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Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathies: Current Landscape
This article provides a succinct overview of IMNM, including clinical features, diagnostic strategies, and treatment approaches.Recent FindingsRecent insights highlight the different clinical presentations and therapeutic options of IMNM stratified by autoantibody positivity and type. Additionally, recent findings call into question the reported link between statin use and IMNM.SummaryThis review synthesizes current knowledge on IMNM, emphasizing its distinct clinical features and challenging management. The evolving understanding of IMNM underscores the need for a comprehensive diagnostic approach that utilizes a growing ...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - April 9, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Strategies to Improve Drug Delivery Across the Blood –Brain Barrier for Glioblastoma
AbstractPurpose of ReviewGlioblastoma remains resistant to most conventional treatments. Despite scientific advances in the past three decades, there has been a dearth of effective new treatments. New approaches to drug delivery and clinical trial design are needed.Recent FindingsWe discuss how the blood –brain barrier and tumor microenvironment pose challenges for development of effective therapies for glioblastoma. Next, we discuss treatments in development that aim to overcome these barriers, including novel drug designs such as nanoparticles and antibody–drug conjugates, novel methods of dru g delivery, including c...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - April 5, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Update on Neuro-ophthalmic Manifestations of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
AbstractPurpose of ReviewImmune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) use has been on the rise for treatment of many different malignancies. Subsequently, more has been learned about immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that occur up to 12  months after treatment. This review summarizes the latest findings and management of neuro-ophthalmic associated irAEs.Recent FindingsirAEs can affect the afferent and efferent neuro-ophthalmic pathways, thereby targeting central and peripheral nervous systems. As more cases are being reported, it is becoming apparent that neuro-ophthalmic irAEs often present with atypical features when compared...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - March 18, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

The Impact of Aging on Multiple Sclerosis
AbstractPurpose of ReviewMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system. Age is one of the most important factors in determining MS phenotype. This review provides an overview of how age influences MS clinical characteristics, pathology, and treatment.Recent findingsNew methods for measuring aging have improved our understanding of the aging process in MS. New studies have characterized the molecular and cellular composition of chronic active or smoldering plaques in MS. These lesions are important contributors to disability progression in MS. These studies highli...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - February 28, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Recent Advances in Clinical Trials in Multiple System Atrophy
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThis review summarizes previous and ongoing neuroprotection trials in multiple system atrophy (MSA), a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by parkinsonism, cerebellar, and autonomic dysfunction. It also describes the preclinical therapeutic pipeline and provides some considerations relevant to successfully conducting clinical trials in MSA, i.e., diagnosis, endpoints, and trial design.Recent FindingsOver 30 compounds have been tested in clinical trials in MSA. While this illustrates a strong treatment pipeline, only two have reached their primary endpoint. Ongoing clinical trials...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - February 28, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Publisher Correction to: Advantages and Pitfalls of the Use of Optical Coherence Tomography for Papilledema
(Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports)
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - February 8, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Interpretation of the Visual Field in Neuro-ophthalmic Disorders
AbstractPurpose of ReviewIn this review, we will describe current methods for visual field testing in neuro-ophthalmic clinical practice and research, develop terminology that accurately describes patterns of field deficits, and discuss recent advances such as augmented or virtual reality-based perimetry and the use of artificial intelligence in visual field interpretation.Recent FindingsNew testing strategies that reduce testing times, improve patient comfort, and increase sensitivity for detecting small central or paracentral scotomas have been developed for static automated perimetry. Various forms of machine learning-b...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - January 30, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Cognitive, Emotional, and Other Non-motor Symptoms of Spinocerebellar Ataxias
AbstractPurpose of ReviewSpinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are autosomal dominant degenerative syndromes that present with ataxia and brain stem abnormalities. This review describes the cognitive and behavioral symptoms of SCAs in the context of recent knowledge of the role of the cerebellum in higher intellectual function.Recent FindingsRecent studies suggest that patients with spinocerebellar ataxia can display cognitive deficits even early in the disease. These have been given the term cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (CCAS). CCAS can be tracked using newly developed rating scales. In addition, patients with spinoce...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - January 25, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Lobar Microbleeds in the Posterior Cortical Atrophy Syndrome: A Comparison to Typical Alzheimer ’s Disease
AbstractPurpose of the studyPosterior cortical atrophy is a clinico-radiographical syndrome that presents with higher-order visual dysfunction and is most commonly due to Alzheimer ’s disease. Understanding factors associated with atypical presentations of Alzheimer’s disease, such as posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), holds promise to shape our understanding of AD pathophysiology. Thus, we aimed to compare MRI evidence of lobar microbleeds (LMBs) in posterior cortical atro phy (PCA) syndrome to typical AD (tAD) and to assess and compare MRI evidence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in each group.FindingsWe retrospe...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - January 23, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Advantages and Pitfalls of the Use of Optical Coherence Tomography for Papilledema
AbstractPurpose of ReviewPapilledema refers to optic disc swelling caused by raised intracranial pressure. This syndrome arises from numerous potential causes, which may pose varying degrees of threat to patients. Manifestations of papilledema range from mild to severe, and early diagnosis is important to prevent vision loss and other deleterious outcomes.  The purpose of this review is to highlight the role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in the diagnosis and management of syndromes of raised intracranial pressure associated with papilledema.Recent FindingsOphthalmoscopy is an unreliable skill for many clinicians. ...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - January 23, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Updated Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) for Gliomas
AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe response assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria and its versions were developed by expert opinion consensus to standardize response evaluation in glioma clinical trials. New patient-based data informed the development of updated response assessment criteria, RANO 2.0.Recent FindingsIn a recent study of patients with glioblastoma, the post-radiation brain MRI was a superior baseline MRI compared to the pretreatment MRI, and confirmation scans were only beneficial within the first 12  weeks of completion of radiation in newly diagnosed disease. Nonenhancing disease evaluation did not impro...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - January 3, 2024 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Magnetoencephalography for Epilepsy Presurgical Evaluation
Abstract   Purpose of the ReviewMagnetoencephalography (MEG) is a functional neuroimaging technique that records neurophysiology data with millisecond temporal resolution and localizes it with subcentimeter accuracy. Its capability to provide high resolution in both of these domains makes it a powerful tool both in basic neuroscience as well as clinical applications. In neurology, it has proven useful in its ability to record and localize epileptiform activity. Epilepsy workup typically begins with scalp electroencephalography (EEG), but in many situations, EEG-based localization of the epileptogenic zone is inadequate. ...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - December 27, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Hormonal Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis: a Review of Clinical Data
AbstractPurpose of ReviewGiven the potential for exogenous hormones to influence risk and course of MS, this narrative review aims to summarize current knowledge from observational and interventional studies of exogenous hormones in humans with MS.Recent FindingsLarge randomized clinical trials for combined oral contraceptives and estriol both show modest effect on inflammatory activity, with the latter showing potential neuroprotective effect. After fertility treatment, large actively treated cohorts have not confirmed any elevated risk of relapse. Preclinical data suggest that androgens, selective estrogen receptor modul...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - December 16, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Exploring the Role of Locus Coeruleus in Alzheimer ’s Disease: a Comprehensive Update on MRI Studies and Implications
AbstractPurpose of ReviewPerforming a thorough review of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies assessing locus coeruleus (LC) integrity in ageing and Alzheimer ’s disease (AD), and contextualizing them with current preclinical and neuropathological literature.Recent FindingsMRI successfully detected LC alterations in ageing and AD, identifying degenerative phenomena involving this nucleus even in the prodromal stages of the disorder. The degree of LC disruption was also associated with the severity of AD cortical pathology, cognitive and behavioral impairment, and the risk of clinical progression.SummaryLocus coeruleu...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - December 8, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research

Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Applications to Epilepsy: a Review for the Practicing Epileptologist
AbstractPurpose of ReviewMachine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are data-driven techniques to translate raw data into applicable and interpretable insights that can assist in clinical decision making. Some of these tools have extremely promising initial results, earning both great excitement and creating hype. This non-technical article reviews recent developments in ML/AI in epilepsy to assist the current practicing epileptologist in understanding both the benefits and limitations of integrating ML/AI tools into their clinical practice.Recent FindingsML/AI tools have been developed to assist clinicians in ...
Source: Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports - December 7, 2023 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: research