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What Impact might the Economic Crisis have on HIV Epidemics in Southeast Asia?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The GEC is likely to have a modest impact on HIV epidemics. However, there are plausible conditions under which the economic downturns can noticeably influence epidemic trends. This study highlights the high importance of maintaining funding for HIV programs. PMID: 19863480 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research)
Source: Current HIV Research - September 19, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Gray RT, Heymer KJ, Hoare A, Kwon JA, Thein HH, Lote N, Siba P, Saramony S, Saphonn V, Worth H, Kaldor JM, Wilson DP Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

In Vivo Study on Vertical Transmission of the HIV-1 gag Gene via Mouse Oocytes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study was performed to explore the feasibility of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gag gene via oocyte. The recombinant plasmid (pIRES2-EGFP-gag) was injected into mouse ovaries to transfect germ cells. Induction of superovulation and then animal mating were performed to collect oocytes and two-cell embryos. Positive FISH signals for HIV-1 gag DNA were detected in the nuclei of oocytes and embryos, and in chromosomes of mature oocytes, indicated integration of the gene into the oocyte genome and gene replication in the embryo. HIV-1 gag cDNA positive bands detected by RT-PCR in oocytes a...
Source: Current HIV Research - August 31, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Gao YS, Huang TH, Wang D, Xie QD, Kang XJ Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

In vivo Study on Vertical Transmission of the HIV-1 Gag Gene via Mouse Oocytes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study was performed to explore the feasibility of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gag gene via oocyte. The recombinant plasmid (pIRES2-EGFP-gag) was injected into mouse ovaries to transfect germ cells. Induction of superovulation and then animal mating were performed to collected oocytes and two-cell embryos. Positive FISH signals for HIV-1 gag DNA were detected in the nuclei of oocytes and embryos, and in chromosomes of mature oocytes, indicated integration of the gene into the oocyte genome and gene replication in the embryo. HIV-1 gag cDNA positive bands detected by RT-PCR in oocytes...
Source: Current HIV Research - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Gao YS, Huang TH, Wang D, Xie QD, Kang XJ Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

PPARgamma Pro12Ala Polymorphism in HIV-1-infected Patients with HAART-related Lipodystrophy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: PPARgamma Pro12Ala SNP has no effect on the risk of developing lipodystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients treated with HAART. PPARgamma mRNA SAT expression appears decreased in lipodystrophy. PMID: 19534662 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research)
Source: Current HIV Research - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Saumoy M, Veloso S, Alonso-Villaverde C, Domingo P, Chacón MR, Miranda M, Aragonès G, Gutiérrez MM, Viladés C, Peraire J, Sirvent JJ, López-Dupla M, Aguilar C, Richart C, Vidal F, Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Cerebrovascular Diseases in HIV-infected Patients.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) has early been recognized in HIV-infected patients, including infectious arteritis, inflammatory vasculitis, aneurismal and small-vessel arteriopathy, to which adds now the premature atherosclerotic cerebral arteriopathy associated with the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-induced metabolic disorders. As a result of the increased life-expectancy associated with HAART, HIV patients grow older and are exposed to the combined vascular risk of antiviral-induced metabolic changes and advancing age. Several studies have documented subclinical cervical artery atherosclerosis, as asses...
Source: Current HIV Research - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Monsuez JJ, Goujon C, Wyplosz B, Couzigou C, Escaut L, Vittecoq D Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Progenitor Cell Types in HIV-1 Infection; Bioactivity and Emerging Targets for Treatment.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
HIV-1 exerts its most profound effects through destruction of the host's immune responses specifically through targeting of the T-lymphocyte populations. In addition to its primary immune target, HIV-1 also targets cells of the nervous, skeletal and vascular system. There is emerging evidence to suggest that HIV-1 may, in part at least, affect these diverse tissues by impairing the homeostatic production of terminally differentiated cells from stem and progenitor cell populations. The interaction between HIV-1 and stem cell populations may serve to underpin the diverse non-immunological effects of HIV-1 . This review d...
Source: Current HIV Research - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Cotter EJ, Doran PP, Powderly WG Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Natural Killer Cell Receptors in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Pathways to Protection or Doors to Disappointment?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the absence of effective treatment, infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ultimately leads to the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Many attempts have been made to prevent and attenuate HIV infection. While antiretroviral therapies for infected individuals have had great success, preventative and therapeutic vaccines focused on both humoral and cellular-mediated immunity have failed. Recently, several natural killer cell receptor (NKR) genotypes, in concert with certain class I human histompatibility-linked antigens (HLA) were found to be associated with protection from HIV infection and/or...
Source: Current HIV Research - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Parsons MS, Grant M Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Lipid Changes Associated with Antiretroviral Therapy: Results Differ by Reporting Approach.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Lipid reporting approaches vary considerably among published ART trials. Implementing a standard approach to reporting lipids including use of NCEP Guidelines and the Framingham risk-prediction model may provide more useful data for clinicians. PMID: 19534666 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research)
Source: Current HIV Research - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Lakey W, Hicks C Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

A Survey on the Usage of Supplements in Canadian Patients living with HIV.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Supplements are frequently used by people living with HIV without consulting their doctors. Current research has not shown a clear benefit from micronutrient supplementation and with the possible potential drug interactions, people living with HIV will need nutrition education regarding supplement usage and should report their use to their physicians. PMID: 19534667 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research)
Source: Current HIV Research - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Aghdassi E, Bondar H, Salit IE, Tinmouth J, Allard JP Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

B-mode Ultrasound Study of Carotid Plaques in HIV-positive Patients to Detect the Presence of Inflammatory Endothelial Lesions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Several reports have indicated that patients with low CD4+ cell count could be at a higher risk for arterial lesions or cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recently, current use of abacavir has been associated with an excess risk of CVD. High sensitivity-C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels were high for patients receiving the drug. These data lead to the hypothesis that alternative mechanisms may be at work other that those linked to lipid changes and "classic" risk factors for atheroma. Consequently, we investigated the ultrasound characteristics of carotid plaques in HIV-positive patients comparing the results with...
Source: Current HIV Research - June 27, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Maggi P, Perilli F, Lillo A, Volpe A, Pastore G, Regina G Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Failure of ditiocarb (diethyldithiocarbamate) therapy: was diet the reason?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19442119 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Current HIV Research)
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Cvek B Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

The role of HIV-1 DNA as an additional marker of HIV-1 infection.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
After the infusion of HIV-1 virus into a host cell, RNA is reverse transcribed to dsDNA, which persists intracellular to the infected cell in a variety of forms. Numerous in-house assays have been developed for the quantification of the different cellular HIV-1 DNA forms; these implement conventional or real-time PCR methodology. In this review we discuss recent findings about the longitudinal monitoring of cell-associated HIV-1 DNA in naïve and pre-treated patients, as a marker for clinical progression, treatment initiation and long-term success of HAART. These findings underline the importance of monitoring HIV-...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Beloukas A, Paraskevis D, Psichogiou M, Hatzakis A Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

The inhibitory co-receptors: a way to save from anergy the HIV-specific T cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The functional impairment of HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells during chronic HIV infection is thought to be closely linked to viral replication and to T cell exhaustion. T cell exhaustion in the presence of ongoing antigen exposure is a common feature of chronic viral infection, in which dysfunctional T cells fail to eliminate the virus. Otherwise, antiviral T cell function impairment is a poorly understood mechanism. Increasing evidences show that HIV-specific T lymphocytes up-regulated inducible co-receptors, such as the Cytoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4, (CTLA-4, or CD152) and Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and that blockade of ...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Simone R, Piatti G, Saverino D Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Emerging of HIV drug resistance: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS patients are used globally including in resource-limited settings. Successful outcomes are not always observed and HIV resistance to antiretroviral agents is a major cause of treatment failure. Both primary and secondary drug resistance have been described and reported worldwide. Primary resistance, which presumably means that individuals are infected with drug-resistant virus and secondary resistance typically, means a result of treatment failure. Pathogenesis of resistance of each antiretroviral drugs class differs and depends on the mechanism of action of the drugs. Three main lab...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Kiertiburanakul S, Sungkanuparph S Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Role of microbicides in the prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases - a review.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article is presented here as an overview of the various HIV transmission and prevention methods, microbicide development pipeline and other important aspects concerned with it. PMID: 19442123 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Current HIV Research)
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Ramachandran R, Shanmughavel P Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

The prognosis of pediatric AIDS in serbia.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To determine the outcome of HIV infection in children in a resource-limited setting, a retrospective analysis of a series of 51 pediatric cases from the Serbian cohort of HIV infected patients was performed. Twenty seven patients died in the pre-HAART era, but mono/dual antiretroviral treatment had significantly (p=0.046) prolonged survival. Of the total of 24 HAART-treated patients, 10 had clinical AIDS before HAART initiation. The mean baseline CD4 cell count was 193.9 +/- 170.0/mm(3). After a mean follow-up of 72.6 +/- 44 months, a favorable response was recorded in 62.5%, treatment failure (defined as non-achieveme...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Jevtović D, Salemović D, Ranin J, Brmbolić B, Djurković-Djaković O Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Nelfinavir+M8 plasma levels determined with an ELISA test in HIV infected patients with or without HCV and/or HBV coinfection: the VIRAKINETICS II study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Virakinetics II was designed as an observational, multicenter cohort study conducted in HIV-positive patients treated with NFV-based combinations. Trough (pre-dose) concentrations of NFV+M8 in plasma were determined using a novel ELISA test (NFV TDM-ELISA) and analyzed using clinical and laboratory parameters. Drug levels were sorted as below, within or above a given interval (<0.8 microg/mL, 0.8-3.5 microg/mL and >3.5 microg/mL, respectively). Longitudinal analysis was performed in a subset of patients who underwent two or more determinations. Ninety patients on NFV-containing HAART were enrolled and 43 were coi...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Uglietti A, Ravasi G, Meroni V, Narciso P, Ladisa N, Martini S, Perini P, Testa L, Masala A, Malicarne L, Occhino C, Donadel E, Genco F, Chichino G, Maserati R Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

HIV-1 plasma variants encoding truncated reverse transcriptase (RT) in a patient with high RT-specific CD8+ memory T-cell response.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
During replication, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase lacks proof reading activity and is error prone. In addition APOBEC-driven hypermutation of HIV-1 Gag and Pol genes may generate replication-deficient viral variants with in-frame stop codons. Virus variants with several stop codons in the RT gene were identified in a subject with residual HIV-1 replication during antiretroviral treatment. A role for the T-cell response in the selection of replication-deficient variants was hypothesized. Clonal analysis of HIV-1 DNA and RNA sequences from three sequential blood samples was performed. Moreover, the HIV-1-specific memory CD...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Paolucci S, Foli A, Gulminetti R, Calarota SA, Maserati R, Baldanti F, Gerna G Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Reversal of major genotypic tipranavir mutations under long-term treatment with tipranavir/ritonavir itself with very limited optimized background, during deep salvage antiretroviral therapy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A reversal of key HIV protease mutations against tipranavir has been observed in a patient undergoing a late salvage antiretroviral therapy. Our patient initially introduced tipranavir/ritonavir in absence of an optimized background and novel drug classes, and nevertheless he experienced a virological-immunological benefit. Our report is a contribution to the present debate around the role of each single HIV protease mutation, and the validation of mutational "scores" (like the so-called tipranavir weighted score), to be applied to last-generation protease inhibitor compounds initially targeted on patients with limited...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Sabbatani S, Manfredi R, Fulgaro C, Bon I Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Risk of vertical HIV transmission combines the 'B35-Cw4 disadvantage' and the 'pattern of inheritance' theories of progression.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy provides a unique system for studying the correlation between HLA phenotype and susceptibility to HIV infection. We studied this relationship in a Spanish cohort. We determined frequencies of HLA class I and II alleles in 120 infants born to HIV-infected mothers and 67 HIV-infected mothers. Although there was no statistical difference in the frequency of HLA-B35 between transmitting and non-transmitting mothers, the allele was more frequent in infected children than in uninfected children. HLA-B35 has been consistently reported as a risk factor in the progression to AIDS. I...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Arnaiz-Villena A, Martín-Villa JM, Amador JT, Cendoya-Matamoros A, Tomé MI, Rivera JM, Martinez-Quiles N Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Quadruple nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors-only regimen of tenofovir plus zidovudine/lamivudine/abacavir in heavily pre-treated HIV-1 infected patients: salvage therapy or backbone only?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: Patients heavily pre-treated with nucleoside analogues may show response to mono-class tenofovir+ zidovudine/lamivudine/abacavir therapy despite having a history of failure with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Lower baseline viral load, higher baseline CD4 count were significant predictors for response. Archived 41L+210W+215Y/F mutational pattern was significantly associated with non-response. PMID: 19442129 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Current HIV Research)
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Stephan C, Dauer B, Khaykin P, Stuermer M, Gute P, Klauke S, Staszewski S Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Characterization of HIV-1 enzyme reverse transcriptase inhibition by the compound 6-chloro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl) quinoline-3-carboxylic acid through kinetic and in silico studies.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We recently described that the chloroxoquinolinic ribonucleoside 6-chloro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl) quinoline-3-carboxylic acid (compound A) inhibits the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT), and its replication in primary cells. Based on these findings, we performed kinetic studies to investigate the mode of inhibition of compound A and its aglycan analog (compound B). We found that both molecules inhibited RT activity independently of the template/primer used. Nevertheless, compound A was 10-fold more potent than compound B. Compound A inhibited the RNA-depend...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Souza TM, Rodrigues DQ, Ferreira VF, Marques IP, da Costa Santos F, Cunha AC, de Souza MC, de Palmer Paixão Frugulhetti IC, Bou-Habib DC, Fontes CF Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Increased red cell corpuscular volume and hepatic mitochondrial function in NRTI-treated HIV infected patients.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
An increase of the mean corpuscular volume of the red blood cells has been repeatedly described in antiretroviral treated patients. Most commonly macrocytosis was associated with the use of certain nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The aim of this study was to analyse if macrocytosis might be a marker of mitochondrial toxicity in antiretrovirally treated HIV-infected patients. Using the (13)C-methionine breath test we analysed the hepatic mitochondrial function in vivo in antiretrovirally treated HIV-infected patients with macrocytosis. MCV was significantly negatively correlated to the breath test results. ...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Sternfeld T, Lorenz A, Schmid M, Schlamp A, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B, Bogner JR Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Long-term CD4 cell count recovery among Thai naive HIV-infected patients initiating HAART at low CD4 cell count.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CD4 T cell recovery after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been reported mostly from developed countries. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among naïve HIV-infected patients initiating HAART between July 1, 2001 and December 31, 2004 at Chiang Mai University, Thailand. We evaluated the CD4 cell count recovery over 4 years among patients initiated HAART at low (CD4 count 51-200 cells/mm(3)) and very low (CD4 count < or = 50 cells/mm(3)) CD4 counts. Of 287 patients, 153 and 134 had low and very low baseline CD4 count, respectively. There were 126 men (43.9%), and the mean age was 34.2 +/-...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Chaiwarith R, Salee P, Kotarathitithum W, Sirisanthana T, Supparatpinyo K Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

HIV and HCV progression in parenterally coinfected children.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Shared transmission routes of HCV and HIV mean parenteral HIV/HCV coinfection still occurs, often in resource-limited settings. The extent to which coinfection and treatment impact on morbidity and mortality in HIV/HCV coinfected children remains unknown thus optimal management and treatment is difficult to achieve. Using data from a unique, large, prospective cohort of parenterally HIV/HCV coinfected children in Libya we determine the immunological, virological and clinical profiles of HIV/HCV coinfected children documenting the natural and treated history of parenterally acquired coinfection for the first time in suc...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 30, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: England K, Thorne C, Castelli-Gattinara G, Vigano A, El Mehabresh MI, Newell ML Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Vpr-induced DNA double-strand breaks: molecular mechanism and biological relevance.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We focus on the role of Vpr in inducing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the host cell. Based on the summarized findings of Vpr-induced DSBs and the finding of Vpr in the plasma of HIV-1-positive patients, we discuss the roles of Vpr in viral infection, especially viral infection of resting macrophages. We also describe the possible involvement of Vpr in non-AIDS-defining cancers, which represent an emerging crisis in HIV-1-positive patients. PMID: 19275579 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research)
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Nakai-Murakami C, Minemoto Y, Ishizaka Y Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

HIV-1 Vpr: a closer look at the multifunctional protein from the structural perspective.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Vpr protein plays multiple roles in HIV-1 replication. In early infection, Vpr provides help in the nuclear localization of pre-integration complex. Subsequently, Vpr induces cell cycle arrest of infected cells at G2/M phase. Cell cycle arrest facilitates higher rate of viral gene transcription. Vpr is also capable of activating transcription of viral and heterologous genes. Vpr induces apoptosis in infected cells leading to loss of immune cells and onset of clinical AIDS. Interestingly, Vpr is also considered as a passenger protein in the virus particles as it is incorporated...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Pandey RC, Datta D, Mukerjee R, Srinivasan A, Mahalingam S, Sawaya BE Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Murine models of Vpr-mediated pathogenesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
HIV viral protein r (Vpr) exerts a variety of cellular effects, including modulation of transcription and cytokine production, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest. Vpr induces these affects by mechanisms that include inhibition of NF-kappaB activation, inducing mitochondrial injury, and promoting proteasomal degradation of cellular factor(s) leading to cell cycle arrest. Murine models have provided invaluable contributions to our understanding of HIV pathogenesis, however many of the HIV-1 proteins, including Vpr, differ in their cellular effects depending upon cell type and species-specific factors. Since the majority of...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Snyder A, Ross MJ Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Role of Vpr in HIV-1 nuclear import: therapeutic implications.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in non-dividing cells, such as terminally differentiated macrophages, critically depends on the import of the viral pre-integration complex (PIC) into the nucleus. Vpr, one of the accessory gene products of HIV-1, plays a key regulatory role in PIC nuclear import in macrophages, although its role in the PIC entry mechanism remains to be clarified. Here, we summarize what is currently known about the nuclear-entry step of HIV-1 replication, mainly focusing on how Vpr functions as the main regulator of HIV-1 nuclear import and how it could facilitate the deve...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Aida Y, Matsuda G Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Analysis of the potential for HIV-1 Vpr as an anti-cancer agent.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this report, we summarize the evidence supporting this hypothesis. PMID: 19275583 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research)
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Muthumani K, Lambert VM, Sardesai NY, Kim JJ, Heller R, Weiner DB, Ugen KE Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

HIV-1 Vpr: regulator of viral survival.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The HIV-1 Vpr protein is a viral accessory protein that plays a number of important roles during HIV infection. The activities of Vpr are numerous and include the induction of apoptosis, the modulation of cell cycle arrest, as well as control of viral transcription. Study of HIV clones lacking Vpr in vitro and analysis of HIV variants isolated from long-term nonprogressors in vivo highlight the importance of Vpr for viral replication as well as immune suppression and cell death. Vpr may therefore be considered among the most important accessory proteins encoded by HIV. PMID: 19275584 [PubMed - in process] (Source: ...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Thieu KP, Morrow MP, Shedlock DJ, Schoenly KA, Mallilankaraman K, Choo AY, Fagone P, Weiner DB, Muthumani K Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

HIV-1 Vpr: a novel role in regulating RNA splicing.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Pre-mRNA splicing is a critical step in gene expression for metazoans. Several viral proteins regulate the splicing of pre-mRNAs through complex interactions with the host cell RNA splicing machinery. Here, we focus on a novel function of HIV-1 Vpr, which selectively inhibits cellular and viral pre-mRNA splicing via interactions with components of the spliceosome complex. This review discusses our current knowledge of how RNA splicing regulation is accomplished by Vpr-host factor interactions. PMID: 19275585 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research)
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Zhang X, Aida Y Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

HIV-1 mediated immune pathogenesis: spotlight on the role of viral protein R (Vpr).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
HIV-1 exploits the cellular machinery to replicate in the host cells by targeting a wide range of host factors at different stages of its life cycle. HIV-1 also induces detrimental effects in the infected and uninfected bystander cells resulting in dysregulation including interference in immune effector functions. The latter is specifically linked to the immune evasion strategies of the virus. In addition to the essential roles of structural proteins (Gag, Pol & Env), HIV-1 encoded auxiliary proteins such as Nef, Vif, Vpu, and Vpr through their interaction with the host cellular partners facilitate viral replicatio...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Majumder B, Venkatachari NJ, Srinivasan A, Ayyavoo V Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) and its interactions with host cell.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is engaged in dynamic and antagonistic interactions with host cells. Once infected by HIV-1, host cells initiate various antiviral strategies, such as innate antiviral defense mechanisms, to counteract viral invasion. In contrast, the virus has different strategies to suppress these host responses to infection. The final balance between these interactions determines the outcome of the viral infection and disease progression. Recent findings suggest that HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) interacts with some of the host innate antiviral factors, such as heat shock proteins, and plays...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Li G, Bukrinsky M, Zhao RY Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Structure-function relationship of Vpr: biological implications.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vpr, incorporated into the HIV-1 virion, shows multiple activities including nuclear transport of the preintegration complex to the nucleus, activation of the transcription, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M transition and induction of apoptosis. Vpr controls many host cell functions through a variety of biological activities and by interaction with cellular biochemical pathways. Nuclear import of Vpr may be due to its interaction with nuclear transport factors and components of the nuclear pore complex. Cell cycle arrest has been correlated with the binding to DCAF1, a cullin 4A-associated factor and apoptosis may be faci...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Morellet N, Roques BP, Bouaziz S Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Higher placental anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine expression in HIV-1 infected women receiving longer zidovudine prophylaxis associated with nevirapine.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Placental cytokine balance may be critical for the control of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV. We assessed whether the type and duration of antiretrovirals used for prevention of HIV-1-MTCT modified the inflammatory cytokine profile. We investigated the levels of cytokine expression in the placentas of 61 HIV-1-infected women who received zidovudine (ZDV) plus single dose nevirapine (SD-NVP) or ZDV only for prevention of MTCT. Placentas of 38 HIV-1-uninfected women were included as controls. All placentas were obtained after vaginal delivery. Levels of mRNA and cytokine expression were quantified using real...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Pornprasert S, Mary JY, Faye A, Leechanachai P, Limtrakul A, Rugpao S, Sirivatanapa P, Gomuthbutra V, Matanasaravoot W, Le Coeur S, Lallemant M, Barré-Sinoussi F, Menu E, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Polymorphic receptors of the innate immune system (MBL/MASP-2 and TLR2/4) and susceptibility to pneumococcal bacteremia in HIV-infected patients: a case-control study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Some deficient genetic polymorphisms of the innate immune system have been correlated to a higher susceptibility to different infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. The possible association between an increased incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia in HIV-infected patients, and deficient polymorphisms of the mannose-binding lectin (MBL), MBL-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2), and toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 is analyzed by means of a case-control study. Cases: HIV-infected patients with pneumococcal bacteremia. Controls: HIV-infected patients without previous pneumococcal bacteremia matched with ...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Horcajada JP, Lozano F, Muñoz A, Suarez B, Fariñas-Alvarez C, Almela M, Smithson A, Martínez E, Mallolas J, Mensa J, Gatell JM Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Delayed diagnosis of HIV infection in a multicenter cohort: prevalence, risk factors, response to HAART and impact on mortality.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To study the prevalence of Delayed HIV Diagnosis (DHD) and its associated risk factors, to evaluate the effect of DHD on virological and immunological responses to HAART and to estimate the impact of DHD on all-causes mortality. Prospective cohort of 2, 564 HIV-positive HAART-naïve subjects attending 19 hospitals in Spain, 2004-2006. Estimations were made by logistic regression and survival analyses by Cox regression models. Prevalence of DHD was 37.3% (35.0-39.6). DHD was related to low educational level (OR:1.31, 95% CI:1.0-1.7). Compared to men who have sex with men (MSM), DHD was more frequent in heterosexual...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Sobrino-Vegas P, García-San Miguel L, Caro-Murillo AM, Miró JM, Viciana P, Tural C, Saumoy M, Santos I, Sola J, del Amo J, Moreno S, Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

HIV-1 transmission amongst men who have sex with men: a probabilistic model incorporating antiretroviral treatment optimism-scepticism, sexual beliefs and sexual behaviour.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To explore the hypotheses that HIV-1 infected patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy believe that they cannot transmit their virus, that this translates to increasing rates of unprotected anal intercourse and new infections, and that sexual practice may be influenced by the HIV-1 serostatus of one's sexual partner. We developed a Bernoulli model for HIV-1 transmission amongst a cross-sectional cohort of 119 HIV-1 positive treated and untreated men having sex with men attending a metropolitan HIV-1 clinic. The model included transmission probabilities for different types of anal intercourse, the local HIV...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Chan DJ, Begley K, Smith DE Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

HIV infection late detection in AIDS patients of an European city with increased immigration since mid 1990s.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The study goal is to identify predictors of HIV infection late detection in an European city with increased immigration, and determine the effects of HAART era in HIV infection detection. We used Barcelona city AIDS registry (1987-2006). Late testers were those diagnosed of AIDS defining illness within less than 3 months from time of testing positive for HIV infection. Independent variables were: date of birth, sex, country of origin, HIV transmission category, prison history, city district of residence, AIDS diagnostic disease and HAART era when diagnosed. The statistical methods were based on logistic regression (Od...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Carnicer-Pont D, de Olalla PG, Caylă JA, Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Relationship between polymerase gamma (POLG) polymorphisms and antiretroviral therapy-induced lipodystrophy in HIV-1 infected patients: a case-control study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, patients harbouring the changes of E1143 in the catalytic site of POLG exhibit a 4-fold increased risk to develop lipodystrophy than HIV-1 treated patients who do not have changes in E1143 and this risk can increase if the patient presenting the SNP received D4T. These could be due to decreased content of mtDNA in PBMC in these patients. Therefore, the toxicity of NRTIs leading to lipodystrophy in some HIV-1 infected patients could be explained in part by the occurrence of POLG polymorphisms. PMID: 19275594 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Current HIV Research)
Source: Current HIV Research - March 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Chiappini F, Teicher E, Saffroy R, Debuire B, Vittecoq D, Lemoine A Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19149548 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Current HIV Research)
Source: Current HIV Research - January 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Sodora DL, Ross TM Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

The Rhesus Macaque Pediatric SIV Infection Model - A Valuable Tool in Understanding Infant HIV-1 Pathogenesis and for Designing Pediatric HIV-1 Prevention Strategies.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Worldwide, the AIDS pandemic continues almost relentlessly. Women are now representing the fastest growing group of newly infected HIV-1 infected patients. The risk of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 increases proportionally as many of these women are of childbearing age. The screening of pregnant women, the early diagnosis of HIV-1 infection, and the administration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) have helped to reduce MTCT significantly. However, this holds true only for developed countries. In many resource-poor countries, access to ART is limited, and breastfeeding, a major route of HIV-1 transmission, ...
Source: Current HIV Research - January 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Abel K Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

A Case for Innate Immune Effector Mechanisms as Contributors to Disease Resistance in SIV-Infected Sooty Mangabeys.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Natural or experimental infection of the African sooty mangabey (SM) with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) results in chronic high levels of virus replication but is associated with none of the debilitating immunopathology, including the marked CD4 T-cell depletion, persistent cell activation and acquired immunodeficiency, that afflicts non-natural hosts such as SIV-infected Asian rhesus macaques (RM) and HIV-infected humans. Although SIV-infected RM have served as important models of AIDS given their remarkably similar course of disease to HIV-infected humans, deciphering the immune mechanisms that enable SIV-i...
Source: Current HIV Research - January 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Pereira LE, Ansari AA Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Studies of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Dynamics in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Nonhuman Primates Provide Insights into HIV Pathogenesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) play a key role in antiviral immunity through their immense capacity to produce type I interferons (IFN) and other cytokines and through induction of antigen-specific T cell responses. Several reports have documented decreased numbers and reduced function of pDC in the circulation of HIV patients associated with progression to disease, indicating that pDC are likely to be important in control of HIV infection. The mechanism of pDC loss has not been determined and is difficult to address in natural infection of humans. As highlighted in this brief review, the study of pDC dynamics in s...
Source: Current HIV Research - January 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Wijewardana V, Brown KN, Barratt-Boyes SM Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Coreceptor Switch in Infection of Nonhuman Primates.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters target cells via interaction of the viral glycoprotein with the cellular receptor CD4 and two principal coreceptors, CCR5 (R5 viruses) and CXCR4 (X4 viruses). Most HIV-1 transmissions result in a predominantly R5 virus infection. With time, X4 variants arise and coexist with R5 virus variants in approximately 50% of subtype B infected individuals. The underlying basis for virus coreceptor switch late in infection remains an enigma, but will be important to understand given that the appearance of X4 virus in HIV-1 infected patients inevitably heralds an unfavorable clinical ...
Source: Current HIV Research - January 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Cheng-Mayer C, Tasca S, Ho SH Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

African Non Human Primates Infected by SIV - Why Don't they Get Sick? Lessons from Studies on the Early Phase of Non-Pathogenic SIV Infection.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
African non human primates are natural hosts of SIV. The infection is generally non-pathogenic despite high steady-state levels of plasma viral RNA that in HIV-1 and SIVmac infections are associated with progression towards AIDS. The viral loads in the gut also are as high as in pathogenic HIV-1/SIVmac infections; but replication levels are lower in peripheral lymph nodes of chronically infected African green monkeys. There is a transient loss of CD4(+) T cells in the blood in SIVagm and SIVsm infections and an early dramatic and more persistent decrease in the gut. Although SIV in natural hosts is thus cytopathic, the...
Source: Current HIV Research - January 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Liovat AS, Jacquelin B, Ploquin MJ, Barré-Sinoussi F, Müller-Trutwin MC Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Pirate Primates in Uncharted Waters: Lymphocyte Transfers in Unrelated, MHC-Matched Macaques.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
An HIV vaccine remains elusive despite the concerted efforts of investigators and clinicians over the past two decades. Animal models are regularly used to obtain new insights on disease pathogenesis and have become invaluable tools in the translation of treatments from basic research laboratories to the clinic. Vaccination of macaques with live, attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus is currently the most effective method of garnering protection against subsequent pathogenic SIV challenge. However, immunization of humans with live, attenuated HIV is not feasible due to safety concerns. Therefore, clues to an effecti...
Source: Current HIV Research - January 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Burwitz BJ, Greene JM, O'Connor DH Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

AIDS in African Nonhuman Primate Hosts of SIVs: A New Paradigm of SIV Infection.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
It is generally considered that African nonhuman primates (NHPs) do not progress to AIDS. In the wild, due to either a shorter life span or an insufficient follow-up of the animals, no AIDS cases were described to date. However, in captivity, at least one case of immunodeficiency was reported for each of the currently available models of natural infection (African green monkey, sooty mangabey and mandrill). Furthermore, experimental infection of three other African NHP species, the black mangabey (BkM), the chimpanzee and the baboon with heterologous viruses, such as SIVsmm, HIV-1 and HIV-2, respectively also resulted ...
Source: Current HIV Research - January 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Pandrea I, Silvestri G, Apetrei C Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals

Multiple Roles for Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of SIV Infection.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Chemokines are small chemoattractant cytokines involved in homeostatic and inflammatory immune cell migration. These small proteins have multiple functional properties that extend beyond their most recognized role in controlling cellular migration. The complex immunobiology of chemokines, coupled with the use of subsets of chemokine receptors as HIV-1 and SIV entry co-receptors, suggests that these immunomodulators could play important roles in the pathogenesis associated with infection by HIV-1 or SIV. This review provides an overview of the effects of pathogenic infection on chemokine expression in the SIV/macaque mo...
Source: Current HIV Research - January 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Reinhart TA, Qin S, Sui Y Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: journals