EMBO Molecular Medicine
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Cerebrospinal fluid tau and ptau181 increase with cortical amyloid deposition in cognitively normal individuals: Implications for future clinical trials of Alzheimer's disease
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is estimated to develop many years before detectable cognitive decline. Fluid and imaging biomarkers may identify people in early symptomatic and even preclinical stages, possibly when potential treatments can best preserve cognitive function. We previously reported that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of amyloid-[beta]42 (A[beta]42) serve as an excellent marker for brain amyloid as detected by the amyloid tracer, Pittsburgh compound B (PIB). Using data from 189 cognitively normal participants, we now report a positive linear relationship between CSF tau/ptau181 (primary constituents of ...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - November 19, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Anne M. Fagan, Mark A. Mintun, Aarti R. Shah, Patricia Aldea, Catherine M. Roe, Robert H. Mach, Daniel Marcus, John C. Morris, David M. Holtzman Source Type: journals
Molecular aging and rejuvenation of human muscle stem cells
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We examined whether stem cell aging in rodents could be extrapolated to genetically and environmentally variable humans. Our findings establish key evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of human stem cell aging. We find that satellite cells are maintained in aged human skeletal muscle, but fail to activate in response to muscle attrition, due to diminished activation of Notch compounded by elevated transforming growth factor beta (TGF-[beta])/phospho Smad3 (pSmad3). Furthermore, this work reveals that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/phosphate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) signalling declines in human m...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - September 29, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Morgan E. Carlson, Charlotte Suetta, Michael J. Conboy, Per Aagaard, Abigail Mackey, Michael Kjaer, Irina Conboy Source Type: journals
Erratum
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No Abstract. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - September 27, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Tags: Erratum Source Type: journals
Inflammation and EMT: an alliance towards organ fibrosis and cancer progression
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Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular pathways that govern the association of inflammation with organ fibrosis and cancer point to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) as the common link in the progression of these devastating diseases. The EMT is a crucial process in the development of different tissues in the embryo and its reactivation in the adult may be regarded as a physiological attempt to control inflammatory responses and to 'heal' damaged tissue. However, in pathological contexts such as in tumours or during the development of organ fibrosis, this healing response adopts a sinister natur...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - September 27, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Jose Miguel López-Novoa, M. Angela Nieto Tags: Review Source Type: journals
Converting cancer mutations into therapeutic opportunities
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While the use of synthetic lethality has been around for decades in model organism studies, it has only recently been applied to cancer therapy and judging by recent results, with great success. Following on a recent paper that demonstrates the clinical application of this strategy (Fong et al, ), Chris Lord and Alan Ashworth further explore the approach and show that poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors such as Olaparib can selectively target cancer cells defective in phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN, Mendes-Pereira et al, ) and that methotrexate is selectively lethal to MutS-homologue-2 (MSH2)-deficient tu...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - September 27, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Tom O'Brien, David Stokoe Tags: Closeup Source Type: journals
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No Abstract (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - September 27, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Tags: Instruction Source Type: journals
Synthetic lethal targeting of PTEN mutant cells with PARP inhibitors
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The tumour suppressor gene, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), is one of the most commonly mutated genes in human cancers. Recent evidence suggests that PTEN is important for the maintenance of genome stability. Here, we show that PTEN deficiency causes a homologous recombination (HR) defect in human tumour cells. The HR deficiency caused by PTEN deficiency, sensitizes tumour cells to potent inhibitors of the DNA repair enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), both in vitro and in vivo. PARP inhibitors are now showing considerable promise in the clinic, specifically in patients with mutations in either of the breast ...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - September 15, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Ana M. Mendes-Pereira, Sarah A. Martin, Rachel Brough, Afshan McCarthy, Jessica R. Taylor, Jung-Sik Kim, Todd Waldman, Christopher J. Lord, Alan Ashworth Source Type: journals
Hedgehog signalling in colon cancer and stem cells
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The participation of the HH pathway in colon cancer has remained controversial. In this issue, Varnat et al (2009) demonstrate that HH signalling is essential for human colon cancer growth, recurrence, metastases and stem cell expansion. This closeup by Gulino et al discusses the paper and its implications. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - August 31, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Alberto Gulino, Elisabetta Ferretti, Enrico De Smaele Source Type: journals
Methotrexate induces oxidative DNA damage and is selectively lethal to tumour cells with defects in the DNA mismatch repair gene MSH2
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Mutations in the MSH2 gene predispose to a number of tumourigenic conditions, including hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). MSH2 encodes a protein in the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway which is involved in the removal of mispairs originating during replication or from damaged DNA. To identify new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cancer arising from MMR deficiency, we screened a small molecule library encompassing previously utilized drugs and drug-like molecules to identify agents selectively lethal to cells lacking functional MSH2. This approach identified the drug methotrexate as being highly selecti...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - August 27, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Sarah A. Martin, Afshan McCarthy, Louise J. Barber, Darren J. Burgess, Suzanne Parry, Christopher J. Lord, Alan Ashworth Source Type: journals
Human colon cancer epithelial cells harbour active HEDGEHOG-GLI signalling that is essential for tumour growth, recurrence, metastasis and stem cell survival and expansion
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Human colon cancers often start as benign adenomas through loss of APC, leading to enhanced [beta]CATENIN ([beta]CAT)/TCF function. These early lesions are efficiently managed but often progress to invasive carcinomas and incurable metastases through additional changes, the nature of which is unclear. We find that epithelial cells of human colon carcinomas (CCs) and their stem cells of all stages harbour an active HH-GLI pathway. Unexpectedly, they acquire a high HEDGEHOG-GLI (HH-GLI) signature coincident with the development of metastases. We show that the growth of CC xenografts, their recurrence and metastases require H...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - August 26, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Frédéric Varnat, Arnaud Duquet, Monica Malerba, Marie Zbinden, Christophe Mas, Pascal Gervaz, Ariel Ruiz i Altaba Source Type: journals
Partial lipodystrophy and insulin resistant diabetes in a patient with a homozygous nonsense mutation in CIDEC
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Lipodystrophic syndromes are characterized by adipose tissue deficiency. Although rare, they are of considerable interest as they, like obesity, typically lead to ectopic lipid accumulation, dyslipidaemia and insulin resistant diabetes. In this paper we describe a female patient with partial lipodystrophy (affecting limb, femorogluteal and subcutaneous abdominal fat), white adipocytes with multiloculated lipid droplets and insulin-resistant diabetes, who was found to be homozygous for a premature truncation mutation in the lipid droplet protein cell death-inducing Dffa-like effector C (CIDEC) (E186X). The truncation disrup...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - August 4, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Oscar Rubio-Cabezas, Vishwajeet Puri, Incoronata Murano, Vladimir Saudek, Robert K. Semple, Satya Dash, Caroline S. S. Hyden, William Bottomley, Corinne Vigouroux, Jocelyne Magré, Philippa Raymond-Barker, Peter R. Murgatroyd, Anil Chawla, Jeremy N. Skepp Tags: Report Source Type: journals
Treating lysosomal storage diseases with pharmacological chaperones: from concept to clinics
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Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of genetic disorders due to defects in any aspect of lysosomal biology. During the past two decades, different approaches have been introduced for the treatment of these conditions. Among them, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) represented a major advance and is used successfully in the treatment of some of these disorders. However, ERT has limitations such as insufficient biodistribution of recombinant enzymes and high costs. An emerging strategy for the treatment of LSDs is pharmacological chaperone therapy (PCT), based on the use of chaperone molecules that assist the folding...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - August 4, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Giancarlo Parenti Tags: Bridge the Gap Source Type: journals
Epidermal stem cell diversity and quiescence
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Mammalian epidermis is maintained by self-renewal of stem cells and terminal differentiation of their progeny. New data reveal a diversity amongst stem cells that was previously unrecognized. Different stem cell populations have different locations and differ in whether they are quiescent or actively cycling. During normal epidermal homeostasis, each stem cell population feeds a restricted number of differentiated lineages. However, in response to injury or genetic manipulation the different pools of stem cells demonstrate multi-lineage differentiation ability. While it is well established that Wnt signalling promotes hair...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - August 4, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Fiona M. Watt, Kim B. Jensen Tags: In Focus Source Type: journals
Searching for adult stem cells in the intestine
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No Abstract. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - August 4, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Hans Clevers Tags: Perception Source Type: journals
Design principles of pluripotency
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No Abstract. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - August 4, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Austin Smith Tags: Perception Source Type: journals
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Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - August 4, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Tags: Instruction Source Type: journals
EMBO Mol Med 6-7/2009
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No Abstract. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - July 31, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Tags: Contents Source Type: journals
Corrigendum
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No Abstract. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - July 9, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Tags: Corrigendum Source Type: journals
Integrative genomic analyses of neurofibromatosis tumours identify SOX9 as a biomarker and survival gene
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Understanding the biological pathways critical for common neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) peripheral nerve tumours is essential, as there is a lack of tumour biomarkers, prognostic factors and therapeutics. We used gene expression profiling to define transcriptional changes between primary normal Schwann cells (n = 10), NF1-derived primary benign neurofibroma Schwann cells (NFSCs) (n = 22), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (MPNST) cell lines (n = 13), benign neurofibromas (NF) (n = 26) and MPNST (n = 6). Dermal and plexiform NFs were indistinguishable. A prominent theme in the analysis was aberrant differentiation. ...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - July 9, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Shyra J. Miller, Walter J. Jessen, Tapan Mehta, Atira Hardiman, Emily Sites, Sergio Kaiser, Anil G. Jegga, Hua Li, Meena Upadhyaya, Marco Giovannini, David Muir, Margaret R. Wallace, Eva Lopez, Eduard Serra, G. Petur Nielsen, Conxi Lazaro, Anat Stemmer-Ra Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals
Jamming bacterial communication: New approaches for the treatment of infectious diseases
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The global rise of anti-microbial resistance, combined with the rapid rate of microbial evolution, and the slower development of novel antibiotics, underscores the urgent need for innovative therapeutics. We are facing a post-antibiotic era with a decreased armamentarium to combat infectious diseases. Development of novel drugs will rely on basic research aimed to increase our understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and the inter-cellular chemical signalling among bacterial cells. Such basic science, when combined with contemporary drug discovery technologies, may be translated into therapeutic applications to combat bacte...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - July 9, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Jacqueline Njoroge, Vanessa Sperandio Tags: In Focus Source Type: journals
Neurofibromatosis and lessons for the war on cancer
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In the war on cancer, a great deal of attention is being paid to knowing the 'enemy'. It is widely believed that by understanding the driving forces underlying cancer, researchers can develop better ways to target the disease. Currently, large-scale efforts have been under taken to completely characterize molecular changes in common human cancers () (Collins & Barker, ). However, as more is learned about cancer, the debate increases on what exactly the enemy is: cells making up the bulk of the tumour, rare tumour stem cells that can regrow the tumour, tumour microenvironment, the subset of cancer cells with metastatic pote...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - July 9, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Karlyne M. Reilly Tags: Closeup Source Type: journals
A surrogate marker for A[beta]42 production in the CNS
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. There are currently no effective treatments that may delay the onset, slow the progression or prevent the disease. Unless such treatments are developed, the number of AD cases is expected to double in the next 30 years. There is overwhelming genetic and biochemical evidence that the aggregation and buildup of the amyloid-[beta] (A[beta]) peptide plays a critical role in AD pathogenesis. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - July 9, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: David M. Holtzman Tags: Closeup Source Type: journals
Framing a concept and an agenda for infectious diseases in EMBO Molecular Medicine
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No Abstract. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - July 9, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Philippe J. Sansonetti Tags: Editorial Source Type: journals
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No Abstract. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - July 9, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Tags: Instruction Source Type: journals
EMBO Mol Med 5/2009
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No Abstract. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - June 30, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Tags: Contents Source Type: journals
EMBO Mol Med 4/2009
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Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - June 30, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Tags: Contents Source Type: journals
The 28-amino acid form of an APLP1-derived A[beta]-like peptide is a surrogate marker for A[beta]42 production in the central nervous system
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Surrogate markers for the Alzheimer disease (AD)-associated 42-amino acid form of amyloid-[beta] (A[beta]42) have been sought because they may aid in the diagnosis of AD and for clarification of disease pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains three APLP1-derived A[beta]-like peptides (APL1[beta]) that are generated by [beta]- and [gamma]-cleavages at a concentration of [sim]4.5 nM. These novel peptides, APL1[beta]25, APL1[beta]27 and APL1[beta]28, were not deposited in AD brains. Interestingly, most [gamma]-secretase modulators (GSMs) and familial AD-associated presenilin1 mutants t...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - June 24, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Kanta Yanagida, Masayasu Okochi, Shinji Tagami, Taisuke Nakayama, Takashi S. Kodama, Kouhei Nishitomi, Jingwei Jiang, Kohji Mori, Shin-ichi Tatsumi, Tetsuaki Arai, Takeshi Ikeuchi, Kensaku Kasuga, Takahiko Tokuda, Masaki Kondo, Masaki Ikeda, Kentaro Deguc Source Type: journals
Erratum
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No Abstract. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - June 11, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Tags: Errata Source Type: journals
Adjacent mutations in the gating loop of Kir6.2 produce neonatal diabetes and hyperinsulinism
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We report two novel mutations in the gating loop of Kir6.2 which cause neonatal diabetes with developmental delay (T293N) and hyperinsulinism (T294M). These mutations increase (T293N) or decrease (T294M) whole-cell KATP currents, accounting for the different clinical phenotypes. The T293N mutation increases the intrinsic channel open probability (Po(0)), thereby indirectly decreasing channel inhibition by ATP and increasing whole-cell currents. T294M channels exhibit a dramatically reduced Po(0) in the homozygous but not in the pseudo-heterozygous state. Unlike wild-type channels, hetT294M channels were activated by MgADP ...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - June 11, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Kenju Shimomura, Sarah E. Flanagan, Brittany Zadek, Mark Lethby, Lejla Zubcevic, Christophe A. J. Girard, Oliver Petz, Roope Mannikko, Ritika R. Kapoor, Khalid Hussain, Mars Skae, Peter Clayton, Andrew Hattersley, Sian Ellard, Frances M. Ashcroft Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals
PINK1 function in health and disease
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The role of mitochondria in sporadic (PD) has been debated for a little over 20 years since the description of deficiency in the substantia nigra pars compacta () of PD patients. However, the identification of recessive pathogenic mutations in the pink1 gene in familial PD cases firmly re-ignited interest in the pathophysiology of mitochondria in PD. PINK1 is a putative mitochondrial serine/threonine kinase, which protects cells against oxidative stress induced apoptosis. The mechanism by which this is achieved and the effect of the pathogenic mutations has been an area of intensive research over the past five years. Signi...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - June 11, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Emma Deas, Helene Plun-Favreau, Nicholas W. Wood Tags: Review Source Type: journals
RNAi-based therapeutics-current status, challenges and prospects
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(RNAi) is a collection of small RNA directed mechanisms that result in sequence specific inhibition of gene expression. The notion that RNAi could lead to a new class of therapeutics caught the attention of many investigators soon after its discovery. The field of applied RNAi therapeutics has moved very quickly from lab to bedside. The RNAi approach has been widely used for drug development and several phase I and II clinical trials are under way. However, there are still some concerns and challenges to overcome for therapeutic applications. These include the potential for , triggering innate immune responses and most imp...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - June 11, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Katrin Tiemann, John J. Rossi Tags: Bridge the Gap Source Type: journals
A meeting of minds: Overcoming roadblocks in the development of therapies for neurodegenerative disorders
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No Abstract. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - June 11, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Miratul M. K. Muqit, Dario R. Alessi Tags: Editorial Source Type: journals
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No Abstract. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - June 11, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Tags: Instructions Source Type: journals
Onco-miR-155 targets SHIP1 to promote TNF[alpha]-dependent growth of B cell lymphomas
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Non-coding microRNAs (miRs) are a vital component of post-transcriptional modulation of protein expression and, like coding mRNAs harbour oncogenic properties. However, the mechanisms governing miR expression and the identity of the affected transcripts remain poorly understood. Here we identify the inositol phosphatase SHIP1 as a bonafide target of the oncogenic miR-155. We demonstrate that in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) elevated levels of miR-155, and consequent diminished SHIP1 expression are the result of autocrine stimulation by the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor [alpha] (TNF[alpha]). Anti-...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - June 9, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Irene M. Pedersen, Dennis Otero, Elaine Kao, Ana V. Miletic, Christoffer Hother, Elisabeth Ralfkiaer, Robert C. Rickert, Kirsten Gronbaek, Michael David Tags: Research Article Source Type: journals
EMBO Mol Med 3/2009
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No Abstract. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - May 31, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Tags: Contents Source Type: journals
Streptococcus pneumoniae evades human dendritic cell surveillance by pneumolysin expression
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This study describes a novel role of pneumolysin in the evasion of human DC surveillance that could have a profound clinical impact upon inflammatory disease progression and highlights the need to study human responses to human-specific pathogens. (Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine)
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - May 26, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Marie Littmann, Barbara Albiger, Anne Frentzen, Staffan Normark, Birgitta Henriques-Normark, Laura Plant Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals
Heterochromatin protein 1[alpha]: a hallmark of cell proliferation relevant to clinical oncology
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Mammalian cells contain three closely related heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) isoforms, HP1[alpha], [beta] and [gamma], which, by analogy to their unique counterpart in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, have been implicated in gene silencing, genome stability and chromosome segregation. However, the individual importance of each isoform during normal cell cycle and disease has remained an unresolved issue. Here, we reveal that HP1[alpha] shows a proliferation-dependent regulation, which neither HP1[beta] nor [gamma] display. During transient cell cycle exit, the HP1[alpha] mRNA and protein levels diminish. Transient depletion of ...
Source: EMBO Molecular Medicine - May 7, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Leanne De Koning, Alexia Savignoni, Charlène Boumendil, Haniya Rehman, Bernard Asselain, Xavier Sastre-Garau, Geneviève Almouzni Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals
