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547 records returned

Blockade of multiple but not single cytokines abrogates downregulation of angiotensin II type-I receptors and anticipates septic shock.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this prospective, randomized animal study, the role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis sepsis-induced circulatory failure with downregulation of angiotensin-II-type-I-(AT(1))-receptors was investigated. Sepsis in wild-type mice and in mice with deficiencies for TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IFN-gamma or IL-6 was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and wild-type mice were injected with cytokines. Animals were treated with glucocorticoids or small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting single or multiple cytokines or NF-kappaB. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were incubated with cytokines. CLP resulted i...
Source: Cytokine - November 12, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Schmidt C, Höcherl K, Kurt B, Moritz S, Kurtz A, Bucher M Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Suppression of tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor (TRAF)-2 attenuates the proinflammatory and proliferative effect of aggregated IgG on rat renal mesangial cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Immune-complex (IC) mediated glomerulonephritis (GN) is a common cause of chronic kidney disease associated with increased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in renal cells. TNF-alpha signaling pathways involve complicated interactions between multiple proteins including TNF-receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-2. We have previously found markedly up-regulated expression of TRAF-2 in renal tissues from IC mediated lupus nephritis patients. Here we investigated the effect of TRAF-2 on inflammatory response in rat mesangial cells (MCs). The results showed that treatment with soluble aggregated IgG (AIgG) resulted i...
Source: Cytokine - November 10, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Zhu LJ, Yang X, Li XY, Liu QH, Tang XQ, Zhou SF, Kong QY, Axelsson J, Yu XQ Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Plasma interleukin-1beta concentration is associated with stroke in sickle cell disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The pathogenesis of sickle cell disease (HbSS), which has numerous complications including stroke, involves inflammation resulting in alteration of plasma inflammatory protein concentration. We investigated HbSS children with abnormal cerebral blood flow detected by trans-cranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) who participated in the multi-center stroke prevention (STOP) study, to determine if plasma inflammatory protein concentration is associated with the outcome of stroke. Thirty-nine plasma samples from HbSS participants with elevated TCD who had no stroke, HbSS-NS (n=13) or had stroke, HbSS-S (n=13), HbSS steady-state c...
Source: Cytokine - November 7, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Asare K, Gee BE, Stiles JK, Wilson NO, Driss A, Quarshie A, Adams RJ, Kutlar A, Hibbert JM Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Effects of carbon monoxide releasing molecule-liberated CO on severe acute pancreatitis in rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we investigated the role of CO liberated from carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) in rats with SAP. SAP was induced by retrograde infusion of 5% sodium taurocholate into the pancreatobiliary duct. Forty Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups. Sham group was given normal saline after the sham operation. SAP group was treated with normal saline after the induction of SAP. CORM-2 group was injected with CORM-2 (8mg/kg, i.v.) after the onset of SAP. iCORM-2 group was given iCORM-2 (an inactive compound used as negative control) after SAP induction. All animals were sacrificed at 12h after t...
Source: Cytokine - November 7, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Chen P, Sun B, Chen H, Wang G, Pan S, Kong R, Bai X, Wang S Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Tumor necrosis factor alpha induced by Trypanosoma cruzi infection mediates inflammation and cell death in the liver of infected mice.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) infected C57BL/6 mice developed a progressive fatal disease due to an imbalance in the profile of circulating related compounds accompanying infection like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha). TNFalpha has been proposed as an important effector molecule in apoptosis. In this work, we evaluate inflammation and the proteins involved in apoptotic process in liver of infected mice and the role of TNFalpha. C57BL6/mice were infected subcutaneously with 100 viable trypomastigotes of Tulahuén strain of T cruzi. One set of these animals were treated with 375mug of antihuman TNFalpha blockin...
Source: Cytokine - November 3, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Ronco MT, Francés DE, Ingaramo PI, Quiroga AD, Alvarez ML, Pisani GB, Revelli SS, Carnovale CE Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Impaired IL-7 signaling may explain a case of atypical JAK3-SCID.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report here that the JAK3-E481G mutant transduced IL-2-, IL-4-, IL-15-, and IL-21-induced signals as efficiently as wild-type JAK3. However, this mutant failed to respond to IL-7 by phosphorylating JAK1, JAK3, or STAT5. The other mutant JAK3, JAK3-del482-596, was non-functional. Thus, an impaired IL-7 signal may cause SCID and compromise T-cell differentiation, even if the IL-15 signal is preserved and supports NK-cell development, as in this patient. PMID: 19889552 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - November 2, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Li J, Nara H, Rahman M, Juliana FM, Araki A, Asao H Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Suppressing IL-32 in monocytes impairs the induction of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFalpha and IL-1beta.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Targeting major proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta and TNFalpha is of great interest in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, and psoriasis. The cytokine Interleukin (IL)-32 induces proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and chemokines. We previously used an IL-32 ligand-affinity column to purify proteinase 3, which is abundantly expressed in neutrophil and monocytic leukocytes but not in other cell types, and found that IL-32 is mainly produced by monocytic leukocytes. This evidence suggested that silencing endogenous IL-32 by short hairpin R...
Source: Cytokine - October 30, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Hong J, Bae S, Kang Y, Yoon D, Bai X, Chan ED, Azam T, Dinarello CA, Lee S, Her E, Rho G, Kim S Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Regulation of memory T cells by gammac cytokines.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
T cells rely on a duality of TCR and gammac cytokine signals for development, activation and peripheral T cell homeostasis. Previous data had suggested that the requirements for CD4 and CD8 memory T cell regulation were qualitatively distinct, but emerging data has shown that the requirements for true antigen specific memory T cells are very similar between these two cell types. This review will focus on contributions made by members of the gammac cytokine family (IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-15 and IL-21) to homeostasis of naïve, memory phenotype and antigen experienced memory T cells. PMID: 19879771 [PubMed - as sup...
Source: Cytokine - October 29, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Osborne LC, Abraham N Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

TNFalpha and TGF-beta1 influence IL-18-induced IFNgamma production through regulation of IL-18 receptor and T-bet expression.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we demonstrate that in the dendritic precursor-like cell line KG-1, IFNgamma production induced by IL-18 is potentiated (>5-fold) by TNFalpha and completely suppressed by TGF-beta1. IL-18 stimulation rapidly activates different MAPK signalling pathways but only blocking of p38 activation alleviates IFNgamma production. The mechanism through which TNFalpha enhances IL-18 induced IFNgamma production is by promoting IL-18 receptor alpha-chain expression which results in higher levels of p38 activation and induces expression of T-bet, a transcriptional regulator of the IFNG gene. In contrast, TGF-beta1 rapidl...
Source: Cytokine - October 29, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Koutoulaki A, Langley M, Sloan AJ, Aeschlimann D, Wei XQ Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Serum evaluation of soluble interferon-alpha/beta receptor and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for diagnosis of the patients with gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary-pancreatic cancer.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Serum soluble interferon-alpha/beta receptor (sIFN-alpha/betaR) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were evaluated in the patients with gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary-pancreatic cancer. We compared the sensitivity and specificity of serum sIFN-alpha/betaR with that of serum hs-CRP and evaluated the two diagnostic parameters in combination. Serum sIFN-alpha/betaR levels were measured in 92 patients and 25 healthy individuals by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The diagnoses were 37 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma, 17 cases of pancreatic cancer, 15 cases of colon cancer, 13 cases of biliary tr...
Source: Cytokine - October 29, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Miyake K, Imura S, Nishioka M, Batmunkh E, Sugimoto K, Ohmoto Y, Shimada M Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Wide-spectrum profile of inflammatory mediators in the plasma and scales of patients with psoriatic disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Psoriasis is a chronic recurrent inflammatory disorder of the skin. Clinical subtypes include psoriasis vulgaris (PV), psoriatic arthropathy, and erythrodermic psoriasis. Aim of this study was to analyse relevant inflammatory mediators in the plasma of patients with distinct subtypes of active psoriasis, and in the scales of mild-to-moderate PV patients, and correlation to disease severity. Compared to healthy controls (n=10), patients affected by very severe forms of psoriasis (n=30) were characterized by increased plasma levels of IL-4, IL-6, MCP-1, VEGF and in particular PDGFbb. Each group with severe psoriasis had ...
Source: Cytokine - October 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Deeva I, Mariani S, De Luca C, Pacifico V, Leoni L, Raskovic D, Kharaeva Z, Korkina L, Pastore S Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

The Th17/Treg functional imbalance during atherogenesis in ApoE(-/-) mice Th17/Treg imbalance in atherogenesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Th17/Treg functional imbalance exists during atherogenesis in ApoE(-/-) mice, suggesting a potential role of Th17/Treg imbalance in the formation and progression of atherosclerosis. PMID: 19836260 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - October 13, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Xie JJ, Wang J, Tang TT, Chen J, Gao XL, Yuan J, Zhou ZH, Liao MY, Yao R, Yu X, Wang D, Cheng Y, Liao YH, Cheng X Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN) polymorphism possibly associated to severity of rheumatic carditis in a Brazilian cohort.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: In the Brazilian population, the polymorphism of the IL-1ra gene is a relevant factor for rheumatic heart disease severity. PMID: 19822442 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - October 9, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Azevedo PM, Bauer R, Caparbo VD, Silva CA, Bonfá E, Pereira RM Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Oxidative mechanisms of IL-4-induced IL-6 expression in vascular endothelium.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present study is designed to investigate the effects of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as to examine the role of distinct sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that IL-4 significantly up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of IL-6 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) and C57BL/6 mice. Dihydroethidium (DHE) and dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence staining demonstrated that IL-4 significantly increased ROS generation in HAEC. A si...
Source: Cytokine - October 9, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Lee YW, Lee WH, Kim PH Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Cytokine expression in placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells in patients with pre-eclampsia and normal pregnancies.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The decreased levels of sICAM and SDF-1 found in the decidua-derived MSCs from pre-eclamptic pregnancies might be associated with some of the immunological alterations in pre-eclampsia. PMID: 19819721 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - October 8, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Hwang JH, Lee MJ, Seok OS, Paek YC, Cho GJ, Seol HJ, Lee JK, Oh MJ Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Apolipoprotein A-I inhibits chemotaxis, adhesion, activation of THP-1 cells and improves the plasma HDL inflammatory index.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The anti-inflammatory effects of high density lipoprotein (HDL) are well described, however, such effects of Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) are less studied. Building on our previous study, we further explored the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effects of ApoA-I, and focused especially on the interaction between monocyte and endothelial cells and plasma HDL inflammatory index in LPS-challenged rabbits. Our results show that ApoA-I significantly decreased LPS-induced MCP-1 release from THP-1 cells and ox-LDL-induced THP-1 migration ratio (P<0.01, respectively). ApoA-I significantly decreased sL-selectin, sICAM-1 and sVC...
Source: Cytokine - October 8, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Wang L, Chen WZ, Wu MP Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Activation of foal neutrophils at different ages by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and Rhodococcus equi.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study examined TLR9-mediated neutrophil activation in neonatal foals. Unmethylated CpGs, ligands for TLR9, were used to stimulate equine neutrophils, either purified or in contact with other peripheral blood leukocytes. Rhodococcus equi was used as another stimulus in parallel. TLR9 mRNA was constitutively expressed at a similar level in purified equine neutrophils across different ages from birth to adulthood, and expression was not affected by either CpG or R. equi. Purified foal neutrophils were directly sensitive to CpG stimulation, reflected by enhanced reactive oxygen species generation following fMLP stimulatio...
Source: Cytokine - October 7, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Liu M, Liu T, Bordin A, Nerren J, Cohen N Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Modulation of human beta-defensin-2 expression by 17beta-estradiol and progesterone in vaginal epithelial cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We investigated the expression of HBD-1 and -2 in vaginal epithelial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the effects on HBD-2 expressions by 17beta-estradiol and progesterone. Primary vaginal epithelial cells were isolated from a segment of normal anterior vaginal wall obtained during vaginoplasty and were cultured in keratinocyte growth medium and were allowed to undergo their 3rd passage. Expression of HBD-1 and -2 by different stimuli using LPS 0.5mug/ml, 17beta-estradiol 2nM and progesterone 1muM was measured by RT-PCR, ELISA and real-time RT-PCR, respectively. HBD-1 was produced constitutively in vagin...
Source: Cytokine - October 7, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Han JH, Kim MS, Lee MY, Kim TH, Lee MK, Kim HR, Myung SC Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Involvement of NF-kappa B pathway in TL1A gene expression induced by lipopolysaccharide.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: (1) LPS induces TL1A expression through the transcriptional activation via a NF-kappa B pathway. (2) The NF-kappa B binding site in the 5' flanking region of TL1A was identified. PMID: 19815424 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - October 5, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Endo K, Kinouchi Y, Kakuta Y, Ueki N, Takahashi S, Shimosegawa T Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Influences of genetic variants in interleukin-15 gene and serum interleukin-15 levels on coronary heart disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, our study supports the hypothesis that genetic variation in IL-15 gene and IL-15 levels influence the risk of CHD. Further studies are needed to confirm our hypothesis. PMID: 19796965 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - September 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Gokkusu C, Aydin M, Ozkok E, Tulubas F, Elitok A, Pamukcu B, Umman B Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Mid-trimester maternal plasma cytokines and CRP as predictors of spontaneous preterm birth.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Most previous studies of maternal cytokines and preterm birth have analyzed immunologic biomarkers after the onset of labor or membrane rupture; fewer have examined the systemic (blood) immune response prior to labor onset. We carried out a case-control study nested in a large (n=5337) prospective, multi-center cohort. Cohort women had an interview, examination, and venipuncture at 24-26weeks. Frozen plasma samples in women with spontaneous preterm birth (n=207) and approximately 2 term controls per case (n=444) were analyzed using Luminex multianalyte profiling technology. Fresh placentas were fixed, stained, and blin...
Source: Cytokine - September 24, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Kramer MS, Kahn SR, Platt RW, Genest J, Chen MF, Goulet L, Séguin L, Lydon J, McNamara H, Libman M, Dahhou M, Lamoureux J, Skogstrand K, Thorsen P Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokines and inflammatory mediators by hydroxychavicol in adjuvant induced arthritic tissues.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present study was undertaken to investigate the anti-arthritic activity of hydroxychavicol (HC) a major phenolic compound isolated from the aqueous extract leaves of plant Piper betle (Piperaceae). The compound showed significant lowering of pro-inflammatory (Th1) cytokine levels in arthritic paw tissue homogenate supernatant viz. IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha with maximum inhibition at higher dose levels of 2 and 4mg/kg p.o. and enhanced the production of anti-inflammatory (Th2) cytokines IL-4 and IL-5 estimated by cytometric bead array immunoassay. Cytometric bead array uses the sensitivity of amplified fluoresc...
Source: Cytokine - September 23, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Pandey A, Bani S, Dutt P, Suri KA Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Dose-dependent effect of radiation on angiogenic and angiostatic CXC chemokine expression in human endothelial cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Blood vessel growth is regulated by angiogenic and angiostatic CXC chemokines, and radiation is a vasculogenic stimulus. We investigated the effect of radiation on endothelial cell chemokine signaling, receptor expression, and migration and apoptosis. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were exposed to a single fraction of 0, 5, or 20Gy of ionizing radiation (IR). All vasculogenic chemokines (CXCL1-3/5-8) increased 3-13-fold after 5 or 20Gy IR. 20Gy induced a marked increase (1.6-4-fold) in angiostatic CXC chemokines. CXCR4 expression increased 3.5 and 7-fold at 48h after 5 and 20Gy, respectively. Bone marrow progen...
Source: Cytokine - September 23, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Chang CC, Lerman OZ, Thanik VD, Scharf CL, Greives MR, Schneider RJ, Formenti SC, Saadeh PB, Warren SM, Levine JP Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Epsilonx-vivo effect of dexamethasone on cytokine production from whole blood of septic patients: Correlation with disease severity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Part of the beneficiary effect of corticosteroids in sepsis may be due to an effect on the release of IL-1beta and of sTREM-1. This effect does not seem to be homogeneous for all septic patients. PMID: 19783455 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - September 21, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Dimopoulou I, Kotanidou A, Livaditi O, Pelekanou A, Tsagarakis S, Armaganidis A, Orfanos SE Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Toll-like receptor signaling in cell proliferation and survival.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important sensors of foreign microbial components as well as products of damaged or inflamed self tissues. Upon sensing these molecules, TLRs initiate a series of downstream signaling events that drive cellular responses including the production of cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators. This outcome results from the intracellular assembly of protein complexes that drive phosphorylation and other signaling cascades ultimately leading to chromatin remodeling and transcription factor activation. In addition to driving inflammatory responses, TLRs also regulate cell prolifer...
Source: Cytokine - September 20, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Li X, Jiang S, Tapping RI Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Increased circulating IL-8 is associated with reduced IGF-1 and related to poor metabolic control in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: In adolescents with T1DM and chronic, poor glucose control, increased serum IL-8 is associated with reduced IGF-1 suggesting a pro-inflammatory milieu that may contribute to alterations in the GH/IGF-1 axis. PMID: 19773182 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - September 18, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Van Sickle BJ, Simmons J, Hall R, Raines M, Ness K, Spagnoli A Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Association of serum amyloid A levels with adipocyte size and serum levels of adipokines: Differences between men and women.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, serum levels of SAA are strongly correlated with serum levels of inflammatory markers as well as measures of glycemic control. There seems to be large sex differences in these associations suggesting that sex-specific factors need to be considered when analyzing SAA levels in relation to metabolic disease. PMID: 19758820 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - September 13, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Sjöholm K, Lundgren M, Olsson M, Eriksson JW Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Angiotensin II type-1 receptor antagonist attenuates LPS-induced acute lung injury.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Angiotensin II is able to trigger inflammatory responses through an angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor. The role of AT1 receptor in acute lung injury (ALI) is poorly understood. Mice were randomly divided into three groups (n=40 each groups): NS group; LPS group (2mg/kg LPS intratracheally); and LPS+ZD 7155 group, 10mg/kg ZD 7155 (an AT1 receptor antagonist) intraperitoneally 30min prior to LPS exposure. Samples from the lung were isolated and assayed for histopathology analyses or proinflammatory gene expressions, angiotensin II receptors expressions and nuclear factors activities. LPS exposure resulted in severe AL...
Source: Cytokine - September 10, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Wang F, Xia ZF, Chen XL, Jia YT, Wang YJ, Ma B Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Hepatic monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 is upregulated by dietary cholesterol and contributes to liver steatosis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To assess the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) in the development of fatty liver, we have used LDLr(-/-) mice as an animal model of high-fat, high-cholesterol diet-induced liver steatosis. The rapid dietary induction of hepatic mRNA MCP-1 expression was paralleled by a concomitant increase in plasma MCP-1 that was strongly associated with the degree of liver steatosis. Hepatocytes showed an intense immunoreactivity for MCP-1 that was mainly located surrounding the hepatic lipid droplets. The intake of cholesterol also increased the concentration of MCP-1 in liver homogenates. This was accompanied...
Source: Cytokine - September 10, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Rull A, Rodríguez F, Aragonès G, Marsillach J, Beltrán R, Alonso-Villaverde C, Camps J, Joven J Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Bioactive TGF-beta levels can be preserved in plasma samples collected into heparin but not EDTA.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Quantifying TGF-beta is important for many research areas since its effects often are dose-dependently bidirectional. The post-transcriptional control of TGF-beta bioavailability points out the need to determine TGF-beta at the protein level. Studies measuring TGF-beta in peripheral blood have to avoid contamination with platelet-derived TGF-beta. Techniques to obtain platelet-poor plasma have been suggested, however, the impact of different anti-coagulants on artificial TGF-beta contamination has not been studied in detail. Here, we compare TGF-beta levels in blood samples collected into heparin and EDTA tubes, stored...
Source: Cytokine - September 9, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Walther M, Jallow IK, Jeffries D, Walther B Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Regulation of JNK and p38 MAPK in the immune system: Signal integration, propagation and termination.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Stress-activated MAP kinases (MAPKs), comprised of JNK and p38, play prominent roles in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Activation of MAPKs is mediated by a three-tiered kinase module comprised of MAPK kinase kinases (MAP3Ks), MAPK kinases (MAP2Ks) and MAPKs through sequential protein phosphorylation. Activated MAPKs, in turn, phosphorylate transcription factors and other targets to regulate gene transcription and immune responses. Recent studies have provided new insight into the upstream and downstream components of the MAPK pathway that facilitate the activation and propagation of MAPK signaling in immune re...
Source: Cytokine - September 6, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Huang G, Shi LZ, Chi H Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Modulation of the immune response by probiotic strains in a mouse model of gluten sensitivity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we explored the effect of different Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium lactis in transgenic mice expressing the human DQ8 heterodimer, a HLA molecule linked to Celiac Disease (CD). In vitro analysis on immature bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (iBMDCs) showed that all strains up-regulated surface B7-2 (CD86), indicative of DC maturation, however, with different intensity. No strain induced appreciable levels of IL-10 or IL-12 in iBMDCs, whereas TNF-alpha expression was essentially elicited by Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus fermentum. Interestingly, these strains were found also to increase ...
Source: Cytokine - September 4, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: D'Arienzo R, Maurano F, Lavermicocca P, Ricca E, Rossi M Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

G to C transition at position -173 of MIF gene of the recipient is associated with reduced relapse rates after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Pro-inflammatory and dendritic cell-activating properties of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) suggest a potentially important role for MIF in alloantigen-specific immune responses after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). We tested whether MIF -173 G/C gene polymorphism of donor or patient had impacts on the outcomes after allo-SCT. Four hundred and fifty-four donor-patient pairs were genotyped and mortality, relapse, and development of complications were analyzed. Patient but not donor MIF -173 *C allele was associated with improved overall survival (OS) (5years: 60.8% versus 46.3%, p=0.042) a...
Source: Cytokine - August 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Chang YY, Greinix HT, Dickinson AM, Wolff D, Jackson GH, Andreesen R, Holler E, Hildebrandt GC Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Transforming growth factor-beta and Th17 responses in resistance to primary murine schistosomiasis mansoni.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Discovery of the T-helper (Th) 17 cell lineage and functions in immune responses of mouse and man prompted us to investigate the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin (IL)-17 in innate resistance to murine schistosomiasis mansoni. Schistosoma mansoni-infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were administered with recombinant TGF-beta or mouse monoclonal antibody to TGF-beta to evaluate the impact of this cytokine on host immune responses against lung-stage schistosomula, and subsequent effects on adult worm parameters. Developing schistosomula elicited increase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells...
Source: Cytokine - August 27, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Tallima H, Salah M, Guirguis FR, El Ridi R Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

In vivo antitumor efficacy of interleukin-21 in combination with chemotherapeutics.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a class I cytokine with antitumor properties due to enhanced proliferation and effector function of CD8(+) T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Here we have explored the magnitude and time-course of cytostatics-induced lymphopenia in mice and investigated whether treatment with cytostatics influences the antitumor effect of IL-21 in mouse tumor models. We show that pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD), irinotecan and oxaliplatin induced transient lymphopenia, whereas 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) transiently increased lymphocyte counts. B cells were more sensitive than T cells towards irinotecan an...
Source: Cytokine - August 23, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Skak K, Søndergaard H, Frederiksen KS, Ehrnrooth E Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

IL-17 inhibits human Th1 differentiation through IL-12Rbeta2 downregulation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report a novel negative regulatory role of IL-17 on IL-12Rbeta2 expression associated with reduced IL-12 responsiveness. IL-17 decreased IL-12-induced IFN-gamma expression in PBMC and developing Th1 cells, associated with a selective reduction in IL-12Rbeta2, and not IL-23R, IL-12Rbeta1 or T-bet. Counterregulatory effects of human Th17 on Th1 lineage cytokines may contribute to lineage divergence. In autoimmune disease, IL-17 may reinforce its own developmental programme by reducing IL-12 responsiveness, thus limiting inhibitory effects of IFN-gamma on Th17 development. PMID: 19692269 [PubMed - as supplied by publis...
Source: Cytokine - August 16, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Toh ML, Kawashima M, Zrioual S, Hot A, Miossec P, Miossec P Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Growth suppressive cytokines and the AKT/mTOR pathway.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The mTOR signaling pathway plays a very important role in the transmission of signals for initiation of mRNA translation and protein expression in mammalian cells. mTOR activates various downstream effectors to promote initiation of cap-dependent mRNA translation and mediate pro-mitogenic and pro-survival signals. Recent evidence has implicated effectors of this signaling cascade in mRNA translation for interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). In addition, it was recently shown that AKT/mTOR-mediated signals play important roles in the generation of IFN-dependent antiviral and growth inhibitory responses, suggesting that mT...
Source: Cytokine - August 11, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Kroczynska B, Kaur S, Platanias LC Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 single nucleotide gene polymorphisms in Paracoccidioidomycosis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, our results suggest that functional genetic variants in the IL-4 promoter could influence the production of IL-4 in PCM. PMID: 19682920 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - August 11, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Bozzi A, Reis BS, Pereira PP, Pedroso EP, Goes AM Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

T-bet-/- RAG2-/- ulcerative colitis: The role of T-bet as a peacekeeper of host-commensal relationships.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Inflammatory bowel disease is a disease that reflects a disequilibrium in host-commensal homeostasis. T-bet-/-xRAG2-/- deficient mice develop a spontaneous juvenile ulcerative colitis resulting from a pro-inflammatory response to the commensal microbiota that is dendritic cell and TNF-alpha driven [schematized in Fig. 1]. The TRUC (T-bet-/- RAG2-/- ulcerative colitis) model is discussed in the broader context of the adaptive and innate immune mechanisms that regulate host-commensal relationships within the intestine. PMID: 19666230 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - August 7, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Garrett WS, Glimcher LH Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Th17 cytokines and host-pathogen interactions at the mucosa: Dichotomies of help and harm.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The mucosal surfaces are often the first site of interaction between pathogenic microorganisms and the host. Activation of the mucosal immune response has the important function of containing an infection and preventing dissemination of pathogens to systemic sites (barrier function). Numerous lines of evidence suggest that the barrier function is orchestrated by a subset of cytokines (interleukin (IL-)17 and IL-22), which belong to the Th17 family. IL-17 and IL-22 induce expression of antimicrobial peptides and neutrophil chemoattractants at mucosal sites, and thus play an important role in controlling mucosal infectio...
Source: Cytokine - August 5, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Liu JZ, Pezeshki M, Raffatellu M Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

The Dectin-2 family of C-type lectins in immunity and homeostasis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
C-type lectins are a diverse family of proteins which recognize a wide range of ligands. This review focuses on the Dectin-2 family of C-type lectins that includes Dectin-2, BDCA-2, DCIR, DCAR, Clecsf8 and Mincle whose genes are clustered in the telomeric region of the NK-gene cluster on mouse chromosome 6 and human chromosome 12. These type II receptors are expressed on myeloid and non-myeloid cells and contain a single extracellular carbohydrate recognition domain and have diverse functions in both immunity and homeostasis. DCIR is the only member of the family which contains a cytoplasmic signalling motif and has be...
Source: Cytokine - August 5, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Graham LM, Brown GD Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Expression patterns of leptin receptor (OB-R) isoforms and direct in vitro effects of recombinant leptin on OB-R, leptin expression and cytokine secretion by human hematopoietic malignant cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Several studies have implicated leptin in the pathophysiology of neoplasias. We investigated the direct effect of leptin on malignant hematopoietic tissue that included: primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells, leukemic cell lines and bone marrow biopsies from multiple myeloma (MM) patients. PBMC, T-cells, B-cells and monocytes from healthy subjects served as controls. We defined the patterns of OB-R isoform expression in AML cells and leukemic cell lines in comparison to control cells by RT-PCR. rLeptin upregulated the expression of OB-R and endogenous leptin in AML blasts and certain cell lines but not in control ...
Source: Cytokine - August 5, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Mouzaki A, Panagoulias I, Dervilli Z, Zolota V, Spadidea P, Rodi M, Panitsas FP, Lagadinou E, de Lastic AL, Georgakopoulos T Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

The roles of MCP-1 and protein kinase Cdelta activation in human eosinophilic leukemia EoL-1 cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study contributes to an understanding of MCP-1 in eosinophil biology and pathogenic mechanism of eosinophilic disorders. PMID: 19664934 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - August 4, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Lee JS, Yang EJ, Kim IS Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Anti-inflammatory effect of aldose reductase inhibition in murine polymicrobial sepsis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Our results showed that the inhibition of AR significantly prevented the polymicrobial sepsis-induced increase in inflammatory markers and thus indicate the use of AR inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents. PMID: 19660963 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - August 3, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Reddy AB, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Induction of IL-4 release and upregulated expression of protease activated receptors by GM-CSF in P815 cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, GM-CSF can stimulate IL-4 release from mast cells through an ERK and Akt cell signaling pathway dependent, but PAR independent mechanism. GM-CSF may serve as a regulator for IL-4 production in mast cells and through which participates in the mast cell related inflammation. PMID: 19651524 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Cytokine)
Source: Cytokine - July 31, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Zhang H, Yang H, Zhang L, Yang X, Zhang Z, Lin Q, He S Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

STAT3 in CD4(+) T helper cell differentiation and inflammatory diseases.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Jak/STAT pathways influence cell-fate decisions made by differentiating naïve T cells, regulate the intensity and duration of inflammatory responses and are implicated in pathogenic mechanisms of a number of chronic inflammatory diseases. Among the STATs, the STAT3 protein has emerged as an important determinant of whether the naïve T cell differentiates into regulatory (Treg) or an inflammatory (Th17) T cell lineage. STAT3 also has potent anti-inflammatory effects and regulates critical cellular processes such as, cell growth, apoptosis and transcription of inflammatory genes. Dysregulation of STAT3 pathway ...
Source: Cytokine - July 30, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Egwuagu CE Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Glucocorticoid-induced MIF expression by human CEM T cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an upstream activator of the immune response that counter-regulates the immunosuppressive effects of glucocorticoids. While MIF is released by cells in response to diverse microbial and invasive stimuli, evidence that glucocorticoids in low concentrations also induce MIF secretion suggests an additional regulatory relationship between these mediators. We investigated the expression of MIF from the human CEM T cell line, which exists in two well-characterized, glucocorticoid-sensitive (CEM-C7) and glucocorticoid-resistant (CEM-C1) variant clones. Dexamethasone in low conce...
Source: Cytokine - July 28, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Leng L, Wang W, Roger T, Merk M, Wuttke M, Calandra T, Bucala R Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Molecular screening of interleukin-6 gene promoter and influence of -174G/C polymorphism on breast cancer.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine involved in different physiologic and pathophysiologic processes including carcinogenesis. In 2003, a single nucleotide polymorphism (-174G/C) of the IL-6 gene promoter has been linked to breast cancer prognosis in node-positive (N+) breast cancer patients. Since, different studies have led to conflicting conclusions about its role as a prognostic and/or diagnostic marker. The primary aim of our study was to investigate the link between -174G/C polymorphism and breast cancer risk on the one hand, and -174G/C polymorphism and prognosis in different groups of patients: sporadic N+breast...
Source: Cytokine - July 26, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Chérel M, Campion L, Bézieau S, Campone M, Charrier J, Gaschet J, Ricolleau G, Gouraud W, Charbonnel C, Jézéquel P Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Human cancer cells have specifically lost the ability to induce the synergistic state caused by tumor necrosis factor plus interferon-beta.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and the members of the interferon (IFN) family are major inducible cytokines that function to counteract viral infections or cellular transformation. Recently, our lab has characterized a novel antiviral state which is induced in primary human fibroblasts by co-treatment with TNF plus IFNbeta. Here, we demonstrate that this synergistic state is both antiviral and cytostatic for primary human cells. Significantly, we observed that a wide spectrum of transformed human cancer cells have universally lost the ability to induce the TNF/IFNbeta synergistic state, as defined by three separate criter...
Source: Cytokine - July 26, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Bartee E, McFadden G Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals

Age-dependent mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in infants and young children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study was designed to find the effects of age on circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and their mobilization in infants and young children following surgical correction of congenital heart defects. In 60 consecutive infants and young children (1month to 3years old) undergoing repair of atrial/ventricular septal defect, the numbers of EPCs and plasma levels of IL-6, -8, -10, TNF-alpha, VEGF and G-CSF were determined preoperatively, at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), as well as 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96h following surgery. Preoperative EPCs were reduced with increased age, similar to changes in plasma...
Source: Cytokine - July 22, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Sun Y, Yi D, Wang Y, Zheng R, Sun G, Wang J, Liu Y, Ren J, Wang Y, Zhang S, Gu C, Pei J Tags: Cytokine Source Type: journals