrandomized studies have indicated that lowering atherogenic lipoprotein, in particular low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, may retard the hemodynamic progression of aortic stenosis (AS). This valvular disease shares pathogenic and pathoanatomic similarities with atherosclerosis, at least in their early developments. Two randomized placebo-controlled studies researching the effect of lowering low-density lipoprotein on AS progression and its clinical consequences have been published recently—the Scottish Aortic Stenosis and Lipid Lowering Trial, Impact on Regression (S...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - July 31, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Lipid-lowering drugs and risk for cancerEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article gives an overview of the clinical evidence from trials and observational studies. As of now, the evidence is inconclusive, but there does not appear to be a reason for serious concern with short-term therapy. Whether statins and other lipid-lowering drugs will increase the risk of cancer when used over several decades is at present unknown. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0053-3Authors Terje R. Pedersen, Oslo University Hospital Center for Preventive Medicine Ullevål Kirkeveien 166, Building 19 N-0407 Oslo Norway Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Pri...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - July 31, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

The therapeutic potential of high-density lipoprotein mimetic agents in coronary artery diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) represent a major cardiovascular risk factor that is only modestly influenced by currently available drugs. Consequently, there has been interest in developing new therapeutic agents specifically targeting HDL-C to reduce risk in patients with coronary artery disease. One strategy involves the administration of therapies that mimic HDL-C or its properties, including reconstituted HDL, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), apoA-I Milano, and apoA-I mimetic peptides. The atheroprotective effects of reconstituted HDL, apoA-I, and apoA-I Milano have been...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - July 31, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Increased plasma levels of plant sterols and atherosclerosis: A controversial issueEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract A number of studies have raised the possibility of circulating plant sterols being a risk factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Evidence in support of this hypothesis comes mainly from observations in sitosterolemic patients, who hyperabsorb plant sterols and suffer premature atherosclerosis. Accordingly, the atherogenicity of plant sterols of dietary origin is currently under debate, in view of the widespread use of cholesterol-lowering functional foods enriched with these compounds. Although some reports have suggested the vascular perils of small increases in plasma plant sterol concentr...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - July 31, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Thienopyridine therapy and risk for cardiovascular events in secondary preventionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Platelets are critical modulators of atherothrombotic events. In the acute setting, platelets are activated and aggregate on the surface of atherosclerotic plaque that has ruptured, fissured, or developed erosions. The overlying thrombus leads to sudden development of arterial luminal obstruction, inducing ischemia and cellular necrosis. Inhibiting platelet reactivity is an important therapeutic goal in patients at risk for acute cardiovascular events. The thienopyridines are potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation and block the binding of adenosine 5′-diphosphate to purinergic receptors on the ...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - July 31, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

ApoB versus non-HDL-C: What to do when they disagreeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article presents a series of examples from prominent published studies in which apoB and non-HDL-C differ so dramatically that diagnosis and therapy would truly differ depending on which index was used by the physician. These examples establish that apoB and non-HDL-C are not clinical equivalents. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0054-2Authors Allan Sniderman, Royal Victoria Hospital-MUHC Mike Rosenbloom Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Room H7.22 687 Pine Avenue West Montreal Quebec H3A 1A1 CanadaKen WilliamsChrista Cobbaert Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 153...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - July 31, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Fibrate therapy and renal functionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Fibrates are a class of lipid-lowering medications primarily used as second-line agents behind statins. The adverse-effect profile of fibrates has been marked by a puzzling yet reversible rise in serum creatinine values with their use. It is not known whether this finding represents a true change in renal function. One proposed explanation for this phenomenon is that fibrates increase the production of creatinine, in which case a rise in serum creatinine values would not represent a true deterioration in renal function. An alternative theory is that fibrates reduce the production of vasodilatory pro...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - July 31, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Lessons learned from the ONTARGET and TRANSCEND trialsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article describes these key studies and their outcomes and identifies critical issues that they raise for clinical practice in terms of choosing the most effective therapy for patients with existing CVD. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0056-0Authors Jan Basile, Medical University of South Carolina Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center 109 Bee Street Charleston SC 29401 USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 5 / September, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports)
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - July 31, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Serum glucose control in diabetic patients with cardiovascular disease: Should we be less aggressive?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Although aggressive control of hyperglycemia significantly reduces microvascular complications in patients with diabetes, there is no clear evidence that it improves macrovascular cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. Data from recent studies suggest that intensive treatment of blood glucose has no significant effect on CVD outcomes and may even paradoxically increase cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, especially in older patients with longstanding type 2 diabetes and preexisting CVD. At present, it is prudent to aim for a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) target of 7%, provided this can be achieved...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - July 31, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Darapladib and atherosclerotic plaque: Should lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 be a therapeutic target?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract There is great interest in developing a reliable measure of atherosclerotic disease activity that can serve as an index of response to antiatherosclerotic therapies. The epidemiologic relationship between lipid measures, most notably low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and binary cardiovascular events has been confirmed in treatment trials reliably demonstrating a reduction in LDL-C translating into improved cardiovascular outcomes. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2) is part of a family of lipases involved in the modification of lipids within the atheroma and may be a complime...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - July 31, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Statin therapy, inflammation, and risk for cardiovascular events: The light from JUPITER is illuminatingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0060-4Authors Peter P. Toth, Sterling Rock Falls Clinic Sterling IL USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 5 / September, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports)
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - July 31, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Review of the SPARCL trial and its subanalysesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) study is a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial that was designed to determine whether 80 mg/d of atorvastatin reduced the risk of fatal or nonfatal stroke in patients who had previously experienced a stroke or transient ischemic attack. It is unique in that it is the only trial to study this cohort of patients with no known coronary heart disease. The review recaps the results of the primary SPARCL data and discusses the findings of subsequent analyses that extend the conclusions from the study. Atorvastatin r...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - June 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Planning primary prevention of coronary diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Effective prevention of the current annual $400 billion losses from atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) will require preventing primary causes rather than just decreasing signs and symptoms (risk factors) produced by those causes. All CVD risk factors predict a likelihood of CVD, but not all are causes of CVD. As a result, reducing some health risk assessment biomarkers may not appreciably reduce CVD and death. Careful review of molecular events connecting diets to death identifies two modifiable food imbalances that cause major chronic diseases in Americans. They are 1) imbalance betwe...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - June 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Diet and lifestyle influences on risk of coronary heart diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Coronary heart disease (CHD) stems from the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. However, modifiable environmental factors, especially diet and lifestyle, are largely responsible for increased risk of CHD at population levels. Although cigarette smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity are well-established causes of CHD, the role of specific dietary factors has not been clearly defined until more recently. Cumulative evidence indicates that types of fats and carbohydrates are more important than total amounts in determining risk of CHD. Epidemiologic and clinical trial data strongly...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - June 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Circadian rhythm and cardiovascular diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The demonstration of a circadian variation in frequency of onset of myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, and stroke provides an opportunity to gain insight into the mechanism of transformation from chronic stable to acute unstable manifestation of cardiovascular disease. Contributing physiologic changes that exhibit a morning peak include arterial pressure, heart rate, and vascular tone, which promote plaque rupture, together with increased platelet reactivity and reduced fibrinolytic activity. The study of circadian rhythm also has implications for triggering of disease onset by external st...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - June 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Efficacy of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists in diabetes and coronary artery diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The greatest clinical challenge in type 2 diabetes mellitus is the prevention of its long-term complications, many of which are of a cardiovascular nature. Despite the progress in cardiovascular risk management of diabetes patients using lipid-lowering and antihypertensive drugs, a substantial residual risk persists. Indeed, treated diabetes patients have a similar risk as untreated nondiabetic individuals. Although glycemic control through the use of antihyperglycemic agents improves microvascular complications, macrovascular disease risk is not reduced. These observations point to the need for add...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - June 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Chronic kidney disease and statins: Improving cardiovascular outcomesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) continues to increase worldwide. Patients with CKD are at greater risk of mortality from cardiovascular events than end-stage renal disease. This review describes the pathogenesis of dyslipidemia in CKD patients and the role of statins in reducing coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality. The major clinical trials with statins in CKD patients are reviewed along with a discussion of statin safety. Although statin dosing and safety in patients with early CKD (Stage I or II) are similar to those of the general population, dose adjustments are required in...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - June 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Statins and ischemic stroke severity: CytoprotectionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Cytoprotective or neuroprotective interventions would be of value if they could block the processes leading to delayed neuronal death or if they could delay the period between the onset of ischemia and irreversible necrotic injury, thereby lengthening the period for effective reperfusion therapy. Experimental studies in cell culture systems and laboratory animals show that statins have several potential cytoprotective actions, including promotion of angiogenesis, reduction of clot formation and facilitation of clot lysis, upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, downregulation of inducible...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - June 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Metabolic syndrome: Perception or reality?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It has garnered considerable clinical and research interest as a potential target to reduce cardiovascular risk in addition to the classical risk factors. Whether it exists as a distinct clinical entity has become a subject of controversy and debate. This review appraises the evidence in support of or against recognizing metabolic syndrome as a clinical condition that requires therapeutic intervention. Proper evaluation of cardiovascular disease risk should start with consideration of traditional ris...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - June 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Statins and their use in preventing carotid diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Carotid disease may be evaluated by surrogate outcomes, such as intima-media thickness and carotid plaque features, and by clinical end points. Statins stop progression or may induce regression of intima-media thickness, and statins may also stop plaque growth or even induce reduction of plaque volume. Areas rich in lipids within plaques may be reduced in size and/or in number of inflammatory cells. Ultrasound reflectivity may be reduced by statin treatment, indicating less lipid/inflammatory content. Finally, statins appear to reduce the risk of all cardiovascular events (eg, stroke, myocardial inf...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - June 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive proteinEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0037-3Authors James K. Liao, Brigham & Women’s Hospital Vascular Medicine Research Department Boston USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 4 / July, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports)
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - June 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Moving toward new statin guidelines in a post-JUPITER world: Principles to considerEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The recently completed study Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: An Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin (JUPITER) demonstrates that statin therapy reduces vascular events in apparently healthy men and women with low levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mean, 104 mg/dL) who are at elevated risk due to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels greater than 2 mg/L. Among 17,802 trial participants, rosuvastatin resulted in a 44% reduction in the primary end point of all vascular events (P < 0.00001), a 54% reduction in myocardial infarction (P = 0.0002), a 48% reduct...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - June 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Genetically elevated C-reactive protein and ischemic vascular diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0038-2Authors James K. Liao, Brigham & Women’s Hospital Vascular Medicine Research Department Boston USA Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 4 / July, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports)
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - June 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Prostacyclin receptor/thromboxane receptor interactions and cellular responses in human atherothrombotic diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Twenty-five years have passed since Vane and colleagues proposed a prostacyclin and thromboxane balance as critical to cardiovascular homeostasis. Prostacyclin prevents platelet aggregation and promotes vasodilatation, opposing the effects of thromboxane. Possible compensation by redundant functions, such as nitric oxide, long prevented appreciation of this balance. Effective use of low-dose aspirin in the secondary prevention of atherothrombosis suggested a clinical importance for the balance. However, it was not until the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib was withdrawn because of increased card...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Mast cells in atherogenesis: Actions and reactionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Mast cells (better known as allergy cells) are pro-inflammatory effector cells present in the human arterial intima and in evolving atherosclerotic lesions. Experiments in vitro, in vivo experiments in animals, and immunohistologic studies of human coronary samples have uncovered mechanisms by which activated mast cells could participate in the development of the lesions. When activated, mast cells acutely expel a fraction of their cytoplasmic granules, which are filled with a wide selection of heparin-bound preformed mediators. These include histamine, neutral proteases, growth factors, and proinfl...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Lipid raft redox signaling platforms in vascular dysfunction: Features and mechanismsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Lipid rafts (LRs) play essential roles in transmembrane signal transduction. Upon death factor stimulation, individual LRs cluster to recruit NADPH oxidase subunits and related proteins in vascular endothelial cells, forming LR redox signaling platforms, which ultimately results in increased production of reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells and impaired endothelial function. Mechanistically, ceramide generated from the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase spontaneously fuses to form ceramide-enriched macrodomains, which are critical contributors to the formation of...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

The paraoxonase gene family and atherosclerosisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews the three known members of the paraoxonase family and the evidence that supports their likely role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0029-3Authors David Seo, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine 1120 NW 14th Street Miami FL 33136 USAPascal Goldschmidt-Clermont Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 3 / May, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports)
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Genetics of strokeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of severe long-term disability in developed countries. Despite significant progress in understanding the risk factors conferring disease predisposition, the genetic and molecular basis of stroke remains poorly understood. Recent advances in the identification and characterization of patterns of DNA sequence variation in human populations hold the promise that stroke genomics will offer significant insights into disease pathophysiology and open new avenues for the development of novel therapeutic modalities. However, beyond single nucle...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Inflammation associated with the postprandial lipolysis of triglyceriderich lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Although hypertriglyceridemia has repeatedly been implicated as an atherogenic condition, there are conflicting reports concerning the atherogenicity of products released from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase. The hydrolysis of triglyceride is a normal process by which chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins are metabolized and cleared from the circulation, which would suggest a beneficial role for lipoprotein lipase in reducing circulating levels of triglyceride and, therefore, reducing atherosclerotic burden. However, many in vitro studies have shown that lipolysis produ...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

A treasure of pharmacogenomic insights into postprandial lipoproteinemia and therapeutic responses to fibrate therapy: Lessons from GOLDNEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0026-6Authors Robert S. Rosenson Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 3 / May, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports)
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Osteopontin: A multifunctional protein at the crossroads of inflammation, atherosclerosis, and vascular calcificationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Osteopontin (OPN) was initially identified in osteoblasts as a mineralization-modulatory matrix protein. Recently, OPN has been studied as a multifunctional protein that is upregulated in a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, such as wound healing, fibrosis, autoimmune disease, and atherosclerosis. OPN is highly expressed at sites with atherosclerotic plaques, especially those associated with macrophages and foam cells. In the context of atherosclerosis, OPN is generally regarded as a proinflammatory and proatherogenic molecule. However, the role of OPN in vascular calcification (V...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

The Wnt pathway: A macrophage effector molecule that triggers inflammationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Wnt proteins are members of the highly conserved wingless family of proteins responsible for cell differentiation and development and for neoplastic and degenerative processes. Recently, Toll-like receptor-mediated Wnt signaling was found to be associated with innate immunity in Drosophila. Upregulation of Wnt5A in human macrophages upon microbial challenge indicated a similar mechanism. Toll-like receptor-mediated Wnt5A expression is a key process for sustained inflammatory macrophage activation through autocrine and paracrine signaling. Downregulation of Wnt5A expression and subsequent attenuation...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Proteomics of acute coronary syndromesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Acute coronary syndromes (ACS), such as unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death, are commonly associated with the presence of vulnerable plaques in coronary arteries. Rupture or erosion of vulnerable plaques results in the formation of luminal thrombi due to the physical contact between platelets and thrombogenic elements within the atherosclerotic lesions. Considering the socioeconomic burden of ACS, it is imperative that the scientific community achieves a clear understanding of the multifaceted pathophysiology of vulnerable atheroma to identify accurate prognostic b...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Creating a genetic risk score for coronary artery diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Coronary artery disease (CAD) and its sequelae represent a significant health burden. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have attempted to link DNA sequence variation with the risk of CAD and related phenotypes. There has been significant evolution in technology from the early linkage studies within kindreds, and now we are able to use high-density genotyping to facilitate large-scale genome-wide association studies. The first novel genetic risk factor for CAD, 9p21.3, has been confirmed, and other loci are awaiting replication studies. The relative importance of each locus from a global st...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Cytochrome P-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrelEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0025-7Authors Ali J. Marian Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 3 / May, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports)
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Pulmonary arterial hypertensionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive disease of pulmonary vasculature characterized by increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure and elevated vascular resistance with normal left-sided pressures, differentiating it from left-sided heart disease. The pathogenesis involves thrombosis, vasoconstriction, and remodeling of small pulmonary arteries. It presents with common symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and decreased exercise tolerance. Left untreated, progressive increase in right ventricular overload leads to right heart failure and death. Over the course of the past deca...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - February 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Nicotinic acid: A new look at an old drugEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Dyslipidemia is central to the process of atherosclerosis. Modification of the lipid profile by diet, exercise, or pharmacologic therapy has been demonstrated to reduce the risk from atherosclerosis in clinical studies in primary and secondary prevention. Nicotinic acid has been in clinical use for over 50 years. The administration of nicotinic acid has been demonstrated to reduce apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins (very low-density lipoprotein, intermediate-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and lipoprotein (a)). Nicotinic acid also exerts significant effects on high-density lipopro...
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - February 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals

Clinical trials reportEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11883-009-0013-yAuthors John A. Farmer Journal Current Atherosclerosis ReportsOnline ISSN 1534-6242Print ISSN 1523-3804 Journal Volume Volume 11 Journal Issue Volume 11, Number 2 / March, 2009 (Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports)
Source: Current Atherosclerosis Reports - February 15, 2009 Category: Cardiology Tags: Current Atherosclerosis Reports Source Type: journals