Current HIV/AIDS Reports
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Home testing for HIV infection in resource-limited settings
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This article reviews the
mechanisms and literature to date of this door-to-door approach.
Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11904-009-0029-5Authors
Ishani GanguliIngrid V. BassettKrista L. DongRochelle P. Walensky, Massachusetts General Hospital Division of General Medicine 50 Staniford Street, 9th Floor Boston MA 02114 USA
Journal Current HIV/AIDS ReportsOnline ISSN 1548-3576Print ISSN 1548-3568
Journal Volume Volume 6
Journal Issue Volume 6, Number 4 / November, 2009
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 13, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Improving the self-report of HIV antiretroviral medication adherence: Is the glass half full or half empty?Email this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Self-reports are the most widely used method for measuring antiretroviral adherence. The association between self-reports
and viral loads has been repeatedly demonstrated, but this association does not address how well self-reports measure actual
medication-taking behaviors. Understanding adherence self-reports requires studying the science of memory and the reporting
of behaviors. In the first section of this review, we discuss research in cognitive psychology that pertains to adherence
self-reports, focusing primarily on studies that examine cognitive processes respondents use to answer survey que...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 13, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Pediatric adherence to HIV antiretroviral therapyEmail this article to a colleague.
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This article provides a conceptual framework and evidence-based look
at the factors influencing ART adherence in children and aims to identify areas for intervention for this vulnerable population
in need.
Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11904-009-0026-8Authors
Jessica Haberer, Harvard Initiative for Global Health Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Global Health 104 Mt. Auburn Street, 3rd floor Cambridge MA 02138 USAClaude Mellins
Journal Current HIV/AIDS ReportsOnline ISSN 1548-3576Print ISSN 1548-3568
Journal Volume Volume 6
Journal Issue Volume 6, Number 4 / November, 2009
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 13, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Food insecurity and HIV/AIDS: Current knowledge, gaps, and research prioritiesEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Food insecurity and HIV/AIDS are intertwined in a vicious cycle that heightens vulnerability to, and worsens the severity
of, each condition. We review current knowledge and research priorities regarding the impact of food insecurity on HIV transmission
risk and clinical outcomes. Observational studies suggest that food insecurity is associated with increased HIV transmission
risk behaviors and decreased access to HIV treatment and care. Among individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), food
insecurity is associated with decreased ART adherence, reduced baseline CD4 cell count, incomplete vi...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 13, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Behavioral aspects of male circumcision for the prevention of HIV infectionEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Male circumcision (MC) can prevent female-to-male HIV transmission and has the potential to significantly alter HIV epidemics.
The ultimate impact of MC on HIV prevention will be determined, in part, by behavioral factors. In order to fully realize
the protective benefits of MC, factors related to acceptability and sexual risk must be considered. Research shows that acceptability
of MC among uncircumcised men is high, and suggests that free and safe circumcision may be taken up in places with high HIV
prevalence. Perceptions of adverse effects of MC may, however, limit uptake. Furthermore, considera...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 13, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Providing antiretroviral care in conflict settingsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract There has been an historic expectation that delivering combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) to populations affected by
violent conflict is untenable due to population movement and separation of drug supplies. There is now emerging evidence that
cART provision can be successful in these populations. Using examples from Médecins Sans Frontières experience in a variety
of African settings and also local nongovernmental organizations’ experiences in northern Uganda, we examine novel approaches
that have ensured retention in programs and adequate adherence. Emerging guidelines from United Nation...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 13, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Modified directly observed therapy to improve HIV treatment outcomes: Little impact with potent, once-daily therapy in unselected antiretroviral-naïve patientsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11904-009-0031-yAuthors
David R. Bangsberg, Mbarara University of Science and Technology Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Global Health, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, and Harvard Medical School Cambridge USA
Journal Current HIV/AIDS ReportsOnline ISSN 1548-3576Print ISSN 1548-3568
Journal Volume Volume 6
Journal Issue Volume 6, Number 4 / November, 2009
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 13, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Interactive voice response technology to measure HIV-related behaviorEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Computerized telephone technology has garnered increasing interest as an assessment tool specifically for the collection of
daily, near-contemporaneous self-reports of HIV risk behaviors. In this review, we discuss advantages and recent applications
of interactive voice response technology (IVR) to HIV risk behavior research, including feasibility studies, assessment mode
comparisons between IVR and alternative self-reporting methods, and unique findings derived from event-level data analyses
illuminating risk factors for unprotected intercourse on within-person level. We also review reactivity effe...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 13, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Management of patients with the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromeEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract A significant proportion of patients present with the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) after commencing
antiretroviral therapy (ART). This syndrome is most frequently associated with infective causes. The lack of evidence-based
treatment guidelines poses challenges in the management of these patients. Alternative causes for deterioration should be
excluded, and optimization of treatment for the underlying opportunistic infection is essential. In addition, anti-inflammatory
or immunomodulatory therapy may be considered, particularly in severe cases. Corticosteroids, the only treatme...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - July 14, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
HIV-related neurocognitive impairment in the HAART eraEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Neurocognitive impairment is common in people living with HIV and AIDS. Prior to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART),
cognitive impairment primarily affected patients with advanced disease, and was a more rapidly progressive illness. With the
use of HAART, cognitive impairment improved, along with the overall health of HIV-positive patients. However, it is still
a prevalent problem, even in patients with desirable CD4+ count and undetectable plasma viral load. In this review, we address
the nature of HIV-related neurocognitive impairment in the HAART era, including its etiology, pathology, ...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - July 14, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Impact of metabolic complications on antiretroviral treatment adherence: Clinical and public health implicationsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is an effective strategy for preventing disease progression of HIV infection, particularly when
patients adhere closely to the treatment regimen. However, ART medications can cause side effects, including metabolic complications
that can impact patients’ adherence levels. Selected chronic complications associated with ART include lipodystrophy, hyperlipidemia,
insulin resistance and diabetes, peripheral neuropathy, and bone disorders such as osteopenia/osteoporosis. In this article,
we review the effects of these metabolic complications on ART adherence and approaches ...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - July 14, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Tuberculous meningitis in HIV-infected individualsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract HIV-infected individuals are at increased risk for all forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, including tuberculous meningitis.
This risk is increased at more advanced levels of immunosuppression. The time interval between onset of symptoms and presentation
to medical care may vary widely, and consequently individuals may present with acute or chronic meningitis. The clinical presentation
of tuberculous meningitis in HIV-infected individuals is more likely to include an altered level of consciousness, cranial
imaging is more likely to show cerebral infarctions, and the yield of culture of cerebrospin...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - July 14, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Hepatitis C virus treatment: The beginning of a new eraEmail this article to a colleague.
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Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11904-009-0023-yAuthors
Pablo Tebas, University of Pennsylvania Division of Infectious Diseases Philadelphia USA
Journal Current HIV/AIDS ReportsOnline ISSN 1548-3576Print ISSN 1548-3568
Journal Volume Volume 6
Journal Issue Volume 6, Number 3 / August, 2009
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - July 14, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Dermatologic manifestations of HPV in HIV-infected individualsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Dermatologic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in HIV patients manifests as both anogenital and nongenital skin disease.
Anogenital HPV-related disease includes benign condyloma acuminata, the most common cutaneous manifestation of genital HPV
infection; intermediate malignancy or premalignant conditions including giant condyloma acuminata (also called Buschke-Loewenstein
tumor), anal intraepithelial neoplasia, penile intraepithelial neoplasia, and vaginal or vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia;
and frankly malignant disease including Bowen’s disease and invasive anal, penile, or vulvar carcinoma....
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - July 14, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Internal medicine/primary care reminder: What are the standards of care for HIV-positive patients aged 50 years and older?Email this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The demographics of HIV-positive persons in the United States signal a steady shift toward an older population. The relationship
between aging and HIV infection suggests that there is an additive and possibly synergistic effect increasing the risk for
numerous common medical conditions, including heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, frailty, depression, and dementia. Given
the current crisis in the US health care system regarding universal access to quality primary and geriatric care, the aging
of the HIV-positive population will pose numerous challenges to providers and policy makers. This review s...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - July 14, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Newer antiretroviral agents and how to use themEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Several relatively new antiretroviral drugs have been approved or are under investigation. These include nucleoside and nonnucleoside
reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease and integrase strand transfer inhibitors, CCR5 antagonists, and an entirely new
class of maturation inhibitors. Although most of these drugs were developed for patients with drug-resistant HIV-1, some have
demonstrated a potential role for those starting treatment for the first time. This review incorporates data from the most
recent treatment guidelines, peer-reviewed publications, and recent presentations at research meetin...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Screening HIV-infected patients for non-AIDS-defining malignanciesEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The use of antiretroviral therapy has reduced mortality and shifted the spectrum of malignancies affecting people living with
HIV/AIDS (PLWH). We review guidelines and evidence for screening PLWH for non-AIDS-defining malignancies as compared with
the general population. Cervical cancer screening clearly differs for HIV-seropositive women, with two Pap tests 6 months
apart in the first year and then annually if normal. The role of cervical human papillomavirus screening has not yet been
defined in HIV-seropositive women. Anal cancer screening consists of an annual digital rectal examination, and som...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Adolescents and HIV: Prevention and clinical careEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The incidence of HIV infection has increased to alarming proportions among minority youth, in particular among young men who
have sex with men and among teenage girls. The unique socioeconomic, behavioral, and emotional vulnerability of adolescents
for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, requires early identification of HIV infection for linkage to care. Differences
in the clinical and psychosocial presentations of youth with perinatally versus behavioral acquired HIV infection are important
and influence the acceptance of illness, self-efficacy, and antiretroviral treatment adherence. The...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in the hospitalized patient with an acute AIDS-related opportunistic infection and other conditions: No time to loseEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Treatment guidelines have recently become more definitive regarding the optimal timing for initiation of combination antiretroviral
therapy (ART) in the setting of an acute AIDS-related opportunistic infection (OI). These recent changes reflect new data
from a prospective, randomized study and several retrospective studies, all of which support earlier initiation of ART during
an OI. These studies focus on OIs for which effective antimicrobial therapy exists. For AIDS-related conditions that lack
effective antimicrobial therapy, there are few studies to help inform the optimal timing to initiate ART...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Management of common psychiatric conditions in the HIV-positive populationEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Presentation and management of psychiatric illness in HIV-infected patients can pose a challenge for clinicians. Psychiatric
illness can exist premorbidly or result from the progression and treatment of HIV infection, influencing the course of the
illness both through behavior and putative biological factors. Mood disorders, anxiety, psychosis, delirium, dementia, and
substance abuse disorders all factor heavily into the care of HIV-infected patients. Management, however, continues to draw
on small and skewed datasets, and remains largely an extrapolation from seronegative patient experience. The fo...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Antiretroviral medications during pregnancy for therapy or prophylaxisEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The use of combination antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy has enabled us to decrease perinatal HIV transmission to less
than 1%, in areas with adequate resources. Questions remain regarding the safety of these medications for the mother, fetus,
and child. Recent publications present conflicting data about associations between antiretrovirals and prematurity and other
adverse pregnancy outcomes, and if highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is necessary for all pregnant women. The pharmacokinetics
of some antiretroviral medications are altered significantly during pregnancy; placental tran...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Optimal timing of routine vaccination in HIV-infected personsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Vaccine recommendations for those with HIV require continual updating as additional research becomes available. Timing of
vaccinations among HIV-infected individuals is a key area of uncertainty. This is particularly true for those who may soon
initiate highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) because immune reconstitution due to HAART often improves responses
to vaccines. However, risks of delaying vaccination include that the patient may be exposed to the pathogen or lost to follow-up
before vaccination. We review recent studies on the timing of routine vaccination of HIV-infected individuals....
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Antiretroviral treatment interruptions and risk of non-opportunistic diseasesEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Structured treatment interruptions have been studied as a strategy to reduce antiretroviral toxicities and expenditures in
the treatment of HIV-infected individuals. Paradoxically, in addition to the increased incidence of death and opportunistic
infections, these interruptions in therapy have resulted in the development of a number of non-opportunistic diseases, including
cardiovascular events, renal insufficiency, hepatic failure, and non-AIDS-defining malignancies. Hypotheses regarding these
findings suggest that the augmented stimulation of the host response to unabated viral replication may con...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
New goals for viral suppression in HIV treatment in even the most experienced of patientsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11904-009-0008-xAuthors
Stephanie A. SterlingJudith A. Aberg
Journal Current HIV/AIDS ReportsOnline ISSN 1548-3576Print ISSN 1548-3568
Journal Volume Volume 6
Journal Issue Volume 6, Number 2 / May, 2009
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - April 21, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Role of collagen deposition in lymphatic tissues and immune reconstruction during HIV-1 and SIV infectionsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The hallmark of HIV-1/simian immunodeficiency virus infections is the progressive depletion of CD4+ T cells that ultimately renders the host incapable of defending against AIDS-defining opportunistic infections and malignancies.
Although many potential mechanisms have been proposed to explain CD4+ T-cell loss, this review focuses on the growing evidence that collagen deposition and consequent fibrotic damage to the lymphatic
tissue T-cell compartment contributes to CD4+ T-cell decline and limits CD4+ T-cell repopulation, even with highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Content Type Journal ArticleDO...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - January 17, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Novel humanized murine models for HIV researchEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract There are few models in which HIV pathogenesis, particularly gut-associated lymphoid tissue CD4+ T-cell depletion, can be
studied and in which potential clinical interventions against HIV disease can be evaluated. HIV cannot be studied in normal
mice due to the limited species tropism of the virus. Through the pioneering efforts of many investigators, humanized mice
are now routinely used to rapidly advance HIV research. It is important to recognize that not all humanized murine models
are equal, and their strengths and weaknesses must be taken into consideration to obtain information that is most r...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - January 17, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
HIV infection of the genital mucosa in womenEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The vast majority of new HIV infections are acquired via the genital and rectal mucosa. Here, we provide an overview of our
current knowledge of how HIV establishes local infection, with an emphasis on viral invasion through the female genital tract.
Studies using human explant tissues and in vivo animal studies have improved our understanding of the cellular and molecular
pathways of infection; this information could be harnessed to design effective HIV vaccines and microbicides.
Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11904-009-0004-1Authors
Florian Hladik, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Cen...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - January 17, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Head-to-head comparison of two first-line regimens and an nrti-sparing regimen for initial therapy of HIV-1 infection: What should we start?Email this article to a colleague.
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Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Clinical Trials ReportDOI 10.1007/s11904-009-0001-4Authors
David L. Pitrak
Journal Current HIV/AIDS ReportsOnline ISSN 1548-3576Print ISSN 1548-3568
Journal Volume Volume 6
Journal Issue Volume 6, Number 1 / February, 2009
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - January 17, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Accessories to the crime: Recent advances in HIV accessory protein biologyEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Recent advances in understanding the roles of the lentiviral accessory proteins have provided fascinating insight into the
molecular biology of the virus and uncovered previously unappreciated innate immune mechanisms by which the host defends itself.
HIV-1 and other lentiviruses have developed accessory proteins that counterattack the antiviral defenses in a sort of evolutionary
battle. The virus is remarkably adept at co-opting cellular degradative pathways to destroy the protective proteins. This
review focuses on recent advances in understanding three of the accessory proteins—virion infectivi...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - January 17, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Pharmacologic aspects of new antiretroviral drugsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The biggest challenge facing highly antiretroviral-experienced patients and their caregivers is the diminishing number of
therapeutic options available that sustain activity despite increasing numbers of drug-resistance mutations. New options in
antiretroviral treatment have been introduced: two new members of traditional antiretroviral classes (darunavir and etravirine)
and two drugs with novel mechanisms of action (raltegravir and maraviroc). Each was approved for use in treatment-experienced
patients. A fifth drug—containing efavirenz, tenofovir, and emtricitabine (Atripla; Bristol-Myers Squibb...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - January 17, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Coinfecting viruses as determinants of HIV diseaseEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract The human body constitutes a balanced ecosystem of its own cells together with various microbes (“host-microbe ecosystem”).
The transmission of HIV-1 and the progression of HIV disease in such an ecosystem are accompanied by de novo infection by
other microbes or by activation of microbes that were present in the host in homeostatic equilibrium before HIV-1 infection.
In recent years, data have accumulated on the interactions of these coinfecting microbes—viruses in particular—with HIV. Coinfecting
viruses generate negative and positive signals that suppress or upregulate HIV-1. We suggest t...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - January 17, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
The Information-Motivation-Behavioral Skills model of antiretroviral adherence and its applicationsEmail this article to a colleague.
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This article reviews
the core hypotheses of the IMB model of HAART adherence and describes available correlational and experimental evaluations
of the model, outcomes of adherence intervention trials that applied the model, and IMB model-based interventions that are
currently under evaluation. It then explores one potential promising application of the model that uses a protocol originally
developed and demonstrated as a structured patient-centered, provider-delivered risk reduction intervention to deliver information,
motivation, and behavioral skills-based adherence-promotion strategies. This protocol could be incor...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - November 25, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Attrition and related trends in scientific rigor: A score card for ART adherence intervention research and recommendations for future directionsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Scientific rigor in intervention trials is frequently used in systems that identify effective interventions for dissemination.
In these systems, and in work that synthesizes bodies of research, percent attrition is often considered a fatal threat to
validity. However, differential attrition, versus percent total, is of primary concern. Key methodologic, design, and analytic
issues pertaining to scientific rigor in longitudinal designs were identified, and the current literature on antiretroviral
therapy adherence interventions (k = 51) was evaluated in relation to these. Although results suggest tha...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - November 25, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Web AlertEmail this article to a colleague.
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Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11904-008-0024-2
Journal Current HIV/AIDS ReportsOnline ISSN 1548-3576Print ISSN 1548-3568
Journal Volume Volume 5
Journal Issue Volume 5, Number 4 / November, 2008
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - November 25, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
HIV and depression: 2008 review and updateEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Since the earliest days of the AIDS epidemic, clinicians have been concerned about the prevalence of depression among their
patients. Epidemiologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, sociologists, and a broad array of other specialists have studied
this topic, trying to determine the prevalence of depressive disorders and depressive symptoms as well as antecedents, correlates,
and consequences. This review addresses the methodologic difficulties in determining depression prevalence, major findings
regarding rates of disorder and correlates among different segments of the HIV community, effects of depr...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - November 25, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Adherence to biomedical HIV prevention methods: Considerations drawn from HIV treatment adherence researchEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Biomedical approaches to HIV prevention (eg, microbicides, antiretroviral preexposure prophylaxis) are undergoing clinical
trials to test their efficacy. One key consideration emerging from completed trials is the critical role of adherence to the
investigational product. Suboptimal product adherence may compromise clinical trial results and ultimately undermine the effectiveness
of biomedical prevention methods in any future real-world use. Efforts to strengthen biomedical HIV prevention product adherence
can benefit from existing research methodologies, findings, and interventions developed for ad...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - November 25, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Emerging issues in the neuropsychology of HIV infectionEmail this article to a colleague.
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This article provides an overview of our current knowledge of HIV-associated neuropsychological
abnormalities, with an emphasis on the most recent attempts to classify cognitive impairment within Western and developing
societies, the emergence of diverse cognitive presentations in the post-HAART era, factors that moderate the development or
impact of HIV-related neurocognitive and functional deficits, and the neurophysiologic consequences of infection.
Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11904-008-0029-xAuthors
Jessica FoleyMark EttenhoferMatthew WrightCharles H. Hinkin, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - November 25, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Variations in sexual risks in drug users: Emerging themes in a behavioral contextEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Drug users are an especially complex population among those studied in HIV risk behavior research. Although injection drug
use accounts for over one third of the cumulative HIV transmission in the United States, the scope of the direct and indirect
impacts of all drug use is difficult to quantify, especially in relation to attributing HIV to drug use directly, via parenteral
exposures, or indirectly, through unsafe sex. Important behavioral issues such as social and drug network overlaps, partner
selection, and the combinations of illicit drugs with erectile dysfunction medications have added comple...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - November 25, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Evaluation and treatment of the patient coinfected with hepatitis B and HIVEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common coinfection in HIV-infected patients, and significant liver disease and mortality occur
as the result of this disease combination. Potent anti-HBV therapy is available and can be used to improve outcomes by suppressing
HBV DNA. Many HBV agents have dual activity with HIV and may be used to treat both diseases. However, care must be taken when
using HBV nucleos(t)ides that have not been fully studied in the HIV-infected population because the emergence of strains
resistant to HIV treatment has been reported. Careful monitoring of response to treatment is needed whe...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 16, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Web alertEmail this article to a colleague.
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Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11904-008-0016-2
Journal Current HIV/AIDS ReportsOnline ISSN 1548-3576Print ISSN 1548-3568
Journal Volume Volume 5
Journal Issue Volume 5, Number 3 / August, 2008
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 16, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Update on PML: Lessons from the HIV uninfected and new insights in pathogenesis and treatmentEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Significant advances in our understanding of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and its causative agent, JC
virus, have been made since PML was first described 50 years ago. However, immune reconstitution remains the only proven,
effective therapy in this devastating central nervous system disorder. Early diagnosis and adjustments of immune suppressants
and modulator agents are critical in managing PML in HIV-negative patients. This review summarizes recent advances in our
understanding of PML in HIV-uninfected patients in oncology, rheumatology, organ transplantation, and idiopathic i...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 16, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Non-AIDS-defining malignancies among HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy eraEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract In the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, the incidence of AIDS-defining malignancies (ADMs) has declined significantly.
On the other hand, the incidence of other malignancies not known to be associated with immunosuppression (non-ADMs) has not
changed and remains significantly higher than in the general population. Some recent controlled studies even suggest that
the incidence of selected non-ADMs has increased in the HAART era. These trends warrant a high index of suspicion for malignancies
among HIV care providers and a renewed focus on understanding the mechanisms underlying the i...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 16, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Managing tuberculosis and HIV in sub-Sahara AfricaEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) and HIV represent a deadly duo in sub-Sahara Africa, a region most affected by both diseases. The HIV epidemic
has aggravated already strained and frequently poorly performing TB control programs. These programs face numerous challenges,
and novel, regionally appropriate solutions need to be developed. In the context of TB, some challenges include the rapid
diagnosis of active TB in the face of paucibacillary lung disease and atypical presentations with HIV/AIDS, lack of clinical
expertise, poor contact tracing, limited laboratory facilities, delayed recognition of drug-resistant T...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 16, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Ocular complications of HIV infection in sub-Sahara AfricaEmail this article to a colleague.
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This article reviews the magnitude and spectrum of ocular complications of HIV infection in sub-Sahara Africa. A literature
search was done using PubMed, Google, and UpToDate and by talking to ophthalmologists and HIV experts working in the region.
Ocular complications of HIV infection, mostly retinal, are seen in 29% to 71% of patients. Cytomegalovirus retinitis affects
0% to 16.5% of HIV-infected patients and is treated successfully with intravitreal ganciclovir in South Africa and Botswana.
Ocular surface squamous neoplasia is seen in 4% to 7.8% of persons with HIV (a 5%–6% increase in Uganda and Tanzania), and
r...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 16, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Oral HPV complications in HIV-infected patientsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and disease, including that of the oral cavity, has not dramatically declined since the
introduction of potent combination therapy to control HIV. Two manifestations of HPV in the oral cavity that may be on the
rise are HPV-32-associated oral warts and HPV-16-associated oral cancers. A current research focus is the natural history
of HPV infections in the oral cavity. A better understanding of the natural history of oral HPV infections could lead to improved
diagnosis and treatment for oral HPV complications in HIV-positive patients.
Content Type Journal Artic...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 16, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
The aging of the HIV epidemicEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Since the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy, life expectancies for persons with HIV infection are similar to
those for unifected people. A growing proportion of HIV-infected individuals are now over the age of 50. We are also seeing
an increase in the incidence of HIV infection in older adults. To meet the challenges of the ongoing HIV epidemic, prevention
efforts should include a focus on older adults. Also, HIV care providers must address the many comorbidities that are common
in the aging population. Additional research will clarify how the processes of aging and HIV infection overla...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - October 16, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Effects of antiretroviral therapy on cognitive impairmentEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Since the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy, the manifestations of HIV-associated central nervous system
(CNS) involvement have generally become less severe and more manageable. Patients initiating antiretroviral therapy have demonstrated
improvement in cognitive functioning. Reduction of viral burden has been correlated with improved CNS functioning. Recent
studies have focused on the importance of CNS-penetrating antiretroviral regimens to target active replication in this protected
compartment. There were initial conflicting reports of whether CNS-penetrating antiretrovirals impr...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - May 16, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Web alertEmail this article to a colleague.
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Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11904-008-0009-1
Journal Current HIV/AIDS ReportsOnline ISSN 1548-3576Print ISSN 1548-3568
Journal Volume Volume 5
Journal Issue Volume 5, Number 2 / May, 2008
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - May 16, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Management of hepatitis B virus co-infection on and off antiretroviral therapyEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is recognized in 5% to 10% of persons with HIV. Co-infected individuals show an
accelerated course of HBV-associated liver disease with faster progression to cirrhosis. The number of anti-HBV drugs has
increased in the past few years, and some agents (eg, lamivudine, emtricitabine, tenofovir) also exert activity against HIV-1.
Emergence of drug resistance challenges the long-term benefit of anti-HBV monotherapy. Data derived from studies using new
more potent anti-HBV drugs are very promising, and strategies to use these antiretrovirals sequentially or in co...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - May 16, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
Human papillomavirus and anal neoplasiaEmail this article to a colleague.
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Abstract Anal cancer is a rare disease in the general population, but the incidence of anal cancer is higher in certain at-risk groups,
such as men who have sex with men (MSM), and immunosuppressed individuals, including those with HIV infection. Among HIV-positive
MSM, the incidence of anal cancer may be as high as 10 times greater than current rates of cervical cancer in the general
population of women. Anal cancer is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and may be preceded by high-grade
anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN). HGAIN and anal HPV infection are both highly prevalent in groups...
Source: Current HIV/AIDS Reports - May 16, 2008 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Current HIV/AIDS Reports Source Type: journals
